Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a 30- or 31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from tissue-specific posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide.Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists gained approval as drugs to treat diabetes and obesity starting in the 2000s.
Various GLP-1 receptor agonists like exendin based therapies (exenatide, lixisenatide) and GLP-1 analogues (liraglutide, semaglutide and dulaglutide) has been used clinically [3, 912].
GLP-1 receptor agonists have emerged as biologically plausible modulators of reward circuitry and addictive behavior. Preclinical data are robust and consistent across substances, while human evidence provides encouraging but non-causal signals.
GLP-1 Agonists and Hormonal Balance. Potential Effects on Menstrual Cycle Regularity.It demonstrates that GLP-1 receptor agonists effectively promote weight loss in women with PCOS, leading to improved insulin sensitivity and reduced androgen levels .
Mounjaro (tirzepatide) is the first and only, once-weekly approved single-molecule GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist that helps lower A1C for adults with type 2 diabetes.
This was the first study of a GLP-1 receptor agonist to show a statistically significant improvement in HbA1c compared with liraglutide.9 Meier JJ . GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus . Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012 ; 8 : 728 742 .
However, GLP-1 agonists can also cause side effects, sometimes severe, including gastroparesis, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and bowel changes such as diarrhea and constipation. While rare, pancreatitis and gallbladder problems have been linked to their use.
The trial involved 3,127 adults with obesity or overweight and comorbidities, excluding diabetes. Orforglipron improved inflammatory markers and lipid profiles, with a safety profile consistent with GLP-1 receptor agonists.
