CTJan27 Online Year 9 - Statistics and Data Time-series data
Multiple Choice
Time-series data is characterized by observations collected over successive points in time. What is the essential requirement regarding the order of these observations?
Which variable is fundamentally necessary and almost always the independent variable when defining a time-series dataset?
A dataset tracks the closing price of a specific stock every day for one year. This dataset is classified as:
What specific type of pattern in time-series data describes the regular, predictable fluctuations that recur during the same calendar period (e.g., increased ice cream sales every summer)?
Which characteristic distinguishes time-series data from a simple list of numerical observations?
A researcher surveys 100 high school students about their favorite subject, recording their answers only today. What type of data has the researcher collected?
Which statement accurately describes the difference between time-series data and cross-sectional data?
If a study records the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for all 50 U.S. states simultaneously in the year 2023, what type of data is this?
Why is it impossible to identify a long-term 'trend' using only pure cross-sectional data?
A dataset tracks the annual production volume of corn in Brazil from 1980 to 2020. This data is best categorized as:
In the context of data structure, cross-sectional data is indexed by the identity of the unit (e.g., student ID), whereas time-series data is primarily indexed by:
If a data collector measures the temperature in New York City every day in January, what variable type is 'day of the month' acting as?
When analyzing the sales performance of a retail store over five years, the sales volume in dollars is the variable being measured. This makes the sales volume the:
In a time-series analysis where we aim to predict the future number of airline passengers ($P_t$), which variable is typically denoted as the dependent variable?
A time plot shows the stock price of Company A steadily increasing from 2010 to 2020. This pattern implies that the independent variable (time) is associated with what effect on the dependent variable (stock price)?
If we plot $Y_t$ against $t$, where $t$ represents time, which variable represents the outcome that is changing based on time?
A study models the relationship between monthly advertising spending and the resulting monthly sales figures. If we consider this a time-series analysis, which of the following is the dependent variable?
When constructing a standard time plot, the independent variable (time) must be placed on which axis?
Data granularity refers to the frequency at which observations are collected. If a dataset tracks inflation rates recorded every week, what is its granularity?
Which term describes the highest possible frequency of observation, meaning measurements are taken very close together in time (e.g., every second)?
A meteorologist decides to record rainfall data on a yearly basis, rather than a monthly basis. Compared to monthly data, the yearly data has:
If a bank analyzes transaction data for fraudulent activity, requiring the tracking of events as they happen, which observation frequency is likely required?
A dataset tracks the enrollment of students in a university every fall semester. What is the frequency of observation for this data?
Why is observing data at a very high frequency (e.g., every minute) usually necessary for capturing short-term variability?
If a dataset includes 24 observations, and the frequency is stated as 'hourly,' how many days did the data collection span?
A researcher analyzing historical climate change wants to smooth out short-term weather fluctuations to focus only on the long-term trend. Which choice of granularity is most appropriate?
What is the standard and most effective type of graph used to visualize time-series data?
When constructing a time plot, how should the vertical (dependent variable) axis be scaled to ensure an accurate visual representation of the data variability?
If a time plot shows the line connecting observations consistently moving upward over the entire period of observation, what statistical component is present?
A time plot displays the number of holiday travelers over several years. The plot shows significant peaks every December and corresponding troughs every January. What recurring pattern does this represent?
A dataset tracks monthly sales ranging from $\$50,000$ to $\$60,000$. If the vertical axis of the time plot is scaled from $\$0$ to $\$100,000$, how will the visual representation of variability be affected?
In a time plot, what typically connects the consecutive data points?
What are the three primary components that a Grade 9 student should look for when interpreting patterns in a time plot?
A time plot shows data points oscillating around a constant average value, with no apparent upward or downward movement over the long term. This pattern is best described as having:
If a time plot shows highly volatile, unpredictable spikes and dips that cannot be explained by trend, seasonality, or cycles, what component of the time series does this variation represent?
A researcher tracks the population of a major city every 10 years starting in 1900, ending in 2020. How many data points would be displayed on the time plot?
What happens if the time scale (horizontal axis) of a time plot is expanded significantly (e.g., stretching a 10-year span across a huge graph)?
If a time plot displays fluctuations that last longer than one year but do not adhere to a fixed calendar period (e.g., a pattern repeating every 5 to 7 years), this is classified as a:
When interpreting a time plot, if the slope of the line changes dramatically halfway through the series (e.g., shifting from increasing rapidly to staying flat), this change is called a:
If a company tracks quarterly profit data for 4 years, and plots these 16 data points, where would the dependent variable (Profit) be placed on the graph?