{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ranges": [
        {
          "database_specific": {
            "cpe": [
              "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.24.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.28:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
            ],
            "extracted_events": [
              {
                "introduced": "2.3.20"
              },
              {
                "last_affected": "2.3.20"
              },
              {
                "introduced": "2.3.20.1"
              },
              {
                "last_affected": "2.3.20.1"
              },
              {
                "introduced": "2.3.20.3"
              },
              {
                "last_affected": "2.3.20.3"
              },
              {
                "introduced": "2.3.24"
              },
              {
                "last_affected": "2.3.24"
              },
              {
                "introduced": "2.3.24.1"
              },
              {
                "last_affected": "2.3.24.1"
              },
              {
                "introduced": "2.3.24.3"
              },
              {
                "last_affected": "2.3.24.3"
              },
              {
                "introduced": "2.3.28"
              },
              {
                "last_affected": "2.3.28"
              }
            ],
            "source": "CPE_STRING"
          },
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0320310406f6b11cfd235d7a9b866cf1de483a1e"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "0ac8932aa3a1b28a8f950863c17165cdc63b1474"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/apache/struts",
          "type": "GIT"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2.3.20",
        "2.3.20.1",
        "2.3.20.3",
        "2.3.24",
        "2.3.24.1",
        "2.3.24.3",
        "2.3.28"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "unresolved_ranges": [
      {
        "cpes": [
          "cpe:2.3:a:apache:struts:2.3.20:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
        ],
        "extracted_events": [
          {
            "introduced": "2.3.20"
          },
          {
            "last_affected": "2.3.20"
          }
        ],
        "source": "CPE_STRING",
        "vendor_product": "apache:struts"
      }
    ]
  },
  "details": "Apache Struts 2 2.3.20 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to bypass intended access restrictions and conduct redirection attacks by leveraging a default method.",
  "id": "CVE-2016-4431",
  "modified": "2026-07-08T05:37:40.043994861Z",
  "published": "2016-07-04T22:59:06.413Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91284"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN45093481/index.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000113"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ssg1S1009282"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21987854"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2017-3236622.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-040.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1348252"
    }
  ],
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}