{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ranges": [
        {
          "database_specific": {
            "versions": [
              {
                "introduced": "2.0.0"
              },
              {
                "fixed": "2.3.29"
              }
            ]
          },
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2c0a197cea8fdc7d8cda5eeaa15a1c76507ac0a5"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "bb22c585b5b52967fab033dba02cd244cd5b5b7a"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/apache/struts",
          "type": "GIT"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "details": "Apache Struts 2.x before 2.3.29 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a \"%{}\" sequence in a tag attribute, aka forced double OGNL evaluation.  NOTE: this vulnerability exists because of an incomplete fix for CVE-2016-0785.",
  "id": "CVE-2016-4461",
  "modified": "2026-04-01T23:08:19.548893930Z",
  "published": "2017-10-16T16:29:00.607Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-036.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91277"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20180629-0004/"
    }
  ],
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}