Detecting language using up to the first 30 seconds. Use `--language` to specify the language Detected language: English [00:00.000 --> 00:02.160] The United States, in addition to USAID, [00:02.160 --> 00:03.740] our Center for Disease Control, [00:03.740 --> 00:06.660] our United States Center for Disease Control [00:06.660 --> 00:11.560] is also very, very engaged in working with South Sudan [00:11.560 --> 00:13.920] to address the HIV AIDS challenge. [00:13.920 --> 00:16.040] There are many Southern Sudanese out, [00:16.040 --> 00:18.920] like we take, for example, United States, [00:18.920 --> 00:22.080] highly trained medics that can contribute [00:22.080 --> 00:23.480] to this nation building. [00:23.480 --> 00:25.400] In terms of linkages and developing [00:25.400 --> 00:27.720] human resources down here, [00:27.720 --> 00:30.760] what is the agents doing about this? [00:30.760 --> 00:33.000] Well, you're right, and that's a tremendous resource [00:33.000 --> 00:34.040] for this country. [00:34.040 --> 00:35.800] And in my short time here, [00:35.800 --> 00:37.720] I've had the good fortune of meeting [00:37.720 --> 00:40.140] several of what we call the diaspora. [00:40.140 --> 00:42.080] And these are really terrific people [00:42.080 --> 00:45.640] who studied in the US, who were living there, [00:45.640 --> 00:47.920] who probably could have continued their lives there, [00:47.920 --> 00:50.940] but they said it's time to go back and to lend a hand. [00:50.940 --> 00:52.000] And we work with them. [00:52.000 --> 00:54.960] I was just at an event the other day [00:54.960 --> 00:57.920] where we were, it was a health event. [00:57.920 --> 01:00.400] And there was a gentleman there who was a, [01:00.400 --> 01:01.660] I believe he's a Director General [01:01.660 --> 01:03.200] from the Ministry of Health. [01:03.200 --> 01:05.640] And I told him I was from New Jersey in the United States. [01:05.640 --> 01:06.960] And he said, I've been to New Jersey. [01:06.960 --> 01:08.660] He told me that he had lived in the United States, [01:08.660 --> 01:11.320] he'd been educated there, but he has come back [01:11.320 --> 01:14.800] to help his country address these health challenges. [01:14.800 --> 01:17.080] I've met others like him. [01:17.080 --> 01:19.000] And I can only say that it's very gratifying [01:19.000 --> 01:23.980] to work with them, that they're extremely effective [01:23.980 --> 01:26.560] and committed to development in this country. [01:26.560 --> 01:30.520] And they're just a great resource for South Sudan [01:30.520 --> 01:32.840] as it moves ahead with facing these great challenges [01:32.840 --> 01:34.960] of nation building, of development, [01:34.960 --> 01:37.200] and really of taking its rightful place [01:37.200 --> 01:39.320] amongst the community of peaceful nations [01:39.320 --> 01:42.920] that want to see better lives for their families [01:42.920 --> 01:43.800] and for their communities. [01:43.800 --> 01:45.880] But is the agent has some scheme [01:45.880 --> 01:49.200] of maybe recruiting Baghdadi's southern national [01:49.200 --> 01:51.560] who are United States to come and contribute? [01:51.560 --> 01:55.400] Because there is a need of many development projects [01:55.400 --> 02:00.040] in agriculture, health, education, economic growth, [02:00.040 --> 02:01.280] and infrastructure too. [02:01.280 --> 02:02.960] Yeah, no, that's a great point. [02:02.960 --> 02:05.000] And let me start by saying that, [02:05.000 --> 02:08.760] just to give you an idea of how important [02:08.760 --> 02:11.480] the presence of South Sudanese are [02:11.480 --> 02:14.980] in terms of USAID's projects and our mission here, [02:14.980 --> 02:16.720] our offices here. [02:16.720 --> 02:18.880] There are probably, oh, I don't know, [02:18.880 --> 02:23.680] 20 Americans in the USAID mission in Juba right now. [02:23.680 --> 02:27.280] And there's probably 60, 70 South Sudanese. [02:27.280 --> 02:29.320] So you can see that when we come to a place [02:29.320 --> 02:32.520] like South Sudan, we immediately reach out [02:32.520 --> 02:35.160] to some of these experts. [02:35.160 --> 02:40.000] And they become our colleagues and our partners, [02:40.000 --> 02:43.800] and we rely on them really to do smart investments [02:43.800 --> 02:45.080] that can really help development. [02:45.080 --> 02:46.880] In terms of bringing people back, [02:46.880 --> 02:50.360] we can and we are looking at new projects [02:50.360 --> 02:51.720] that we have coming online, [02:51.720 --> 02:53.940] how we can increase the, [02:55.000 --> 02:59.920] how we can maybe recalibrate some of our hiring procedures [02:59.920 --> 03:02.460] to bring in people from the United States [03:02.460 --> 03:06.120] and from other countries who bring that great human capacity [03:06.120 --> 03:07.600] and that tremendous skill set. [03:07.600 --> 03:11.160] And that patriotism, those are a wonderful combination. [03:11.160 --> 03:13.080] So we are looking for ways to recalibrate [03:13.080 --> 03:16.000] some of our project hiring procedures [03:16.000 --> 03:17.480] to ensure that we can make good use [03:17.480 --> 03:19.280] and leverage that asset. [03:19.280 --> 03:21.840] Are you happy with governance and democracy [03:21.840 --> 03:24.120] in South Sudan, in this new nation? [03:24.120 --> 03:29.120] Well, I can say that the governance challenges [03:29.560 --> 03:31.320] are really tremendous. [03:31.320 --> 03:32.920] The country's only four months old, [03:32.920 --> 03:34.220] barely four months old, [03:35.280 --> 03:38.720] and building effective institutions, [03:38.720 --> 03:40.840] transparent and accountable institutions [03:40.840 --> 03:41.920] is a challenge anywhere. [03:41.920 --> 03:45.680] It was a challenge in the United States 200 years ago [03:45.680 --> 03:47.760] when we began our history. [03:47.760 --> 03:50.620] And it will certainly be a challenge for South Sudan. [03:50.620 --> 03:54.000] USAID is absolutely a key partner [03:54.000 --> 03:56.120] with the government of South Sudan [03:56.120 --> 03:59.760] on issues of governance, institution building, transparency. [03:59.760 --> 04:00.920] We provided assistance [04:00.920 --> 04:02.720] for the Public Financial Management Act, [04:02.720 --> 04:04.680] which is in draft right now [04:04.680 --> 04:06.340] and the government is considering it. [04:06.340 --> 04:09.840] But it's a law that would provide a legal framework [04:09.840 --> 04:12.280] that is amongst world standards [04:12.280 --> 04:14.200] in terms of proper financial management, [04:14.200 --> 04:17.120] proper budgeting, transparency, accountability, et cetera. [04:17.120 --> 04:19.400] Now, of course, it's the South Sudanese decision. [04:19.400 --> 04:20.480] It's the government's decision, [04:20.480 --> 04:22.240] the National Assembly's decision [04:22.240 --> 04:23.680] on what to do with that law. [04:23.680 --> 04:25.520] And that's a sovereign decision that we respect. [04:25.520 --> 04:27.600] We gave our best advice on it, [04:27.600 --> 04:28.960] but now it will run its course [04:28.960 --> 04:32.860] in terms of your government's processes. [04:34.540 --> 04:37.060] We will not only support the legal framework, [04:37.060 --> 04:38.800] but once the law gets passed, [04:38.800 --> 04:43.800] and currently we support the creation of good systems [04:46.120 --> 04:48.200] to manage public funds, [04:48.200 --> 04:51.360] good systems for accountability, for transparency [04:51.360 --> 04:53.320] that we're helping the Ministry of Finance with. [04:53.320 --> 04:56.360] And those systems will become, we hope, [04:56.360 --> 04:58.880] the standard systems that South Sudan institutions [04:58.880 --> 05:00.760] will use to manage their funds. [05:00.760 --> 05:05.040] What system are you putting in? [05:05.040 --> 05:10.040] These are simple systems that incorporate [05:10.080 --> 05:12.960] the proper checks and balances that one needs [05:12.960 --> 05:14.880] when they manage public funds. [05:14.880 --> 05:18.080] And these are checks and balances [05:19.360 --> 05:23.360] that also incorporate a strong dose of transparency [05:23.360 --> 05:26.000] so that citizens can see what their government is doing. [05:26.000 --> 05:27.400] That's critical to good governance. [05:27.400 --> 05:31.240] That's critical to democratic nation building. [05:31.240 --> 05:33.840] And USAID is absolutely part and parcel of that. [05:33.840 --> 05:36.720] And a key component of this also is IT systems [05:36.720 --> 05:38.240] that simplify the budget process [05:38.240 --> 05:40.480] and training the South Sudanese staff [05:40.480 --> 05:42.400] so that they can understand the system, [05:42.400 --> 05:44.040] understand the checks and balances, [05:44.040 --> 05:46.080] use the information technology, [05:46.080 --> 05:48.920] and begin to plan budgets and execute budgets [05:48.920 --> 05:51.620] in a more transparent, accountable way. [05:51.620 --> 05:54.680] Is there transparency and good management of resources here? [05:56.280 --> 05:58.080] I think the government's working on it. [06:01.600 --> 06:03.300] I mean, again, I think it's a challenge. [06:03.300 --> 06:05.300] I think without a legal framework [06:05.300 --> 06:08.080] and I think without proper systems, [06:08.080 --> 06:09.720] I think there's always risk there. [06:09.720 --> 06:12.080] There's risk anywhere, not just in South Sudan. [06:12.080 --> 06:14.080] But anywhere in the world, I think, [06:14.080 --> 06:16.440] citizens demand of their government transparency [06:16.440 --> 06:19.160] and accountability, and you need a legal framework, [06:19.160 --> 06:24.080] and you need proper systems, and you need human capacity, [06:24.080 --> 06:26.160] and you need a trained staff [06:26.160 --> 06:27.640] to be able to make it all work. [06:27.640 --> 06:30.280] I think South Sudan has made a commitment to that. [06:30.280 --> 06:31.440] When I listen to your leaders, [06:31.440 --> 06:33.400] they talk about that commitment often, [06:33.400 --> 06:35.980] and we want to help them turn those words into actions, [06:35.980 --> 06:39.000] and we want to help them bring the legal framework, [06:39.000 --> 06:42.280] bring the systems, and bring the human capacity necessary [06:42.280 --> 06:46.160] to build this good transparency and this good governance. [06:46.160 --> 06:49.040] From your own thought, looking at the foreign policy [06:49.040 --> 06:53.120] of the USA, or United States, [06:53.120 --> 06:56.160] and looking at the foreign policy of South Sudan, [06:56.160 --> 07:04.080] does that one conquer with development-oriented programs? [07:04.080 --> 07:05.400] I think we're in a moment, [07:05.400 --> 07:08.360] I think we're in a critical moment right now. [07:08.360 --> 07:12.040] I arrived here only four days after independence, right? [07:12.040 --> 07:15.840] So this is all a very new experience for South Sudan [07:15.840 --> 07:19.040] and for the international community. [07:19.040 --> 07:22.880] I was struck by the buoyant sentiment that I felt [07:22.880 --> 07:26.200] and the happiness that I felt by the people that I met here [07:26.200 --> 07:29.960] in Juba about this hard-won independence. [07:29.960 --> 07:35.520] And, you know, that moment has passed. [07:35.520 --> 07:36.840] The sentiment is still there, [07:36.840 --> 07:40.920] and that's a wonderful resource to capitalize on, right? [07:40.920 --> 07:42.800] But certainly the hard decisions [07:42.800 --> 07:46.900] and the challenges of governing lie ahead. [07:46.900 --> 07:50.800] We stand ready as committed partners [07:50.800 --> 07:54.080] to help this government and to help the people of South Sudan [07:54.080 --> 07:56.480] to address those challenges. [07:56.480 --> 08:01.200] There will be a conference in Washington, D.C. in December [08:01.200 --> 08:05.960] whereby South Sudan will meet with leaders [08:05.960 --> 08:08.960] from the United States and from all over the world [08:08.960 --> 08:11.320] to talk about some of these very challenges [08:11.320 --> 08:13.840] and to talk about a strategic development agenda. [08:13.840 --> 08:18.400] And we feel very optimistic about that exercise. [08:18.400 --> 08:21.600] We believe that we're all coming to that [08:21.600 --> 08:24.800] with a level of seriousness and a level of commitment [08:24.800 --> 08:27.040] to address these challenges, make the right decisions, [08:27.040 --> 08:31.000] so that South Sudan's future is a bright one. [08:31.000 --> 08:35.480] And, again, we've had 50 years of support with USAID, [08:35.480 --> 08:38.280] and we're committed to continue that support with South Sudan [08:38.280 --> 08:40.220] and with other nations around the world. [08:40.220 --> 08:42.800] What experience can you share from being in South Sudan [08:42.800 --> 08:46.640] in terms of the program of USAID? [08:46.640 --> 08:49.360] I had a good experience just last week. [08:49.360 --> 08:50.560] We were out in Jongle State. [08:50.560 --> 08:56.440] We were in Boer, and we were handing over five speedboats, [08:56.440 --> 08:59.240] small, simple speedboats, to county commissioners [08:59.240 --> 09:01.880] and county officials who live up and down the Nile River [09:01.880 --> 09:05.200] and in other rivers in Jongle State [09:05.200 --> 09:08.120] to help them, again, extend the reach of the state, [09:08.120 --> 09:12.160] stay in close contact with their communities [09:12.160 --> 09:15.000] as a way of mitigating conflict. [09:15.000 --> 09:17.720] And what I liked about that, frankly, was that those boats [09:17.720 --> 09:19.520] weren't USAID's idea. [09:19.520 --> 09:21.520] Those boats came from those county commissioners [09:21.520 --> 09:25.720] who said, I want to try to mitigate conflict in my area, [09:25.720 --> 09:29.320] but there really are no roads, so I have access problems. [09:29.320 --> 09:31.020] But what about using the river more? [09:31.020 --> 09:32.840] What about making better use of the river [09:32.840 --> 09:34.400] to move around our region? [09:34.400 --> 09:35.760] And it's that kind of development [09:35.760 --> 09:38.160] that we love to support in USAID. [09:38.160 --> 09:44.200] We love it when our modest investments [09:44.200 --> 09:48.280] can support local ideas, local initiatives, local energy, [09:48.280 --> 09:51.320] and really help find those local champions who [09:51.320 --> 09:54.040] have good ideas on how to solve their problems, [09:54.040 --> 09:55.780] and we want to partner with those people. [09:55.780 --> 09:57.820] And I feel like, and I hope, that that's [09:57.820 --> 10:00.400] what we did last week in Boer and in Jongle State [10:00.400 --> 10:02.840] with the state government, with the State [10:02.840 --> 10:05.080] Ministry of Decentralization, and with these county [10:05.080 --> 10:06.240] commissioners. [10:06.240 --> 10:07.400] Infrastructure. [10:07.400 --> 10:10.080] You are constructing the highway, Juba Nimule Road. [10:10.080 --> 10:11.720] Yeah, that's an important one. [10:11.720 --> 10:14.480] Will there be some, the same being done in other places? [10:17.520 --> 10:22.240] Well, we do have some road plans in addition [10:22.240 --> 10:23.680] to the Juba Nimule Road. [10:23.680 --> 10:25.720] The Juba Nimule Road, we're planning [10:25.720 --> 10:28.760] to finish it in the next 12 months. [10:28.760 --> 10:32.600] We work very closely with the Ministry of Roads on this. [10:32.600 --> 10:33.480] It's important. [10:33.480 --> 10:40.200] It's important for access, for safety. [10:40.200 --> 10:42.640] It's important for economic integration. [10:42.640 --> 10:47.080] It's important to help this country get more engaged [10:47.080 --> 10:49.040] economically with its neighbors. [10:49.040 --> 10:52.160] It can really spur economic development and job growth [10:52.160 --> 10:53.920] and those kinds of things, and that's our hope [10:53.920 --> 10:55.880] for the Juba Nimule Road. [10:55.880 --> 10:58.480] We have some smaller road investments planned, [10:58.480 --> 11:02.600] mostly feeder roads to help connect farmers to markets, [11:02.600 --> 11:04.560] because this country has incredible agricultural [11:04.560 --> 11:05.560] potential. [11:05.560 --> 11:10.120] And we are currently working in the agricultural sector. [11:10.120 --> 11:14.760] And we've supported roads in the past. [11:14.760 --> 11:16.720] We continue to support them today, [11:16.720 --> 11:18.600] and our support will continue. [11:18.600 --> 11:20.760] I don't know if it will continue at the same level [11:20.760 --> 11:22.200] as the Juba Nimule Road. [11:22.200 --> 11:24.840] That really is a high capital investment. [11:24.840 --> 11:26.600] This country has oil. [11:26.600 --> 11:28.920] It has tremendous revenue from oil. [11:28.920 --> 11:34.560] And we're helping this country to A, market oil [11:34.560 --> 11:39.120] so that they can ensure that the public finances are healthy. [11:39.120 --> 11:41.320] And we're also helping South Sudan [11:41.320 --> 11:46.800] to think through options for saving [11:46.800 --> 11:49.920] oil revenues for the future and for investing oil revenues. [11:49.920 --> 11:53.720] And that's a great source of investment for roads. [11:53.720 --> 11:55.440] But the roads challenge in this country [11:55.440 --> 11:58.800] is so big that I think it's beyond the scope of any one [11:58.800 --> 12:00.080] donor. [12:00.080 --> 12:03.440] We feel like we've done our part, [12:03.440 --> 12:06.920] and we will continue in more modest ways. [12:06.920 --> 12:11.080] But we really believe and we would welcome a more concerted [12:11.080 --> 12:13.000] effort amongst the government of South Sudan [12:13.000 --> 12:15.920] and the international community to take on this problem [12:15.920 --> 12:17.600] because it is key to development. [12:17.600 --> 12:22.880] What is the future plan for the organization now in 2012? [12:22.880 --> 12:23.760] Well, we continue. [12:23.760 --> 12:29.040] We're currently working under a Washington-approved program [12:29.040 --> 12:31.000] that goes out to 2013. [12:31.000 --> 12:33.740] And we fully expect to continue beyond 2013. [12:33.740 --> 12:36.240] And we'll continue in these same areas, conflict mitigation, [12:36.240 --> 12:38.080] health, education, economic growth, [12:38.080 --> 12:40.560] which includes agriculture and infrastructure, [12:40.560 --> 12:42.080] and our humanitarian work. [12:42.080 --> 12:43.480] A pleasure having you, Peter. [12:43.480 --> 12:45.200] Thank you very much, Kisitu. [12:45.200 --> 12:46.400] And thanks to your viewers. [12:46.400 --> 12:46.880] Thank you. [12:46.880 --> 12:47.440] OK, thanks. [12:47.440 --> 12:48.880] Yeah, a pleasure. [12:48.880 --> 12:50.000] Without our viewers, we have come [12:50.000 --> 12:52.600] to the end of this interview. [12:52.600 --> 13:21.640] I'm calling out to all the presidential advisers. [13:21.640 --> 13:24.800] I'm calling out to the whole world. [13:24.800 --> 13:53.840] I'm calling out to all the people of the world. [13:53.840 --> 13:57.880] Mr. Takah, at the beginning, I'd like you to tell us a little bit [13:57.880 --> 14:03.080] about the achievements that this organization has achieved, [14:03.080 --> 14:07.360] this initiative, since its foundation until today, [14:07.360 --> 14:09.200] in short. [14:09.200 --> 14:12.280] Thank you very much to the program Tariqa As-Salam. [14:12.280 --> 14:18.440] And thank you very much to the Sudanese TV [14:18.440 --> 14:21.720] for the opportunity. [14:21.720 --> 14:27.480] First of all, I congratulate the people of South Sudan [14:27.480 --> 14:30.440] on the independence of the mosque. [14:30.440 --> 14:34.720] And our president, the last leader, [14:34.720 --> 14:39.160] As-Salfa Keir Mayadid, the president of the Republic [14:39.160 --> 14:45.160] of South Sudan, and his deputy, Dr. Yagmashar, [14:45.160 --> 14:49.400] and the president of the people of South Sudan, [14:49.400 --> 14:53.080] and all the citizens of South Sudan, [14:53.080 --> 14:59.920] I say to you, freedom, freedom, freedom. [14:59.920 --> 15:05.080] In fact, before I answer your questions, [15:05.080 --> 15:09.960] I have to go back to the historical background [15:09.960 --> 15:24.920] to show the difference between state security and social security. [15:24.920 --> 15:28.800] I have to go back to the historical background [15:28.800 --> 15:36.600] because our people often don't show the difference [15:36.600 --> 15:40.320] between state security and social security. [15:40.320 --> 15:50.840] And many people don't know what the role of social security is. [15:50.840 --> 15:59.960] First of all, state security was accepted in the 17th century. [15:59.960 --> 16:03.760] And the idea behind it, the traditional idea, [16:03.760 --> 16:10.000] was that the state should have a monopoly on the use of force [16:10.000 --> 16:15.720] and to ensure that there is peace and order among communities. [16:15.720 --> 16:32.840] And just as it is customary for a citizen to own a state to protect his property, [16:32.840 --> 16:42.000] but as time went by, people discovered that the state itself [16:42.000 --> 16:48.520] could be a threat to the citizen in particular, [16:48.520 --> 16:53.520] and it would not be enough to fulfill its obligations [16:53.520 --> 17:00.400] to protect its communities and communities. [17:00.400 --> 17:06.720] Therefore, in the 21st century, [17:06.720 --> 17:13.920] the idea of social security and human security emerged. [17:13.920 --> 17:24.440] Human security was advocated because the challenges of time [17:24.440 --> 17:28.600] related to human security were very high. [17:28.600 --> 17:34.160] And it was not focused only on the role of the state. [17:34.160 --> 17:42.800] A person had to be involved to guarantee its security. [17:42.800 --> 17:54.640] Therefore, in Peru, we are engaged in human security. [17:54.640 --> 17:59.520] In human security, we deal with the elements of security, [17:59.520 --> 18:07.400] elements of rights of citizens, elements of development of citizens, [18:07.400 --> 18:14.560] elements of empowerment, and you have to empower people [18:14.560 --> 18:17.120] and to have choices. [18:17.120 --> 18:20.920] This is the summary of human security. [18:20.920 --> 18:25.360] We are talking about social security. [18:25.360 --> 18:31.240] Social security complements state security. [18:31.240 --> 18:32.880] There are many reasons for this, [18:32.880 --> 18:38.360] because it leads to things which are not considered [18:38.360 --> 18:42.640] to be against the state's security. [18:42.640 --> 18:45.480] But like our problems in the south, [18:45.480 --> 18:52.920] most of our problems are community related. [18:52.920 --> 18:56.720] They are not directly against the state, [18:56.720 --> 18:59.440] but against the society. [18:59.440 --> 19:03.840] If you take our problems, such as the killing of the press, [19:03.840 --> 19:05.960] looting, and so on, [19:05.960 --> 19:09.320] all of them are against the society. [19:09.320 --> 19:18.480] But they can be developed against the state. [19:18.480 --> 19:20.840] These are the things we are engaged in. [19:20.840 --> 19:31.920] Therefore, in 2008, the Ministerial Council of the Government of the South [19:31.920 --> 19:38.120] decided to establish the Peru for Community Security and Small Arms Control. [19:38.120 --> 19:44.760] In fact, this was supposed to be part of the GDR program. [19:44.760 --> 19:52.280] But for reasons other than that, the Ministerial Council decided [19:52.280 --> 19:55.800] to establish the Community Security and Small Arms Control [19:55.800 --> 20:00.040] as an independent institution. [20:00.040 --> 20:04.160] Under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, [20:04.160 --> 20:11.240] now it is the Ministry of the Interior. [20:11.240 --> 20:16.600] I came to Peru at the end of 2009, [20:16.600 --> 20:22.200] and I am still in the same position until now. [20:22.200 --> 20:26.160] The first thing is our understanding of disarmament. [20:26.160 --> 20:30.560] People say that there is disarmament, disarmament, disarmament. [20:30.560 --> 20:37.200] But disarmament in itself is not a solution. [20:37.200 --> 20:44.480] And disarmament in itself is a component of small arms, light weapons control. [20:44.480 --> 20:54.280] Disarmament alone has happened in 2006, 2007, and 2008 [20:54.280 --> 20:59.280] with the disarmament of a citizen. [20:59.280 --> 21:06.440] But yes, the state has the right to use force [21:06.440 --> 21:12.680] to ensure that free security for the community. [21:12.680 --> 21:16.120] There must be law and order. [21:16.120 --> 21:21.320] But the removal of arms in the hands of the civilian population [21:21.320 --> 21:24.400] must be accompanied by so many things. [21:24.400 --> 21:31.520] First of all, it's registration, it's marking of the guns, [21:31.520 --> 21:38.760] it's stock file management, it's safe storage. [21:38.760 --> 21:43.160] Because in the 21st century of the war, [21:43.160 --> 21:45.720] there was no stock file management, [21:45.720 --> 21:50.560] and there was no safe storage facilities. [21:50.560 --> 21:58.120] They were not in the hands of the civilian population. [21:58.120 --> 22:01.920] And then we have to talk about the demand factor. [22:01.920 --> 22:06.680] Why does a citizen carry a weapon? [22:06.680 --> 22:10.560] He carries a weapon because he has protection. [22:10.560 --> 22:14.400] He has protection of his property or her property. [22:14.400 --> 22:17.080] But it's not better than that. [22:17.080 --> 22:20.320] It's a means of life. [22:20.320 --> 22:27.400] The weapon itself has become a means for livelihood. [22:27.400 --> 22:30.080] So when we talk of removal or disarmament, [22:30.080 --> 22:41.080] we have to talk about the root causes of that disarmament. [22:41.080 --> 22:42.480] And we have to address them. [22:42.480 --> 22:54.520] If we are allowed to do so, we have to go to Abad. [22:54.520 --> 23:00.560] We have forest borders. [23:00.560 --> 23:05.240] We are near countries which have been ridden by conflicts. [23:05.240 --> 23:10.280] If it was Ethiopia, if it was Kenya in the last elections, [23:10.280 --> 23:13.760] if it was Uganda, if it was Zaire, [23:13.760 --> 23:17.560] if it was Congo, if it was Central Africa, [23:17.560 --> 23:21.120] these are all conflict-ridden countries. [23:21.120 --> 23:25.000] So the proliferation of weapons in the south, [23:25.000 --> 23:29.040] and we are not able to control our borders, [23:29.040 --> 23:31.200] is another factor. [23:31.200 --> 23:41.040] In addition, the existence of LRA in some areas of the south, [23:41.040 --> 23:45.200] especially in the East and West of the Strait of Abyssinia, [23:45.200 --> 23:47.840] and the West of the Gaza Strait. [23:47.840 --> 23:54.000] They have activities in these two states. [23:54.000 --> 24:02.680] Therefore, we will have the longest border [24:02.680 --> 24:09.160] between the Republic of South Sudan and the old Sudan. [24:09.160 --> 24:21.920] This will be the longest border because it is less than 2,000 km. [24:21.920 --> 24:27.680] Therefore, we have to factor in the problems in Darfur. [24:27.680 --> 24:35.920] We have problems in the Middle East, in the South of the Gulf. [24:35.920 --> 24:44.000] These are all things that we should consider. [24:44.000 --> 24:55.120] We have developed a policy on small arms [24:55.120 --> 24:58.000] and light weapons control in South Sudan. [24:58.000 --> 25:03.520] The policy has been raised by the Minister of Interior. [25:03.520 --> 25:07.360] He will now present it to the Minister of Justice. [25:07.360 --> 25:14.720] Then we will start preparing for the law [25:14.720 --> 25:18.640] on the development of arms in South Sudan. [25:18.640 --> 25:26.280] Yes, the development of arms in South Sudan has become a culture. [25:26.280 --> 25:31.360] Therefore, we need to protect our weapons [25:31.360 --> 25:34.640] because there was no stockpile management after the war. [25:34.640 --> 25:40.040] After the peace agreement was signed, [25:40.040 --> 25:47.400] the Sudanese government had no stockpile management. [25:47.400 --> 25:51.400] However, after the war, [25:51.400 --> 25:56.240] some of the members of the SBLA and the militia [25:56.240 --> 26:03.440] reintegrated themselves into the rural areas. [26:03.440 --> 26:07.920] This is a means for their livelihood. [26:07.920 --> 26:11.880] There are still some communities, [26:11.880 --> 26:17.200] for example in the Middle East, [26:17.200 --> 26:31.120] where the existence of arms in their hands is part of their heritage and culture. [26:31.120 --> 26:39.120] Our records in RAXA, [26:39.120 --> 26:43.760] which is the Regional Center on Small Arms Control, [26:43.760 --> 26:56.120] show that the first weapons came to Africa in 1892. [26:56.120 --> 27:01.880] This area was full of weapons, [27:01.880 --> 27:10.080] and they used rifles instead of rifles. [27:10.080 --> 27:20.840] Since then, people have had the culture of weapons. [27:20.840 --> 27:31.360] The problem is that the removal of weapons in the hands of these people [27:31.360 --> 27:35.640] is not an easy task. [27:35.640 --> 27:42.600] This is a task that we must go further to study the roots of the issue. [27:42.600 --> 27:55.360] First, we must live among them in order to disarm their minds. [27:55.360 --> 27:58.720] This is what we call mindset transformation, [27:58.720 --> 28:05.960] from gun ownership and use of guns to something else. [28:05.960 --> 28:14.120] If you want to change the way people live, [28:14.120 --> 28:20.000] you have to have resistance. [28:20.000 --> 28:28.000] Secondly, our communities have pastoralist communities. [28:28.000 --> 28:33.000] There are two things we must consider. [28:33.000 --> 28:38.680] First, there are certain communities, [28:38.680 --> 28:41.520] like the Murli, for example, and not you. [28:41.520 --> 28:43.400] Okay, go on. [28:43.400 --> 28:44.680] Like the Murli, for example, [28:44.680 --> 28:53.920] they are the only community which has a divine right to possess cattle. [28:53.920 --> 29:10.560] They do not see it as a crime to have a rightful, divine right. [29:10.560 --> 29:13.480] Even the hajjadah associated with cattle wrestling, [29:13.480 --> 29:16.320] where there was abduction of children and killing, [29:16.320 --> 29:20.040] they do not see it as a crime. [29:20.040 --> 29:27.360] They see it as a divine right to have a rightful, divine right. [29:27.360 --> 29:34.560] So, this concept must be removed from their minds. [29:34.560 --> 29:39.120] There are other communities, like the Dengas, [29:39.120 --> 29:42.960] where people say that they have the belief that [29:42.960 --> 29:53.080] they have the right to have a rightful, divine right. [29:53.080 --> 30:14.080] For these two conflicting concepts, we have to go down.