Detecting language using up to the first 30 seconds. Use `--language` to specify the language Detected language: English [00:00.000 --> 00:02.160] The United States, in addition to USAID, [00:02.160 --> 00:03.720] our Center for Disease Control, [00:03.720 --> 00:06.640] our United States Center for Disease Control [00:06.640 --> 00:11.540] is also very, very engaged in working with South Sudan [00:11.540 --> 00:13.880] to address the HIV AIDS challenge. [00:13.880 --> 00:16.000] There are many Southern Sudanese out, [00:16.000 --> 00:18.920] like we take, for example, United States, [00:18.920 --> 00:22.040] highly trained medics that can contribute [00:22.040 --> 00:23.440] to this nation building. [00:23.440 --> 00:26.320] In terms of linkages and developing human resources [00:26.320 --> 00:29.680] down here, what is the agents doing about this? [00:29.680 --> 00:31.440] Yeah, well, you're right, [00:31.440 --> 00:34.040] and that's a tremendous resource for this country. [00:34.040 --> 00:35.800] And in my short time here, [00:35.800 --> 00:38.320] I've had the good fortune of meeting several [00:38.320 --> 00:40.140] of what we call the diaspora. [00:40.140 --> 00:42.080] And these are really terrific people [00:42.080 --> 00:45.640] who studied in the US, who were living there, [00:45.640 --> 00:47.920] who probably could have continued their lives there, [00:47.920 --> 00:50.920] but they said it's time to go back and to lend a hand. [00:50.920 --> 00:52.000] And we work with them. [00:52.000 --> 00:54.960] I was just at an event the other day [00:54.960 --> 00:57.920] where we were, it was a health event, [00:57.920 --> 00:59.360] and there was a gentleman there [00:59.360 --> 01:01.640] who was a, I believe he's a director general [01:01.640 --> 01:03.200] from the Ministry of Health. [01:03.200 --> 01:05.640] And I told him I was from New Jersey in the United States, [01:05.640 --> 01:06.960] and he said, I've been to New Jersey. [01:06.960 --> 01:08.660] He told me that he had lived in the United States, [01:08.660 --> 01:09.960] he'd been educated there, [01:09.960 --> 01:13.240] but he has come back to help his country [01:13.240 --> 01:14.800] address these health challenges. [01:14.800 --> 01:17.080] I've met others like him, [01:17.080 --> 01:19.000] and I can only say that it's very gratifying [01:19.000 --> 01:20.540] to work with them, [01:20.540 --> 01:24.600] that they're extremely effective and committed [01:24.600 --> 01:26.560] to development in this country, [01:26.560 --> 01:30.520] and they're just a great resource for South Sudan [01:30.520 --> 01:32.840] as it moves ahead with facing these great challenges [01:32.840 --> 01:34.960] of nation building, of development, [01:34.960 --> 01:37.200] and really of taking its rightful place [01:37.200 --> 01:39.320] amongst the community of peaceful nations [01:39.320 --> 01:42.920] that want to see better lives for their families [01:42.920 --> 01:43.800] and for their communities. [01:43.800 --> 01:45.880] But is the agent has some scheme [01:45.880 --> 01:49.200] of maybe recruiting back these southern nationals [01:49.200 --> 01:51.560] who are United States to come and contribute? [01:51.560 --> 01:55.400] Because there is a need of many development projects [01:55.400 --> 02:00.040] in agriculture, health, education, economic growth, [02:00.040 --> 02:01.280] and infrastructure too. [02:01.280 --> 02:02.960] Yeah, no, that's a great point. [02:02.960 --> 02:05.000] And let me start by saying that, [02:05.000 --> 02:08.760] just to give you an idea of how important [02:08.760 --> 02:11.480] the presence of South Sudanese are [02:11.480 --> 02:14.980] in terms of USAID's projects and our mission here, [02:14.980 --> 02:16.720] our offices here. [02:16.720 --> 02:18.920] There are probably, oh, I don't know, [02:18.920 --> 02:23.440] 20 Americans in the USAID mission in Juba right now, [02:23.440 --> 02:27.280] and there's probably 60, 70 South Sudanese. [02:27.280 --> 02:29.340] So you can see that when we come to a place [02:29.340 --> 02:32.520] like South Sudan, we immediately reach out [02:32.520 --> 02:35.160] to some of these experts. [02:35.160 --> 02:40.040] And they become our colleagues and our partners, [02:40.040 --> 02:43.820] and we rely on them really to do smart investments [02:43.820 --> 02:45.080] that can really help development. [02:45.080 --> 02:46.880] In terms of bringing people back, [02:46.880 --> 02:50.360] we can and we are looking at new projects [02:50.360 --> 02:51.720] that we have coming online, [02:51.720 --> 02:53.920] how we can increase the, [02:55.000 --> 02:59.920] how we can maybe recalibrate some of our hiring procedures [02:59.920 --> 03:02.460] to bring in people from the United States [03:02.460 --> 03:06.120] and from other countries who bring that great human capacity [03:06.120 --> 03:07.600] and that tremendous skill set, [03:07.600 --> 03:11.160] and that patriotism, those are a wonderful combination. [03:11.160 --> 03:13.080] So we are looking for ways to recalibrate [03:13.080 --> 03:16.000] some of our project hiring procedures [03:16.000 --> 03:17.480] to ensure that we can make good use [03:17.480 --> 03:19.280] and leverage that asset. [03:19.280 --> 03:21.880] Are you happy with governance and democracy [03:21.880 --> 03:24.160] in South Sudan in this new nation? [03:24.160 --> 03:29.160] Well, I can say that the governance challenges [03:29.600 --> 03:31.360] are really tremendous. [03:31.360 --> 03:32.960] The country is only four months old, [03:32.960 --> 03:34.240] barely four months old, [03:35.320 --> 03:38.760] and building effective institutions, [03:38.760 --> 03:40.880] transparent and accountable institutions [03:40.880 --> 03:41.960] is a challenge anywhere. [03:41.960 --> 03:45.720] It was a challenge in the United States 200 years ago [03:45.720 --> 03:47.800] when we began our history, [03:47.800 --> 03:50.640] and it will certainly be a challenge for South Sudan. [03:50.640 --> 03:54.040] USAID is absolutely a key partner [03:54.040 --> 03:56.160] with the government of South Sudan [03:56.160 --> 03:58.480] on issues of governance, institution, [03:58.480 --> 03:59.800] building transparency. [03:59.800 --> 04:00.960] We provided assistance [04:00.960 --> 04:02.760] for the Public Financial Management Act, [04:02.760 --> 04:04.720] which is in draft right now [04:04.720 --> 04:06.360] and the government is considering it, [04:06.360 --> 04:09.860] but it's a law that would provide a legal framework [04:09.860 --> 04:12.320] that is amongst world standards [04:12.320 --> 04:14.240] in terms of proper financial management, [04:14.240 --> 04:17.160] proper budgeting, transparency, accountability, et cetera. [04:17.160 --> 04:19.440] Now, of course, it's the South Sudanese decision, [04:19.440 --> 04:20.520] it's the government's decision, [04:20.520 --> 04:22.280] the National Assembly's decision [04:22.280 --> 04:23.720] on what to do with that law, [04:23.720 --> 04:25.560] and that's a sovereign decision that we respect. [04:25.560 --> 04:27.620] We gave our best advice on it, [04:27.620 --> 04:29.000] but now it will run its course [04:29.000 --> 04:32.900] in terms of your government's processes. [04:34.580 --> 04:37.080] We will not only support the legal framework, [04:37.080 --> 04:38.840] but once the law gets passed, [04:38.840 --> 04:43.840] and currently we support the creation of good systems [04:43.840 --> 04:46.200] to manage public funds, [04:46.200 --> 04:49.240] good systems for accountability, for transparency [04:49.240 --> 04:51.320] that we're helping the Ministry of Finance with, [04:51.320 --> 04:54.080] and those systems will become, we hope, [04:54.080 --> 04:56.720] the standard systems that South Sudan institutions [04:56.720 --> 04:58.560] will use to manage their funds. [04:58.560 --> 05:01.560] What system are you putting in? [05:03.560 --> 05:06.440] These are simple systems [05:06.440 --> 05:09.920] that incorporate the proper checks and balances [05:09.920 --> 05:12.600] that one needs when they manage public funds. [05:12.600 --> 05:15.920] And these are checks and balances [05:15.920 --> 05:20.920] that also incorporate a strong dose of transparency [05:20.960 --> 05:23.680] so that citizens can see what their government is doing. [05:23.680 --> 05:25.120] That's critical to good governance, [05:25.120 --> 05:28.800] that's critical to democratic nation building, [05:28.800 --> 05:31.360] and USAID is absolutely part and parcel of that. [05:31.360 --> 05:34.440] And a key component of this also is IT systems [05:34.440 --> 05:35.960] that simplify the budget process [05:35.960 --> 05:38.240] and training the South Sudanese staff [05:38.240 --> 05:40.080] so that they can understand the system, [05:40.080 --> 05:41.920] understand the checks and balances, [05:41.920 --> 05:43.880] use the information technology, [05:43.880 --> 05:46.720] and begin to plan budgets and execute budgets [05:46.720 --> 05:48.720] in a more transparent, accountable way. [05:49.640 --> 05:52.640] Is there transparency and good management of resources here? [05:54.040 --> 05:55.840] I think the government's working on it. [05:55.840 --> 06:00.840] And I mean, again, I think it's a challenge. [06:01.000 --> 06:03.120] I think without a legal framework, [06:03.120 --> 06:05.920] and I think without proper systems, [06:05.920 --> 06:07.600] I think there's always risk there. [06:07.600 --> 06:08.920] There's risk everywhere. [06:08.920 --> 06:11.320] Not just in South Sudan, but anywhere in the world, [06:11.320 --> 06:14.600] I think, citizens demand of their government transparency [06:14.600 --> 06:17.320] and accountability, and you need a legal framework, [06:17.320 --> 06:22.320] and you need proper systems, and you need human capacity, [06:22.320 --> 06:25.880] and you need a trained staff to be able to make it all work. [06:25.880 --> 06:28.400] I think South Sudan has made a commitment to that. [06:28.400 --> 06:29.600] When I listen to your leaders, [06:29.600 --> 06:31.520] they talk about that commitment often. [06:31.520 --> 06:34.160] And we wanna help them turn those words into actions, [06:34.160 --> 06:37.120] and we wanna help them bring the legal framework [06:37.120 --> 06:40.520] bring the systems, and bring the human capacity necessary [06:40.520 --> 06:44.320] to build this good transparency and this good governance. [06:44.320 --> 06:47.240] From your own thought, looking at the foreign policy [06:47.240 --> 06:51.280] of the USA, or United States, [06:51.280 --> 06:54.200] and looking at the foreign policy of South Sudan, [06:54.200 --> 06:57.200] does that one conquer with development-oriented programs? [07:02.240 --> 07:03.560] I think we're in a moment, [07:03.560 --> 07:05.800] I think we're in a critical moment right now. [07:05.800 --> 07:09.960] I arrived here only four days after independence, right? [07:09.960 --> 07:13.680] So this is all a very new experience for South Sudan [07:13.680 --> 07:15.640] and for the international community. [07:17.040 --> 07:20.600] I was struck by the buoyant sentiment that I felt, [07:20.600 --> 07:23.160] and the happiness that I felt by the people [07:23.160 --> 07:27.480] that I met here in Juba, about this hard-won independence. [07:27.480 --> 07:35.960] And that moment has passed, the sentiment is still there, [07:35.960 --> 07:38.920] and that's a wonderful resource to capitalize on, right? [07:38.920 --> 07:41.760] But certainly the hard decisions [07:41.760 --> 07:45.840] and the challenges of governing lie ahead. [07:45.840 --> 07:49.720] We stand ready as committed partners [07:49.720 --> 07:51.880] to help this government and to help the people [07:51.880 --> 07:55.240] of South Sudan to address those challenges. [07:55.240 --> 08:01.120] There will be a conference in Washington, D.C. in December, [08:01.120 --> 08:05.920] whereby South Sudan will meet with leaders [08:05.920 --> 08:09.240] from the United States and from all over the world to talk [08:09.240 --> 08:11.640] about some of these very challenges, and to talk [08:11.640 --> 08:13.760] about a strategic development agenda. [08:13.760 --> 08:18.360] And we feel very optimistic about that exercise. [08:18.360 --> 08:22.360] We believe that we're all coming to that with a level [08:22.360 --> 08:24.720] of seriousness and a level of commitment [08:24.720 --> 08:27.000] to address these challenges, make the right decisions [08:27.000 --> 08:30.400] so that South Sudan's future is a bright one. [08:30.400 --> 08:35.400] And again, we've had 50 years of support with USAID, [08:35.400 --> 08:38.200] and we're committed to continue that support with South Sudan [08:38.200 --> 08:40.160] and with other nations around the world. [08:40.160 --> 08:42.760] What experience can you share from being in South Sudan [08:42.760 --> 08:46.560] in terms of the program of USAID? [08:46.560 --> 08:49.200] I had a good experience just last week. [08:49.200 --> 08:51.800] We were out in Jongle State, we were in Boer, [08:51.800 --> 08:56.400] and we were handing over five speedboats, [08:56.400 --> 08:59.240] small, simple speedboats to county commissioners [08:59.240 --> 09:01.880] and county officials who live up and down the Nile River [09:01.880 --> 09:06.440] and in other rivers in Jongle State to help them, again, [09:06.440 --> 09:09.280] extend the reach of the state, stay in close contact [09:09.280 --> 09:14.880] with their communities as a way of mitigating conflict. [09:14.880 --> 09:16.480] And what I liked about that, frankly, [09:16.480 --> 09:19.640] was that those boats weren't USAID's idea. [09:19.640 --> 09:21.480] Those boats came from those county commissioners [09:21.480 --> 09:24.760] who said, you know, I want to try to mitigate conflict [09:24.760 --> 09:27.400] in my area, but there really are no roads, [09:27.400 --> 09:29.320] so I have access problems, [09:29.320 --> 09:31.000] but what about using the river more? [09:31.000 --> 09:32.840] What about making better use of the river [09:32.840 --> 09:34.400] to move around our region? [09:34.400 --> 09:35.720] And it's that kind of development [09:35.720 --> 09:38.200] that we love to support in USAID. [09:38.200 --> 09:44.160] We love it when, you know, our modest investments [09:44.160 --> 09:48.240] can support local ideas, local initiatives, local energy, [09:48.240 --> 09:51.160] and really help find those local champions [09:51.160 --> 09:54.000] who have good ideas on how to solve their problems, [09:54.000 --> 09:55.720] and we want to partner with those people. [09:55.720 --> 09:58.640] And I feel like and I hope that that's what we did last week [09:58.640 --> 10:02.280] in Boer and in Jongle State with the state government, [10:02.280 --> 10:04.360] with the state ministry of decentralization, [10:04.360 --> 10:06.200] and with these county commissioners. [10:06.200 --> 10:07.360] Infrastructure? [10:07.360 --> 10:10.040] You are constructing the highway, Juba Nimule Road. [10:10.040 --> 10:11.680] Yeah, no, that's an important one. [10:11.680 --> 10:14.680] Will there be some, the same being done in other places? [10:14.680 --> 10:18.800] Well, we do have some road plans [10:18.800 --> 10:20.920] in addition to the Juba Nimule Road. [10:20.920 --> 10:23.720] The Juba Nimule Road, we're planning to finish it [10:23.720 --> 10:25.920] in the next 12 months. [10:25.920 --> 10:29.800] We work very closely with the Ministry of Roads on this. [10:29.800 --> 10:30.800] It's important. [10:30.800 --> 10:37.400] It's important for access, for safety. [10:37.400 --> 10:39.840] It's important for economic integration. [10:39.840 --> 10:43.000] It's important to help the people of Boer [10:43.000 --> 10:47.480] and it's important to help this country get more engaged [10:47.480 --> 10:49.480] economically with its neighbors. [10:49.480 --> 10:52.800] It can really spur economic development and job growth [10:52.800 --> 10:54.360] and those kinds of things, and that's our hope [10:54.360 --> 10:56.360] for the Juba Nimule Road. [10:56.360 --> 10:58.920] We have some smaller road investments planned, [10:58.920 --> 11:03.040] mostly feeder roads to help connect farmers to markets [11:03.040 --> 11:04.960] because this country has incredible agricultural [11:04.960 --> 11:07.560] potential, and we are currently working [11:07.560 --> 11:10.520] in the agricultural sector. [11:10.520 --> 11:14.720] We have supported roads in the past. [11:14.720 --> 11:16.680] We continue to support them today [11:16.680 --> 11:18.560] and our support will continue. [11:18.560 --> 11:20.720] I don't know if it will continue at the same level [11:20.720 --> 11:22.160] as the Juba Nimule Road. [11:22.160 --> 11:24.800] That really is a high capital investment. [11:24.800 --> 11:26.560] This country has oil. [11:26.560 --> 11:28.880] It has tremendous revenue from oil [11:28.880 --> 11:34.520] and we're helping this country to A, market oil [11:34.520 --> 11:39.080] so that they can ensure that the public finances are healthy [11:39.080 --> 11:41.320] and we're also helping South Sudan [11:41.320 --> 11:47.440] to think through options for saving oil revenues [11:47.440 --> 11:49.880] for the future and for investing oil revenues, [11:49.880 --> 11:53.760] and that's a great source of investment for roads. [11:53.760 --> 11:56.720] But the roads challenge in this country is so big [11:56.720 --> 12:00.040] that I think it's beyond the scope of any one donor. [12:00.040 --> 12:03.400] We feel like we've done our part [12:03.400 --> 12:06.960] and we will continue in more modest ways, [12:06.960 --> 12:11.120] but we really believe and we would welcome a more concerted [12:11.120 --> 12:13.040] effort amongst the government of South Sudan [12:13.040 --> 12:15.960] and the international community to take on this problem [12:15.960 --> 12:17.640] because it is key to development. [12:17.640 --> 12:22.920] What is the future plan for the organization now in 2012? [12:22.920 --> 12:23.800] Well, we continue. [12:23.800 --> 12:29.080] We're currently working under a Washington approved program [12:29.080 --> 12:31.880] that goes out to 2013 and we fully expect [12:31.880 --> 12:34.100] to continue beyond 2013, and we'll [12:34.100 --> 12:36.720] continue in these same areas, conflict mitigation, health, [12:36.720 --> 12:39.160] education, economic growth, which includes agriculture [12:39.160 --> 12:42.080] and infrastructure, and our humanitarian work. [12:42.080 --> 12:43.480] A pleasure having you, Peter. [12:43.480 --> 12:46.400] Thank you very much, Kisitu, and thanks to your viewers. [12:46.400 --> 12:46.920] Thank you. [12:46.920 --> 12:47.440] OK, thanks. [12:47.440 --> 12:48.920] Yeah, a pleasure. [12:48.920 --> 12:50.040] Without our viewers, we have come [12:50.040 --> 12:52.600] to the end of this interview. [12:52.600 --> 13:21.640] I'm calling out to all the presidential advisers. [13:21.640 --> 13:24.800] I'm calling out to the whole world. [13:24.800 --> 13:54.000] Thank you very much. [13:54.800 --> 14:09.040] Thank you very much. [14:09.040 --> 14:12.320] Thank you very much for the program Tariqa As-Salam. [14:12.320 --> 14:30.520] Thank you very much to the TV channel of the President of the Republic of Sudan for giving me the opportunity to speak on behalf of the people of the Republic of Sudan. [14:30.520 --> 14:37.280] And on behalf of the leader of the Republic of Sudan, [14:37.280 --> 14:49.440] the President of the Republic of Sudan, and his deputy, Dr. Yagmashar, and the President of the people of the Republic of Sudan, [14:49.440 --> 15:00.200] and all the citizens of the Republic of Sudan, I tell you, my freedom, my freedom, my freedom. [15:00.200 --> 15:25.080] In fact, before I answer your questions, I have to go back to the historical background to show the difference between the security of the state and the security of society. [15:25.080 --> 15:40.440] This historical background is very important because most of our people do not express the difference between the security of the state and the security of society. [15:40.440 --> 15:50.960] And many are surprised at the role of this security of society. [15:50.960 --> 16:03.760] First of all, state security was accepted in the 17th century. [16:03.760 --> 16:19.320] And the idea behind it, the traditional idea was that the state should have a monopoly on the use of force and to ensure that there is peace and order among communities. [16:19.320 --> 16:32.920] And just for the sake of it, the citizen took over the state in order to give it the protection and protection of its possessions. [16:32.920 --> 17:00.440] But as time went by, people discovered that the life of the state itself could be a threat to the citizen in particular, and it would not be enough for its duties to protect its citizens and their possessions. [17:00.440 --> 17:13.960] Therefore, in the 21st century, the idea of social security and human security emerged. [17:13.960 --> 17:28.640] Human security was advocated because the challenges of time related to human security were very high. [17:28.640 --> 17:34.200] And it was not only focused on the role of the state. [17:34.200 --> 17:42.840] So it was necessary for a person to join in to guarantee its security. [17:42.840 --> 17:54.720] Therefore, we in Peru for community security and small arms control, we are engaged in human security. [17:54.720 --> 18:17.200] And human security, we deal with the elements of security, elements of rights of citizens, elements of development of citizens, elements of empowerment, and you have to empower people and to have choices. [18:17.200 --> 18:25.480] This is the essence of human security, because we are talking about social security. [18:25.480 --> 18:42.760] Social security complements state security in many ways, because it leads to things which are not considered to be against the state's security. [18:42.760 --> 18:53.080] But like our problems here in the south, essentially most of our problems are community related. [18:53.080 --> 18:59.560] Meaning, not directly against the state, but against the society. [18:59.560 --> 19:09.440] Meaning, if you take our problems of killing, looting, looting, and so on, everything affects the society. [19:09.440 --> 19:18.560] But it can develop against the state. [19:18.560 --> 19:21.520] So these are the things that we are working on. [19:21.520 --> 19:38.160] Therefore, in 2008, the cabinet of ministers of the south government decided to establish Peru for community security and small arms control. [19:38.160 --> 20:00.080] In fact, this was supposed to be part of the GDR program, but for reasons that the cabinet of ministers decided to establish community security and small arms control as an independent institution. [20:00.080 --> 20:11.320] This was done under the ministry of internal affairs, and now it is the ministry of the interior. [20:11.320 --> 20:22.240] I came to Peru at the end of 2009, and I am still on the same site. [20:22.240 --> 20:30.600] The first thing I understand is the disarmament. [20:30.600 --> 20:37.240] But disarmament in itself is not a solution. [20:37.240 --> 20:44.480] And disarmament in itself is a component of small arms, like weapons control. [20:44.480 --> 20:59.320] I mean, disarmament alone has happened in 2006, 2007, and 2008 with the disarmament of citizens. [20:59.320 --> 21:16.160] But yes, the state has the right to use force to ensure that there is security in the community. There must be law and order. [21:16.160 --> 21:24.440] But the removal of arms in the hands of the civilian populations must be accompanied by so many things. [21:24.440 --> 21:38.800] First of all, it's registration, it's marking of the guns, it's stock file management, it's safe storage. [21:38.800 --> 21:57.440] Because in the 21st century of the war, there was no stock file management, and there was no safe storage facilities, because no one had arms in the hands of civilians. [21:57.440 --> 22:06.720] Then we must talk about the demand factor. Why do citizens still carry arms? [22:06.720 --> 22:14.440] They carry arms because they ask for protection, or ask for protection of his property or her property. [22:14.440 --> 22:27.400] But they don't know that weapons themselves have become a means for livelihood. [22:27.400 --> 22:46.560] So when we talk about removal or disarmament, we have to talk about the root causes, and we have to address them. [22:46.560 --> 23:05.240] In order to do that, we have to go to Abad. We have forced borders, because we are surrounded by countries which have been ridden by conflicts. [23:05.240 --> 23:21.120] If it was Ethiopia, if it was Kenya in the last elections, if it was Uganda, Zaire, Congo, Central Africa, these are all conflict-ridden countries. [23:21.120 --> 23:38.960] So the proliferation of weapons in the south, and we are not able to control our borders, is another factor. In addition, the existence of LRA in parts of the south, [23:38.960 --> 23:52.400] especially in the east, the west, and the west of the Gaza Strip. They are active in these two states. [23:52.400 --> 24:09.160] It is clear that we will have the longest border between the Republic of South Sudan and the old Sudan. [24:09.160 --> 24:23.320] This will be the longest border, because it is less than 2,000 kilometers long. [24:23.320 --> 24:30.400] You have to factor in the problems in Darfur, and we have joint borders. [24:30.400 --> 24:40.800] We have problems in the Blue Nile, in the South of the Gulf, and so on. These are all things that we have to take into account. [24:40.800 --> 25:02.800] Our policy is that we have developed a policy on small arms and light weapons control in the south of Sudan, and the policy has been raised by the Minister of Interior. [25:02.800 --> 25:16.800] We will go and present it to the Minister of the Interior, and then we will start preparing the law on the use of weapons in the south of Sudan. [25:16.800 --> 25:22.800] Yes, the use of weapons in the south of Sudan has become a culture. [25:22.800 --> 25:34.800] Therefore, we are concerned about the peace, because there was no stockpile management after the war. [25:34.800 --> 25:46.800] After the peace agreement with the Sudanese government, there was no stockpile management. [25:46.800 --> 26:02.800] However, after the war, some people who were members of the SPLA or the militia, they reintegrated themselves into the rural areas. [26:02.800 --> 26:06.800] They became means for livelihood. [26:06.800 --> 26:16.800] There are still some communities, like in the east of the country, for example, in Taposa. [26:16.800 --> 26:30.800] These people, the existence of weapons in their hands is part of their heritage, their culture. [26:30.800 --> 26:54.800] Our records in REXA, which is the Regional Center on Small Arms Control, show us that in the Kormoja area, the first weapons came to Africa in 1892. [26:54.800 --> 27:06.800] Because this area was full of weapons, they used rifles instead of rifles. [27:06.800 --> 27:18.800] Since then, these people have had the culture of weapons. [27:18.800 --> 27:34.800] The problem is that the removal of weapons in the hands of these people is not an easy process. [27:34.800 --> 27:40.800] This is a process that we must go further to study the roots of the issue. [27:40.800 --> 27:54.800] First, we must live among them in order to disarm their minds. [27:54.800 --> 28:04.800] This is what we call mindset transformation, from gun ownership and use of guns to something else. [28:04.800 --> 28:18.800] When you change the way of life of these people, you expect resistance. [28:18.800 --> 28:26.800] Secondly, our communities have pastoralist communities. [28:26.800 --> 28:40.800] First, there are certain communities, like the Murle, for example, and not you. [28:40.800 --> 28:42.800] Okay, go on. [28:42.800 --> 28:52.800] Like the Murle, for example, they are the only community which has a divine right to possess cattle. [28:52.800 --> 29:04.800] When they walk in the fields, they have a rightful divine right. [29:04.800 --> 29:08.800] They do not see it as a crime. [29:08.800 --> 29:24.800] They see it as a divine right, and it is their right to possess it. [29:24.800 --> 29:32.800] This is the meaning of removing weapons from their heads. [29:32.800 --> 29:38.800] There are other communities, like the Dengas, for example. [29:38.800 --> 29:44.800] They have the belief that this cow is not a seed. [29:44.800 --> 29:46.800] This cow belongs to all of us. [29:46.800 --> 29:50.800] As soon as you find it, remove it. [29:50.800 --> 30:02.800] These two conflicting concepts have to go down.