{ "description": "The Google Satellite Embedding dataset is a global, analysis-ready\ncollection of learned geospatial [embeddings](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course/embeddings/embedding-space).\nEach 10-meter pixel in this dataset is a 64-dimensional representation, or\n\"[embedding vector](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/glossary#embedding-vector),\"\nthat encodes temporal trajectories of surface conditions at and around that\npixel as measured by various Earth observation instruments and datasets,\nover a single calendar year. Unlike conventional spectral inputs and\nindices, where bands correspond to physical measurements, embeddings are\nfeature vectors that summarize relationships across multi-source,\nmulti-modal observations in a less directly interpretable, but more powerful\nway.\n[See usage examples and more detailed explanations](https://medium.com/google-earth/ai-powered-pixels-introducing-googles-satellite-embedding-dataset-31744c1f4650).\n\nThe dataset covers terrestrial land surfaces and shallow waters, including\nintertidal and reef zones, inland waterways, and coastal waterways.\nCoverage at the poles is limited by satellite orbits and instrument\ncoverage.\n\nThe collection is composed of images covering approximately 163,840 meters\nby 163,840 meters, and each image has 64 bands `{A00, A01, \u2026, A63}`, one for\neach axis of the 64D embedding space. All bands should be used for\ndownstream analysis as they collectively refer to a 64D coordinate in\nthe embedding space and are not independently interpretable.\n\nAll images are generated in their local Universal Transverse Mercator\nprojection as indicated by the UTM_ZONE property, and have\n`system:time_start` and `system:time_end` properties that reflect the\ncalendar year summarized by the embeddings; for example, an embedding image\nfor 2021 will have a `system:start_time` equal to\n`ee.Date('2021-01-01 00:00:00')` and a `system:end_time` equal to\n`ee.Date('2022-01-01 00:00:00')`.\n\nThe embeddings are unit-length, meaning they have a magnitude of 1 and\ndo not require any additional normalization, and are distributed across the\n[unit sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_sphere), making them\nwell-suited for use with clustering algorithms and tree-based classifiers.\nThe embedding space is also consistent across years, and embeddings from\ndifferent years can be used for condition change detection by considering\nthe dot product or angle between two embedding vectors. Furthermore, the\nembeddings are designed to be linearly composable, i.e., they can be\naggregated to produce embeddings at coarser spatial resolutions or\ntransformed with vector arithmetic, and still retain their semantic meaning\nand distance relationships.\n\nThe Satellite Embedding dataset was produced by [AlphaEarth Foundations](https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/alphaearth-foundations-helps-map-our-planet-in-unprecedented-detail/),\na geospatial embedding model that assimilates multiple datastreams including\noptical, radar, LiDAR, and other sources (Brown, Kazmierski, Pasquarella et\nal., 2025; preprint available [here](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.22291)).\n\nBecause representations are learned across many sensors and images,\nembedding representations generally overcome common issues such as\nclouds, scan lines, sensor artifacts, or missing data, providing seamless\nanalysis-ready features that can be directly substituted for other Earth\nObservation image sources in classification, regression, and change\ndetection analyses.\n\nThe embeddings in this image collection were generated using v2.1 of the\nAlphaEarth Foundations model, which includes a number of improvements over\nthe v2.0 model evaluated in the AlphaEarth Foundations paper. Namely, the\ntraining dataset was re-generated to include a large number of samples from\nAntarctica that had previously been dropped due to limited sensor coverage,\neffectively increasing the count of training video sequences from over 8.4\nmillion to over 10.1 million sequences; and the USDA NASS Cropland Data\nLayer was included as an additional target during training; loss weights for\nNLCD and CDL were lowered from 0.50 to 0.25; and several other minor changes\nwere implemented to better mitigate visual artifacts associated with input\nsensor swaths, tiling, and multi-resolution pixel targets. These changes did\nnot notably affect the model's performance in terms of evaluation metrics,\nbut generally improved the quality of the resulting embeddings.\n\nWhile some large scale swath and data availability artifacts remain, these\ntypically represent minor vector offsets and generally do not significantly\naffect downstream processing or results.\n\nThe dataset is also available on Google Cloud Storage (GCS) in the bucket\n`gs://alphaearth_foundations`. You can\nbrowse the bucket contents via the [Google Cloud\nConsole](https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser/alphaearth_foundations).\nand refer to the bucket\n[README](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/guides/aef_on_gcs_readme)\nfor full details on the data structure. As of July 2026, this bucket is set\nup as \"provider pays\".\n\nUpdates:\n\n* As of 2025-11-17, embedding layers have DATASET_VERSION 1.1. This\nincludes a regenerated 2017 layer that incorporates additional Sentinel-1\nacquisitions.\n\nGoogle is committed to ongoing production of annual Satellite Embedding\nlayers and will provide at least one year of advance notice of any\nanticipated change in delivery, subject to the ongoing availability of\ninput data streams from USGS and ESA that production of the dataset relies\non.\n", "extent": { "spatial": { "bbox": [ [ -180, -90, 180, 90 ] ] }, "temporal": { "interval": [ [ "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z" ] ] } }, "gee:categories": [ "satellite-imagery" ], "gee:terms_of_use": "[CC-BY-4.0](https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html)\n\nThis dataset is licensed under\n[CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and requires\nthe following attribution text: \"The AlphaEarth Foundations Satellite\nEmbedding [dataset](https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/GOOGLE_SATELLITE_EMBEDDING_V1_ANNUAL)\nis produced by Google and Google DeepMind.\"\n", "gee:type": "image_collection", "id": "GOOGLE/SATELLITE_EMBEDDING/V1/ANNUAL", "keywords": [ "annual", "global", "google", "landsat-derived", "satellite-imagery", "sentinel1-derived", "sentinel2-derived" ], "license": "CC-BY-4.0", "links": [ { "href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/earthengine-stac/catalog/GOOGLE/GOOGLE_SATELLITE_EMBEDDING_V1_ANNUAL.json", "rel": "self", "type": "application/json" }, { "href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/earthengine-stac/catalog/GOOGLE/catalog.json", "rel": "parent", "type": "application/json" }, { "href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/earthengine-stac/catalog/catalog.json", "rel": "root", "type": "application/json" }, { "code": "JavaScript", "href": "https://code.earthengine.google.com/?scriptPath=Examples:Datasets/GOOGLE/GOOGLE_SATELLITE_EMBEDDING_V1_ANNUAL", "rel": "related", "title": "Run the example for GOOGLE/SATELLITE_EMBEDDING/V1/ANNUAL in the Earth Engine Code Editor", "type": "text/html" }, { "href": "https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/images/GOOGLE/GOOGLE_SATELLITE_EMBEDDING_V1_ANNUAL_sample.png", "rel": "preview", "type": "image/png" }, { "href": "https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/GOOGLE_SATELLITE_EMBEDDING_V1_ANNUAL#terms-of-use", "rel": "license", "type": "text/html" } ], "providers": [ { "name": "Google Earth Engine", "roles": [ "licensor", "producer" ], "url": "https://earthengine.google.com/" }, { "name": "Google DeepMind", "roles": [ "licensor", "producer" ], "url": "https://deepmind.google/" }, { "name": "Google Earth Engine", "roles": [ "host" ], "url": "https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/GOOGLE_SATELLITE_EMBEDDING_V1_ANNUAL" } ], "sci:citation": "Brown, C. F., Kazmierski, M. R., Pasquarella, V J., Rucklidge, W. J.,\nSamsikova, M., Zhang, C., Shelhamer, E., Lahera, E., Wiles, O.,\nIlyushchenko, S., Gorelick, N., Zhang, L. L., Alj, S., Schechter, E.,\nAskay, S., Guinan, O., Moore, R., Boukouvalas, A., & Kohli, P.(2025).\nAlphaEarth Foundations: An embedding field model for accurate and\nefficient global mapping from sparse label data. arXiv preprint\narXiv.2507.22291. [doi:10.48550/arXiv.2507.22291](https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.22291)\n", "stac_extensions": [ "https://stac-extensions.github.io/eo/v1.0.0/schema.json", "https://stac-extensions.github.io/scientific/v1.0.0/schema.json", "https://stac-extensions.github.io/version/v1.0.0/schema.json" ], "stac_version": "1.0.0", "summaries": { "A00": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A01": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A02": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A03": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A04": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A05": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A06": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A07": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A08": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A09": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A10": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A11": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A12": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A13": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A14": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A15": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A16": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A17": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A18": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A19": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A20": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A21": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A22": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A23": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A24": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A25": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A26": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A27": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A28": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A29": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A30": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A31": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A32": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A33": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A34": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A35": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A36": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A37": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A38": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A39": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A40": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A41": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A42": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A43": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A44": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A45": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A46": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A47": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A48": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A49": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A50": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A51": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A52": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A53": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A54": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A55": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A56": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A57": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A58": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A59": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A60": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A61": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A62": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "A63": { "gee:estimated_range": false, "maximum": 1, "minimum": -1 }, "eo:bands": [ { "description": "The 0th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A00", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 1st axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A01", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 2nd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A02", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 3rd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A03", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 4th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A04", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 5th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A05", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 6th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A06", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 7th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A07", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 8th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A08", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 9th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A09", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 10th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A10", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 11th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A11", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 12th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A12", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 13th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A13", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 14th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A14", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 15th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A15", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 16th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A16", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 17th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A17", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 18th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A18", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 19th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A19", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 20th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A20", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 21st axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A21", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 22nd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A22", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 23rd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A23", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 24th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A24", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 25th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A25", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 26th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A26", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 27th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A27", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 28th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A28", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 29th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A29", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 30th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A30", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 31st axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A31", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 32nd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A32", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 33rd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A33", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 34th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A34", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 35th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A35", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 36th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A36", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 37th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A37", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 38th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A38", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 39th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A39", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 40th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A40", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 41st axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A41", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 42nd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A42", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 43rd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A43", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 44th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A44", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 45th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A45", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 46th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A46", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 47th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A47", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 48th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A48", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 49th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A49", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 50th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A50", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 51st axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A51", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 52nd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A52", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 53rd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A53", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 54th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A54", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 55th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A55", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 56th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A56", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 57th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A57", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 58th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A58", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 59th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A59", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 60th axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A60", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 61st axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A61", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 62nd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A62", "gsd": [ 10 ] }, { "description": "The 63rd axis of the embedding vector.", "gee:units": "Dimensionless", "name": "A63", "gsd": [ 10 ] } ], "gee:schema": [ { "description": "The version string uniquely identifying the model version used to produce the image.", "name": "MODEL_VERSION", "type": "STRING" }, { "description": "The version string uniquely identifying the model data processing software used to produce the image.", "name": "PROCESSING_SOFTWARE_VERSION", "type": "STRING" }, { "description": "The UTM zone of the coordinate reference system used to produce the image.", "name": "UTM_ZONE", "type": "STRING" }, { "description": "The dataset version.", "name": "DATASET_VERSION", "type": "STRING" } ], "gee:visualizations": [ { "display_name": "Satellite Embedding V1 Annual - A03, A02, A04", "image_visualization": { "band_vis": { "bands": [ "A03", "A02", "A04" ], "max": [ 0.25 ], "min": [ -0.25 ] } }, "lookat": { "lat": 40.75, "lon": -74, "zoom": 10 } } ], "gsd": [ 10 ] }, "title": "Satellite Embedding V1", "type": "Collection", "version": "1", "gee:status": "ready" }