Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="ee99feae65640d65668708c482142d13549b2a38c35c0d71b7fdb8e1f57b" Subject: The Design of Everyday Things From: Rex Woodbury To: Hidden Recipient Date: Fri, 4 Oct 2024 09:24:03 +0000 X-Hiring: We are hiring, reach out at header-hacker@emailshot.io X-EmailShot-Signature: dTj7nt6celJkoWGA6mrDuuFMMBnucHhcPfXbCTM29wpiXeQS5KQHnOzVswIkd7yb9OtvXEt62DVP_XgOtDEKeA== --ee99feae65640d65668708c482142d13549b2a38c35c0d71b7fdb8e1f57b Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable View this post on the web at https://www.digitalnative.tech/p/the-design-of= -everyday-things Weekly writing about how technology and people intersect. By day, I=E2=80= =99m building Daybreak [ https://substack.com/redirect/a622ce15-3392-42b2-8= adc-738768141c50?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0r= bAsF0l24U ] to partner with early-stage founders. By night, I=E2=80=99m wri= ting Digital Native [ https://substack.com/redirect/4eb326ed-f60c-43d4-94a9= -2b5ed5ac7fa7?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAs= F0l24U ] about market trends and startup opportunities. If you haven=E2=80=99t subscribed, join 60,000+ weekly readers by subscribi= ng here: The Design of Everyday Things We=E2=80=99ve all encountered a bad door. We push, then realize it=E2=80=99= s a =E2=80=9Cpull=E2=80=9D door. Or we yank, only to realize we should inst= ead be pushing. Oops. Inevitably, we feel stupid. What we should keep in mind is this: it=E2=80=99s never our fault. One of my favorite books about product design is a 1998 book called The Des= ign of Everyday Things [ https://substack.com/redirect/b647a8fd-c996-4bc0-9= 819-e141d71db4f1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0r= bAsF0l24U ], by Don Norman. And a key takeaway from the book is: poor desig= n is never the user=E2=80=99s fault, but the designer=E2=80=99s.=20 Let=E2=80=99s repeat that: poor design is never the user=E2=80=99s fault, b= ut the designer=E2=80=99s.=20 So it=E2=80=99s not your fault that you pulled that door instead of pushing= =2E Good door design means the us= er=E2=80=94you=E2=80=94should easily know wh= at action to take. When doors have to label themselves =E2=80=9CPUSH=E2=80= =9D or =E2=80=9CPULL,=E2=80=9D they=E2=80=99ve already failed. Good design = uses subtle cues to signal to the user the intended action. In the image be= low, the door on the right probably doesn=E2=80=99t need the =E2=80=9CPULL= =E2=80=9D label; the handles suggest that action. The door on the left=E2= =80=A6well, the door on the left is an unmitigated disaster.=20 A good =E2=80=9Cpush=E2=80=9D door should direct us toward the proper actio= n with good design. I love myself a door with a good push bar like this one= :=20 =F0=9F=98=AE=E2=80=8D=F0=9F=92=A8.=20 Bad doors have become known as Norman doors, named after Don Norman, the au= thor and design legend mentioned earlier. A Norman door is basically any do= or that=E2=80=99s confusing or difficult to use=E2=80=94a door whose design= elements give the wrong usability signals, to the point where a label is t= ypically needed.=20 Lately, I=E2=80=99ve been thinking a lot about Norman doors and The Design = of Everyday Things, particularly when it comes to AI products.=20 We=E2=80=99ve reached a point at which AI products are so powerful, yet so = novel to their users, that we often forgo usability in favor of possibility= =2E What do I mean by that? Many produc= t builders are focused on what can we=20= do=E2=80=94what are the new possibilities opened up by this technology? But= we forget design principles that make products approachable and intuitive = to users. Good products don=E2=80=99t jam in all the bells and whistles; th= ey don=E2=80=99t show off. Good products focus on a key =E2=80=9Cjob to be = done=E2=80=9D (or several at most) and communicate those functionalities in= an elegant way.=20 As AI grows more powerful and multi-faceted, this will become a bigger prob= lem. More powerful technology means greater tension with simple and intuiti= ve product design:=20 Product builders will need to remain disciplined and laser-focused on desig= n as they tackle AI products. As I thought through this topic in recent weeks, I realized I wanted to rev= isit The Design of Everyday Things. But I didn=E2=80=99t really want to re-= read the book. So I thought I=E2=80=99d refresh my knowledge by testing out= a new AI product.=20 Google has been making headlines for its new NotebookLM [ https://substack.= com/redirect/0445a8d0-4298-43ea-85bc-f689985117e0?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.x= u76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U ] product. NotebookLM lets you u= pload documents=E2=80=94say, your class notes=E2=80=94and convert them into= easy-to-understand study material.=20 Here=E2=80=99s what the landing page looks like, outlining the main steps:= =20 Notebook has gone viral on TikTok mainly for turning notes into an engaging= podcast. The product is truly stunning. In one example TikTok [ https://su= bstack.com/redirect/f8c9fc6b-f5b8-435a-894c-77db7bd2fec1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeX= ZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U ], a law student uploads = her notes to NotepadLM; then Notepad spits out a 20-minute podcast with two= human-sounding voices bantering about tort law.=20 I decided to use Notepad for my own briefing on The Design of Everyday Thin= gs. I found an online PDF [ https://substack.com/redirect/1cdbb2c2-b8d2-430= 2-8e78-8bb58984b63d?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3= m0rbAsF0l24U ] of the book and uploaded it to Notepad. Then I clicked a but= ton to generate an audio overview. Here=E2=80=99s what the screen ended up = looking like: You can see that Notebook identified the text, summarized it, and suggested= study questions. But most incredibly, Notebook produced a 12-minute podcas= t about the book. I=E2=80=99m able to make this podcast link public, and I= =E2=80=99m sharing it here: Listen to at least a few seconds of it.=20 As you can hear, the AI-generated podcast sounds very, very real. We have a= female voice and a male voice go back and forth about the main topics of t= he book. They have mastery over the book=E2=80=99s contents, yes, but even = more impressively, they have real chemistry=E2=80=94they sound like two pod= cast hosts who have been doing a show together for a long time. Yet they=E2= =80=99re AI personas, mimicking podcast hosts. Insane.=20 Clearly, I wish I had this in college. Listening to a fun podcast about eco= nomics or government sounds more fun than re-reading your lecture notes or = a dull textbook. It=E2=80=99s also a lot more efficient=E2=80=94if you don= =E2=80=99t want to read the Don Norman book, just listen to the 12-minute p= odcast linked above. You=E2=80=99ll get the gist. On TikTok, people have been similarly floored by Notebook:=20 Google chimed in, proud of its creation: And, naturally, people began to think up other use cases: Notebook is a well-designed product. It flexes the power of modern AI model= s, yet packages everything in an easy-to-use interface.=20 ChatGPT is also a well-designed product. Check out this screenshot of the C= hatGPT homepage:=20 In The Design of Everyday Things, Norman writes about two important charact= eristics of good design:=20 Discoverability: Can users figure out what possible actions they can take w= ith your product? Understandability: Can users easily figure out how the product should be us= ed? ChatGPT nails both.=20 The search bar, cursor, and text =E2=80=9CMessage ChatGPT=E2=80=9D tell us = that we should type a prompt. This borrows from Google, which familiarized = a similar design. Meanwhile, the suggested use cases that hover above the s= earch bar solve another problem: talking to an AI chatbot is new to us, and= we=E2=80=99re not exactly sure what the product should be used for. This i= s the Discoverability. Those subtle nudges towards possible use cases help = us out.=20 I=E2=80=99ve written in the past about one of our Daybreak [ https://substa= ck.com/redirect/a622ce15-3392-42b2-8adc-738768141c50?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn= 0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U ] companies that=E2=80=99s bu= ilding an AI personal stylist. I can chat with the stylist about the clothe= s I want to buy. This is also a new behavior: we=E2=80=99re used to shoppin= g by typing in =E2=80=9Cmen=E2=80=99s white pants,=E2=80=9D not by typing, = =E2=80=9CHey I=E2=80=99m going to the South of France and I want colorful p= astels that are breathable and make me look like a star in The White Lotus.= =E2=80=9D We can solve this problem with good product design, signaling to = the user example searches. You can imagine a search bar with sample prompts= floating nearby, or trending user searches displayed prominently.=20 Earlier this week, we made an investment in a B2B company that=E2=80=99s bu= ilding AI tools for lawyers. The same concepts extend here. An attorney is = used to combing through PDFs, ctrl + F=E2=80=99ing for certain terms. Yet t= oday, AI can ingest that PDF and draw out insights and key information. Thi= s is new for the attorney, and the AI product requires good product design = to communicate to the attorney its potential use cases. Otherwise, the atto= rney will be stuck staring at their screen, unsure how to leverage LLMs to = their advantage. A few B2B AI startups I=E2=80=99ve encountered nail this; = most don=E2=80=99t. Enterprise LLM functionality is getting pretty sophisti= cated, and that comes at the expense of intuitive design.=20 One good rule of thumb for product design: if a product has to come with a = manual, it=E2=80=99s probably failing on both Discoverability and Understan= dability.=20 Great founders are often (1) deeply technical, (2) possessing deep domain e= xpertise in an area, or (3) both. These are traps for good design. Most use= rs of a product don=E2=80=99t have the same level of technical prowess or i= ndustry knowledge as that product=E2=80=99s founder=E2=80=94so if a founder= builds a product for herself, she may be going over the heads of her avera= ge user. The surefire path around this: talk to your customers=E2=80=94a lo= t=E2=80=94and keep things as simple as possible while achieving the intende= d =E2=80=9Cjob to be done.=E2=80=9D=20 Final Thoughts You might remember back in 2018 when Hawaii accidentally sent a missile ale= rt [ https://substack.com/redirect/82bb157d-5d22-4253-8cbb-2e791362bcee?j= =3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U ] to the= phones of millions of Hawaiians, setting off a panic.=20 Thirty-eight minutes later, the government clarified that they=E2=80=99d on= ly been meaning to test the alert system, not to actually set it off. Oopsi= e!=20 Researchers later found that the error stemmed from poor design. The comput= er system that the Hawaiian Emergency Management Agency (HEMA) used to send= alerts was designed in a way that workers were given a drop-down option wi= th two options:=20 =E2=80=9CTest missile alert=E2=80=9D=20 =E2=80=9CMissile alert=E2=80=9D=20 The first option would test the notification system without actually sendin= g an alert to the public. The second option would immediately warn every Ha= waiian cell phone user to =E2=80=9CSEEK IMMEDIATE SHELTER,=E2=80=9D specifi= cally noting =E2=80=9CTHIS IS NOT A DRILL.=E2=80=9D Only one four-letter wo= rd separated the two options, which were right next to each other.=20 When it comes to user error, design is often at fault.=20 I=E2=80=99ve always been obsessed with design=E2=80=94and once you start lo= oking, you=E2=80=99ll see bad design everywhere. You=E2=80=99ll see it in y= our washing machine dials, you=E2=80=99ll see it in ATM machines, you=E2=80= =99ll see it in the ridiculous Aesop soap and lotion bottles that look exac= tly alike and ensure that any time you go to wash your hands in a nice rest= aurant or office you go to put soap on your hands and end up with lotion th= at you have to wash down the sink.=20 Anyway. As technology becomes more complex, design needs to become more sim= ple.=20 AI can do a lot now, much of it new to us, and we need products that follow= design principles to ensure we don=E2=80=99t feel stupid using them. Next = time you find yourself pulling a =E2=80=9Cpush=E2=80=9D door, remember: it= =E2=80=99s not your fault. And next time you find yourself confused by how = to use a new AI tool, also remember: it=E2=80=99s not your fault.=C2=A0 Sources & Additional Reading Check out Don Norman=E2=80=99s 1998 book, The Design of Everyday Things [ h= ttps://substack.com/redirect/b647a8fd-c996-4bc0-9819-e141d71db4f1?j=3DeyJ1I= joiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U ] =E2=80=94 it= =E2=80=99s a classic that stands the test of time And check out NotepadLM=E2=80=99s 12-minute podcast summary here [ https://= substack.com/redirect/707feb18-568b-4ce9-804b-1077b800ddb1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dm= eXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U ] :)=20 Thanks for reading! Subscribe here to receive Digital Native in your inbox = each week: Unsubscribe https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGlnaXR= hbG5hdGl2ZS50ZWNoL2FjdGlvbi9kaXNhYmxlX2VtYWlsP3Rva2VuPWV5SjFjMlZ5WDJsa0lqb3= lNRGt3TVRjME1qWXNJbkJ2YzNSZmFXUWlPakUwT1RZNE1EQXdNaXdpYVdGMElqb3hOekk0TURNe= k9UQXlMQ0psZUhBaU9qRTNOVGsxTmprNU1ESXNJbWx6Y3lJNkluQjFZaTB6T0RVd01DSXNJbk4x= WWlJNkltUnBjMkZpYkdWZlpXMWhhV3dpZlEuMV9HM2x1SU9yTkFnT2c3TzE4UHVpQTBaYkJmVVF= sSzA4Ylg4QzZGWGZqWSIsInAiOjE0OTY4MDAwMiwicyI6Mzg1MDAsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjIwOT= AxNzQyNiwiaWF0IjoxNzI4MDMzOTAyLCJleHAiOjE3MzA2MjU5MDIsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic= 3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.GS9p3cCfev6PKn33SNMj9ZJ5SW9VMcWvQY8nolKVi68? --ee99feae65640d65668708c482142d13549b2a38c35c0d71b7fdb8e1f57b Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable The Design of Everyday Things</t= itle><style> @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { .typography .markup table.image-wrapper img, .typography.editor .markup table.image-wrapper img, .typography .markup table.kindle-wrapper img, .typography.editor .markup table.kindle-wrapper img { max-width: 550px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup div.youtube-overlay, .typography.editor .markup div.youtube-overlay, .typography .markup div.vimeo-overlay, .typography.editor .markup div.vimeo-overlay { display: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { .typography .markup div.tiktok-wrap, .typography.editor .markup div.tiktok-wrap { width: calc(95vw - 32px); height: calc((95vw - 32px - 2px) / 0.485714); } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup div.embedded-publication-wrap .embedded-publication.s= how-subscribe, .typography.editor .markup div.embedded-publication-wrap .embedded-public= ation.show-subscribe { padding: 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-widget.sho= w-subscribe, .typography.editor .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-wid= get.show-subscribe, .typography .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscription-wid= get.show-subscribe, .typography.editor .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscript= ion-widget.show-subscribe, .typography .markup div.captioned-button-wrap .subscription-widget.show-s= ubscribe, .typography.editor .markup div.captioned-button-wrap .subscription-widget= =2Eshow-subscribe { padding: 0px 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-widget.sho= w-subscribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, .typography.editor .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-wid= get.show-subscribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, .typography .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscription-wid= get.show-subscribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, .typography.editor .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscript= ion-widget.show-subscribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, .typography .markup div.captioned-button-wrap .subscription-widget.show-s= ubscribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, .typography.editor .markup div.captioned-button-wrap .subscription-widget= =2Eshow-subscribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button { padding: 10px 12px; min-width: 110px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .tweet, .typography.editor .markup .tweet { padding: 12px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-text, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-text { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.two, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.two, .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.three, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.three, .typography .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.four, .typography.editor .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.four { height: 200px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-img, .typography.editor .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-img { max-height: 180px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-description, .typography.editor .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-descript= ion { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .typography .markup .apple-podcast-container, .typography.editor .markup .apple-podcast-container { width: unset; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { .typography .markup .install-substack-app-embed img.install-substack-app-= embed-img, .typography.editor .markup .install-substack-app-embed img.install-substa= ck-app-embed-img { margin: 0 auto 16px auto; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { .typography .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-emb= ed-text, .typography.editor .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-= app-embed-text { margin: 0 0 12px 0; max-width: 100%; width: auto; text-align: center; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { .typography .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-emb= ed-link, .typography.editor .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-= app-embed-link { display: flex; justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { .share-button-container { height: 38px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { .share-button-container a.comment { height: 38px; line-height: 38px; padding-right: 10px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .share-button-container .separator { display: block; margin: 0; height: 8px; border-left: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .share-button-container a.share.first img { padding-left: 0; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { .share-button-container a.mobile { display: none !important; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .settings-add-pub-modal-wrapper .container .add-recommending-pub-modal-co= ntainer { padding: 36px; height: 680px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .settings-add-pub-modal-wrapper .container .add-recommending-pub-modal-co= ntainer .footer { position: absolute; bottom: 36px; margin: 0px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .header-anchor-parent { display: none; } } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { .post { padding: 32px 0 0 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-header .post-label { margin-top: 8px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-header .meta-author-wrap.alternative-meta .meta-right-column = =2Epost-meta { margin-top: 6px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .footer-facepile-container { height: 64px; padding: 0 16px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-start; width: 100%; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-footer.use-separators { justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .post-footer.next-prev { height: 64px; justify-content: space-between; box-sizing: border-box; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-table { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-table-row { display: flex; flex-direction: row; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-userhead-cell, .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-cell { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-cell { flex-grow: 1; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-table { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-body-table-row { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-copy-cell, .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls-cell { display: block; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-copy-cell { margin: 0 0 16px 0; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls-cell { width: auto; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls { margin: auto; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-controls .button.primary { width: 100%; } .post-contributor-footer .post-contributor-bio-text { font-size: 14px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { .post-silhouette { padding: 32px 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-silhouette .post-silhouette-title { margin-top: 10.44225025px; height: 120px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-silhouette .post-silhouette-meta { width: 75%; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-silhouette .post-silhouette-meta.with-byline-image { margin: 20px 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .use-theme-bg .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item, .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item { padding-right: 16px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { .use-theme-bg .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item, .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item { font-size: 14px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .use-theme-bg .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item.guest-author-pu= blication, .post-meta.alternative-meta .post-meta-item.guest-author-publication { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { .post-meta .post-meta-item .post-meta-button { height: 36px !important; } .post-meta .post-meta-item .post-meta-button .meta-button-label { display: none; } .post-meta .post-meta-item .post-meta-button > svg { margin-right: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { .post-meta .post-meta-item { font-size: 12px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post .floating-subscribe-button { bottom: 20px; right: 20px; } } @media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none), (-ms-high-contrast: active) { body .markup table.image-wrapper img, body .markup table.kindle-wrapper img { max-width: 550px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.youtube-overlay, body .markup div.vimeo-overlay { display: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 370px) { body .markup div.tiktok-wrap { width: calc(95vw - 32px); height: calc((95vw - 32px - 2px) / 0.485714); } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.embedded-publication-wrap .embedded-publication.show-sub= scribe { padding: 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-widget.show-subsc= ribe, body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscription-widget.sho= w-subscribe, body .markup div.captioned-button-wrap .subscription-widget.show-subscrib= e { padding: 0px 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap .subscription-widget.show-subsc= ribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, body .markup div.subscription-widget-wrap-editor .subscription-widget.sho= w-subscribe .subscription-widget-subscribe .button, body .markup div.captioned-button-wrap .subscription-widget.show-subscrib= e .subscription-widget-subscribe .button { padding: 10px 12px; min-width: 110px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { body .markup .tweet { padding: 12px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { body .markup .tweet .tweet-text { font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { body .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.two, body .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.three, body .markup .tweet .tweet-photos-container.four { height: 200px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { body .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-img { max-height: 180px; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { body .markup .tweet a.expanded-link .expanded-link-description { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { body .markup .apple-podcast-container { width: unset; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { body .markup .install-substack-app-embed img.install-substack-app-embed-i= mg { margin: 0 auto 16px auto; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { body .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-embed-text= { margin: 0 0 12px 0; max-width: 100%; width: auto; text-align: center; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { body .markup .install-substack-app-embed .install-substack-app-embed-link= { display: flex; justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (min-width: 500px) { body .header a.logo { width: 42px; height: 42px; border-radius: 12px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 420px) { body .subscription-receipt table:first-of-type .subscription-amount .subs= cription-discount { width: 72px !important; } } @media screen and (min-width: 481px) { body .share-button-container { height: auto; } } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { body .share-button-container .separator { display: block !important; margin: 0 !important; height: 8px !important; border-left: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .digest .item .post-meta-item.audience { display: none; } } @media screen and (min-width: 500px) { .digest-publication .logo img { width: 42px; height: 42px; border-radius: 8px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .comments-page .container .comment-list .collapsed-reply { margin-left: calc(10 + 32px - 24px); } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .comment > .comment-list { padding-left: 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .finish-magic-login-modal .modal-content .container { padding: 24px 0; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .reader2-text-b3 { line-height: 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .reader2-text-h4 { line-height: 24px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .user-profile-modal { padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .subscribe-widget form.form .sideBySideWrap button.rightButton { padding: 10px 12px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .pub-icon:hover .logo-hover, .feed-item-icon:hover .logo-hover { display: block; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .post-ufi.single-full-width-button .post-ufi-button-wrapper { width: 100%; padding: 16px; } .post-ufi.single-full-width-button .post-ufi-button-wrapper:empty { display: none; } .post-ufi.single-full-width-button .post-ufi-button { width: 100%; justify-content: center; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .file-embed-wrapper { padding: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .file-embed-wrapper-editor { padding: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .file-embed-wrapper-editor:active { padding: 0; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 650px) { .file-embed-button.wide, .file-embed-error-button.wide { display: none; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 630px) { .file-embed-button.narrow, .file-embed-error-button.narrow { display: none; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .audio-player-wrapper .audio-player { min-width: 500px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .audio-player-wrapper .audio-player .audio-player-progress { border-left-width: 16px; border-right-width: 16px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .audio-player-wrapper .audio-player .audio-player-progress .audio-player-= progress-bar .audio-player-progress-bar-popup { top: -54px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-progress { border-left-width: 16px; border-right-width: 16px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-progress .audio-p= layer-progress-bar .audio-player-progress-bar-popup { top: -54px; } } @media (min-width: 250px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player { padding: 32px; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { display: flex; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:last-of-type= { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 300px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:first-of-typ= e { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 350px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-substack-logo { display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-title { margin-top: 16px; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 15%; width: 15%; display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:first-of-typ= e { display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-substack-logo { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 350px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 25%; width: 25%; display: block; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { display: flex; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button:first-of-typ= e { display: block; } } @media (min-width: 400px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 40%; width: 40%; } } @media (max-width: 400px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group { margin-top: 12px; } .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .btn-group .button { font-size: 13px; padding: 6px 12px; height: auto; margin-top: 10px; } } @media (min-width: 600px) { .audio-player-wrapper-fancy .audio-player .audio-player-hero-image-contai= ner { padding-top: 55%; width: 55%; } } @media (max-width: 650px) { .poll-editor-modal { min-width: calc(100% - 20px); } } @media (max-width: 750px) { .poll-embed .poll-anchor-target .poll-anchor-copy-button { left: 8px; top: 45px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 541px) { .poll-embed .poll-wrapper.poll-web .poll-dialog .modal-table .modal-row .= modal-content > .container { width: 552px; padding: 26px 24px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .poll-embed .poll-wrapper.poll-web .poll-dialog .modal-table .modal-row .= modal-content > .container { padding: 40px 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 650px) { .poll-embed .poll-wrapper.poll-web .poll-dialog .modal-row .modal-cell .m= odal-exit-btn { margin-right: -20px; } } </style></head><body class=3D"email-body" style=3D"font-kerning: auto;"><im= g src=3D"https://eotrx.substackcdn.com/open?token=3DeyJtIjoiPDIwMjQxMDA0MDk= yNDAzLjMuOTRiOGIxNDQyNjEyMTgwM0BtZy1kMC5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6MjA5MDE3ND= I2LCJyIjoic3Vic0BlbWFpbHNob3QuaW8iLCJkIjoibWctZDAuc3Vic3RhY2suY29tIiwicCI6M= TQ5NjgwMDAyLCJ0IjoibmV3c2xldHRlciIsImEiOiJldmVyeW9uZSIsInMiOjM4NTAwLCJjIjoi= cG9zdCIsImYiOnRydWUsInBvc2l0aW9uIjoidG9wIiwiaWF0IjoxNzI4MDMzOTAyLCJleHAiOjE= 3MzA2MjU5MDIsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoiZW8ifQ.DH8J28LYnL2sDShsgN5vR2Zh72k= rdw4IerrBVEXY1As" alt=3D"" width=3D"1" height=3D"1" border=3D"0" style=3D"h= eight:1px !important;width:1px !important;border-width:0 !important;margin-= top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important;margin-right:0 !important;margi= n-left:0 !important;padding-top:0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important;pa= dding-right:0 !important;padding-left:0 !important;"/><div style=3D"display= :none;font-size:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:= 0px;opacity:0;overflow:hidden;" class=3D"preview">Why Most AI Products Are = Missing the Mark on Product Design</div><div style=3D"display:none;font-siz= e:1px;color:#333333;line-height:1px;max-height:0px;max-width:0px;opacity:0;= overflow:hidden;" class=3D"preview">͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏  = ;   ­͏     ­͏     ­͏=     ­͏     ­͏     ­= ͏     ­͏     ­͏    = ­͏     ­͏     ­͏   &= #8199; ­͏     ­͏     ­͏ &n= bsp;   ­͏     ­͏     ­= 47;     ­͏     ­͏     &s= hy;͏     ­͏     ­͏   Q= 99; ­͏     ­</div><table role=3D"presentation" widt= h=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" class=3D"email-= body-container"><tr><td></td><td width=3D"550" class=3D"content"></td><td><= /td></tr><tr><td></td><td width=3D"550" align=3D"left" class=3D"content"><d= iv style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 auto; max-width: = 550px; overflow-wrap: break-word; width: 100%;"><table role=3D"presentation= " width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td a= lign=3D"right" style=3D"height: 20px;"><table role=3D"presentation" width= =3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td style=3D= "vertical-align: middle;"><span class=3D"pencraft pc-reset _reset_3axfk_1 t= w-font-body tw-text-ssm tw-text-substack-secondary" style=3D"color: rgb(119= , 119, 119) !important; font-family: SF Pro Text, -apple-system, system-ui,= BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, Segoe UI, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif,= Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol !important; font-size: = 13px !important; list-style: none; margin: 0; text-decoration: unset;"><div= class=3D"pencraft pc-reset _align-right_3axfk_16 _size-12_3axfk_40 _reset_= 3axfk_1" style=3D"color: unset; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-= height: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 0; text-align: right; text-decorati= on: unset;"><span translated class=3D"pencraft pc-reset _reset_3axfk_1" sty= le=3D"color: unset; list-style: none; margin: 0; text-decoration: unset;">F= orwarded this email? <a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR= 0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGlnaXRhbG5hdGl2ZS50ZWNoL3N1YnNjcmliZT91dG1fc291cmNlPWVtYWlsJn= V0bV9jYW1wYWlnbj1lbWFpbC1zdWJzY3JpYmUmcj0zZ2Z5dm0mbmV4dD1odHRwcyUzQSUyRiUyR= nd3dy5kaWdpdGFsbmF0aXZlLnRlY2glMkZwJTJGdGhlLWRlc2lnbi1vZi1ldmVyeWRheS10aGlu= Z3MiLCJwIjoxNDk2ODAwMDIsInMiOjM4NTAwLCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoyMDkwMTc0MjYsImlhdCI= 6MTcyODAzMzkwMiwiZXhwIjoxNzMwNjI1OTAyLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6Imxpbmstcm= VkaXJlY3QifQ.5DoTxLJ0dSBSZvujG34XwsEhvhVlm4_3DSKFVL4hSD8?" class=3D"pencraf= t pc-reset _decoration-underline_3axfk_285 _reset_3axfk_1" style=3D"-webkit= -text-decoration-line: underline; color: unset; list-style: none; margin: 0= ; text-decoration: unset; text-decoration-line: underline;">Subscribe here<= /a> for more</span></div></span></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><div di= r=3D"auto" class=3D"post typography" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height:= 26px; padding: 16px 0 0 0;"><div class=3D"post-header" style=3D"font-size:= 16px; line-height: 26px;"><h1 class=3D"post-title published" style=3D"-moz= -appearance: optimizelegibility; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased; -web= kit-appearance: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; ap= pearance: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-family: 'SF Pro = Display', -apple-system-headline, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemF= ont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji',= 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; l= ine-height: 36px; margin: 0;"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/app-link/post= ?publication_id=3D38500&post_id=3D149680002&utm_source=3Dpost-email-title&u= tm_campaign=3Demail-post-title&isFreemail=3Dtrue&r=3D3gfyvm&token=3DeyJ1c2V= yX2lkIjoyMDkwMTc0MjYsInBvc3RfaWQiOjE0OTY4MDAwMiwiaWF0IjoxNzI4MDMzOTAyLCJleH= AiOjE3MzA2MjU5MDIsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0zODUwMCIsInN1YiI6InBvc3QtcmVhY3Rpb24ifQ.IL= BCKOdjKoOOZ3fJW3lOvfXBPzT2Prbe_XWy3HUjU4k" style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55);= text-decoration: none;">The Design of Everyday Things</a></h1><h3 class=3D= "subtitle" style=3D"-moz-appearance: optimizelegibility; -moz-osx-font-smoo= thing: antialiased; -webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-sm= oothing: antialiased; appearance: optimizelegibility; color: #777777; font-= family: 'SF Pro Display', -apple-system-headline, system-ui, -apple-system,= BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'App= le Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 18px; font= -weight: normal; line-height: 24px; margin: 4px 0 0; margin-top: 12px;">Why= Most AI Products Are Missing the Mark on Product Design</h3><table role=3D= "presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D= "0" class=3D"post-meta" style=3D"align-items: center; height: 20px; margin:= 1em 0;"><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" c= ellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" wid= th=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td style= =3D"vertical-align: middle;"><div class=3D"pencraft pc-reset _color-primary= _3axfk_183 _line-height-20_3axfk_95 _font-meta_3axfk_131 _size-11_3axfk_35 = _weight-medium_3axfk_162 _transform-uppercase_3axfk_242 _reset_3axfk_1 _met= a_3axfk_442 custom-css-email-post-author" style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); = font-family: 'SF Compact', -apple-system, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMa= cSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color= Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 11px; font-weight:= 500; letter-spacing: .2px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0;= text-decoration: unset; text-transform: uppercase;"><a style=3D"color: rgb= (54, 55, 55); font-family: 'SF Compact', -apple-system, system-ui, -apple-s= ystem, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif= , 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 11px= ; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .2px; line-height: 20px; list-style: no= ne; margin: 0; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;" href=3D"h= ttps://substack.com/@digitalnative" class=3D"pencraft pc-reset _color-prima= ry_3axfk_183 _line-height-20_3axfk_95 _font-meta_3axfk_131 _size-11_3axfk_3= 5 _weight-medium_3axfk_162 _transform-uppercase_3axfk_242 _reset_3axfk_1 _m= eta_3axfk_442">Rex Woodbury</a></div></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><t= able role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" ce= llpadding=3D"0"><tr><td style=3D"vertical-align: middle;"><div class=3D"pen= craft pc-reset _color-secondary_3axfk_186 _line-height-20_3axfk_95 _font-me= ta_3axfk_131 _size-11_3axfk_35 _weight-medium_3axfk_162 _transform-uppercas= e_3axfk_242 _reset_3axfk_1 _meta_3axfk_442" style=3D"color: rgb(119, 119, 1= 19); font-family: 'SF Compact', -apple-system, system-ui, -apple-system, Bl= inkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple = Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 11px; font-we= ight: 500; letter-spacing: .2px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margi= n: 0; text-decoration: unset; text-transform: uppercase;"><time dateTime=3D= "2024-10-04T09:24:17.574Z">Oct 4</time></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></= table></td><td align=3D"right"><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" = border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td style=3D"vertical-= align: middle;"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/@digitalnative"><img src=3D= "https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:stee= p/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fce= 2c54bc-f259-4dee-864e-e752ec694f31_1717x2088.jpeg" style=3D"border: none !i= mportant; border-radius: 500000px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline;= height: 40px; margin: 0px; max-width: 550px; min-height: 40px; min-width: = 40px; object-fit: cover; vertical-align: middle; width: 40px;" width=3D"40"= height=3D"40" class=3D"custom-css-email-avatar _avatar_1mh60_65"></a></td>= </tr></table></td></tr></table><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" = border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" class=3D"email-ufi-2-top" = style=3D"border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0, .1); border-top: 1px solid r= gb(0, 0, 0, .1); min-width: 100%;"><tr height=3D"16"><td height=3D"16" styl= e=3D"font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;"> </td></tr><tr><td><table role= =3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding= =3D"0"><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cel= lspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td style=3D"vertical-align: middle;">= <table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"38" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" ce= llpadding=3D"0"><tr><td align=3D"center"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/re= direct/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9vcGVuLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9wdWIvZGlnaXRhbG5hdGl2ZS= 9wL3RoZS1kZXNpZ24tb2YtZXZlcnlkYXktdGhpbmdzP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX= 21lZGl1bT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249ZW1haWwtcmVzdGFjay1jb21tZW50JmFjdGlvbj1y= ZXN0YWNrLWNvbW1lbnQmcj0zZ2Z5dm0mdG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpveU1Ea3dNVGMwTWp= Zc0luQnZjM1JmYVdRaU9qRTBPVFk0TURBd01pd2lhV0YwSWpveE56STRNRE16T1RBeUxDSmxlSE= FpT2pFM016QTJNalU1TURJc0ltbHpjeUk2SW5CMVlpMHpPRFV3TUNJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzU= XRjbVZoWTNScGIyNGlmUS5JTEJDS09kaktvT09aM2ZKVzNsT3ZmWEJQelQyUHJiZV9YV3kzSFVq= VTRrIiwicCI6MTQ5NjgwMDAyLCJzIjozODUwMCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6MjA5MDE3NDI2LCJpYXQ= iOjE3MjgwMzM5MDIsImV4cCI6MTczMDYyNTkwMiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLX= JlZGlyZWN0In0.Vukc3g2P7omvTRkn0-jH0wU4rpwJG6E1MuJOzXCtbaw?&utm_source=3Dsub= stack&utm_medium=3Demail" style=3D"border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0, .1); bord= er-radius: 9999px; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); displ= ay: inline-block; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont= , 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'S= egoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; line-= height: 1; min-width: 38px; padding: 9px 0; text-decoration: none; text-tra= nsform: uppercase; width: 38px;" class=3D"email-icon-button"><img src=3D"ht= tps://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progres= sive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FNoteForwardIcon%3Fv%3D4%26he= ight%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2" width=3D"= 18" height=3D"18" style=3D"border: none !important; max-width: 18px; vertic= al-align: middle;" alt class=3D"icon"></a></td></tr></table></td></tr></tab= le></td><td align=3D"right"><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" bor= der=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td style=3D"vertical-ali= gn: middle;"><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cells= pacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td align=3D"center"><a href=3D"https://= open.substack.com/pub/digitalnative/p/the-design-of-everyday-things?utm_sou= rce=3Demail&redirect=3Dapp-store&utm_campaign=3Demail-read-in-app" class=3D= "email-button-outline" style=3D"border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0, .1); border-= radius: 9999px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); display: inline-block; font-fami= ly: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helve= tica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI S= ymbol'; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; line-height: 12px; padding: 9px = 14px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: uppercase;"><div class=3D"emai= l-button-spacer" style=3D"display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; line-heig= ht: 26px; max-width: 0; min-height: 18px; vertical-align: middle;"></div><s= pan style=3D"margin-right: 4px; vertical-align: middle;" class=3D"email-but= ton-text">READ IN APP</span><img src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch= /w_36,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack= =2Ecom%2Ficon%2FLucideArrowUpRight%3Fv%= 3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stro= ke%3D%2523808080%26strokeWidth%3D2" width=3D"18" height=3D"18" style=3D"bor= der: none !important; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; max-width: 18px; min= -height: 18px; min-width: 18px; vertical-align: middle;" alt class=3D"icon = text-icon"></a></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><= /tr><tr height=3D"16"><td height=3D"16" style=3D"font-size: 0px; line-heigh= t: 0;"> </td></tr></table></div></div><div dir=3D"auto" class=3D"post = typography" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; padding: 16px 0 0 = 0;"><div dir=3D"auto" class=3D"body markup" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-= height: 26px; margin-bottom: 16px; text-align: initial; width: 100%; word-b= reak: break-word;"><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; lin= e-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0; margin-top: 0;"><span>Weekly writing ab= out how technology and people intersect. By day, I’m building </span>= <a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/a622ce15-3392-42b2-8adc-738768141c= 50?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel= style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); text-decoration: underline;">Daybreak</a>= <span> to partner with early-stage founders. By night, I’m writing </= span><a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/4eb326ed-f60c-43d4-94a9-2b5ed= 5ac7fa7?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U= " rel style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); text-decoration: underline;">Digital= Native</a><span> about market trends and startup opportunities.</span></p>= <p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; mar= gin: 0 0 20px 0;">If you haven’t subscribed, join 60,000+ weekly read= ers by subscribing here:</p><div data-component-name=3D"SubscribeWidget" cl= ass=3D"subscribe-widget is-signed-up is-fully-subscribed" style=3D"directio= n: ltr; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em;"><p class=3D"b= utton-wrapper" style=3D"border-radius: 4px; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); cursor:= pointer; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0; text-alig= n: center;"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93= d3cuZGlnaXRhbG5hdGl2ZS50ZWNoL2FjY291bnQiLCJwIjoxNDk2ODAwMDIsInMiOjM4NTAwLCJ= mIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoyMDkwMTc0MjYsImlhdCI6MTcyODAzMzkwMiwiZXhwIjoxNzMwNjI1OTAyLC= Jpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.JJAAMtIZg7y_EUhu2HHaha3Ejz= 6vDeOihqw_mqHGuOI?" class=3D"button subscribe-btn outline" style=3D"backgro= und: transparent; background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid #00c2ff;= border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00c2ff; cursor: pointe= r; display: inline-block; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSy= stemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Em= oji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 60= 0; height: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 auto; opacity: 1; outline: no= ne; padding: 12px 20px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none !importan= t; white-space: nowrap;"><img src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_= 40,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.co= m%2Ficon%2FLucideCheck%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D40%26fill%3Dtransparent%26stroke%= 3D%252300c2ff%26strokeWidth%3D3.6" width=3D"20" height=3D"20" style=3D"-ms-= interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: inline-block= ; height: auto; margin: -2px 8px 0 0; max-width: 20px; vertical-align: midd= le;" alt class=3D"check-icon static"><span style=3D"text-decoration: none;"= >Subscribed</span></a></p></div><div style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height:= 26px;"><hr style=3D"background: #e6e6e6; border: none; height: 1px; margin= : 32px 0; padding: 0;"></div><h1 class=3D"header-anchor-post" style=3D"--hi= ghlight-bg: rgba(var(--color-bg-accent-themed-rgb), 0.2); -moz-appearance: = optimizelegibility; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-appearanc= e: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; appearance: opt= imizelegibility; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-family: 'SF Pro Display', -ap= ple-system-headline, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe U= I', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Em= oji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 2em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.= 16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0; position: relative;">The Design of Everyday = Things</h1><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height= : 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">We’ve all encountered a bad door. We pus= h, then realize it’s a “pull” door. Or we yank, only to r= ealize we should instead be pushing. Oops. Inevitably, we feel stupid.</p><= p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; marg= in: 0 0 20px 0;">What we should keep in mind is this: it’s never our = fault.</p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height:= 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>One of my favorite books about product de= sign is a 1998 book called </span><em><a href=3D"https://substack.com/redir= ect/b647a8fd-c996-4bc0-9819-e141d71db4f1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqA= rDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); tex= t-decoration: underline;">The Design of Everyday Things</a></em><span>, by = Don Norman. And a key takeaway from the book is: poor design is never the u= ser’s fault, but the designer’s. </span></p><div class=3D"capti= oned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; m= argin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table cl= ass=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpad= ding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-a= lt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td ali= gn=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"606" style=3D"text-align: center;"><= a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redir= ect/eaff008a-31d2-4888-aa28-ae8afb82a7cf?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqA= rDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border= : none; display: block; flex-direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; pa= dding: 0; position: relative; text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img dat= a-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.= com/public/images/7d8dd0b6-54ba-4aef-a32b-892831aafe23_500x250.gif",&q= uot;srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize&q= uot;:null,"height":250,"width":500,"resizeWidth&qu= ot;:606,"bytes":2083192,"alt":null,"title":nu= ll,"type":"image/gif","href":null,"below= TheFold":false,"topImage":true,"internalRedirect":= null,"isProcessing":false}" alt width=3D"550" height=3D"275" clas= s=3D"wide-image" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_606,c_limit,f= _auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3= =2Eamazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d= 8dd0b6-54ba-4aef-a32b-892831aafe23_500= x250.gif" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important= ; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width= : 100% !important; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></t= d><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></di= v><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; m= argin: 0 0 20px 0;">Let’s repeat that: poor design is never the user&= #8217;s fault, but the designer’s. </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55,= 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">So it’= s not your fault that you pulled that door instead of pushing. Good door de= sign means the user—you—should easily know what action to take.= When doors have to label themselves “PUSH” or “PULL,R= 21; they’ve already failed. Good design uses subtle cues to signal to= the user the intended action. In the image below, the door on the right pr= obably doesn’t need the “PULL” label; the handles suggest= that action. The door on the left…well, the door on the left is an u= nmitigated disaster. </p><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" st= yle=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure styl= e=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"= 100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name= =3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><= td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" = width=3D"640" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target= =3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/e34d8fe3-2cac-4647-a538-c= 684a2d11342?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0= l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border: none; display: block; flex-= direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative;= text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":&= quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fa661adb-8c= 9b-44ff-add4-231d8db6c713_640x428.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":nul= l,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height"= :428,"width":640,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":n= ull,"alt":"Design of everyday things: how designers can crea= te order in a messy world | Journal | Distinction","title":= "Design of everyday things: how designers can create order in a messy = world | Journal | Distinction","type":null,"href"= :null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"intern= alRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" alt=3D"Design of eve= ryday things: how designers can create order in a messy world | Journal | = Distinction" title=3D"Design of everyday things: how designers can create o= rder in a messy world | Journal | Distinction" width=3D"550" height=3D"367= =2E8125" class=3D"wide-image" src=3D"http= s://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_12= 80,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-p= ost-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffa661adb-8c9b-44ff-add4-231d= 8db6c713_640x428.jpeg" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: no= ne !important; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom:= 0; max-width: 100% !important; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !import= ant;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table>= </figure></div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-he= ight: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">A good “push” door should dire= ct us toward the proper action with good design. I love myself a door with = a good push bar like this one: </p><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-= static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><f= igure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper"= width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-compo= nent-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tb= ody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"= content" width=3D"1280" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-lin= k" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/9ad6485a-6028-4b= f5-97b0-650f3b8023b3?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM= 3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border: none; display: blo= ck; flex-direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: = relative; text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"sr= c":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/42= 315452-ca2c-46d3-b43a-e1c7641a8dc0_1280x720.jpeg","srcNoWatermark= ":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"he= ight":720,"width":1280,"resizeWidth":null,"by= tes":null,"alt":"Why Are Push Bars So Important for Com= mercial Security? - A-1 Locksmith","title":"Why Are Pus= h Bars So Important for Commercial Security? - A-1 Locksmith","ty= pe":null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"top= Image":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing"= ;:false}" alt=3D"Why Are Push Bars So Important for Commercial Security? - = A-1 Locksmith" title=3D"Why Are Push Bars So Important for Commercial Secur= ity? - A-1 Locksmith" width=3D"550" height=3D"309.375" class=3D"wide-image"= src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2560,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:go= od,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%= 2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42315452-ca2c-46d3-b43a-e1c7641a8dc0_1280x720.jpeg" sty= le=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: bl= ock; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !impor= tant; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style= =3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style= =3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0= 20px 0;">😮‍💨. </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55)= ; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Bad doors have b= ecome known as Norman doors, named after Don Norman, the author and design = legend mentioned earlier. A Norman door is basically any door that’s = confusing or difficult to use—a door whose design elements give the w= rong usability signals, to the point where a label is typically needed. </p= ><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; = line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; wid= th: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cells= pacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" st= yle=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: c= enter;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"800" style=3D"te= xt-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https:= //substack.com/redirect/d86638cb-b2d1-41af-b7e5-26c6c2b265a4?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2= dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-i= tems: center; border: none; display: block; flex-direction: column; height:= auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; text-decoration: none; wi= dth: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substack-post= -media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/080ef808-da53-4670-98c6-d97a45af2911_= 800x600.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":n= ull,"imageSize":null,"height":600,"width":800= ,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":null,"alt":"= Using Norman doors to inform your next design | Inside Design Blog",&q= uot;title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"belo= wTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect"= :null,"isProcessing":false}" alt=3D"Using Norman doors to inform = your next design | Inside Design Blog" title=3D"Using Norman doors to infor= m your next design | Inside Design Blog" width=3D"550" height=3D"412.5" cla= ss=3D"wide-image" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1600,c_limit= ,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.= s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F080ef808-da53-4670-98c6-d97a45af2911_8= 00x600.jpeg" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !import= ant; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-wi= dth: 100% !important; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a>= </td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure><= /div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px= ; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>Lately, I’ve been thinking a lot about N= orman doors and </span><em>The Design of Everyday Things</em><span>, partic= ularly when it comes to AI products. </span></p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, = 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>We&= #8217;ve reached a point at which AI products are so powerful, yet so novel= to their users, that we often forgo </span><em>usability</em><span> in fav= or of </span><em>possibility</em><span>. What do I mean by that? Many produ= ct builders are focused on what </span><em>can</em><span> we do—what = are the new possibilities opened up by this technology? But we forget desig= n principles that make products approachable and intuitive to users. Good p= roducts don’t jam in all the bells and whistles; they don’t sho= w off. Good products focus on a key “job to be done” (or severa= l at most) and communicate those functionalities in an elegant way. </span>= </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;= margin: 0 0 20px 0;">As AI grows more powerful and multi-faceted, this wil= l become a bigger problem. More powerful technology means greater tension w= ith simple and intuitive product design: </p><div class=3D"captioned-image-= container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px= auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"imag= e-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" = data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1= =2E6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-a= lign: center;"></td><td align=3D"left"= class=3D"content" width=3D"1456" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D= "image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/0b9bc8= 20-2779-4258-b6c1-4487e83ce51d?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-j= nN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border: none; di= splay: block; flex-direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; = position: relative; text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D= "{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public= /images/0d1bcfef-d19a-4cd4-a733-2cc65c12c1e7_1976x842.png","srcNo= Watermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null= ,"height":620,"width":1456,"resizeWidth":null= ,"bytes":315644,"alt":null,"title":null,"= ;type":"image/png","href":null,"belowTheFold&= quot;:true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,&qu= ot;isProcessing":false}" alt width=3D"550" height=3D"234.2032967032967= " class=3D"wide-image" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2912,c_= limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-m= edia.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0d1bcfef-d19a-4cd4-a733-2cc65c12c= 1e7_1976x842.png" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !i= mportant; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; m= ax-width: 100% !important; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"= ></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></fig= ure></div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height:= 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Product builders will need to remain discipline= d and laser-focused on design as they tackle AI products.</p><p style=3D"co= lor: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px = 0;"><span>As I thought through this topic in recent weeks, I realized I wan= ted to revisit </span><em>The Design of Everyday Things. </em><span>But I d= idn’t really want to re-read the book. So I thought I’d refresh= my knowledge by testing out a new AI product. </span></p><p style=3D"color= : rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"= ><span>Google has been making headlines for its new </span><a href=3D"https= ://substack.com/redirect/0445a8d0-4298-43ea-85bc-f689985117e0?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM= 2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"color:= rgb(54, 55, 55); text-decoration: underline;">NotebookLM</a><span> product= =2E NotebookLM lets you upload document= s—say, your class notes—an= d convert them into easy-to-understand study material. </span></p><p style= =3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0= 20px 0;"> Here’s what the landing page looks like, outlining the mai= n steps: </p><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-= size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin:= 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border= =3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToD= OMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"t= ext-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"1456= " style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" h= ref=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/e7626ad6-36f6-419d-b800-98f08938ac93?j= =3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel sty= le=3D"align-items: center; border: none; display: block; flex-direction: co= lumn; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; text-decorat= ion: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://= substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4005c54f-8da5-4c3d-b07a-= 92276ad73869_2562x1128.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"full= screen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":641,"w= idth":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":211412,"= ;alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png&quo= t;,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage"= :false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" a= lt width=3D"550" height=3D"242.13598901098902" class=3D"wide-image" src=3D"= https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2912,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_pr= ogressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic= %2Fimages%2F4005c54f-8da5-4c3d-b07a-92276ad73869_2562x1128.png" style=3D"-m= s-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: block; hei= ght: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !important; ve= rtical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-a= lign: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style=3D"color: = rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><= span>Notebook has gone viral on TikTok mainly for turning notes into an eng= aging podcast. The product is truly stunning. In one </span><a href=3D"http= s://substack.com/redirect/f8c9fc6b-f5b8-435a-894c-77db7bd2fec1?j=3DeyJ1Ijoi= M2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"color= : rgb(54, 55, 55); text-decoration: underline;">example TikTok</a><span>, a= law student uploads her notes to NotepadLM; then Notepad spits out a 20-mi= nute podcast with two human-sounding voices bantering about tort law. </spa= n></p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26p= x; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>I decided to use Notepad for my own briefing = on </span><em>The Design of Everyday Things. </em><span>I found </span><a h= ref=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/1cdbb2c2-b8d2-4302-8e78-8bb58984b63d?j= =3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel sty= le=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); text-decoration: underline;">an online PDF</a= ><span> of the book and uploaded it to Notepad. Then I clicked a button to = generate an audio overview. Here’s what the screen ended up looking l= ike:</span></p><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" style=3D"fon= t-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margi= n: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" bord= er=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2T= oDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D= "text-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"14= 56" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank"= href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/1d7c1bea-88c8-49ce-b14d-0ef8afdc813f= ?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel s= tyle=3D"align-items: center; border: none; display: block; flex-direction: = column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; text-decor= ation: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https:= //substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72cf47fc-131c-4e47-b52= 2-46a350fb4704_2232x1380.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fu= llscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height":900,"= ;width":1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":401968,&qu= ot;alt":null,"title":null,"type":"image/png&q= uot;,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage&quo= t;:false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}"= alt width=3D"550" height=3D"339.9725274725275" class=3D"wide-image" src=3D= "https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2912,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_p= rogressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpubli= c%2Fimages%2F72cf47fc-131c-4e47-b522-46a350fb4704_2232x1380.png" style=3D"-= ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: block; he= ight: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !important; v= ertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-= align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style=3D"color:= rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">= You can see that Notebook identified the text, summarized it, and suggested= study questions. But most incredibly, Notebook produced a 12-minute podcas= t about the book. I’m able to make this podcast link public, and I= 217;m sharing it here:</p><p class=3D"button-wrapper" data-attrs=3D"{"= url":"https://notebooklm.google.com/notebook/425d63d8-ae3f-4d00-8= 9ca-b6353d0cc610/audio","text":"PODCAST LINK",&quo= t;action":null,"class":null}" data-component-name=3D"ButtonC= reateButton" style=3D"border-radius: 4px; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); cursor: p= ointer; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0; text-align:= center;"><a class=3D"button primary" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect= /707feb18-568b-4ce9-804b-1077b800ddb1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDf= P822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"background-color: #00c2ff; bor= der: none; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ffffff !impo= rtant; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: system-ui, -app= le-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-s= erif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: = 14px; font-weight: 600; height: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0; opacity= : 1; outline: none; padding: 12px 20px; text-align: center; text-decoration= : none !important; white-space: nowrap;"><span style=3D"color: #ffffff; tex= t-decoration: none;">PODCAST LINK</span></a></p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, = 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Listen to= at least a few seconds of it. </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font= -size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>As you can hear,= the AI-generated podcast sounds very, very real. We have a female voice an= d a male voice go back and forth about the main topics of the book. They ha= ve mastery over the book’s contents, yes, but even more impressively,= they have real </span><em>chemistry</em><span>—they sound like two p= odcast hosts who have been doing a show together for a long time. Yet they&= #8217;re AI personas, mimicking podcast hosts. Insane. </span></p><p style= =3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0= 20px 0;">Clearly, I wish I had this in college. Listening to a fun podcast= about economics or government sounds more fun than re-reading your lecture= notes or a dull textbook. It’s also a lot more efficient—if yo= u don’t want to read the Don Norman book, just listen to the 12-minut= e podcast linked above. You’ll get the gist.</p><p style=3D"color: rg= b(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">On = TikTok, people have been similarly floored by Notebook: </p><div class=3D"c= aptioned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26p= x; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><tabl= e class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cel= lpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-paddi= ng-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td= align=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"594" style=3D"text-align: center= ;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/r= edirect/7f748f1e-609a-4638-8b55-582462102e88?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uF= ObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; bo= rder: none; display: block; flex-direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0= ; padding: 0; position: relative; text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img= data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazon= aws.com/public/images/9b61a972-e1ef-4307-8e1b-49c20fb873fb_1290x297.jpeg&qu= ot;,"srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"image= Size":null,"height":297,"width":1290,"resizeW= idth":594,"bytes":42245,"alt":null,"title&quo= t;:null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":null,"= ;belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect&= quot;:null,"isProcessing":false}" alt width=3D"550" height=3D"126= =2E62790697674419" class=3D"wide-image"= src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/= fetch/w_1188,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2F= substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b61a972-e1ef-4307= -8e1b-49c20fb873fb_1290x297.jpeg" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;= border: none !important; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; mar= gin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !important; vertical-align: middle; width: a= uto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbo= dy></table></figure></div><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" s= tyle=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure sty= le=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D= "100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name= =3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><= td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" = width=3D"626" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target= =3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/444bac7d-e025-4830-a205-3= bb04a2c6a67?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0= l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border: none; display: block; flex-= direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative;= text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":&= quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7539423c-1d= a9-468d-a0f2-75c2d7a218b1_1277x371.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":nu= ll,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height"= ;:371,"width":1277,"resizeWidth":626,"bytes":= 75741,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"im= age/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"to= pImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing&quo= t;:false}" alt width=3D"550" height=3D"159.78856695379795" class=3D"wide-im= age" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1252,c_limit,f_auto,q_aut= o:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.= com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7539423c-1da9-468d-a0f2-75c2d7a218b1_1277x371.jpeg"= style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display= : block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !i= mportant; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td sty= le=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><div cl= ass=3D"captioned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-hei= ght: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%= ;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing= =3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D= "mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;= "></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"630" style=3D"text-ali= gn: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://subs= tack.com/redirect/88437017-64c5-421e-a5d5-eefe9b82c9b1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZt= In0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: = center; border: none; display: block; flex-direction: column; height: auto;= margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; text-decoration: none; width: a= uto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substack-post-media= =2Es3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8f763= a46-9a98-4704-8e14-2edcaee943b3_1290x2= 60.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,&= quot;imageSize":null,"height":260,"width":1290,&qu= ot;resizeWidth":630,"bytes":46542,"alt":null,"= ;title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href":= null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"interna= lRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" alt width=3D"550" hei= ght=3D"110.85271317829458" class=3D"wide-image" src=3D"https://substackcdn.= com/image/fetch/w_1260,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/http= s%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f763a46= -9a98-4704-8e14-2edcaee943b3_1290x260.jpeg" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode= : bicubic; border: none !important; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0= auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !important; vertical-align: middle= ; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td>= </tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); fon= t-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Google chimed in, pro= ud of its creation:</p><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" styl= e=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style= =3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"1= 00%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name= =3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><= td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" = width=3D"650" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target= =3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/0863d0ed-a695-4976-af00-b= 0247cf216b7?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0= l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border: none; display: block; flex-= direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative;= text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":&= quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4ec69d54-23= f8-4ae7-990b-cc6f7becf4f8_1290x343.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":nu= ll,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,"height"= ;:343,"width":1290,"resizeWidth":650,"bytes":= 63269,"alt":null,"title":null,"type":"im= age/jpeg","href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"to= pImage":false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing&quo= t;:false}" alt width=3D"550" height=3D"146.24031007751938" class=3D"wide-im= age" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1300,c_limit,f_auto,q_aut= o:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.= com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4ec69d54-23f8-4ae7-990b-cc6f7becf4f8_1290x343.jpeg"= style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display= : block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !i= mportant; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td sty= le=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p styl= e=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 = 0 20px 0;">And, naturally, people began to think up other use cases:</p><di= v class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line= -height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: = 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspaci= ng=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style= =3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: cent= er;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"646" style=3D"text-= align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://s= ubstack.com/redirect/c1f8e832-f026-4149-8920-ef7a3e32771f?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dme= XZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-item= s: center; border: none; display: block; flex-direction: column; height: au= to; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; text-decoration: none; width= : auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substack-post-me= dia.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/eefcdd3b-4a93-478a-91bc-5de5a990b14c_129= 0x343.jpeg","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":nul= l,"imageSize":null,"height":343,"width":1290,= "resizeWidth":646,"bytes":53621,"alt":null,&q= uot;title":null,"type":"image/jpeg","href&quo= t;:null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"inte= rnalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" alt width=3D"550" = height=3D"146.24031007751938" class=3D"wide-image" src=3D"https://substackc= dn.com/image/fetch/w_1292,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/h= ttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Feefcd= d3b-4a93-478a-91bc-5de5a990b14c_1290x343.jpeg" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-m= ode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: block; height: auto; margin= : 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !important; vertical-align: mid= dle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></= td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); = font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Notebook is a well= -designed product. It flexes the power of modern AI models, yet packages ev= erything in an easy-to-use interface. </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55= ); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">ChatGPT is also= a well-designed product. Check out this screenshot of the ChatGPT homepage= : </p><div class=3D"captioned-image-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 1= 6px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto= ; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" = cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStati= c" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-ali= gn: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"1456" style= =3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"= https://substack.com/redirect/57f891d5-eaa0-4c22-8006-c96ae53c2cad?j=3DeyJ1= IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"a= lign-items: center; border: none; display: block; flex-direction: column; h= eight: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; position: relative; text-decoration: no= ne; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substac= k-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd5c67b9-7adb-4628-a875-096c5a7= f18ce_1608x472.png","srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen&q= uot;:null,"imageSize":null,"height":427,"width&quo= t;:1456,"resizeWidth":null,"bytes":82320,"alt"= ;:null,"title":null,"type":"image/png","= href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,&q= uot;internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" alt width= =3D"550" height=3D"161.29807692307693" class=3D"wide-image" src=3D"https://= substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2912,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressiv= e:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimage= s%2Ffd5c67b9-7adb-4628-a875-096c5a7f18ce_1608x472.png" style=3D"-ms-interpo= lation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: block; height: auto= ; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !important; vertical-al= ign: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: cen= ter;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 5= 5, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>In <= /span><em>The Design of Everyday Things</em><span>, Norman writes about two= important characteristics of good design: </span></p><ul style=3D"margin-t= op: 0; padding: 0;"><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px; mso-special-format: = bullet;"><p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-s= ize: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 4p= x;"><strong>Discoverability</strong><span>: Can users figure out what possi= ble actions they can take with your product?</span></p></li><li style=3D"ma= rgin: 8px 0 0 32px; mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"box-sizing: bo= rder-box; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margi= n: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 4px;"><strong>Understandability</stro= ng><span>: Can users easily figure out how the product should be used?</spa= n></p></li></ul><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-h= eight: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">ChatGPT nails both. </p><p style=3D"color= : rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"= ><span>The search bar, cursor, and text “Message ChatGPT” tell = us that we should type a prompt. This borrows from Google, which familiariz= ed a similar design. Meanwhile, the suggested use cases that hover above th= e search bar solve another problem: talking to an AI chatbot is new to us, = and we’re not exactly sure what the product should be used for. This = is the </span><em>Discoverability</em><span>. Those subtle nudges towards p= ossible use cases help us out. </span></p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55= ); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>I’v= e written in the past about one of our </span><a href=3D"https://substack.c= om/redirect/a622ce15-3392-42b2-8adc-738768141c50?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu= 76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, = 55); text-decoration: underline;">Daybreak</a><span> companies that’s= building an AI personal stylist. I can chat with the stylist about the clo= thes I want to buy. This is also a new behavior: we’re used to shoppi= ng by typing in “men’s white pants,” not by typing, ̶= 0;Hey I’m going to the South of France and I want colorful pastels th= at are breathable and make me look like a star in </span><em>The White Lotu= s.</em><span>” We can solve this problem with good product design, si= gnaling to the user example searches. You can imagine a search bar with sam= ple prompts floating nearby, or trending user searches displayed prominentl= y. </span></p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-hei= ght: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Earlier this week, we made an investment in= a B2B company that’s building AI tools for lawyers. The same concept= s extend here. An attorney is used to combing through PDFs, ctrl + F’= ing for certain terms. Yet today, AI can ingest that PDF and draw out insig= hts and key information. This is new for the attorney, and the AI product r= equires good product design to communicate to the attorney its potential us= e cases. Otherwise, the attorney will be stuck staring at their screen, uns= ure how to leverage LLMs to their advantage. A few B2B AI startups I’= ve encountered nail this; most don’t. Enterprise LLM functionality is= getting pretty sophisticated, and that comes at the expense of intuitive d= esign. </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height= : 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">One good rule of thumb for product design: if = a product has to come with a manual, it’s probably failing on both Di= scoverability and Understandability. </p><div class=3D"captioned-image-cont= ainer-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px aut= o;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-wr= apper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" data= -component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6em= ;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" cla= ss=3D"content" width=3D"1024" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"ima= ge-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/0421f9d5-c= bd2-40e7-8d07-92e23cc8f9dd?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48= _jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border: none; displa= y: block; flex-direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; posi= tion: relative; text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{&q= uot;src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/ima= ges/ed119d23-85ca-46bf-aef1-11a6236e27a5_1024x683.png","srcNoWate= rmark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,&qu= ot;height":683,"width":1024,"resizeWidth":null,&qu= ot;bytes":null,"alt":"Instruction Manuals Save Time - I= nventiv Designs","title":null,"type":null,"hr= ef":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,&quo= t;internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":false}" alt=3D"Instr= uction Manuals Save Time - Inventiv Designs" title=3D"Instruction Manuals S= ave Time - Inventiv Designs" width=3D"550" height=3D"366.845703125" class= =3D"wide-image" src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2048,c_limit,f= _auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3= =2Eamazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fed= 119d23-85ca-46bf-aef1-11a6236e27a5_102= 4x683.png" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !importan= t; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-widt= h: 100% !important; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></= td><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><figcaption = class=3D"image-caption" style=3D"box-sizing: content-box; color: #777777; f= ont-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: -.15px; line-height: 20px= ; margin-top: 8px; padding-left: 15%; padding-right: 15%; text-align: cente= r; width: 70%;">Instruction manuals are my personal nightmare</figcaption><= /figure></div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-hei= ght: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Great founders are often (1) deeply technic= al, (2) possessing deep domain expertise in an area, or (3) both. These are= traps for good design. Most users of a product don’t have the same l= evel of technical prowess or industry knowledge as that product’s fou= nder—so if a founder builds a product for herself, she may be going o= ver the heads of her average user. The surefire path around this: talk to y= our customers—a lot—and keep things as simple as possible while= achieving the intended “job to be done.” </p><div style=3D"fon= t-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"background: #e6e6e6; border:= none; height: 1px; margin: 32px 0; padding: 0;"></div><h1 class=3D"header-= anchor-post" style=3D"--highlight-bg: rgba(var(--color-bg-accent-themed-rgb= ), 0.2); -moz-appearance: optimizelegibility; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: anti= aliased; -webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: an= tialiased; appearance: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-fam= ily: 'SF Pro Display', -apple-system-headline, system-ui, -apple-system, Bl= inkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple = Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 2em; font-wei= ght: bold; line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0; position: relative= ;">Final Thoughts</h1><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; = line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>You might remember back in 20= 18 when </span><a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/82bb157d-5d22-4253-= 8cbb-2e791362bcee?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0= rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); text-decoration: underline= ;">Hawaii accidentally sent a missile alert</a><span> to the phones of mill= ions of Hawaiians, setting off a panic. </span></p><div class=3D"captioned-= image-container-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin= : 32px auto;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class= =3D"image-wrapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddin= g=3D"0" data-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt:= 1em 0 1.6em;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td align= =3D"left" class=3D"content" width=3D"1125" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a= class=3D"image-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redire= ct/01ef3d0d-84b8-4c1c-854c-4d9d0a355ae5?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqAr= DfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border:= none; display: block; flex-direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; pad= ding: 0; position: relative; text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data= -attrs=3D"{"src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.c= om/public/images/36bf543f-c313-49e8-897e-bbcdf39d8936_1125x797.jpeg",&= quot;srcNoWatermark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize&= quot;:null,"height":797,"width":1125,"resizeWidth&= quot;:null,"bytes":null,"alt":"Hawaii Panics After= Alert About Incoming Missile Is Sent in Error - The New York Times",= "title":null,"type":null,"href":null,"be= lowTheFold":true,"topImage":false,"internalRedirect&quo= t;:null,"isProcessing":false}" alt=3D"Hawaii Panics After Alert A= bout Incoming Missile Is Sent in Error - The New York Times" title=3D"Hawa= ii Panics After Alert About Incoming Missile Is Sent in Error - The New Yo= rk Times" width=3D"550" height=3D"389.64444444444445" class=3D"wide-image" = src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2250,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:goo= d,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2= Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36bf543f-c313-49e8-897e-bbcdf39d8936_1125x797.jpeg" styl= e=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: blo= ck; height: auto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !import= ant; vertical-align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D= "text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style=3D"= color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20p= x 0;"><span>Thirty-eight minutes later, the government clarified that they&= #8217;d only been meaning to </span><em>test</em><span> the alert system, n= ot to actually set it off. Oopsie! </span></p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55= , 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Researchers= later found that the error stemmed from poor design. The computer system t= hat the Hawaiian Emergency Management Agency (HEMA) used to send alerts was= designed in a way that workers were given a drop-down option with two opti= ons: </p><ul style=3D"margin-top: 0; padding: 0;"><li style=3D"margin: 8px = 0 0 32px; mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"box-sizing: border-box; = color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0; marg= in-bottom: 0; padding-left: 4px;">“Test missile alert” </p></li= ><li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px; mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style= =3D"box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-h= eight: 26px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 4px;">“Missil= e alert” </p></li></ul><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size:= 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">The first option would test = the notification system without actually sending an alert to the public. Th= e second option would immediately warn every Hawaiian cell phone user to &#= 8220;SEEK IMMEDIATE SHELTER,” specifically noting “THIS IS NOT = A DRILL.” Only one four-letter word separated the two options, which = were right next to each other. </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font= -size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">When it comes to user = error, design is often at fault. </p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); fo= nt-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>I’ve alw= ays been obsessed with design—and once you start looking, you’l= l see bad design everywhere. You’ll see it in your washing machine di= als, you’ll see it in ATM machines, you’ll see it in the ridicu= lous Aesop soap and lotion bottles that look </span><em>exactly alike</em><= span> and ensure that any time you go to wash your hands in a nice restaura= nt or office you go to put soap on your hands and end up with lotion that y= ou have to wash down the sink. </span></p><div class=3D"captioned-image-con= tainer-static" style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 32px au= to;"><figure style=3D"margin: 0 auto; width: 100%;"><table class=3D"image-w= rapper" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" dat= a-component-name=3D"Image2ToDOMStatic" style=3D"mso-padding-alt: 1em 0 1.6e= m;"><tbody><tr><td style=3D"text-align: center;"></td><td align=3D"left" cl= ass=3D"content" width=3D"1215" style=3D"text-align: center;"><a class=3D"im= age-link" target=3D"_blank" href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/61a764fc-= e03b-4351-b48d-b5abdf35e1bd?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN4= 8_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"align-items: center; border: none; displ= ay: block; flex-direction: column; height: auto; margin: 0; padding: 0; pos= ition: relative; text-decoration: none; width: auto;"><img data-attrs=3D"{&= quot;src":"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/im= ages/25f86d51-f9ae-47da-bbdf-fcfaf5768787_1215x813.jpeg","srcNoWa= termark":null,"fullscreen":null,"imageSize":null,&= quot;height":813,"width":1215,"resizeWidth":null,&= quot;bytes":null,"alt":"The secret sauce behind Aesop's= cult status hand wash - Glossy","title":null,"type&quo= t;:null,"href":null,"belowTheFold":true,"topImage&= quot;:false,"internalRedirect":null,"isProcessing":fals= e}" alt=3D"The secret sauce behind Aesop's cult status hand wash - Glossy" = title=3D"The secret sauce behind Aesop's cult status hand wash - Glossy" wi= dth=3D"550" height=3D"368.0246913580247" class=3D"wide-image" src=3D"https:= //substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2430,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progress= ive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fima= ges%2F25f86d51-f9ae-47da-bbdf-fcfaf5768787_1215x813.jpeg" style=3D"-ms-inte= rpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; display: block; height: a= uto; margin: 0 auto; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 100% !important; vertical= -align: middle; width: auto !important;"></a></td><td style=3D"text-align: = center;"></td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div><p style=3D"color: rgb(54= , 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 20px 0;">Anyway.= As technology becomes more complex, design needs to become more simple. </= p><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; m= argin: 0 0 20px 0;"><span>AI can do </span><em>a lot </em><span>now, much o= f it new to us, and we need products that follow design principles to ensur= e we don’t feel stupid using them. Next time you find yourself pullin= g a “push” door, remember: it’s not your fault. And next = time you find yourself confused by how to use a new AI tool, also remember:= it’s not your fault. </span></p><div data-component-name=3D"Sub= scribeWidget" class=3D"subscribe-widget is-signed-up is-fully-subscribed" s= tyle=3D"direction: ltr; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em= ;"><p class=3D"button-wrapper" style=3D"border-radius: 4px; color: rgb(54, = 55, 55); cursor: pointer; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 2= 0px 0; text-align: center;"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJl= IjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGlnaXRhbG5hdGl2ZS50ZWNoL2FjY291bnQiLCJwIjoxNDk2ODAwMDI= sInMiOjM4NTAwLCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoyMDkwMTc0MjYsImlhdCI6MTcyODAzMzkwMiwiZXhwIj= oxNzMwNjI1OTAyLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.JJAAMtIZg7= y_EUhu2HHaha3Ejz6vDeOihqw_mqHGuOI?" class=3D"button subscribe-btn outline" = style=3D"background: transparent; background-color: transparent; border: 1p= x solid #00c2ff; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #00c2ff= ; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: system-ui, -apple-sy= stem, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif,= 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 14px;= font-weight: 600; height: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 auto; opacity= : 1; outline: none; padding: 12px 20px; text-align: center; text-decoration= : none !important; white-space: nowrap;"><img src=3D"https://substackcdn.co= m/image/fetch/w_40,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%= 2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideCheck%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D40%26fill%3Dtrans= parent%26stroke%3D%252300c2ff%26strokeWidth%3D3.6" width=3D"20" height=3D"2= 0" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important; displ= ay: inline-block; height: auto; margin: -2px 8px 0 0; max-width: 20px; vert= ical-align: middle;" alt class=3D"check-icon static"><span style=3D"text-de= coration: none;">Subscribed</span></a></p></div><div style=3D"font-size: 16= px; line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"background: #e6e6e6; border: none; hei= ght: 1px; margin: 32px 0; padding: 0;"></div><h3 class=3D"header-anchor-pos= t" style=3D"--highlight-bg: rgba(var(--color-bg-accent-themed-rgb), 0.2); -= moz-appearance: optimizelegibility; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: antialiased; -= webkit-appearance: optimizelegibility; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;= appearance: optimizelegibility; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-family: 'SF P= ro Display', -apple-system-headline, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSyst= emFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoj= i', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 1.375em; font-weight: b= old; line-height: 1.16em; margin: 1em 0 0.625em 0; position: relative;">Sou= rces & Additional Reading</h3><ul style=3D"margin-top: 0; padding: 0;">= <li style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px; mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D= "box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-heig= ht: 26px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 4px;"><span>Check out = Don Norman’s 1998 book, </span><em><a href=3D"https://substack.com/re= direct/b647a8fd-c996-4bc0-9819-e141d71db4f1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFO= bqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); = text-decoration: underline;">The Design of Everyday Things</a></em><span> &= #8212; it’s a classic that stands the test of time</span></p></li><li= style=3D"margin: 8px 0 0 32px; mso-special-format: bullet;"><p style=3D"bo= x-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height:= 26px; margin: 0; margin-bottom: 0; padding-left: 4px;"><span>And check out= NotepadLM’s 12-minute podcast summary </span><a href=3D"https://subs= tack.com/redirect/707feb18-568b-4ce9-804b-1077b800ddb1?j=3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZt= In0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" rel style=3D"color: rgb(54= , 55, 55); text-decoration: underline;">here</a><span> :) </span></p></li><= /ul><div style=3D"font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px;"><hr style=3D"backgro= und: #e6e6e6; border: none; height: 1px; margin: 32px 0; padding: 0;"></div= ><p style=3D"color: rgb(54, 55, 55); font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; ma= rgin: 0 0 20px 0;">Thanks for reading! Subscribe here to receive Digital Na= tive in your inbox each week:</p><div data-component-name=3D"SubscribeWidge= t" class=3D"subscribe-widget is-signed-up is-fully-subscribed" style=3D"dir= ection: ltr; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin: 0 0 1em; margin-bo= ttom: 0;"><p class=3D"button-wrapper" style=3D"border-radius: 4px; color: r= gb(54, 55, 55); cursor: pointer; font-size: 16px; line-height: 26px; margin= : 0 0 20px 0; text-align: center;"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect= /2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGlnaXRhbG5hdGl2ZS50ZWNoL2FjY291bnQiLCJwIjoxNDk2= ODAwMDIsInMiOjM4NTAwLCJmIjp0cnVlLCJ1IjoyMDkwMTc0MjYsImlhdCI6MTcyODAzMzkwMiw= iZXhwIjoxNzMwNjI1OTAyLCJpc3MiOiJwdWItMCIsInN1YiI6ImxpbmstcmVkaXJlY3QifQ.JJA= AMtIZg7y_EUhu2HHaha3Ejz6vDeOihqw_mqHGuOI?" class=3D"button subscribe-btn ou= tline" style=3D"background: transparent; background-color: transparent; bor= der: 1px solid #00c2ff; border-radius: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; color: = #00c2ff; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: system-ui, -a= pple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans= -serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size= : 14px; font-weight: 600; height: auto; line-height: 20px; margin: 0 auto; = opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 12px 20px; text-align: center; text-dec= oration: none !important; white-space: nowrap;"><img src=3D"https://substac= kcdn.com/image/fetch/w_40,c_scale,f_png,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/ht= tps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FLucideCheck%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D40%26fill%= 3Dtransparent%26stroke%3D%252300c2ff%26strokeWidth%3D3.6" width=3D"20" heig= ht=3D"20" style=3D"-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic; border: none !important= ; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin: -2px 8px 0 0; max-width: 20p= x; vertical-align: middle;" alt class=3D"check-icon static"><span style=3D"= text-decoration: none;">Subscribed</span></a></p></div></div></div><table r= ole=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadd= ing=3D"0" class=3D"email-ufi-2-bottom" style=3D"border-bottom: 1px solid rg= b(0, 0, 0, .1); border-top: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0, .1); min-width: 100%;"><= tr height=3D"16"><td height=3D"16" style=3D"font-size: 0px; line-height: 0;= "> </td></tr><tr><td><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"100%" borde= r=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr><td><table role=3D"presenta= tion" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" style= =3D"margin: 0 auto;"><tr><td style=3D"vertical-align: middle;"><table role= =3D"presentation" width=3D"auto" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding= =3D"0"><tr><td align=3D"center"><a href=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/2/= eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9vcGVuLnN1YnN0YWNrLmNvbS9wdWIvZGlnaXRhbG5hdGl2ZS9wL3RoZS1= kZXNpZ24tb2YtZXZlcnlkYXktdGhpbmdzP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX21lZGl1bT= 1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY2FtcGFpZ249ZW1haWwtcmVzdGFjay1jb21tZW50JmFjdGlvbj1yZXN0YWNrL= WNvbW1lbnQmcj0zZ2Z5dm0mdG9rZW49ZXlKMWMyVnlYMmxrSWpveU1Ea3dNVGMwTWpZc0luQnZj= M1JmYVdRaU9qRTBPVFk0TURBd01pd2lhV0YwSWpveE56STRNRE16T1RBeUxDSmxlSEFpT2pFM01= 6QTJNalU1TURJc0ltbHpjeUk2SW5CMVlpMHpPRFV3TUNJc0luTjFZaUk2SW5CdmMzUXRjbVZoWT= NScGIyNGlmUS5JTEJDS09kaktvT09aM2ZKVzNsT3ZmWEJQelQyUHJiZV9YV3kzSFVqVTRrIiwic= CI6MTQ5NjgwMDAyLCJzIjozODUwMCwiZiI6dHJ1ZSwidSI6MjA5MDE3NDI2LCJpYXQiOjE3Mjgw= MzM5MDIsImV4cCI6MTczMDYyNTkwMiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTAiLCJzdWIiOiJsaW5rLXJlZGlyZWN= 0In0.Vukc3g2P7omvTRkn0-jH0wU4rpwJG6E1MuJOzXCtbaw?&utm_source=3Dsubstack&utm= _medium=3Demail" class=3D"email-button-outline" style=3D"border: 1px solid = rgb(0, 0, 0, .1); border-radius: 9999px; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); display= : inline-block; font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, = 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Seg= oe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; line-he= ight: 12px; padding: 9px 14px; text-decoration: none; text-transform: upper= case;"><img src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,c_scale,f_png,q= _auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Ficon%2FNoteFor= wardIcon%3Fv%3D4%26height%3D36%26fill%3Dnone%26stroke%3D%2523808080%26strok= eWidth%3D2" width=3D"18" height=3D"18" style=3D"border: none !important; ma= rgin-right: 8px; max-width: 18px; min-height: 18px; min-width: 18px; vertic= al-align: middle;" alt class=3D"icon"><span class=3D"email-button-text" sty= le=3D"vertical-align: middle;">Restack</span></a></td></tr></table></td></t= r></table></td><td align=3D"right"><table role=3D"presentation" width=3D"au= to" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0"><tr></tr></table></td>= </tr></table></td></tr><tr height=3D"16"><td height=3D"16" style=3D"font-si= ze: 0px; line-height: 0;"> </td></tr></table><div class=3D"footer _foo= ter_11ym1_1" style=3D"color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-size: 16px; line-heig= ht: 26px; padding: 24px 0; text-align: center;"><div style=3D"font-size: 16= px; line-height: 26px; padding-bottom: 24px;"><p class=3D"pencraft pc-reset= _color-secondary_3axfk_186 _size-12_3axfk_40 _reset_3axfk_1 small _meta_11= ym1_14" style=3D"color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-family: system-ui, -apple-= system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-seri= f, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 12p= x; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 0; pad= ding-bottom: 0; text-decoration: unset;">© 2024 <span>Rex Woodbury</sp= an><br>548 Market Street PMB 72296, San Francisco, CA 94104 <br><a href=3D"= https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGlnaXRhbG5hdGl2ZS5= 0ZWNoL2FjdGlvbi9kaXNhYmxlX2VtYWlsP3Rva2VuPWV5SjFjMlZ5WDJsa0lqb3lNRGt3TVRjME= 1qWXNJbkJ2YzNSZmFXUWlPakUwT1RZNE1EQXdNaXdpYVdGMElqb3hOekk0TURNek9UQXlMQ0psZ= UhBaU9qRTNOVGsxTmprNU1ESXNJbWx6Y3lJNkluQjFZaTB6T0RVd01DSXNJbk4xWWlJNkltUnBj= MkZpYkdWZlpXMWhhV3dpZlEuMV9HM2x1SU9yTkFnT2c3TzE4UHVpQTBaYkJmVVFsSzA4Ylg4QzZ= GWGZqWSIsInAiOjE0OTY4MDAwMiwicyI6Mzg1MDAsImYiOnRydWUsInUiOjIwOTAxNzQyNiwiaW= F0IjoxNzI4MDMzOTAyLCJleHAiOjE3MzA2MjU5MDIsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGlua= y1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.GS9p3cCfev6PKn33SNMj9ZJ5SW9VMcWvQY8nolKVi68?" style=3D"colo= r: rgb(119, 119, 119); text-decoration: underline;"><span style=3D"color: r= gb(119, 119, 119); text-decoration: underline;">Unsubscribe</span></a></p><= /div><p class=3D"_footerSection_11ym1_5 small powered-by-substack" style=3D= "color: rgb(119, 119, 119); font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMac= SystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color = Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 12px; line-height: = 20px; margin: 0; margin-top: 0; padding: 0 24px; padding-bottom: 0;"><a hre= f=3D"https://substack.com/redirect/f76886b4-4105-44ae-9c2d-f0066f86408e?j= =3DeyJ1IjoiM2dmeXZtIn0.xu76uFObqArDfP822j-jnN48_jCfgM3m0rbAsF0l24U" style= =3D"color: rgb(119, 119, 119); display: inline-block; margin: 0 4px; text-d= ecoration: none;"><img src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_262,c_l= imit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fi= mg%2Femail%2Fgeneric-app-button%402x.png" srcset=3D"https://substackcdn.com= /image/fetch/w_131,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A= %2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fgeneric-app-button.png, https://substack= cdn.com/image/fetch/w_262,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/h= ttps%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fgeneric-app-button%402x.png 2x, h= ttps://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_393,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_prog= ressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fgeneric-app-button= %403x.png 3x" width=3D"131" alt=3D"Get the app" height=3D"40" style=3D"bord= er: none !important; max-width: 550px; vertical-align: middle;"></a><a href= =3D"https://substack.com/redirect/2/eyJlIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9zdWJzdGFjay5jb20vc2l= nbnVwP3V0bV9zb3VyY2U9c3Vic3RhY2smdXRtX21lZGl1bT1lbWFpbCZ1dG1fY29udGVudD1mb2= 90ZXImdXRtX2NhbXBhaWduPWF1dG9maWxsZWQtZm9vdGVyJmZyZWVTaWdudXBFbWFpbD1zdWJzQ= GVtYWlsc2hvdC5pbyZyPTNnZnl2bSIsInAiOjE0OTY4MDAwMiwicyI6Mzg1MDAsImYiOnRydWUs= InUiOjIwOTAxNzQyNiwiaWF0IjoxNzI4MDMzOTAyLCJleHAiOjE3MzA2MjU5MDIsImlzcyI6InB= 1Yi0wIiwic3ViIjoibGluay1yZWRpcmVjdCJ9.yg49xpwVi0BO5r5zjdtjr-6vq41BstYsbggY1= FuERU0?" style=3D"color: rgb(119, 119, 119); display: inline-block; margin:= 0 4px; text-decoration: none;"><img src=3D"https://substackcdn.com/image/f= etch/w_270,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsu= bstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fpublish-button%402x.png" srcset=3D"https://subst= ackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_135,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:stee= p/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fpublish-button.png, https://su= bstackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_270,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:s= teep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fpublish-button%402x.png 2x,= https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_405,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_pr= ogressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack.com%2Fimg%2Femail%2Fpublish-button%4= 03x.png 3x" width=3D"135" alt=3D"Start writing" height=3D"40" style=3D"bord= er: none !important; max-width: 550px; vertical-align: middle;"></a></p></d= iv></div></td><td></td></tr></table><img src=3D"https://eotrx.substackcdn.c= om/open?token=3DeyJtIjoiPDIwMjQxMDA0MDkyNDAzLjMuOTRiOGIxNDQyNjEyMTgwM0BtZy1= kMC5zdWJzdGFjay5jb20-IiwidSI6MjA5MDE3NDI2LCJyIjoic3Vic0BlbWFpbHNob3QuaW8iLC= JkIjoibWctZDAuc3Vic3RhY2suY29tIiwicCI6MTQ5NjgwMDAyLCJ0IjoibmV3c2xldHRlciIsI= mEiOiJldmVyeW9uZSIsInMiOjM4NTAwLCJjIjoicG9zdCIsImYiOnRydWUsInBvc2l0aW9uIjoi= Ym90dG9tIiwiaWF0IjoxNzI4MDMzOTAyLCJleHAiOjE3MzA2MjU5MDIsImlzcyI6InB1Yi0wIiw= ic3ViIjoiZW8ifQ.7fHpjIxg_1Ub3GY9scILu7qq6O-3nh3oTLgnprLSMB4" alt=3D"" width= =3D"1" height=3D"1" border=3D"0" style=3D"height:1px !important;width:1px != important;border-width:0 !important;margin-top:0 !important;margin-bottom:0= !important;margin-right:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important;padding-top:= 0 !important;padding-bottom:0 !important;padding-right:0 !important;padding= -left:0 !important;"/><img width=3D"1px" height=3D"1px" alt=3D"" src=3D"htt= ps://email.mg-d0.substack.com/o/eJxEkEGu4yAMQE9TdhMZQ0iy4CyRATdFk0AFTke9_Sj= tl_722fJ7ciThrba3f9YuKnln6D4mxV5POIMxCzjFB-V93bhwI-G0kvxOcTKLenhjYIRAFMgBo4= 4YHE0mYgwO5jEGlT0CWg1gYUELZjDDYsMctLXoNOoZzM3Csf1JMPQzdKH4d4j1ULmv98afBC_tZ= HWFrnSmzCWy5xe3dy0_OCev7eJmAMAvkfeTfeF_fWcRbup5hj1HklzLtW3mEUA1fylvFj6a_qgy= 5Kr6GVI9KBef8paF9kKSX6zk-6uzc7tOICygJ4tOvTz-DwAA__9g7WyU"></body></html> --ee99feae65640d65668708c482142d13549b2a38c35c0d71b7fdb8e1f57b--