The professor hat is one of the most recognizable symbols in academia, instantly evoking images of lecture halls, research libraries, and graduation ceremonies. While many people recognize it as part of academic regalia, few understand its rich history, the meaning behind its distinctive shape, and the strict etiquette that governs when and how it should be worn. From the soft velvet tam worn at commencement to the iconic mortarboard seen at graduation, the professor hat carries centuries of tradition and symbolism.
Understanding the professor hat goes beyond simply identifying a piece of clothing. It represents the culmination of years of rigorous study, the authority of scholarly expertise, and membership in a global community of educators and researchers. Whether you are a student curious about academic customs, a soon-to-be graduate preparing for your own ceremony, or simply someone interested in the quirks of academic dress, this guide will walk you through everything worth knowing about this enduring symbol.
The History and Origins of Academic Headwear
Academic headwear has roots that stretch back to the medieval universities of Europe, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, where scholars wore specific garments to distinguish themselves from the general public. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, universities were closely tied to the church, and the clothing worn by scholars mirrored clerical attire. The hat, in particular, served both practical and symbolic purposes, protecting the wearer from cold stone halls while signaling their rank and status within the institution.
Over time, the rules governing academic dress became formalized, and different degrees earned different types of headwear. The bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels each developed distinct styles, colors, and materials. What began as everyday clerical clothing gradually transformed into ceremonial regalia worn only at special occasions such as commencement, convocation, and formal academic processions.
The Evolution of the Mortarboard and Tam
The mortarboard, with its flat square top and tassel, is arguably the most familiar academic hat. Its name comes from the resemblance of the square board to the tool used by bricklayers to hold mortar. This design became popular in the United States during the nineteenth century and eventually spread worldwide. It is typically worn by bachelor's and master's graduates, as well as by faculty members during ceremonies.
The tam, on the other hand, is a soft, round, puffy hat usually made of velvet. It is most commonly associated with doctoral degrees and is often worn by professors at the highest levels of academia. The tam's floppy, beret-like appearance distinguishes it from the rigid mortarboard, and its color often reflects the academic discipline of the wearer. For example, a doctor of philosophy might wear a tam in deep blue, while a doctor of law might wear purple.
Symbolism Embedded in the Design
Every element of the professor hat carries meaning. The tassel, for instance, is not merely decorative; its color often corresponds to the field of study. In many institutions, the tassel is worn on the right side before a degree is conferred and moved to the left afterward, signifying the transition from candidate to graduate. For faculty, the tassel typically remains on the left, denoting their completed status.
The shape of the hat also communicates rank. A flat mortarboard suggests a traditional academic path, while a soft tam signals doctoral achievement. Some universities have unique variations, such as the Cambridge-style bonnet or the Oxford-style soft cap, each with its own historical precedent and rules of wear. These subtle distinctions allow those in the know to read a person's academic credentials at a glance.
Types of Professor Hats and Their Meanings
Not all professor hats are created equal. The type of headwear a professor wears depends on their degree, their institution, and the specific ceremony or event. In the United States, the most common types are the mortarboard and the doctoral tam, but other variations exist across Europe and Asia. Understanding these differences helps demystify the visual language of academia.
Beyond shape, the color and material of the hat also convey information. Velvet, for example, is reserved for doctoral degrees in many traditions, while bachelor's and master's hats are typically made of less expensive materials. The color of the velvet trim on the gown, and sometimes the hat itself, corresponds to the academic discipline, creating a colorful and meaningful display during commencement ceremonies.
The Doctoral Tam: A Mark of Highest Achievement
The doctoral tam is the crown jewel of academic headwear. It is a soft, round hat with a tassel, often made of velvet and sometimes featuring a gold bullion cord. It is worn by individuals who have earned a doctorate, whether a PhD, EdD, MD, JD, or other terminal degree. The tam is designed to be worn at formal academic events, including commencement, inauguration of a university president, and scholarly processions.
Different countries have their own versions of the doctoral tam. In the United States, the tam is usually octagonal or round with a tassel, while in some European countries, the hat may resemble a soft cap or a beret. Regardless of the specific style, the tam universally signifies the highest level of academic achievement and is treated with great respect during ceremonies.
The Mortarboard: More Than a Graduation Staple
The mortarboard is not just for graduating seniors. Many professors also wear mortarboards, especially those who hold master's degrees or who teach at institutions where the mortarboard is the standard faculty headwear. The flat square top and long tassel make it easy to spot in a crowd, and its uniform appearance creates a sense of unity among faculty members during processions.
Despite its simplicity, the mortarboard has its own etiquette. For example, it is typically worn flat on the head, parallel to the ground, and the tassel is worn on the left for faculty and on the right for candidates until their degree is conferred. Some institutions allow faculty to customize their mortarboards with tassels in their discipline's color, adding a personal touch to an otherwise standardized piece of regalia.
Etiquette and Proper Wear for Academic Ceremonies
Wearing a professor hat correctly is a matter of respect for tradition and for the institution. Academic ceremonies are steeped in ritual, and improper wear can be seen as a sign of disrespect or ignorance. While rules vary by country and university, some general guidelines apply almost everywhere, and faculty members are expected to know them.
One of the most common questions is when to wear the hat and when to remove it. In many ceremonies, faculty and graduates wear their hats throughout the procession and during the conferral of degrees. However, there are moments when hats are removed, such as during the national anthem or a moment of silence. Understanding these nuances ensures that participants conduct themselves with dignity.
Placement and Tassel Position
The placement of the professor hat is surprisingly precise. The mortarboard should sit flat on the head, not tilted back like a fashion accessory. The front point of the square should align with the center of the forehead, and the hat should be secured with bobby pins if necessary, especially for graduates who may be walking in windy outdoor conditions. The tam, being softer, sits more naturally but should still be positioned evenly.
Tassel position is another key detail. For graduates, the tassel starts on the right and is moved to the left after the degree is conferred. For faculty, the tassel usually remains on the left at all times, signifying that they have already received their degree. Some institutions have specific rules about whether faculty should move their tassels during the ceremony, so it is always wise to check with the ceremony coordinator.
When to Remove the Hat
There are specific moments when a professor hat should be removed. During the playing of a national anthem, for example, it is customary to remove the hat and hold it over the left shoulder or at the side. The same applies during a moment of silence or a prayer, if one is included in the ceremony. These gestures show respect for the occasion and for the traditions being observed.
In some academic settings, hats are removed when entering a building or a sacred space, such as a chapel. However, during an academic procession, hats are typically worn from start to finish, even indoors. The key is to follow the lead of the ceremony marshal or the senior faculty member, who will set the tone for the rest of the participants.
Buying, Renting, and Caring for a Professor Hat
For faculty members who need to purchase a professor hat, there are several options available. Many universities have partnerships with official regalia suppliers, ensuring that the colors and styles match the institution's specifications. Online retailers also offer a wide range of academic headwear, from affordable polyester mortarboards to luxurious velvet tams with gold trim.
Renting is a popular option for graduates who only need a hat for one ceremony, but faculty members often prefer to own their regalia because they may participate in multiple ceremonies each year. Owning a hat allows for a better fit and ensures that the material and color are exactly to the institution's standards. It also becomes a personal keepsake, a tangible reminder of years of dedication and achievement.
What to Look for When Purchasing
When buying a professor hat, quality matters. A flimsy mortarboard may look acceptable from a distance, but it can be uncomfortable and may not hold its shape well. Look for hats made from sturdy materials such as felt or velvet, with a secure band inside to ensure a proper fit. The tassel should be well-attached and made from durable thread, not cheap synthetic fibers that fray easily.
Color accuracy is another important consideration. Academic regalia is highly codified, and the wrong shade of velvet or tassel can be a faux pas. Check with your institution's regalia guidelines or the official supplier to confirm the correct colors for your degree and discipline. If you are unsure, it is always better to ask than to show up with the wrong colors.
Maintenance and Storage Tips
Proper care can extend the life of a professor hat for decades. After a ceremony, use a soft brush to remove dust and lint from the fabric. If the hat is made of velvet, avoid brushing against the nap; instead, use a gentle lint roller or a soft cloth. Store the hat in a cool, dry place, ideally in a hat box or a breathable fabric bag to protect it from dust and moisture.
For mortarboards, avoid stacking heavy objects on top of the flat board, as this can warp the shape. If the hat becomes misshapen, a light steaming can help restore its form, but be careful not to damage the fabric. For tams, stuffing the inside with tissue paper can help maintain the rounded shape during storage. With a little care, a professor hat can remain a proud symbol of achievement for a lifetime.
As academic traditions continue to evolve, the professor hat remains a powerful emblem of scholarship, community, and accomplishment. Whether you are donning a mortarboard for the first time or adding a velvet tam to your collection, wearing it with pride and respect honors the generations of scholars who came before you. If you have a ceremony on the horizon, take a moment to learn your institution's specific rules and enjoy the opportunity to participate in a tradition that spans centuries.