Introduction to Digital Communication: Random variables & random process-Detection & Estimation: G-SProcedure, Geometric Interpretation of signals, Response of bank of correlators to noisy input, Detection of known signals in noise, Probability of error, correlation & matched filter receiver, detection of signals with unknown phase in noise.Estimation concepts & criteria: MLE, Estimator quality measures, Cramer Rao Bound, Wiener filter for waveform estimation, Linear prediction.
Sampling Process: Sampling theorem, Interpolation Formula, signal space interpretation, statement of sampling theorem, Quadrature sampling of band pass signals, Reconstruction of a message process from its samples, signal distortion in sampling, practical aspects. PAM, PPM, PWM (Generation & Reconstruction), Multiplexing- TDM,FDM.Waveform Coding Techniques: PCM, Channel noise & error probability, Quantization Noise & Signal to noise ratio, robust quantization, DPCM, Delta Modulation.
Digital Modulation techniques: Digital modulation formats, Coherent binary modulation techniques- PSK, FSK,QPSK, MSK. Non-coherent binary modulation techniques-DPSK. Comparison of binary & quaternary modulation techniques. M-ary Mod techniques- PSK, QAM, FSK( Block level treatment only) Base band data transmission: Discrete PAM signals, Power spectra of discrete PAM signals, Intersymbol interference, Nyquist’s criterion for distortion less base band binary transmission, Eye pattern, Adaptive equalization.
Information theory & Coding: Discrete messages, amount of information, Entropy, Information rate, Coding,Shannon’s theorem, Channel capacity, Capacity of a Gaussian channel, Bandwidth-S/N Trade off, Use of orthogonal signals to attain Shannon’s limit, Efficiency of orthogonal signal transmission.Coding: Parity check bit coding for error detection, Coding for error detection and correction- Block codes-Coding & Decoding; Systematic and Non Systematic codes; Cyclic codes -Generator polynomial, Generator &parity check matrices, Encoding & decoding of cyclic codes, Syndrome computation & error detection;Convolutional coding - Code generation, Decoding- code tree, sequential decoding, State & Trellis diagrams,Viterbi algorithm; Burst error Correction: Block & Convolutional interleaving; ARQ- Types of ARQ,Performance of ARQ; Comparison of error rates in coded & uncoded system.
Introduction to microwaves - frequency range, significance, applications. Guided waves: TE,TM,TEM waves,Velocity of propagation.Rectangular Waveguide:-TE waves, TM waves, Field configurations, Dominant mode, Degenerate mode,Impossibility of TEM.Rectangular Cavity resonators:- Q factor-Unloaded, loaded and external Q - Coupling two cavities.
Scattering matrix -Concept of N port scattering matrix representation- Properties of S matrix- S matrix formulation of two-port junction. Microwave Passive devices - Tee junctions, Magic Tee, Rat race,Corners, bends and twists - Two hole directional coupler. Ferrite Isolator-Circulator- Phase shifter-Attenuator. S matrix of microwave components (E plane Tee, H plane Tee, Magic Tee, Directional coupler,Circulator only).
Solid state microwave devices:- Tunnel diodes –construction and working based on energy band diagrams-Applications. Principle of operation and applications of Varactor diode, Point contact diode, PIN diode Transferred Electron Devices -Gunn diode- Two valley theory , modes. Avalanche Transit time devices-IMPATT and TRAPATT devices. Comparison of GUNN, IMPATT and TRAPPAT . Basic principle of operation of parametric amplifiers, Manley Rowe power relations, Negative resistance amplifiers.
Microwave tubes:- High frequency limitations - Principle of operation of two cavity Klystron, Reflex Klystron,Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier, Magnetron Oscillator (detailed mathematical analysis not needed), MicrowaveBJT structure and performance.Microwave measurements: Measurement of wavelength, frequency, SWR, impedance, power, attenuation.Basic concepts of Network Analyzer and Anechoic chamber.
VLSI process integration: - fundamental considerations in IC processing - NMOS IC technology - CMOS IC technology - BiCMOS IC technology. - GaAs technology. Ion implantation in IC fabrication.The MOS device : (n - channel & p- channel) - capacitance of MOS structure - accumulation, depletion and inversion, threshold voltage, current equations - characteristics, channel pinch-off.Second order MOS device effects : short-channel effect, narrow width effect, sub-threshold current,device saturation characteristics.
Switch logic- pass transistors and transmission gates, Gate logic-The basic inverter using NMOS-circuit - current equations - pull up to pull down ratio- transfer characteristics- Alternate forms of pull up. Basic NAND, NOR circuits. The CMOS inverter, characteristics – NAND, NOR and compound circuits using CMOS. Other forms of CMOS logic : pseudo CMOS, CMOS domino logic, n-p logic. Layout design of static MOS circuits – Layout rules - general principles & steps of lay-out design - use of stick diagrams - design rules - Layout examples of NAND and NOR.
Basic circuit concepts: sheet resistance, area capacitance, delay unit, inverter delays – driving large capacitive loads, cascaded inverters, super buffers, BiCMOS drivers . Combinational circuits - clocked sequential circuit drivers for bus lines. Scaling of MOS circuits: scaling models and scaling factors for device parameters.
Timing issues in VLSI system design: timing classification- synchronous timing basics – skew and jitter- latch based clocking- self timed circuit design - self timed logic, completion signal generation, self timed signaling–synchronizers and arbiters.
General measurement system: Static characteristics -, accuracy, precision, linearity, hysteresis, threshold,dynamic range, calibration standards. Errors – measurement of errors, error reduction.Dynamic characteristics:-Transfer function-first and second order instruments-first and second order response dynamic errors and dynamic compensation .Loading effect.
Transducers and sensors: Transducers- sensors- active and passive, Temperature measurements:- RTD,Thermocouples analog and digital transducers .Review of transducers for pressure, velocity, vibration, torque,temperature. LVDT, piezo electric transducers. Impedance measurement:- dc bridges for low, medium and high resistance-ac bridges for capacitance and inductance . Sources of error in bridge circuits- precautions. Vectorimpedance meter, digital impedance meter. Multimeters :- Principles of analog multimeter- digital multimeter(dual slope integrations)
Signal generators: - AF and RF generators- Function generator- sweep frequency generator- Frequency synthesizers.Signal analyzers:- Wave analyzer –spectrum analyzer. Frequency and time measurement. CRO, Digital storage oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope. Recording instruments:- self balancing system, strip chart recorders, x-yrecorders.
Industrial Instrumentation: Temperature measurements:- RTD, Thermocouples-different types. Radiation thermometer, Optical pyrometer. Pressure measurements: Elastic type pressure gauges. Measurement of low pressure-McLeod gauge, Ionization gauge, solid state pressure transducers. Flow measurements:- Head type flow meters, mass flow meters. Electromagnetic flow meter, laser-Doppler anemometer, and Ultra sound flow meters.Data Acquisition System:- signal conditioning , multiplexing and demultiplexing, telemetry-block diagram,characteristics and different types. Sophisticated and virtual instrumentation systems.
Basic idea of control systems and their classification - differential equations of systems - linear approximation - Laplace transform and transfer function of linear system - Model of physical system (Electrical, mechanical and electromechanical)- block diagram - signal flow graph - Mason’s gain formula.
Time domain analysis - Representation of deterministic signals - First order system response - S-plane root location and transient response - impulse and step response of second order systems - performance -characteristics in the time domain - effects of derivative and integral control - steady state response - error constant - generalised definition of error coefficients - concepts of stability - Routh - Hurwitz criterion.
Frequency domain analysis - frequency response - Bode plot, Polar plot, Nicol's chart - closed loop frequency response and frequency domain performance characteristics. Stability in frequency domain. Nyquist criterion.
Root locus method - basic theory and properties of root loci - procedure for the construction of root loci -complete root locus diagram. Design and compensation of feed back control system :- approaches to compensation - cascade compensation networks and their design in the frequency domain - simple design in Splane.
Overview of Embedded System:- Embedded System, Categories of Embedded System, Requirements of Embedded Systems, Challenges and Issues in Embedded Software Development, Applications of Embedded Systems in Consumer Electronics, Control System, Biomedical Systems, Handheld computers, Communication devices.
Embedded Hardware & Software Development Environment: - Hardware Architecture, Microcontroller Architecture, Communication Interface Standards, Embedded System Development Process, Compilers and assemblers, Embedded Operating systems, Types of Embedded Operating systems.
Embedded system Design: Microchip PIC16 family, PIC16F873 processor architecture- features, memory organization, on chip peripherals, Watchdog timer, ADC, Data EEPROM, Asynchronous serial port, SPI mode,I2C mode.Development systems and compilers for PIC micro controllers. Interfacing with LCD, ADC, sensors, stepper motor, key board, DAC. Examples for data acquisition and control
Real Time & Database Applications: - Real-Time Embedded Software Development, Sending a Message over a Serial Link, Simulation of a Process Control System, Controlling an Appliance from the RTLinux System,Embedded Database Applications with examples like Salary Survey, Energy Meter Readings.