Principles of refrigeration-unit of refrigeration - capacity - Coefficient of Performance - refrigeration systems:Carnot refrigeration cycle - Steam jet refrigeration - Thermoelectric refrigeration - vortex tube - pulse tube - air refrigeration cycle boot strap & boot strap evaporating cooling - thermodynamic analysis of Bell- Coleman cycle
Vapour compression system - theoretical and practical cycles - simple and multi pressure systems - thermodynamic analysis - vapour absorption system - principle of operation of aqua - ammonia and lithium bromide - water systems - Electrolux system - comparison between vapour compression and absorption systems - refrigerants -thermodynamic, physical and chemical properties of refrigerants, selection criteria of refrigerants
System components - compressors - reciprocating compressors - single and multistage compressors - rotary compressors – centrifugal and axial flow compressors - screw type and vane type compressors - hermetic, semi hermetic and open compressors - condensers - water cooled and air cooled condensers - evaporative condensers -expansion devices - capillary tube - thermostatic expansion valve - float valves - evaporators - natural convection and forced convection coils - flooded evaporators - direct expansion coils
Psychrometry - Psychrometric properties and processes - determination of air entering conditioned space - air conditioning systems – Summer and Winter air conditioning systems - central and unitary systems - human comfort - comfort chart and limitations - effective temperature - factors governing effective temperature. Cooling Load Calculation - various heat sources - design of air conditioning systems: duct design - air distribution systems - heating systems
Introduction to mechanical vibrations: Free vibrations, Response of single degree of freedom system, Viscous damping, Under damped, Critically damped and Over damped vibrations, Forced vibrations, Support excited motion, Rotating Unbalance, Coulomb damping
Multi degree freedom systems: two degree of freedom and three degree of freedom spring mass systems, Matrix formulation, Eigen value problems, Mode shapes, Coordinate Coupling, Lagrange’s equations. Torsional vibratory systems, Torsionally equivalent shaft, Two rotor system, Three rotor system, Geared system, Location of Nodes,Frequency of torsional vibration.Vibration isolation, Measurement of vibration, Accelerometer and Seismometer.
Transverse vibration of shafts, Whirling speed of shafts, Approximate methods to analyse vibratory system:Rayleigh's energy method, Dunkerleys method.Vibration of continuous systems: exact methods, boundary value problem, Eigen value problem, Axial vibration of rods, Transverse vibration of beams.
Noise, Sound level meter scales, Psychophysical indices, Equivalent sound level, Noise and loss of hearing, Normal hearing and hearing loss, Temporary hearing loss from continuous noise, Permanent haring loss from continuous noise, Physiological effects of noise, Specific effects of noise, Noise exposure limits, Continuous and intermittent noise, Impulse noise, Annoyance of noise, Noise control; control at the source, control at the receiver, control along the path.
Design of Clutches : Friction clutches, uniform wear and uniform pressure assumptions, centrifugal clutches.Brakes : Design of internal expansion elements, assumptions, design of external contraction elements, band type brakes.Belt and chain drives : flat belts, V-Belts, roller chain.
Design of Gears : Spur, helical, bevel and worm gears-tooth loads, design stresses, basic tooth stresses, stress concentration, overload factor, velocity factor, bending strength of gear teeth, Buckingham equation for dynamic load, surface durability, surface strength, heat dissipation, gear material, design for strength and wear, gear box design(description only).
Bearings and lubrication: types of lubrication, viscosity, journal bearing with perfect lubrication, hydrodynamic theory, design factors, bearing load, bearing dimensions, journal bearing design. Ball and roller bearings- bearing life, static and dynamic capacity, selection of bearings with axial and radial loads, bearing materials used. Thrust bearings, lubrication, wear of metal, adhesive wear, abrasive wear, corrosion wear, fatigue and impact wear,measurement of friction and wear.
Product design for manufacturing : general design recommendations for rolled sections, forgings, screw machine parts, turned parts, machined round holes, parts produced on milling machines, welded parts, castings etc.,Modification of design for manufacturing easiness for typical products – preparation of working drawings formanufacture of parts with complete specifications including manufacturing details like tolerance, surface finish.
Power Plant: Automotive engine classification, S.I. & C.I. engines, combustion chamber types, engine balancing,multi cylinder arrangements. Automobile engine parts: Cylinder block, cylinder head, crank case, oil pan, cylinder liners, piston, arrangements to control piston slap, piston rings, connecting rod, crank shaft, valves, valves actuating mechanism, valves lay out, materials used, valve and port timing diagrams.
Fuel supply system: Simple carburettor, constant choke, constant vacuum carburettor, types of carburettor,mixture strength requirements, fuel pumps for petrol engines, petrol injections, MPFI systems, diesel fuel pump and fuel injector for diesel engines. Ignition System: Battery ignition system, comparisons between battery ignition and magnetic ignition system, ignition advance methods, electronic ignition. Cooling System: Necessity, methods of cooling. Lubrication System: Objectives, system of engine lubrication, crank case ventilation
Chassis construction: The frame and its functions, unitary or frameless, Layout of the components of transmission system Clutches: Purpose, requirements, construction details Gear box: sliding mesh gear box, constant mesh gear box, synchro mesh gear box, epicyclic gear box, overdrive, torque converter,automatic transmission an overview,
Universal coupling, propeller shaft, final drive Steering mechanisms, wheel suspension.Factors for wheel alignment: camber, caster, kingpin inclination, toe–in, toe–out Brakes: Types of brakes, Braking requirements, brake efficiency, stopping distance, fading of brakes Electrical systems: electrical lighting system, brake lighting system, warning system and indicators
The atmosphere: characteristics of troposphere, thermosphere, ionosphere, pressure –temperature- density variations in the international standard atmosphere, correction of charts, The standard atmosphere. Review of basic fluid dynamics: continuity, momentum, and energy equations for compressible and incompressible flows, static, dynamic and stagnation pressure, stagnation enthalpy, temperature
Aerodynamics: 2D viscous flow over bodies, 2D airfoils, nomenclature and classification, pressure distribution in viscid and real flows, circulation theory of air foils, centre of pressure and aerodynamic centre, 2D air foil characteristics, aspect ratio, induced drag, calculation of induced drag from momentum considerations, skin friction and form drag – Drag divergence - Propellers - Blade element theory, propeller coefficients and charts.
Aircraft performance: flight envelops, v-n diagrams for manoeuvres, straight and level flight, gliding and climbing,rate of climb, service and absolute ceilings, gliding angle and speed of flattest glider take off, landing performance and length of run way required, range and endurance of aero planes, charts for piston and jet engine aircraft,aircraft instruments - Qualitative ideas of Stability.
Aircraft engines: thrust equations- thrust power, propulsive power, propulsive efficiency, principle of turbo jet engines, engine performance characteristics – Rocket engines Principles of wind tunnel testing: open and closed types of wind tunnels, wind tunnel balances, pressure and velocity measurements, supersonic wind tunnels.
Linear vector spaces- Linear transformations and functionals- linear, bilinear and quadratic forms- theory of normed spaces- theory of inner products spaces- concepts from variational calculus- variational methods of approximation- Ritz method- weighted residual method- Galerkin method- subdomain method-collocation method
Finite element analysis of one dimensional problems- procedure- I-D elements and interpolation functionsanalysis of one dimensional second and fourth order equations- approximation errors in FEM- computer implementation
Finite element analysis of two dimensional problems- 2-D elements and interpolation functions- 2nd order equations involving a scalar valued function- comments on mesh generation and composition of boundary condition- analysis of plane elasticity and incompressible fluid flow problems- time dependent problems transient heat transfer)- isoparametric elements and numerical integration
Alternative formulations- the least square formulations- the mixed formulation- eigen value problem- non linear problems- 3-D elements and interpolation functions- formulation of 3-D problems (2 & 3-D Navier Stokes equations, 3D heat transfer equations)
Fundamentals of the theory of probability: objectives and applications; variable and attributes, fundamentals concepts; patterns of variation, frequency distribution; cells and cell boundaries, cumulative frequency distribution, the normal distribution, average, measure of dispersion, statistical concept of universe.Binomial distribution, mean and standard deviation, Poisson distribution as an approximation to the binomial, use of tables for solving Poisson problems.
Shewhart’s control charts for variables: X bar and R charts, relationship between sample parameters and universe parameters, control limits for X bar and R charts, examples of processes in control, examples of processes out of control, process capability Control chart for fraction defective: necessary steps for selection of sub groups, choice between p chart and npchart, control limits, charts showing control and lack of control, sensitivity of the p chart. Control charts for defects: control limits for c charts; preparation and use of c charts.
Acceptance sampling : lot by lot acceptance using single sampling by attributes, operating characteristics curves,producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, AOQL, LTPD, quality protection, selection of sampling plans, choice of sampling plans to minimize average total inspection, ATI curves, double and sequential sampling plans, concept of AQL
Life testing and reliability: concept & definition of reliability, analysis of life test, failure distribution- probability of equipment failure, conventional model, failure rate, MTBF, OC curves ,exponential reliability function, series,parallel, and combinational reliability, redundant system, maintainability, and availability.
Elastic deformation-Description of stress at a point-state of stress in two and three dimensions-stress tensor-Mohr’s circle-description of strain at a point-Mohr’s circle of strain- hydrostatic and deviator component of stresselastic stress-strain relations-strain energy-anisotropy of elastic behaviour-rubber elasticity-viscoelasticitymechanical damping
Permanent deformation-Flow curve- True stress and true strain-yielding criteria for ductile metals-combined stress tests- yield locus-anisotropy in yielding-yield surface and normality-octahedral shear stress and shear strain-Invariants of stress and strain-Plastic stress –strain relations-Two dimensional plastic flow-slip line field theory
Dislocations-Edge, screw and mixed dislocations-Properties of dislocations-dislocation stress fields, energies, forces between dislocations, kinks in dislocations, dislocation velocities-Dislocation geometry and crystal structure-slip systems-partial dislocations, interaction of dislocations, dislocation density and macroscopic strain-Plastic deformation in single and polycrystalline materials-initiation of plastic flow in single crystals-stress strain behaviour of single crystals-plastic flow in polycrystals
High temperature deformation of crystalline materials- creep mechanism, creep in two phase alloys, independent and sequential processes- deformation mechanism map- Engineering aspects of creep design –creep resistance as related to n\material properties and structure, estimates of creep behaviour, strain rate sensitivity and superplasticity, mechanisms of superplasticity