Organisation: Introduction, definition of organization, system approach applied to organization, necessity of organization, elements of organization, process of organization, principles of organization, formal and informal organization, organization structure, types of organization structure .Forms of business organization: Concept of ownership organization, types of ownership. Individual ownership, partnership, joint stock Company, private and public limited company, co-operative organizations, state ownership, public corporation
Basic concept of management: Introduction, definitions of management, characteristics of management, levels of management, management skills Management theory: Scientific management, contribution of Gilbreth. Gantt, Neo-classical theory, modern management theories Functions of management: Planning, forecasting, organizing, staffing, directing, motivating, controlling, co-coordinating, communicating, decision making.
Personnel management: Introduction, definition, objectives, characteristics, functions, principles and organization of personnel management Markets and marketing: Introduction, the market, marketing information, market segmentation, consumer and indusial markets, pricing, sales, physical distribution, consumer behaviour and advertisement.Financial management: the basics , financial accounts, inflation, profitability, budgets and controls, cost accounting, valuation of stock, allocation of overheads, standard costing ,marginal costing
Productivity and production: Measurement of productivity, productivity index productivity improvement procedure Materials management and purchasing: Objectives, functions, importance of materials management. Stores and storekeeping Inventory control: Classification, functions, inventory models, inventory costs, EOQ, Materials requirement planning
Role of national electrical code in the design of electrical installation – electrical symbols and diagrams – design considerations of electrical installations – electric supply systems – protection and protective devices for electric installation against overload – short circuit and earth fault – electric services in building – service connections – service mains – reception and distribution of main supply – sub- circuits – neutral and earth wire – earth bus – guideline for installation of fittings – design, selection, layout, drawing and location of distribution boards and panel boards – control and switch gears – criteria for selection of HT and LT underground cables.
Design of illumination schemes – various types of light sources – different types of lighting arrangement – energy efficiency in lamps and illumination – design considerations of good lighting schemes – design of lighting schemes for various purposes – lighting calculations – design of flood lighting and street lighting – electrical aspects and considerations for lifts, escalator services and standby generators – design and safety aspects of electrical installations for residential buildings, hospitals, hotels, recreational and assembly buildings and cinema theatre.
Electrical installations of high rise buildings – design – schematic diagram – layout – estimation and testing of rising main – main supply board and distribution boards for high rise buildings – lighting protection – electrical system design – estimation and costing of commercial buildings – design considerations of electrical installations in Industries – design, estimating and costing of electrical installations for small industries.
Selection of EHV and HV power and distribution transformers and switchgears – case studies – design – layout – schematic diagram –estimation and costing – (a) 16MVA – 110/11KV outdoor substation having one or two incoming and 8 or less outgoing – (b) 11KV/415V outdoor substations upto 630KVA – (c) 11KV/415V indoor substation upto 630KVA – (d) bus bar trunking above 630KVA – design of earthing system – plate and pipe earthing
Representation of power system – one line diagrams – impedance and reactance diagrams – per unit and percent quantities – primitive and interconnected networks and their performance equations – y-bus and z- bus matrices and their formulation – effect of off nominal transformer on y-bus – load flow studies – problem formulation – classification of buses – gauss-seidal method – Newton Raphson method and fast decoupled load flow method – line loss computation – voltage dependency consideration in load modeling.
Economic load dispatch – system constraints – economic dispatch of thermal plants neglecting line losses – optimum load dispatch including transmission line losses – exact transmission loss formula – automatic load dispatching – optimal load flow solution – speed governing mechanism – speed governing of turbo generator – load sharing and governor characteristics – transfer function model – load frequency – control of single and multi area systems – static analysis – automatic voltage regulation – IEEE type I excitation system transfer function model.
Short circuit studies – faults on power systems – three phase to ground faults – SLGF – DLGF – LLF faults – sequence impedance and sequence network – symmetrical component methods of analysis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults at the terminals of an unloaded generator – fault analysis using z-bus phase shift in star – delta transformer banks – faults through impedance – short circuit capacity of a bus and circuit breaker rating.
Power system stability studies – steady stage dynamic and transient stability – electrical stiffness – swing equation – inertia constant – equal area criterion applied to the case of a sudden change in mechanical power input – multi machine stability analysis using forward euler method – basic assumptions and algorithms – factors affecting stability – voltage stability problem – causes and mitigation methods – introduction to HVDC and flexible ac transmission (FACTS) systems.
State space models for linear systems: Concepts, state space, linear systems in state space, state diagram, state models from transfer functions, phase variable and canonical forms, state transition matrix, solution of state equations, controllability and observability.Linear discrete time systems: pulse transfer function, state space representation of discrete time systems, stability using Jury’s test.
Basic control actions and Root locus technique: Modes of control- Proportional(P) , Integral(I), Derivative(D) and combinations of P, I and D. and its effects on system performance. PID controller tuning in process control.Basic theory and properties of root locus, rules for construction of root locus, complete root locus diagram , effects of addition of poles and zeros.
Design of control systems: Cascade and feedback compensations, design principles, compensating networks- lead, lag, lag lead, design by gain adjustment, cascade compensation using Bode plots and root locus.
Nonlinear systems analysis. Non-linear systems behavior, nonlinearities in control systems, describing function of common nonlinearities, stability analysis by describing function, Phase plane and phase trajectories, Lyapunov stability.
Evolution of mobile radio communication fundamentals. Large scale path loss: propagation models, reflection, diffraction, scattering, practical link budget design using path loss model. Small scale fading & multipath propagation and measurements, impulse response model and parameters of multipath channels, types of fading, theory of multi-path shape factor for fading wireless channels.
Spread spectrum modulation techniques: Pseudo-noise sequence, direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS), frequency hopped spread spectrum(FHSS), performance of DS-SS, performance of FH-SS, modulation performance in fading and multipath channels, fundamentals of equalisation, equaliser in communication receiver, survey of equalisation techniques, linear equaliser, linear equaliser, non-linear equalisation, diversity,techniques RAKE, receiver.
Characteristics of speech signals, quantisation techniques, vocoders, linear predictive coders, time division multiple access, space division multiple access, and frequency division multiple access.
Frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff strategies, interference and system capacity, improving coverage and capacity in cellular systems. Introduction to wireless networks, 2G, 3G wireless systems, wireless standards.
Introduction :Need of EHV transmission, standard transmission voltage, comparison of EHV ac & dc transmission systems and their applications & limitations, surface voltage gradients in conductor, distribution of voltage gradients on sub-conductors, mechanical considerations of transmission lines, modern trends in EHV AC and DC transmission Extra High Voltage Testing: Characteristics and generation of impulse voltage, generation of high Ac and DC voltages, measurement of high voltage by spheregaps and potential dividers.
EHV AC Transmission: Corona loss formulas, corona current, audible noise – generation and characteristics corona pulses their generation and properties, radio interference (RI) effects, over voltage due to switching, ferroresonance, reduction of switching surges on EHV system, principle of half wave transmission.
EHV DC Transmission: Types of dc links, converter station, choice of converter configuration and pulse number, effect of source inductance on operation of converters.Principle of dc link control, converter controls characteristics, firing angle control, current and excitation angle control, power control, starting and stopping of dc link.
Converter faults, protection against over currents and over voltages, smoothing reactors, generation of harmonics, ac and dc filters, Multi Terminal DC systems (MTDC): Types, control, protection and applications.
Introduction to Neural Network: Concept, biological neural network, evolution of artificial neural network, McCulloch-Pitts neuron models, Learning (Supervise & Unsupervise) and activation function, Models of ANN-Feed forward network and feed back network, Learning Rules- Hebbian, Delta, Perceptron Learning and Windrow-Hoff, winner take all.
Supervised Learning: Perceptron learning,- Single layer/multilayer, linear Separability, Adaline, Madaline, Back propagation network, RBFN. Application of Neural network in forecasting, data compression and image compression.Unsupervised learning: Kohonen SOM (Theory, Architecture, Flow Chart, Training Algorithm) Counter Propagation (Theory , Full Counter Propagation NET and Forward only counter propagation net), ART (Theory, ART1, ART2). Application of Neural networks in pattern and face recognition, intrusion detection, robotic vision.
Fuzzy Set: Basic Definition and Terminology, Set-theoretic Operations, Member Function, Formulation and Parameterization, Fuzzy rules and fuzzy Reasoning, Extension Principal and Fuzzy Relations, Fuzzy if-then Rules, Fuzzy Inference Systems. Hybrid system including neuro fuzzy hybrid, neuro genetic hybrid and fuzzy genetic hybrid, fuzzy logic controlled GA. Application of Fuzzy logic in solving engineering problems.
Genetic Algorithm: Introduction to GA, Simple Genetic Algorithm, terminology and operators of GA (individual, gene, fitness, population, data structure, encoding, selection, crossover, mutation, convergence criteria). Reasons for working of GA and Schema theorem, GA optimization problems including JSPP (Job shop scheduling problem), TSP (Travelling salesman problem), Network design routing, timetabling problem. GA implementation using MATLAB.
System approach and End use approach to efficient use of Electricity: Electricity tariff types; Energy auditing: Types and objectives-audit instruments- ECO assessment and Economic methods-specific energy analysis-Minimum energy paths-consumption models-Case study.
Electric motor: Energy efficient controls and starting efficiency-Motor Efficiency and Load Analysis- Energy efficient /high efficient Motors-Case study; Load Matching and selection of motors.Variable speed drives: Pumps and Fans-Efficient Control strategies- Optimal selection and sizing -Optimal operation and Storage; Case study
Transformer Loading/Efficiency analysis, Feeder/cable loss evaluation, case study.Reactive Power management: Capacitor Sizing-Degree of Compensation-Capacitor losses-Location-Placement-Maintenance, case study.Peak Demand controls- Methodologies-Types of Industrial loads-Optimal Load scheduling-case study.Lighting- Energy efficient light sources-Energy conservation in Lighting Schemes- Electronic ballast-Power quality issues-Luminaries, case study.
Cogeneration: Types and Schemes-Optimal operation of cogeneration plants-case study;Electric loads of Air conditioning & Refrigeration-Energy conservation measures- Cool storage. Types-Optimal operation-case study; Electric water heating-Gysers-Solar Water Heaters- Power Consumption in Compressors, Energy conservation measures; Electrolytic Process; Computer Controls- software-EMS .