Multimedia Communications.Introduction to Multimedia towards a definition, The elements of Multimedia, Multimedia today and tomorrow, Using Multimedia: applications ,benefits and problems, Multimedia Authoring and Tools, Multimedia Information Representation, digitization principles, Text, Images, Audio, Fundamental Concepts in Video, Color in Image and Video, Basics of Digital Audio.
Multimedia Compression Techniques.Basic Audio Compression Techniques- Quantization, Non-linear Quantization, Differential Encoding, Linear Prediction Coding-LPC, DPCM, DM, Adaptive DPCM.Lossless Compression-Run Length Coding, Statistical Coding, Huffman Coding, Dictionary Coding, Arithmetic Coding. Lossy Compression-Transform coding, DFT, DCT, Harr Transform, KLT, Wavelet Transforms, Embedded Zero Tree Coder.
Multimedia Compression Standards.JPEG Standards-Baseline JPEG, JPEG Models, JPEG 2000 Standards, JPEG-LS Standard, MPEG audio coders, Dolby audio coders. Basic Video Compression Principles, H.261, 263,264. MPEG Video Coding- MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, MMDs, Applications Enabled by MPEG-7, MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration.
Multimedia Communications Systems.Multimedia Interchange-QMF, OMFI, MHEG. Multimedia Conferencing. HFC Network, Satellite Television Networks, Terrestrial Television Networks, High-speed PSTN access technologies-ADSL, VDSL. High Definition Television, HDTV standards. Movie/ video on demand, Interactive Television, Kiosks, Content-Based Retrieval in Digital Libraries. Knowledge based Multimedia Systems, Intelligent multimedia System Design.
Overview of Wireless Systems. Wireless spectrum, Signal Propagation, Path Loss Models and Shadowing, Shadowing, Combined Path Loss shadowing, Coverage Area, Statistical Fading Models, Narrowband Models, Signal Envelope Distribution, Fading Distributions and Duration. Markov Model. Wideband Fading. Doppler and Delay Spread, Wideband Channel Models.
Capacity of wireless channels- Fading Channels, Capacity of Flat and FS Fading Channels, Modulation schemes, Linear Modulation Performance in Fading, Performance in Fading and ISI. Diversity, receiver diversity, Transmit Diversity
Adaptive Modulation and Adaptive MQAM. Impact of Finite Constellations. MIMO and Space/Time Communications, MIMO Capacity, Beam forming, Diversity, Space time codes.
Multi carrier modulation – OFDM- Multi user systems – multiple access-random access- multi used diversity. Adhoc wireless networks – cross layer Design- Energy Constrained Networks.
Communication Networks and Services: Network functions and network topology, basics of message switching, packet switching, circuit switching and cell switching. Application and Layered Architectures Layering architecture, the OSI reference model, unified view of layers, protocols and services, overview of TCP/IP architecture, TCP/IP protocol. digital Representation of Analog Signals, Line Coding, Modems and Digital Modulation, Circuit-Switching Networks, Multiplexing, SONET, Transport Networks, Circuit Switches, Signaling, Traffic and Overload Controls in Telephone Networks, Cellular Telephone Networks.
Peer-to-Peer Protocols and Data Link Layer, Peer-to-Peer Protocols, ARQ Protocols and Reliable Data Transfer Service. Derivation of Efficiency of ARQ Protocols. Data Link Controls, Framing, Point-to-Point Protocol, HDLC Data Link Control, Link Sharing Using Packet Multiplexers. Multiple access communications, local area networks (LAN) structure, the medium access control sub layer, the logical link control layer, random access, ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, scheduling approaches to medium access control, reservation systems, polling, token passing rings, comparison of random access and scheduling medium access controls. IEEE LAN standards
Packet Switching Networks: Network services and internal network operation, packet network topology, connectionless packet switching, virtual circuit packet switching, routing in packet networks, routing algorithm classification, routing tables, hierarchical routing, link state versus distance vector routing, shortest path algorithms, Dijkstra’s algorithm.
TCP/IP : The Internet Protocol (IP), IP packet, IP addressing, subnet mask, classless inter domain routing (CIDR), address resolution, reverse address resolution, IP fragmentation and reassembly, User Date gram Protocol (UDP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), TCP Reliable stream service, TCP operation, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), mobile IP, IPv6, internet routing protocols, distance vector multicast routing protocol. Integrated Services i, RSVP, Differentiated Services, Network Interconnection Models, MPLS, Real-Time Transport Protocol, Session Control Protocols
Introduction: Elements of Computational Methods, Basis Functions, Sub-domain Basis Functions, Entire-domain Basis Functions, Convergence and Discretization Error Convergence Test, Order of Convergence, Disctretization Error and Extrapolation, Discretization of Operators, Discretization Error in FDM, FDTD, and FEM, Stability of Numerical Solutions, Stability of FDTD Solution, Stability of Matrix Solution, Accuracy of Numerical Solutions, Modeling Errors, Truncation Error, Round-off Error, Validation, Spurious Solutions, Formulations for the Computational Methods
Method of Moments: Basis Functions, Sub-domain Basis Functions, Entire-domain Basis Functions, Point Matching and Galerkin’s Methods, Eigen value Analysis using MoM. Solution of Integral Equations using MoM, Static Charge Distribution on a Wire, Analysis of Stripline, Analysis of Wire Dipole Antenna, Scattering from a Conducting Cylinder of Infinite Length, Greens functions.
Finite Difference Time Domain Analysis: FDTD Analysis in One-Dimension: Pulse Propagation in a Transmission Line, Spatial Step Δx and Numerical Dispersion, Time Step Δt and Stability of the Solution, Source or Excitation of the Grid, Absorbing Boundary Conditions, Applications of One-Dimensional FDTD Analysis, Reflection at an Interface, Determination of Propagation Constant, Design of Material Absorber, Exponential Time-stepping Algorithm in the Lossy Region, FDTD Analysis in Two-Dimensions, Unit Cell, Numerical Dispersion in Two-Dimensions, Time Step Δt for Two-Dimensional Propagation, Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Propagation in Two, Dimensions, Perfectly Matched Layer ABC's FDTD Analysis in Three-Dimension, Yee Cell, Numerical Dispersion in Three-Dimension, Time Step Δt for Three-Dimensional Propagation, Absorbing Boundary Conditions and PML for Three-Dimensions Implementation of Boundary Conditions in FDTD, Perfect Electric and Magnetic Wall Boundary Conditions, Interface Conditions
Finite Element Method: Basic Steps in Finite Element Analysis, Discretization or Meshing of the Geometry, Derivation of the Element Matrix, Assembly of Element Matrices, Solution of System Matrix, Post-processing, FEM Analysis in One-dimension, Treatment of Boundary and Interface Conditions, Accuracy and Numerical Dispersion, FEM Analysis in Two-dimension, Element Matrix for Rectangular Elements, Element Matrix for Triangular Elements, Assembly of Element Matrices and System Equations, Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor, Cut-off Frequency of Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide, FEM Analysis of Open Boundary Problems
Introduction to RADAR: General form of RADAR range equation – block diagram of simple pulsed RADAR and determination of range - maximum Unambiguous range, Radar resolution cell volume, pulse repetition frequency , relevance of Cosecant squared radiation pattern for RADAR antennas - RADAR displays - synthetic and Raw displays, Radar Types based on frequency, Waveform, prf, applications.Probability of detection and false alarm - integration of RADAR pulses-RADAR cross section of various targets.
Radar Systems: Doppler frequency shift and determination of velocity –Block diagram and working principle of CW Doppler RADAR, FMCW Radar and Pulsed Doppler RADAR.MTI Radar block diagram and use of Delay line cancellers- Blind speed-Digital MTI processing-Tracking Radar: Types, Monopulse tracking-Amplitude comparison monopulse system in one/ two coordinates (block diagram)-phase comparison monopulse, Sequential lobing, Conical scan tracking Radar –tracking in range- comparison between Monopulse and conical scan tracking RADARs.
Radar Receivers: Block diagram of super heterodyne receiver- Detection of Radar signals in noise –Matched filter criterion- detection criterion – Extraction of information and waveform design.Special purpose radars: Synthetic Aperture Radar- Height finder- 3D radars -Radar Beacons- Radar Jamming.Microwave Radio communication – block schematics of Terminal transmitters and receivers -Salient features, radio repeaters, microwave radio stations, Line of sight path characteristics, Free space loss, Path clearance, Fade margin, Microwave Radio system gain, Receiver threshold, CNR and SNR, Noise figure.
Satellite Communication: Communication satellites –sub systems of Space-craft - payload – repeater, antenna, control systems. Orbits- Orbital parameters, Apogee&Perigee, period, velocity, coverage angle and slant angle, geostationary orbits look angle, near-geostationary constellations, launching orbits.Elements of digital satellite communication systems, Digital baseband signals, Digital modulation techniques, Satellite digital link design, inter modulation noise and inter satellite links.Principle of Global Positioning Systems – Instrument landing system
Introduction to ASICs: - Types of ASICs - Design flow ASIC construction: Physical Design-Partitioning methods-simple partitioning- constructive partitioning - Interactive partitioning -KL algorithm- Ratio Cut algorithm- simulated annealing
Floor planning: Goals and Objectives- Floor planning tools- channel definition- I/O and Power planning- clock planning.Placement: placement term and definitions -goals and objectives- placement algorithm- iterative placement improvement- placement using simulated annealing-time driven placement methods
Routing: Global routing-goals and objectives- global routing methods- global routing between blocks and inside flexible blocks- Detailed routing- measurement of channel density- left edge algorithm-constrains and routing graphs- area routing algorithm- multi level routing.Special routing: Clock routing- power routing- circuit extraction – DRC.
Testing: Importance- BST cell- Boundary scan Controller-BIST-LFSR- signature analysis – MISR-Test vector-test flow.Faults: Fault models, physical faults, Stuck at fault model, Logical faults, Fault collapsing, Fault simulation – serial fault simulation, parallel fault simulation, concurrent fault simulation, nondeterministic fault simulation, ATPG-D-Calculus, Basic ATPG algorithm, PODEM algorithm, controllability, observability
Basics of Artificial Neural Networks-Biological Aspects, Development of Neural Network Principles, Artificial Neural Networks, Artificial neural net terminology, Model of a neuron, Topology, Perceptrons, Widrow-Hoff LMS algorithm; Multilayer networks, Back propagation algorithm, variants of Back propagation Learning, Types of learning-Supervised, Unsupervised, Reinforcement learning. Characteristics of Neural Networks. Basic Learning Laws. Activation Dynamic Models, Synaptic Dynamic Models, Learning Methods, Stability and Convergence. Feed Forward Neural Networks and Feed Back Neural Networks, Boltzmann Machine. Competitive Learning Neural Networks.
Neural Networks Based Control- Representation and identification, modeling the plant, control structures – supervised control, Model reference control, Internal model control, Predictive control. Architectures for Complex Pattern Recognition Tasks- Associative Memory, Pattern Mapping, Stability-Plasticity Dilemma-ART, Temporal Patterns, Pattern Variability: Neocognitron. Direct and Indirect Adaptive Control Using Neural Networks. Applications of neural nets - Pattern recognition, Optimization, Associative memories, Speech and Decision making. Vector quantization.
Fuzzy Logic- Introduction, Fuzzy Sets, Concept of Fuzzy Number, Operation of Fuzzy sets, Properties of Fuzzy Set, Fuzzy versus probability, Fuzzy relations and Fuzzy relation calculations – Fuzzy members – Indices of Fuzziness –Comparison of Fuzzy quantities – Methods of determination of membership functions. Fuzzy Rule systems and interpretability of Fuzzy Rule systems, Knowledge Processing with Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Linguistic variables, Linguistic Modifier, Fuzzy Implication Relations, Fuzzy Compositional Rules.
Fuzzy Logic Control- Mamdani Model. Fuzzy Controllers: Basic construction of fuzzy controller –Analysis of static properties of fuzzy controller – Analysis of dynamic properties of fuzzy controller. Construction of FLC. Fuzzy PD controllers, Fuzzy PI Controllers. Case study – fuzzy control for smart cars.Neuro – Fuzzy and Fuzzy – Neural Controllers: Neuro – fuzzy systems: A unified approximate reasoning approach – Construction of role bases by self-learning: System structure and learning algorithm – A hybrid neural network based Fuzzy controller with self-learning teacher. Fuzzified CMAC and RBF network based self-learning controllers.