801: AUDIO & VIDEO ENGINEERING

Module 1

Audio Engineering: Sound waves, Complex sounds, Audio frequency range, loudness, pitch, and decibels.Sound pick up devices (microphones): types: - condenser- carbon, piezoelectric – direction pattern-parameters of microphones: - frequency range- sensitivity-impedance- noise. Sound reproduction devices: types: - horn, cone –typical specifications- Acoustics of speech production and hearing. Recording of Sound: Magnetic recording systems –optical storage systems-Coding and decoding applied to CD – CD-R

Module 2

Video Engineering: Elements of Television System:- Basic Block Schematic of Monochrome TV Transmitter and receiver, Gross structure, flicker& interlaced scanning ,number of scanning lines. Horizontal and Vertical resolution, Resolution and Bandwidth. Composite video signal- Vertical and horizontal synchronization,Vestigial Sideband Transmission, transmission of Sound signal. Modulation Positive and Negative Modulation and its comparison - Picture tubes. Television Cameras, Working Principle and operation of CCD cameras,

Module 3

Colour Television: Compatibility considerations, Colour response of human eye, three colour theory, additive mixing of colours, chromaticity diagram, Luminance and chrominance, Block schematic explanation of Colour TV Cameras. Colour difference signal and its generation. Colour signal transmission, Modulation of colour Difference signals and colour burst signal. Basic Colour Television Systems: PAL, NTSC and SECAM.-Block Schematic, explanation and Comparison. Colour TV picture tubes: CRTs, LCD and Plasma displays.

Module 4

Audio and Video coding: Introduction to Audio Coding, Audio compression, MPEG – Block diagram of audio encoder and decoder, Digital Audio Broadcasting- Block schematic explanation.Video coding and compression: Need for compression- video image representation – quantization of image dataintra frame compression techniques: DPCM –DCT based transform coding- Motion Compensation –H261 video conference coding standard-MPEG video compression- HDTV- DVB-T


802 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Module 1

Microwave Communication : Basic principles of microwave links- Microwave Relay Systems – Choice of frequency – line of sight and over the horizon systems – modulation methods – block schematics of terminal transmitters and receivers – microwave repeaters – microwave repeaters – microwave repeaters – microwave antennas – propagation mechanisms – propagation characteristics – path loss models – shadowing models – small scale fading and multipath fading – basic principles of design of microwave link

Module 2

Satellite Communication – Orbit of communication satellite – Satellite Constellation – Orbital parameters –Orbital perturbations – Geostationary orbits – Low Earth and Medium Orbits – Look Angles – Frequency selection RF Links – Propagation characteristics – Modulation methods- coding – multiple access – space craft –antennas – transponders – intersatellite link – link power budget – earth station interference – Satellite systems –Geostationary systems – Distress and Safety systems – Navigation systems – direct sound broadcast systems –Direct Television broadcast systems

Module 3

Spread system Communication: General concepts – Direct Sequence spread spectrum – frequency hopping –transmitter and receiver – time hopping – Antijam consideration – CDMA Telemetry and Remote Sensing : Definition of telemetry – different types – Applications – Image characteristics –Contrast Ratio – Spatial Resolution – Resolving Power – brightness – tones etc. – Remote Sensing Systems –Framing systems – Scanning systems – characteristics of aerial photographs – spatial and ground resolution –relief displacement etc – IR detection and imaging – IR image characteristics – Applications of Remote Sensing.

Module 4

Wireless communication systems: Cellular concepts – Cell Splitting and Frequency Reuse - Propagation Mechanisms – Modulation techniques for wireless communication – Analog, Digital and Spread Spectrum modulation – Equalisation, Diversity and Channel coding Diversity Techniques – Multiple access techniques for Wireless Commuications – FDMA,TDMA and CDMA – Wireless systems and standards – AMPS – Global System for Mobile(GSM) – CDMA – General Packet Radio Service – DECT System .


803 OPTO ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

Module 1

Nature of light, optical laws, optical fiber –ray analysis –wave propagation in di-electric slab wave guide – mode theory of optical fiber – multi mode and signal mode fibers – graded index fiber –NA-fabrication of optical fibersspecification of optical fiber – attenuation characteristics-dispersion- types-effect on bandwidth- dispersion shifted and polarization maintaining fiber.

Module 2

Optical sources-direct and indirect band gap materials-LED structures- quantum efficiency- modulation.Laser diodes- rate equations- diode structure- single mode laser-modulation- temperature effects- quantum cascade lasers-vertical cavity surface emitting lasers- modal noise- partition noise- reflection noise. Photo detectors-PIN, APD, Photo detector noise - response time- structure of detectors- receiver units.

Module 3

Light coupling-source to fiber coupling, fiber splices- fiber to fiber coupling-effect of mis-alignment-coherent detection-transceivers for fiber optic communication. Pre amplifier types-optical receiver performance calculation-noise effects-receiver modules: - Analog communication link - link power budget, rise time budget.Optical spectrum analyzer- Applications-Measurement of attenuation-Cut back technique-Insertion Loss method,OTDR, Dispersion measurement for chromatic, polarization mode and intermodal dispersion. Eye patterns.

Module 4

Components of fiber optic networks: – couplers - splitters- semiconductor optical amplifiers- Erbium doped fiber amplifiers- wavelength division multiplexers/ demultiplexers. Filters- isolators-circulators-optical switches-Wavelength converters- Fiber gratings tunable sources-tunable filters.Optical networks:- SONET/ SDH, DWDM, Optical CDMA, FDDI, performance of various systems.


804 A DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Module 1

Digital image fundamentals: representation - elements of visual perception - simple image formation model -Image sampling and quantization - basic relationships between pixels – imaging geometry Review of matrix theory results: Row and column ordering - Toeplitz, Circulant and Block matrices. Review of Image transforms: 2D-DFT, FFT, Walsh, Hadamard , Haar, DCT and Wavelet transforms.

Module 2

Image enhancement: Spatial domain methods: point processing - intensity transformations, histogram processing, image subtraction, image averaging; Spatial filtering- smoothing filters, sharpening filters. Frequency domain methods: low pass filtering, high pass filtering, homomorphic filtering. Generation of spatial masks from frequency domain specifications Image segmentation: Detection of discontinuities - point, line and edge and combined detection , Edge linking and boundary description - local and global processing using Hough transform – Thresholding - Region oriented segmentation - basic formulation, region growing by pixel aggregation, region splitting and merging - Use of motion in segmentation. Fundamentals of Representation and Description.

Module 3

Image restoration: Degradation model - Diagonalization of circulant and Block circulant matrices - Algebraic approaches - Inverse filtering - Wiener filter - Constrained Least squares restoration - Interactive restoration -Geometric transformations.Fundamentals of Colour image processing: colour models - RGB, CMY, YIQ, HIS - Pseudo color image processing - intensity slicing, gray level to color transformation.

Module 4

Image compression: fundamentals- redundancy: coding, inter pixel, psycho visual, fidelity criteria, Models,Elements of information theory, Error free compression- variable length, bit plane, lossless predictive, Lossy compression- lossy predictive, transform coding. Fundamentals of JPEG, MPEG, Fractals.


804 B BIOINFORMATICS

Module 1

Basic Concepts of Molecular Biology: Cells - Chromosomes, DNA, RNA, Proteins, Central dogma of molecular biology, Genomes and Genes - Genetic code, Transcription, Translation and Protein synthesis. Web based genomic and proteomic data bases: NCBI, GenBank

Module 2

Sequence alignments – Dot plot-Pair-wise sequence alignments - local and global -Sequence similarity and distance measures - Smith-Waterman algorithm, Needleman-Wunch algorithm, Multiple sequence alignment –Sum-of-Pairs measure - Star and tree alignments – PAM and BLOSUM, Phylogenetic analysis

Module 3

Informational view of Genomic data, Genomic Signal Processing, DNA Spectrograms, Identification of protein coding regions, Gene expression, Microarrays, Microarray image analysis

Module 4

Gene structure in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Molecular Structure Prediction: Basic concepts and terminologies related to molecular structures, Basic molecular Visualization, RNA secondary structure prediction, Protein folding problem, Protein Threading, Protein Visualization, Introduction to Drug Discovery.


804C ASIC DESIGN

Module 1

Introduction to ASICs: - Types of ASICs - Design flow - Combinational Logic Cell -Sequential logic cell - Data path logic cell – I/O cells .Transistors as Resistors - Transistor Parasitic Capacitance-Logical effort.

Module 2

Programmable ASICs: - Anti fuse - static RAM - EPROM and EEPROM technology – practical issues -Programmable ASIC logic cells : Actel ACT - Xilinx LCA - Altera FLEX - Altera MAX.Programmable ASIC I/O cells : DC & AC inputs and outputs - Clock & Power inputs .

Module 3

Programmable ASIC interconnect: Actel ACT -Xilinx LCA - Altera MAX 5000 and 7000 –Testing: Importance, Faults, Fault models, physical faults, Stuck at fault model, Logical faults, Fault collapsing, Fault simulation – serial fault simulation, parallel fault simulation, concurrent fault simulation, nondeterministic fault simulation, ATPG-D-Calculus, Basic ATPG algorithm, PODEM algorithm, controllability, observability.

Module 4

ASIC construction: System partition - FPGA partitioning - partitioning methods – Popular algorithms Floor planning and placement: physical design flow- algorithms. Routing : global routing - detailed routing - special routing - circuit extraction - DRC.


804D MIXED SIGNAL SYSTEM DESIGN

Module 1

Basic current mirrors and single-stage amplifiers : simple CMOS current mirror, common-source amplifier,source-follower or common-drain amplifier, common-gate amplifier, source-degenerated current mirrors, high output impedance current mirrors, cascode gain stage, MOS differential pair and gain stage. Basic Opamp Design and Compensation – Two-stage CMOS opamp, Feedback and Opamp Compensation. Advanced Current Mirrors and Opamps – Folded-Cascode Opamp, Current Mirror Opamp, Fully Differential Opamps, Common-Mode Feedback Circuits, Current-Feedback Opamps.

Module 2

Comparators using Opamp:- Charge-Injection Errors, Latched Comparators, Examples of CMOS comparators.Sample-and-Hold Circuits, MOS Sample-and-Hold Basics, Examples of CMOS S/H Circuits, Band-GapReference Voltage, Switched-Capacitor circuits – Basic building blocks, operation and analysis, Charge Injection, Switched-Capacitor Gain Circuits, Correlated Double Sampling techniques.

Module 3

Data Converter Fundamentals: Nyquist-rate D/A and A/D Converters, Oversampling Converters with and without noise shaping, Sigma-delta A/D converters, Higher-order modulators, MASH architecture, band-pass oversampling converters, multi-bit oversampling converters, Continuous-time filters.

Module 4

Analog Layout considerations:, CMOS Layout and design rules, Layout of integrated resistors, capacitors and analog switches.