Probability distributions: random ariables (discrete & continuous), probability density,mathematical expectation, mean and variance of a probability distribution, binomial distribution, Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution, uniform distribution ,normal distribution. Curve fitting: method of least squares, correlation and regression,lines of regression.
Sampling distributions: population and samples, the sampling distribution of the mean unknown),σ known), the sampling distribution of the mean (σ( the sampling distribution of the variance, point estimation, interval estimation, tests of hypotheses, nul hypothese and significance tests, hypothesis concerning one mean, type I and type II errors,hypotheses concerning two means. The estimation of variances : Hypotheses concerning one variance - Hypotheses concerning two variances.
Finite difference Operators: ∇, , Ε, δ, μ , x(n) .Newton’s Forward and Backward differences interpolation polynomials, central differences, Stirlings central differences interpolation polynomial. Lagrange interpolation polynomial, divided differences,Newton’s divided differences interpolation polynomial. Numerical differentiation:Formulae fo derivatives in the case of equally spaced points. Numerical integration:Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules, compounded rules, errors of interpolation and integration formulae. Gauss quadrature formulae (No derivation fo 2 point and 3 point formulae)
Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Taylor series method, Euler’s method, modified Euler’s method, Runge-Kutta formulae 4th order formula. Numerical solution of boundary value problems: Methods of finite differences, finite differences methods fo solving Laplace’s equation ii a rectangular region, finite differencesmethods fo solving the wave equation and heat equation.
1. Irvrin Miller & Freind : Probability And Statistics For Engineers, Prentice Hall OfIndia 2. S.S.Sastry: Numerical Methods, PHI Publishers.
1. P.Kandaswamy K.Thilagavathy, K.Gunavathy: Numerical Mehtods, S.Chand & Co.2. A.Papoulis: Probability,Random Variables And Stochastic Processes,MGH Publishers
Alternators- constructional features of high speed cylindrical rotor and low speed salient pole machines, synchronous speed AC windings - different types (detailed drawing not required) emf equation- distribution factor- coil span factor- field mmf and gap flux density distribution – harmonics in induced emf - remedial measures - mmf of AC windings- space harmonics- revolving magnetic field.
Theory of cylindrical rotor machines- armature reaction- synchronous impedance- voltage regulation-determination of regulation by mmf, emf and Potier methods- Principles of operation of automatic voltage regulators - determination of Xd, Xq by slip test.Parallel operation of alternators - performance of two machines in parallel-synchronising power - effect of speed regulation on load sharing -methods of synchronizingsynchroscope-methods of automatic synchronizing-synchronous machines on infinite bus bars.
Synchronous motor-torque and power relationship-phasor diagram starting of synchronous motors-losses and efficiency calculations-V curves-synchronous condenserload angle
Power angle diagrams -power flow equation for cylindrical and salient pole machinesreluctance power-maximum power transfer-stability limit-control of active and reactivepower in synchronous machines on infinite bus bars.Symmetrical short circuits (only qualitative analysis) - steady state, transient and subtransient reactance - time constants- Hunting in synchronous machines- naturaPower angle diagrams -power flow equation for cylindrical and salient pole machinesreluctance power-maximum power transfer-stability limit-control of active and reactive power in synchronous machines on infinite bus bars. Symmetrical short circuits (only qualitative analysis) - steady state, transient and subtransient reactance - time constants- Hunting in synchronous machines- natural frequency of oscillations - damper windings.frequency of oscillations - damper windings.
Overview of vector analysis – Co-ordinate systems – rectangular, cylindrical, spherical transformations. Divergence theorem, Stokes theorem, Div, Grad, Curl.Static Electric field: Coulomb’ s law, superposition, electric flux, electric field, electric scalar potential, dipole, method of images – Gauss law for electric flux, boundary conditions – capacitance of isolated sphere, concentric sphere, co-axial cylinder/cable two wire transmission line- energy stored in electric field / capacitor, energy density.Laplace equation, Poisson’ s equation, Uniqueness theorem.
Static magnetic field of steady electric currents – magnetic flux, Biot -Savart law,Ampere’ s law, Gauss law for magnetic flux –boundary conditions, magnetic vector potential, inductance of a coaxial cable, two wire transmission line, solenoid, toroid.Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’ s law, self & mutual inductance. Continuity equation – displacement current – Maxwell’ s equations integral & differential form.
Uniform plane waves –general solution –TEM waves – relation between electric and magnetic fields, phase and group velocity – plane waves in lossy medium, skin depth,propagation constants and intrinsic impedance – Harmonically varying field, Poynting theorem-interpretation, application. Wave polarization – linear, elliptic and circular polarization, wave guides – rectangular - modes of propagation- cylindrical wave guides.
Reflection of plane waves at boundaries – normal and oblique incidence – refraction –transmission – Snell’ s law – critical angle – Brewster angle – total internal reflection.Transmission lines: - Uniform transmission line – VI solution- characteristic impedance– VSWR – impedance matching – quarter wave and half wave length transformer – stub matching – single and double – Smith chart – impedance matching using Smith Chart.
Conducting materials: Review of metallic conduction on the basis of free electron theory-Fermi-Dirac distribution – variation of conductivity with temperature and composition,Materials for electric resistances- general electric properties: brushes of electrical machines, lamp filaments, fuses and solder.Semiconductors: Compound semiconductors – basic ideas of amorphous and organic semiconductor – preparation of semiconductor materials – zone-refining technique –fabrication of p-n-p junction.Magnetic materials: Classification of magnetic materials – origin of permanent magnetic dipoles – ferromagnetism - hysterisis curve – hard and soft magnetic materials –magnetic material used in electrical machines, instruments and relays.
Dielectrics: dielectric polarization under static fields – electronic, ionic and dipolar polarizations – behavior of dielectrics in alternating fields – mechanism of breakdown ingases, liquids and solids - factors influencing dielectric strength – capacitor materials Insulating materials – complex dielectric constant – dipolar relaxation dielectric loss insulator materials used – inorganic materials (mica, glass, porcelain, asbestos) – organic materials (paper, rubber, cotton silk, fibre, wood, plastics, bakelite)- resins and varnishes– liquid insulators (transformer oil) – gaseous insulators (air, SF6, and hydrogen )ageing of insulators.
Materials for special applications: materials for solar cells/fuels cells/battery- materials for coatings for enhanced solar thermal energy collection – solar selective coatings- cold mirror coatings- heat mirror coatings – antireflection coatings, Sintered alloys for breaker/switch contacts – arcing tips.
Modern techniques for Material Studies: optical microscopy – electron microscopy –photoelectron spectroscopy – atomic absorption spectroscopy – magnetic resonance –nuclear magnetic resonance – electron spin resonance – ferromagnetic resonance.
Intel 8085 and 8086 processors – architecture – memory addressing – addressing modes –instruction set – assembly language programming – assemblers – interrupts – pin configuration - timing diagrams – minimum and maximum mode – multiprocessor configuration.
Interfacing – address decoding – interfacing chips – programmable peripheral interface(8255) – programmable communication interface (8251) – programmable timer (8253) –DMA controller (8259) – programmable interrupt controller (8257) – keyboard display interface (8279).
Introduction to 80386 – memory management unit – descriptors, selectors, description tables and TSS – real and protected mode – memory paging – special features of the Pentium processor – branch prediction logic – super scalar architecture.
8051 Micro controller – Architecture Basic Assembly Language Programming Concepts– Moving data – Logical Operations- Arithmetic Operations – Jump and call Instructions-/ An 8051 Micro controller Design- Applications- Serial data Communication.
Integrated Circuits- Introduction to operational amplifiers – basic differiential amplifier – dual input balanced output and unbalanced output – Internal block schematic of op amp - Biasing used in IC – Constant current source - current mirror Circuits – Op –amp parameters – ideal op amp – transfer curve – equivalent circuit –internal circuit analysis of a typical op – amp- frequency response frequency compensation. Slew rate and its effect, typical data sheet 741.
Input bias current – off set – drift – compensating networks CMRR,SVRR, finite gain bandwidth and its effect in opamp circuits performance Open loop configurations Op amp in closed loop configuration : Different feed back configutrations – voltage follower – V/I converters, I/V converters and its applications – Differential amplifiers with one op amp and 3 op amps. Instrumentation amplifier IC and its application.
Op amp applications – Summer – Sub tractor –Log amplifier –Antilog amplifier _Integrator and differentiator Comparatoprs : zero crossing – using voltage references –regenerative (Schmitt trigger ) comparators : window detector application – OP as comparators – Astable and monostable multivibrators – Triangular and tooth wave generators – RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators – Sample and hold circuit – peak detector circuit. Precision rectifiers. Voltage regulators – 723 (block diagram, typical low voltage regulator circuit). 78XX, 79XX, 371.
Specialized ICs and applications: 555 timers – Functional block diagram – A stable multi vibrator , mono stable , multi vibrator and its applications – Voltage to Frequency converter – Automobile tachometer : 566 VCO chip 565 PLL: - PLLapplications . ADC and DAC – performance specification – weighted, R – 2R ;successive approximation , flash, integrating ,Filters: Transfer functions –LPF,HPF,BPF,BRF Approximation methods Butter worth – Chebyshev – Active Filters –I order filters, Quality factor Design – Universal Active Filters – All Pass filters.Switched Capacitive Filters.