Transducers – definitions – classifications – resistance transducers- strains gauge – types –construction – temperature effect - circuitry, semi conductor strain gauge – load cell.Resistance thermo meter – types – circuits – errors. Thermistor – advantage of thermistor.Inductive transducers – LVDT – applications – LVDT load cell – LVDT pressure transducer – resolver – capacitive transducer – principle of operation – applications – capacitor microphone.Piezoelectric transducer – materials – equivalent circuit – d, g, h, coefficients – thermocouple – principle – applications – magnetostrictive transducers – materials, applications, Hall effect transducer – application – elastic transducers (brief study) – Bourdon tubes – diaphragms – Bellows – Fibre Optics transducers – digital transducers – shaft encoder.
Signal conditioning – instrumentation amplifiers – differential amplifiers – filters – law and high pass, band pass and band rejection filters –transducer bridges – null type and deflection bridges – AC bridges using push pull transducers – general telemetry systems – sampling process – principles of time division and frequency division multiplexing, different types of modulation techniques as applied to telemetry (general idea)
Instrumentations systems – basic measuring systems – analog and digital data acquisition systems – generalized input-output configuration of measuring systems – dynamic characteristics.Digital instruments – operating principles of DVM using successive approximation – V/F conversion and integrating principles – counter digital method for frequency, phase, time and period measurements – digital RLC meters – Q-meter – vector impedance meter – electronic multimeter.
Display methods and devices – different types of display – display system building blocks – recorders – galvanometric recorders-pen driving systems – servo recorders – magnetic recorders – digital recorders – accuracy and precision – classification errors- combined errors etc.
D C Machines:- Output equation – main dimensions choice of specific electro magnetic loadings – choice of speed and number of poles. Design of armature conductors, slots and windings – design of airgap,field system, commutator,interpoles,compensating winding and brushes – Carter’s co-efficient – real and apparent flux density. Design examples.
Transformers; - Single phase and Three phase transformers – output equation - main dimensions – specific electric and magnetic loadings – design of core, LV winding, HV winding – cooling of transformers – design of cooling tank and tubes. Temperature rise time curve – short time and continuous rating.
Alternators:- Salient pole and turbo alternators – output equation – main dimensions – choice of specific electric and magnetic loadings – choice of speed and number of poles – design of armature conductors, slots and winding – design of air-gap, field system and damper winding – prediction of open circuit characteristics and regulation of the alternator based on design data – design examples.
Induction machines:- Output equation – main dimensions – choice of specific electric and magnetic loadings – design of stator and rotor windings, stator and rotor slots and air-gap of slip ring and squirrel cage motors – calculation of rotor bar and end ring currents in cage rotor – calculation of equivalent circuit parameters and prediction of magnetising current based on design data – design examples.
Circuit breakers – principles of operation – different types and their operations – ABCB – oil CB – SFC – vacuum CB- circuit breaker ratings – cause of over voltages – surges and traveling waves – voltage waves on loss less line – reflection and attenuation – protection against lightning – earth wires – lightning diverters – surge absorbers- arcing ground – neutral earthing – basic concepts of insulation levels and their selection – BIL – coordination of insulation.
Protective relays – protective zones – requirement of protective relaying – different types of relays and their applications – generalized theory of relays – protection scheme for generator – transformers, lines and bus bars - static relays amplitude and phase comparators – block diagrams of static relays – protection scheme for generators – transformers, lines and bus bars – microprocessor based protective relaying.
Electric traction: systems of traction – speed time curve – mechanics of traction – power supply – systems of current collection – electric heating – advantage of electric heating – resistance and induction are furnaces – construction and field of application of dielectric heating.
Energy conservation in electric motors – lighting and electric heating systems – electrical energy auditing – instrumentation and general methodology – power quality problems – definitions – harmonics – sources – effects – total harmonic distortion (THD) – mitigation methods – Electricity tariff – rate structure elements – types of tariffs – declining block rates – demand energy rates – seasonal rates – time of day rates – interruptible rates – curtailable rates.
Introduction to Mechatronics - Elements of Mechatronic Systems. Mechatronics in manufacturing - Mechatronics in products - Scope of Mechatronics.Mathematical modeling of Engineering Systems: System Building blocks for Mechanical, Electrical, Fluid and Thermal systems.General Engineering System Modeling: Rotational - Translational, Electromechanical, Hydraulic_ Mechanical systems - System Transfer Function - Dynamic response of systems for standard test signals (Detailed mathematical analysis not required).
Actuation Systems: Pneumatic & Hydraulic Systems: Process Control Valves, Directional and Pressure Control valves, Linear and Rotary actuators.Mechanical Actuation Systems: Translational and Rotational motions, Kinematic Chains, Cams, Gear Trains, Ratchet and Pawl, Belt and Chain drives, Bearings.Electrical Actuation Systems: Mechanical and Solid State Relays, Solenoids, DC & AC motors, Servo & Stepper motors- feedback devices - encoders - pulse digitizers - resolvers - inductosyn – tachometers.
Fundamentals of numerical control - advantages of NC systems - classification of NC systems - point to point and contouring systems - NC and CNC - incremental and absolute systems - open loop and closed loop systems - features of NC machine tools - fundamentals of machining - design consideration of NC machine tools - methods of improving machine accuracy and productivity Industrial robotics - basic concepts - robot anatomy - robotics and automation - specification of robots - resolution - repeatability and accuracy of manipulator - classification of robots.
MEMS: Internal Structure, advantages, manufacturing, applications - Fibre Optic Devices in Mechatronics Mechatronic System Controllers: ON/OFF, P, I, D, PI and PID Controllers, Digital controllers, Intelligent Controllers in Mechatronics.Programmable Logic Controllers: Structure, I/O processing, Programming, applications – Selection Criteria.
Transducers and sensors : Transducers – sensors – active and passive. Study of biological sensors in human body and their basic mechanism of action – organization of nervous system – neuronal mechanism and circuit processing – study of various corpuscles like pacinian – Chemoreceptors,hot and cold receptors, barro receptors, sensors for smell, sound, vision, osmolality and taste.
Chemical Transducers: Transducers for the measurement of ions and dissolved gases.Reference electrodes – Hydrogen electrodes – silver- silver chloride electrodes – Calomel electrodes. Measurement of pH – Glass pH electrodes. Measurement of pCO2 – catheter tip electrodes for the measurement of pO2 and pCO2. Blood gas analysers and autoanalysers.
Bio sensors – Ion exchange membrane electrodes – oxygen electrodes- CO2 electrodes enzyme electrode- construction – ISFET for glucose, urea etc. Electrolytic sensors – optical sensor – fiber optic sensors.
Transducers : Temperature transducer – thermoresistive transducers, thermoelectric, p-n junction, chemical thermometry. Displacement transducers – potentiometric – resistive strain gauges-inductive displacement – capactive displacement transducer. Pressuire transducer – indirect method – measurement of blood pressure using sphygmanometer – instrument based on korotkof sound , strain gauge and LVDT transducers, capactive and piezo electric type, catheter tip transducer – measurement of intracranial pressure – catheter tip – implantable type. Transducers for velocity and torque measurements .
FACTS concepts and general system considerations: Power flow in AC systems - Definition of FACTS - Power flow control -Constraints of maximum transmission line loading - Benefits of FACTS Transmission line compensation- Uncompensated line -shunt compensation - Series compensation -Phase angle control.
Static shunt compensators: SVC and STATCOM - Operation and control of TSC, TCR and STATCOM - Compensator control - Comparison between SVC and STATCOM.Static series compensation: TSSC, SSSC -Static voltage and phase angle regulators - TCVR and TCPAR- Operation and Control -Applications.
Unified Power Flow Controller: Circuit Arrangement, Operation and control of UPFC- Basic Principle of P and Q control- independent real and reactive power flow control- Applications - Introduction to interline power flow controller.
Special purpose FACTS controllers - Thyristor controlled voltage limiter - Thyristor controlled voltage regulator - Thyristor controlled braking resistor - Thyristor controlled current limiter-Custom Power - Compensation Devices - STS - SSC - SVR -Backup energy supply devices
Introduction-power quality-voltage quality-overview of power quality phenomena-classification of power quality issues-power quality measures and standards-THD-TIF-DIN-C-message weights-flicker factor-transient phenomena-occurrence of power quality problems
Harmonics-individual and total harmonic distortion-RMS value of a harmonic waveform-triplex harmonics-important harmonic introducing devices-SMPS-Three phase power converters-arcing devices-saturable devices-harmonic distortion of fluorescent lamps-effect of power system harmonics on power system equipment and loads.
Power factor improvement- Passive Compensation . Passive Filtering . Harmonic Resonance . Impedance Scan Analysis- Active Power Factor Corrected Single Phase Front End, Control Methods for Single Phase APFC, Three Phase APFC and Control Techniques, PFC Based on Bilateral Single Phase and Three Phase Converter. static var compensators-SVC and STATCOM
Active Harmonic Filtering-Shunt Injection Filter for single phase, three-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire systems. d-q domain control of three phase shunt active filters uninterruptible power supplies-constant voltage transformers- series active power filtering techniques for harmonic cancellation and isolation . Dynamic Voltage Restorers for sag , swell and flicker problems.