The Educational Semantic Web : Visioning and Practicing the Future of Education

Abstract: I (Terry) first became interested in the semantic web from reading Berners-Lee's original works 
 and following first generation developments of semantic web technologies in information science, e-business and health fields. I then began including the ideas in talks I gave at various conferences and forums in 2003. Naturally, I became curious about what other educators were doing with the semantic web and so Googled the term, "education semantic web". Much to my surprise and disappointment, I found that most of the references were to my own admittedly introductory and visionary comments made in these speeches. Where was the real work, innovation and actual prototype development? Fortunately, we were able to locate this type of work and we believe that most of the leading researchers in the area of the educational semantic web have contributed to this special issue. Of course, if we have missed your work, we welcome comments and URLs in the discussion areas of the special issue. Editors: Terry Anderson and Denise Whitelock.


I n t r o d u c t i o n
The "Semantic We b" is a term coined by Tim Berners-Lee to refer to a vision of the next dramatic evolution of web technology.He envisions forms of intelligence and meaning being added to the display and navigational context of the current Wo r l d Wide Web (web).The Semantic Web is a long-range development that is being built in stages by groups of re s e a rchers, developers, scientists and engineers around the world through a process of specification and prototype instantiating these intero perable specifications.
Semantic Web based applications are being developed in all disciplines and p rofessions, including education.Both formal and informal education are integral to all forms of human development.The information age, with its emphasis on k n owledge growth and multiple forms of communication, is dependent upon citize n s being able to learn effective l y.The speed and incessant demand for change is forc i n g formal and informal educational opportunities to become more effective and efficient.Mo re ove r, the social costs of neglecting education exacerbate schisms b e t ween those with opportunities for learning and those without.The "have" and " h a ve not" effects are social costs that individuals, as well as society as a whole, can ill afford.The Semantic Web provides a long-term vision of opportunity for educational provision that is unbounded by geographic, temporal or economic distance.But is this vision attainable?If so, is the effort re q u i red to re a l i ze this vision commensurate with the potential gain?I (Te r ry) first became interested in the semantic web from reading Be r n e r s -L e e's original works and following first generation developments of semantic we b technologies in information science, e-business and health fields.I then began including the ideas in talks I gave at various conferences and forums in 2003.Na t u r a l l y, I became curious about what other educators we re doing with the semantic web and so Googled the term, "education semantic we b".Much to my surprise and disappointment, I found that most of the re f e rences we re to my own admittedly i n t ro d u c t o ry and visionary comments made in these speeches.W h e re was the re a l w o rk, innovation and actual prototype development?Fo rt u n a t e l y, we we re able to locate this type of work and we believe that most of the leading re s e a rchers in the a rea of the educational semantic web have contributed to this special issue.Of course, if we have missed your work, we welcome comments and URLs in the discussion areas of the special issue (see below).

Format of this Special Issue
The Educational Semantic Web provides a theme around which many futures and technological applications can be crafted.This Special Issue of JIME is an i n t e r a c t i ve, peer and public re v i ewed exposé, in academic terms, of the future of the Educational Semantic We b.The format of Special Issue builds upon the work of a 2003 JIME issue in which chapters from the book, "Reusing Online Re s o u rces: A Sustainable Ap p roach to eLearning" we re publicly re v i ewed by an international gro u p of experts.The re v i ews sparked further commentary between re v i ewers, authors and the general re a d e r s h i p.
This Special Issue will feature nine papers by invited, internationally re n ow n e d authors who have previously written about the effect of technology on education, learning and scholarship.Their interests and writing span distance education, higher education and lifelong learning.Each has shown capacity to write with vision and clarity that has garnered international attention.They we re asked to create original a rticles that envision the future decade of education and learning based on their c u r rent work and interests in respect to the emergence of a global and intelligent Semantic We b.
The second component of the Special Issue is devoted to reactions to the art i c l e s written by some of the world's foremost educational practitioners with acknow l e d g e d leadership and competence in building educational systems based on the use of new technologies.Although the distinction between the two groups may not always be easy to discern, the authors of the commentaries we re asked to re v i ew and comments upon one of the selected articles.The goal of the commentaries was to re v i ew the a rticle with a critical eye tow a rds practicality, training and support issues, cultural and economic barriers, implicit assumptions, and other issues related to the adoption of innova t i o n

Visions of the Educational Semantic We b
The Educational Semantic Web is a developing and futuristic vision.As such, it has many enthusiastic proponents and an equal number of sceptics.In this intro d u c t i o n to the Special Issue, we highlight the promise of these technologies and conclude with the major arguments of the Semantic Web sceptics.
The Educational Semantic Web is based on three fundamental affordances.The first is the capacity for effective information storage and re t r i e val.The second is the capacity for nonhuman autonomous agents to augment the learning and information re t r i e val and processing power of human beings.The third affordance is the capacity of the Internet to support, extend and expand communications capabilities of humans in multiple formats across the bounds of time and space.Ad vocates of the Semantic Web envisage its use to create ve ry powe rful new applications in nearly all disciplines, social and economic endeavors.Howe ver little has been written to date expanding on the promise and the current pro g ress that applies these powe rf u l a f f o rdances to educational contexts, challenges and opportunities.Thus, the rationale for this special issue.

. 1 Information Storage and Retrieval
We have rapidly become accustomed to a network in which search engines prov i d e potential hits numbering in the tens or hundreds of thousands for many re l e vant and i m p o rtant terms.Da i l y, tens of thousands more web pages of information are added to the net.Yet, our capacity to find and re t r i e ve, much less manipulate and organize this material is only at a ve ry ru d i m e n t a ry state.The Semantic Web deals with this challenge by ostensibly allowing content to become aware of itself.This aware n e s s a l l ows humans and agents to query and infer knowledge from information quickly and in many cases automatically.T h rough the use of metadata organized in n u m e rous interrelated ontologies, information is tagged with descriptors that facilitate its re t r i e val, analysis, processing and reconfiguration.
For example, a simulation could be created for the Semantic Web that tracks the cargoes of ships arriving with relief supplies for a famine-struck country.The cargo manifests are placed on the web as they arrive in a port.Linkages to daily commodity m a rkets, consumption needs, transportation availability and other data can be re a d in real-time by development workers and students around the world.Di f f e re n t scenarios can be played out, informed by real-time interventions including enviro nmental or political vagrancies.These scenarios then become artefacts of the Se m a n t i c Web themselves, providing content for future students of history, geography, d e velopment or logistics.
The capacity of the Semantic Web to add meaning to information, stored such that it can be searched and processed, provides greatly expanded opportunities for education, simulation and real-time action anywhere on the distributed network .
Critics have argued that the creation of a single network of semantically re l a t e d m a rk-up is foolishly ambitious, and unworkable beyond small and centrally c o o rdinated communities -a characteristic that is anathema to the current we b.
Wo rk in this area re q u i res the development of appropriately scaled ontologies, systems that relate and map different ontologies to each other and systems that learn and mine ontology connections through use and the development of work i n g p rototype systems.

. 2 A g e n t s
Agents are Internet-based computer programs that are created to act re l a t i ve l y autonomously for extended periods of time.The Educational Semantic Web utilize s a variety of student, teacher and content agents to enhance the teaching/learning p rocesses.For example, a teacher agent operating on the Semantic Web might u n d e rtake many of the routine administrative tasks that currently consume large amounts of teacher time.They communicate with individual student agents, tracking student pro g ress, providing automated lists of re s o u rces such as tutorials, re m e d i a l h e l p, and assisting scheduling and time allocation tasks.They schedule personal time b e t ween teachers and students to maximize the effect and affect of these interactions.Teacher agents will track professional interests of teachers relating to their field of subject expertise, developments in new pedagogies with active evaluation and testing of pedagogical interventions.Teacher agents will assist teachers in routine mark i n g tasks, re c o rd keeping, and document control for assessments requiring manual effort .Student agents will assist learners in working collaborative l y, finding sources of e x p e rtise and assisting students in documenting and archiving their learning p roducts.A further capacity of the Semantic Web is re a l i zed when agents extract information from one application and subsequently utilize the data as input for f u rther applications.In this way, agents create greater capacity for large scale automated collection, processing and selective dissemination of data.
Howe ve r, these agents can only operate because the information on the web is e n d owed with semantic meaning in formats that can be read and processed by both agents and humans.Critics have noted that such personal agents have been "just a round the corner" for over twenty years.Indeed, agents are the least developed of the three primary technologies of the Semantic We b, but continuous increases in p rocessing powe r, coupled with increasingly automated tagging and organizing of content through information extraction techniques, gives promise for near future d e velopment of these technologies.

The Educational Semantic We b
Anderson & W h i t e l o c k Journal of In t e r a c t i ve Media in Education, 2004 (1) Page 6

. C o m m u n i c a t i o n
Despite the capabilities of agents, human-to-human communication will always be a major component of the educational experience.Proponents of the Semantic We b, argue that this communication will be even less constrained by barriers of time or place when the Educational Semantic Web is functional.We have had access to longrange and instantaneous communications since the invention of the telegraph in the 1 8 5 0 's.Fu rther developments have added voice, video, and multi-point features to s y n c h ronous communications.All of these technologies have now converged on the we b.Educational Semantic Web scenarios envisage the capacity to store, search, filter and otherwise process these human interactions.This allows interactions to be used and reused in a variety of educational applications.For example, students can pro c e s s the content of commercial television adve rtisements to deduce strategic markers used to influence consumer behaviours.Fu rt h e r m o re, the Educational Semantic We b could add to our concepts of virtual presence by defining and structuring virt u a l reality environments and net-based enhancements to real work and study contexts.
De velopments re f e r red to as "social computing" allow humans to make connections with others of like interest; coordinate activities, filter and recommend and otherw i s e assist fellow learners in acquiring and building new knowledge.Fi n a l l y, semantic tagging of individuals and utterances will allow for shifting and sorting of a p p ropriate individuals and content to filter and focus interactions.
Despite the capacity and promise of the Educational Semantic We b, there continues a debate re g a rding the capacity, efficacy and even desirability of using such technologies in educational contexts (Noll, 2002).Fears of privacy intrusions and questions of the value, costs and desirability arise.Questions relating to the pedagogical and necessity of extensive human interaction as a component of the educational process are largely unanswe red or the subject of more epistemological debate than empirical re s e a rc h .

. 4 Challenges to the Educational Semantic We b
Like any expansive technological vision, the Semantic Web has attracted both va l i d criticisms and unsubstantiated denigration.These criticisms range from concerns with practicality and implementation to more fundamental challenges concerning the epistemological capacity of machines and humans to deal effectively with the same set of meaning-filled signs.Fu rt h e r m o re, concerns have been expressed relating to the interpre t i ve power that can be shared across all human and machine cultures.
Beginning first with the practical issues, we note that the Semantic Web is much m o re complicated and difficult to implement than its HTML-based web pre c u r s o r.I recall my first experience with web creation working with a group of gifted high school students during an afternoon in 1994.At the end of the session we had c reated and posted multimedia pages from a yearbook to the Internet, despite the fact that none of us had ever created a web page before.By contrast, after four years of w o rk by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and other global collaborations t h e re are as yet no complete practical or commercial applications of the Se m a n t i c Web -much less a "killer application."The networked world of the 21st century is much more diverse than that to which Tim Berners-Lee presented the original web in 1994.Now, ve n t u res in competing technologies such as web services and huge financial investments in systems such as .Net serve to fragment development effort s in competing systems and standards.Building the Semantic Web is much more complicated than just developing sites for the original display-orientated we b.T h e comment found on a deve l o p e r's discussion list that "either RDF is dumb, or I am" c a p t u res the frustration of many who see the vision but have not been equipped with the tools or techniques to allow them to exploit that capacity.
The means by which the Semantic Web will be created often spawns acrimonious debate and discussion.Ha rking back to Raymond's (2001) perva s i ve differe n t i a t i o n b e t ween construction of an emergent and self-organizing bazaar as opposed to an a rchitected cathedral, Jack Schofield (2003) comments, For Mi c rosoft and IBM, it's like designing a giant metropolis, laying out the roads, agreeing on traffic regulations, putting in plumbing, and so on.Fo r the hackers, it's more like "let's build a city: eve rybody bring a brick." Educators certainly no longer have the power or the will to create global information systems, and thus we are hostage to emergent technologies.Howe ve r, it is unlikely that the Educational Semantic Web will be made useful unless and until it's end-user applications become simple enough to support useful learning experiences and activities controlled and created by ord i n a ry teachers and students.
The vision of the Semantic Web is based on the capacity for machines to accurately locate, read, interpret and process data created by hundreds of thousands of differe n t individuals and organizations.It has proven to be an extremely challenging task to d e velop data stru c t u res that impose enough stru c t u re to insure pro g r a m m a b i l i t y without losing data or unduly confining the ways in which humans can expre s s t h e m s e l ves.Pre requisite to the effective functioning of the Semantic Web is the existence of systems for defining, creating and deploying sets of identifies or tags that describe and in some cases constrain the content on the Internet.These tags are o r g a n i zed and related to each other in the form needed for formally stru c t u re d ontologies.The tags are used by both humans and agents to re t r i e ve, process and o t h e rwise manipulate information found on the Internet.It is becoming appare n t f rom early work on large systems (such as Cyc) that it is unlikely that there will be a single unifying ontology under which all information can be classified.Fu n d a m e n t a l questions related to cultural understanding, contextual variations, as well as semantic and ontological underpinnings of information, make the quest for such systems q u i xotical.Howe ve r, work by groups such as the WC 3 's We b Ont gro u p ( h t t p : / / w w w. w 3 .o r g / 2 0 0 1 / s w / We b On t / c h a rter) to develop languages for cre a t i n g multiple ontologies and systems to translate between systems based on common f e a t u res of ontologies give promise to a workable system.
Be yond the technology is the human motivation for tagging and making know l e d g e accessible.In a scathing essay entitled "Metacrap: Putting the torch to seven strawmen of the meta-utopia," Cory Do c t o row (2001) argues that people lie, are lazy, are stupid, have ve ry little self insight and work in environments where there are many legitimate yet different ways to describe or tag anything.Thus, the challenge of tagging eve rything on the Internet in a set of coherent schemas is immense and o bviously will not be done by professional cyber-librarians employed to catalogue books.Rather, systems are needed that allow tags to be acquired through use, that a l l ow multiple tags to describe the same data and systems that harvest and capture schema and tagging systems automatically.Of course, this need is somew h a t tautological in that a system of agents capable of doing this tagging, would need an existing Semantic Web in order to carry out their task.Thus, the Semantic Web is described and defended as a multi-ye a r, if not a multi-decade, project.As hoped for, a rticles in this special issue (notably McCallum and Downes) point to ways that the meta-tagging problem may yet be re s o l ved by increases in both automated and human input metadata.
For all the reasons cited above and others, there exists scepticism about the utility of the Semantic Web vision.This suspicion is especially pronounced in educational contexts where for many the educational transaction is an intensely human experience.For some, education is more accurately described as an artistic social i n t e rchange rather than one waiting for enhancement and possible substitution by a human-machine interaction.Nonetheless, the capacity to create powe rful learning o p p o rtunities, accessible anywhere/anytime that maximize the use of content, social interaction and machine support is equally compelling to educators.Thus, this Special Issue was created to stimulate the debate and broaden the vision re g a rding the role of advanced networking in education through the development of the Se m a n t i c We b.
Our hope is that educators around the globe will take the time to seriously read the a rticles and the responses in this special issue.Second, that you will take the time to respond with your own visions and concerns or post an appropriate question that will f u rther our discussions.A final thank you to all the authors and the respondents for an effort that we believe is of critical importance on the road to creation of more accessible, high quality education and training opportunities for each of us.

Overview of the articles and commentaries
An ove rv i ew of the semantic web and the special issue by Athabasca Un i ve r s i t y's Te r ry Anderson and Denise Whitelock from the Open Un i versity of the United Kingdom.
Arthur St u t t and Enrico Mo t t a Semantic Learning Webs: Stutt and Motta from the Open Un i versity of the UK begin their exposition of applications of the educational semantic web quite appropriately by detailing learner needs.Besides the obv i o u s necessity for stru c t u re, authenticity and support they note the need for stru c t u r a l organization of the context of learning on the net.From there we move to explication of the critical role of argumentation that grounds both formal scholarship and informal learning.Can the semantic web help us make and defend our arguments?With the help of graphic knowledge browsers and other tools being developed at the Open Un i versity Stutt and Motta show us how global communities will build k n owledge neighbourhoods and charts that document, share and stimulate their c u r rent and evolving knowledge base.
Au s t r a l i a's Rod Sims focuses on the practical in his commentary -if (and when) we build the educational semantic web-will it make a differe n c e ?Sims notes that Stutt and Mo t t a's knowledge neighbourhoods must do more than present knowledge-they must engage not only the highly motivated but the learner who is learning for a variety of reasons -many not dire c t l y associated with intrinsic interest in the subject.This variety of interest and engagement re q u i res that we not assume that learners will create the type of k n owledge communities that the technology can support.Si m's commentary ends with a warning to not just build systems that support and virt u a l i zes the types of educational interactions and cognition that has defined education to date.Rather, we have to build for a world in which cognition and interaction with machines is fundamentally different from that which has marked our e vo l u t i o n a ry history.s u m m a r i zes his extensive experiences and those of his colleagues at the Un i versity of Sa s k a t c h ewan in creating artificial intelligence applications for educational use.In the article he presents a potential solution to the meta-tagging dilemma that c o n f ronts all those working with educational objects.Just how will all of the essential metatags be created and maintained and is there any way that these tags can be rich enough to meet the diverse and ever changing needs of thousands of potential users?

The Educational Semantic
Mc C a l l a's outlines an ambitious plan to create an 'ecological appro a c h' to adva n c e d e-learning applications in which content is tagged automatically in response to its use by users and furt h e r m o re how these 'e ve r g re e n' manifests can be matched to cre a t e p e r s o n a l i zed learning contexts.Creating Mc C a l l a's model will be complex and technically challenging, but it promises an educational semantic web that dynamically grows in response to practical uses and applications of real users.
McCalla article provides an insightful introduction and vision of a semantic educational web that builds on the 30 years development of educational applications by serious computer scientists and maximizes the advantages of the emerging distributed tools of the we b.
In their response Leonie Ramondt, Tom Smith and Pete Bradshaw from the Anglia Polytechnic Un i ve r s i t y's UltraLab describe how the type of living, ecological tagging and annotation of learning objects described by Ma c C a l l a needs the commitment and ownership of end users who add the necessary a f f e c t i ve commitment to the learning process.This sense of collaborative and g roup commitment is seen as necessary to any sustainable vision of the educational semantic we b.They also briefly describe the way human discussions can be re-used as learning objects using development tools for capturing and annotating discussion and classroom interaction needs.

Betty Collis and Al l a rd St r i j k e r Technology and Human issues in Reusing Learning
Objects: Betty Collis and Allard St r i j k e r, from the Un i versity of Twente, highlight two major issues, which they consider affect the reuse of learning objects.These not surprisingly fall into the realms of technological constraints and social or human interactions with learning object repositories.They suggest that discussions s u r rounding the wonders of the Semantic We b, as a change agent for teaching and learning, assume that the if the labelling or meta-tagging and other pro b l e m s associated with the selection of learning objects is solved then real pro g ress will be made.Howe ver they suggest that a number of other components in their 'life cyc l e' of learning objects merit attention as they too present a number of pedagogical The p roblems that can unwittingly be passed on to the user.Collis and Strijker we l c o m e the development of intelligent agents which will enhance the automation of the Semantic Web but warn that learning objects are only a tool and that human sharing and collaboration take precedence in any meaning making pro c e s s .
Te r ry Evans who is key player in the current debate about the role of globalization, technology and distance education responds to the notion of object repositories as a form of 'instructional industrialism'.A notion he has d e veloped with Da r ryl Nation which describes a 'behaviorist -inspire d d i d a c t i c i s m'.Evans suggests that learning objects may be viewed as the c u r rency of this instructional industrialism.A sober thought but he does not go on to tell us where this leads us.He does warn of the dangers associated with the colonizing potential of new learning systems with their learning objects such as the Semantic We b.Perhaps this is an issue that should be debated in this Jime special issue?
Rob Ko p e r: Use of the Semantic Web to solve some basic problems in Education.Ro b Koper is best known for the ground breaking work he led at the Open Un i versity of the Netherlands in creating an educational modeling language that was incorporated in the IMS learning design specification.In this article he re v i ews seven of the most i m p o rtant technologies of the semantic we b, thus providing a technical primer and ove rv i ew of the technologies of the educational semantic we b.He goes on to map these technologies with current problems (and opportunities in education) and finally ove rv i ews his current work that moves "beyond the course" to invision self organizing lifelong learning webs and communities.
In his response, the Un i versity of Wa t e r l o o's Tom Carey challenges some of the promises (after all we've heard many before), and notes that a learning design needs to be more than a finished, static product, if it is to capture and e x p ress the dynamic knowledge of those create it.He also urges caution in ove restimating the knowledge and understanding of learners that can be extracted by the tracings left by their pro g ress through learning e n v i ronments.It isn't quite as bad as interpreting the future by examining the entrails of birds, but both methods can produce error when we assume that actions equate to cognitions.
Stephen learning re s o u rces.Rather than taking the traditional tack of trying to standard i ze on a particular type and specification for metadata, Stephen argues for a much bro a d e r and more distributed system of meta-tagging in which a re s o u rce is described by many people for many uses.He also points to ways in which this distributed system of meta-tagging can and will be implemented across the web creating an organic and self-organizing semantic we b.If it is re c u r s i ve then which pathway can be identified through the learning roles by a model of this nature?Brna goes on to examine the strengths of A l l e rt's model which he suggests lies in its diversity which is based on the acceptance that different communities of practice view eve n t s / t h i n g s d i f f e re n t l y.He does howe ver point out that the consequences of such a p remise leads to a postmodern view of the world where we need many d i f f e rent ways of scrutinising events.This observation leaves us with his i n t e resting deduction that the 'educational semantic web community may be f o l l owing a path similar to that described by Pe r ry (1970) on the d e velopment of students in higher education!' Kendall, Clark, Bijan, Pa r s i a and j i m He n d l e r: Will the semantic web change education?In this article Jim Clark and his colleagues from the Un i versity of Ma ryland outline the way the Semantic web enhances the powe rful hyperlinking of the original web to enhance both the re s e a rch and the pedagogical functions of education systems.Many of us have heard the exuberant claims for the semantic we b, but few of us understand just exactly how a machine can function to deliver these p romises.The introduction to the semantic web technologies of RDF and OW L p rovide a technical yet understandable ove rv i ew of the current tools being used to c reate the educational semantic we b.The result, the authors, claim will be a technological environment in which eve ryone can become a 'hyperk rep (hypert e x t u a l k n owledge re p resentation) hacker' .
In his response, notable distance education author and teacher, Gre g Ke a r s l e y counters Clark et al.'s claims and notes that the average, ve ry busy educator has many priorities beyond intrinsic interest in becoming a 'hyperk rep hacker'.He doubts that o rd i n a ry education systems will be changed by any technology that is more complicated than simple uni directional web links.In combination these two art i c l e s f o rce us to look at the future, while at the same time noting how stuck in the past education systems remain -a dilemma that challenges this whole special issue and calls for continuing efforts to reduce this implementation gap and if we will live to see the educational semantic web in our life times..

Diana Ob l i n g e r:
The Next Generation of Educational Engagement.Diana Ob l i n g e r's paper rounds off this special issue by drawing our attention to the young learners who will be using the Semantic We b.Diana Ob l i n g e r, the Vice President of EDUCASE, highlights the fact that the Net Generation is digitally aware and is exposed to a number of media that affects their expectations of e-Learning materials.
In the United States playing computer games is part of college life but nearly two t h i rds of the cohort surve yed by Jones (2003) had little experience of the use of games as a teaching vehicle.Oblinger mentions the role of simulations in the teaching of Business Studies but there is also an increasing role for the use of simulations in the teaching of Science.One of the important features of gaming scenarios that she mentions is that they are performance based environments which she asserts stimulate the learning -by-doing approach which spills over into other We b Anderson & W h i t e l o c k Journal of In t e r a c t i ve Media in Education, 2004 (1) Page 10 Go rd McCa l l a: The Ecological Ap p roach to the Design of E-Learning En v i ro n m e n t s : Purpose-based Capture and Use of Information about Learners Go rd Mc a l l a Educational Semantic We bAnderson & W h i t e l o c k Journal of In t e r a c t i ve Media inEducation, 2004 (1)   Page 11 Dow n e s: Re s o u rce Profiles.In this in-depth article Stephen Downes fro m C a n a d a's National Re s e a rch Council explores the manifold problems and at the same time the compelling need for metadata to help us find, annotate and effectively use The Educational Semantic We b Anderson & W h i t e l o c k Journal of In t e r a c t i ve Media in Education, 2004 (1) Page 12 fields of enquiry.So what fun and games should we expect on the educational Semantic Web of the future ?Robin Mason from the UK's Open Un i versity notes that gaming builds on the skills acquired during informal learning.She encourages educators to capitalise on the growth of informal learning 's p a rked off primarily by the We b' ' but warns against the costs of the development of high quality The Educational Semantic We b Anderson & W h i t e l o c k Journal of In t e r a c t i ve Media in Education, 2004 (1) Page 15 multimedia learning materials.T h e re is also a note of caution about the types of games the Ne t Ge n'ers are playing some of which are mindless and violent in nature.She does howe ver make a strong claim for the skills and the approaches to learning that are acquired by the best game-users which she suggests reflects the new 'learning to e-learn framew o rk' that will underpin the Semantic Learning We b. 5 R e f e r e n c e s Do c t o row, C. (2001).Metacrap: Putting the torch to seven straw-men of the meta utopia.Re t r i e ved June 10, 2003 fro m h t t p : / / w w w. we l l .c o m / ~ d o c t o row / m e t a c r a p. h t m # 0 .Noll, A.M. (2002).Technology and the future unive r s i t y.In W. Dutton & B. Loader ( Eds.), Digital Ac a d e m e. (pp.35-38).London: Ro u t l e d g e .Raymond, E. (2001).The cathedral and the bazaar.Cambridge: O'Re i l l y.Schofield, J. (2003, May 29).The third era starts here.The Gu a rd i a n.Standage, T. (1998).The Victorian Internet: The re m a rkable story of the telegraph and the nineteenth century's on-line pioneers.New Yo rk: Be rkley Books.
Re g re t t a b l y, we we re forced to reduce the length of St e p h e n's article to fit the format of a Journal article.Extensions to the ideas presented here are available at h t t p : / / w w w. d ow n e s .c a / f i l e s / re s o u rc e _ p ro f i l e s .h t m David Wiley from the Un i versity of Utah is perhaps the world's leading e x p e rt on the use, classification and re-usability of learning objects.He comments that Downes has done the field a favor by renaming learning objects (a term that continues to elude a consensus definition) as more general educational re s o u rces.Wiley also notes the inherent problems of reliability and falsehood that arise when multiple metadata descriptions are attached by multiple authors and users to any educational re s o u rce.As Downes notes one meta-description is far too few, but how we delete those that are obviously false, inaccurate or devised for selfish pecuniary re a s o n s ?Coherent Social Systems for Learning -An Ap p roach for Contextualised and Community -Centred Metadata.He i d run Allert, from the Un i versity of Ha n ove r, continues the debate about metadata and the Ed u c a t i o n a l Semantic We b.She proposes a new form of metadata, which is based upon the concept of a 'Learning Ro l e .'This notion of role has been introduced to facilitate a dynamic modelling approach.Learning roles are indeed described as meta-ro l e s , which in turn specify roles, together with the interaction between roles, and the p ro p e rties that describe a role type.Allert's vision for the Semantic Web is based on a system that recognises the patterns and developmental pathways forged by these meta roles.She acknowledges that the learning Roles presented in this paper are 'f a r f rom complete' which leads to the question of what is a formal definition of a 'Learning Ro l e' ?
Simon, Peter Dolog, Zoltán Miklós, Daniel Olmedilla and MichaelSi n t e k Conceptualising Sm a rt Spaces for Learning: Bernd Simon and his Eu ro p e a n Spaces for learning' in workplace learning context.In this context many educational services and re s o u rces must be made available to and customizable to the individual needs of diverse and distributed work f o rce.Such a challenge calls for i n t e roperability across firms and learning designs (a common ontology) and a capacity for these diverse re s o u rces to respond to learners based upon their unique learner profiles.The result is a prototype personal learning assistant that attempts to s e a rch for and deliver electronic learning content and activities customized to a p a rticular learner's needs and intere s t s .Ro ry McGreal from Athabasca Un i versity notes that personal learning agents can not work in an environment which is not formally defined by a series of interconnected standards.He notes, with examples from his ow n w o rk, the challenges yet the indispensability of common or at least commonly discoverable specifications for detailing activities critical to s u p p o rting online learning.These activities range from standards to identify and describe learning re s o u rces, to those that dynamically describe learner p rofiles and ways to adapt content display in response to unique learner needs.