Chapter 2 : Nouns

Topics covered in this snack-sized chapter:



Nouns arrow_upward


  • A person, place, thing, or animal that appears in a sentence is a noun.
  • Example:
    • Sheena bought a goat.

    Noun Types arrow_upward



    Type

  • Details

    • Proper Noun

  • Names a particular person, place or thing.
  • Is a person’s own name.
  • The first letter is capitalized.
  • Refers to specific entities.
  • Examples:
    • Barack Obama is a leader.
    • Boston has cold winters.

    Common Noun

  • A name common to every person, place, or thing of the same class
  • Proper nouns are sometimes used as common nouns:
    • He was the Shakespeare of India.
  • Refers to non-specific entities
  • Examples:
    • U.S. presidents
    • Siberian tigers

    Material Noun

  • The name of a substance or material.
  • Not always capitalized in a sentence.
  • Examples:
    • Copper
    • Iron
    • Tin
    • Wood

    Collective Noun

  • A collection of persons, entities or things referenced as a single unit.
  • Refers to a group of something in a specific manner.
  • Example:
    • Fleet = a collection of ships or vessels
    • Crowd = a collection of people
    • Army = a collection of soldiers

    Concrete Noun

  • Nouns that can be touched, smelled, seen, and felt
  • Example:
    • I am wearing a sweater.

    Abstract Noun

  • Describes a quality, action or state.
  • Refers to theoretical concepts.
  • Example:
    • I love freedom.

    Countable Noun

  • A noun which can be counted.
  • Singular (one) and plural (many) nouns
  • Example:
    • A bike, six bikes

    Uncountable Noun

  • A noun that cannot be counted.
  • Example:
    • The room is full of clutter.

    Gerund

  • Works both as a noun and a verb.
  • Formed by adding –ing to a verb.
  • Example:
    • I love his writing.
    • Swimming is a good exercise.


    Proper and Common Nouns arrow_upward


  • Proper nouns are specific, named versions of common nouns.


  • Common
  • Proper

    • Man

    John

    Woman

    Mary

    River

    The Amazon River



    Plurals arrow_upward


  • Nouns can change their form to indicate (one or more than one) number by adding "s" or "es” or “ies”

  • Singular
  • Plural

    • Table

  • Tables

    • Box

  • Boxes

    • City

  • Cities

    • Book

  • Books


    • Noun Rules: Plural Forms arrow_upward



    1

    Add –s to the end of the singular noun

  • Teacher
  • Teachers

    • 2

    For consonants before “y,” change y to i and add es

  • City
  • Cities

    • 3

    For vowels before “y,” add –s

  • Day
  • Days

    • 4

    If a word ends in -s, -z, -x, -sh, or -ch,

    add -es at the end

  • Box
  • Boxes

    • 5

    If a word ends in –ex, -ix, add -ices at the end

  • Vertex
  • Vertices

    • 6

    If a word ends in –o,

    add –es at the end

  • Heroes
  • Mangoes

    • 7

    If a word ends in –f or –ef, usually change –f or –ef into es and add s. You may need to change –f to –v.

  • Chiefs
  • Leaves
  • Wolves

    • 8

    To make a compound noun plural, add –s to the principal word

  • Commanders-in-chief
  • Daughters-in-law
  • Step-daughters
  • Maid-servants

    • 9

    Abstract and material nouns have no plurals. If –s is added they become common nouns

  • Coppers – copper coins
  • Woods– forest


    • Noun Rules: Irregular Plurals arrow_upward


  • Formed by adding –en

    • Singular

    Plural

    Ox

    Oxen

    Child

    Children


  • Formed by changing the inside vowel

    • Singular

    Plural

    Louse

    Lice

    Man

    Men

    Woman

    Women

    Mouse

    Mice

    Tooth

    Teeth

    Foot

    Feet

    Goose

    Geese


  • Some nouns are used only as plurals:

    • Scissors

    Spectacles

    Measles

    Mumps

    Billiards

    Pants

    Thanks

    Annals

    Data

    Tongs


  • Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms:


    • Sheep

    Moose

    Salmon

    Deer

    Swine

    Cod




    Thank You from Kimavi arrow_upward


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