Not all new U.S. closed-loop projects are included, just those with data available. Not every location includes data for each construction or operational input.
NLR has developed a tool that enables developers to evaluate the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with new, domestic closed-loop pumped storage hydropower (PSH) facilities.
Moving forward, it's essential to keep these visual contexts in mind when discussing Closed-Loop Life Cycle Assessment.
Data used in this study are based on a representative range of potential prospective closed-loop PSH in the U.S. The project approach, data sources, and assumptions have been guided by a technical review committee of stakeholders.
The objective of this study is to perform a full life cycle assessment of new closed-loop PSH in the United States and assess the global warming potential (GWP) attributed to 1 kWh of stored electricity delivered to the nearest grid substation connection point.
The objective of this study is to perform a full life cycle assessment (LCA) of new closed-loop PSH in the U.S. The functional unit for this study is 1 kWh of electrical power delivered to the grid and the base case project lifetime is 80 years.
However, with newer forms of energy storage being built, like closed-loop PSH, there is a need for detailed assessment of life cycle environmental impacts of them in a consistent manner to other storage technologies and to TEAs.
