{
  "legislationId": "119_HR_8393",
  "lastUpdate": "2026-04-25T11:20:06.166Z",
  "history": [
    {
      "timestamp": "2026-04-25T11:20:06.166Z",
      "source_url": "https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr8393/BILLS-119hr8393ih.htm",
      "model": "gemini-flash-lite-latest",
      "prompt_sent": "\nROLE: Fact Checker.\nZADANIE: Porównaj SOURCE (oryginał) i SUMMARY (streszczenie przygotowane przez inne AI).\n\nTwoim celem jest wykrycie \"ZMYŚLONYCH KONKRETÓW\" (Fabricated Entities) w SUMMARY.\n\nSOURCE:\n[Congressional Bills 119th Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] [H.R. 8393 Introduced in House (IH)] <DOC> 119th CONGRESS 2d Session H. R. 8393 To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. _______________________________________________________________________ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES April 20, 2026 Mrs. Sykes (for herself, Mr. Gooden, and Mr. Nadler) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary _______________________________________________________________________ A BILL To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026''. SEC. 2. CONVERSION OR DISMISSAL UNDER CHAPTER 11. Section 1112(b) of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``within a reasonable period of time'' and inserting ``not later than 24 months after the date of the filing of the petition''; (2) in paragraph (4)-- (A) subparagraph (O), by striking ``and'' at the end; (B) in subparagraph (P), by striking the period at the end and inserting ``; and''; and (C) by adding at the end the following: ``(Q) with respect to the dismissal of a case under this chapter, the filing of a petition for relief or the continuation of a case under this title that is-- ``(i) objectively futile; or ``(ii) in subjective bad faith.''; and (3) by adding at the end the following: ``(g)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall presume that a petition has been filed or that a case is continuing under this title in subjective bad faith if the court determines that the debtor manufactured the venue for the case. ``(2) The presumption under paragraph (1) may be rebutted only based on clear and convincing evidence. ``(h)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall conclusively presume that a petition has been filed or that a case under this title that is continuing in subjective bad faith if the court determines that-- ``(A) a purpose or effect of the filing or continuation is to-- ``(i) gain a tactical litigation advantage; ``(ii) impose undue delay upon creditors; or ``(iii) cap the total amount of the liability of the debtor to 2 or more creditors holding protected claims (as defined in section 362(p)(1)) that the debtor or any affiliate has property of value sufficient to pay in full as those claims would come due; ``(B) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger or similar transaction changing the corporate structure of and affecting the financial condition of the debtor or an affiliate; ``(C) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor engaged in a transfer of substantial assets to or for benefit of or incurred substantial obligations from or for the benefit of any insider or affiliate that, notwithstanding subsections (e) through (g) and (j) of section 546, is avoidable under section 544(b) or subsection (a)(1) or (e) of section 548; or ``(D) the debtor does not have a valid reorganizational purpose. ``(2) In making a determination under paragraph (1)(D), the court shall consider and give weight to whether any appointed creditors' committee supports the dismissal of the case. ``(i) In a determination under subsection (g) or (h), the debtor shall have the burden of proof.''. SEC. 3. LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN STAYS AND INJUNCTIONS. Section 105 of title 11, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(e) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, any provision of title 28, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, or any applicable nonbankruptcy law, the court may not issue any order, process, or judgment that has the purpose or effect of overriding or nullifying section 362(b)(27) of this title.''. SEC. 4. AUTOMATIC STAY. Section 362 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)-- (A) by redesignating paragraphs (27), (28), and (29) as paragraphs (28), (29), and (30), respectively; and (B) by inserting after paragraph (26) the following: ``(27) under subsection (a) of this section, of the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against an entity that is not a debtor in a case under this title, or any act to obtain or recover property of such entity, on account of or with respect to a protected claim against such entity, the debtor, or the estate (including a protected claim that is property of the debtor or the estate against such entity), if, during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger, spinoff, corporate restructuring, or other transaction changing the corporate structure of, and affecting the financial condition of, the debtor or an affiliate;''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(p) For the purposes of paragraph (27): ``(1) The term `protected claim' means-- ``(A) a claim that-- ``(i) is against a nondebtor entity or against property of a nondebtor entity that is alleged to be directly or indirectly liable for a claim described in subparagraph (B) against the debtor; and ``(ii) arises by reason of-- ``(I) the nondebtor entity's ownership of a financial interest in the debtor, a past or present affiliate of the debtor, or a predecessor in interest of the debtor; ``(II) the nondebtor entity's involvement in the management of the debtor or a predecessor in interest of the debtor or the nondebtor entity's service as an officer, director, or employee of the debtor or a related party; ``(III) the nondebtor entity's provision of insurance to the debtor or a related party; or ``(IV) the nondebtor entity's involvement in a transaction changing the corporate structure, or in a loan or other financial transaction affecting the financial condition, of the debtor or a related party, including-- ``(aa) involvement in providing financing (debt or equity) or advice to an entity involved in such a transaction; or ``(bb) acquiring or selling a financial interest in an entity as part of such a transaction; or ``(B) a claim-- ``(i) against the debtor or a nondebtor entity or property of the debtor or a nondebtor entity; ``(ii) relating to injury, contamination, damage, or loss, including any claim for reimbursement, indemnity, contribution, or subrogation; ``(iii) affecting, directly or indirectly, not less than 100 individuals on or after the date of the filing of the petition; ``(iv) allegedly caused, directly or indirectly, by the presence of, or exposure to, a product, material, or substance designed, marketed, manufactured, sold, modified, extracted, serviced, or in any way used by the debtor or the nondebtor entity; and ``(v) arising, directly or indirectly, from acts or omissions, of the debtor, a predecessor in interest of the debtor, or a past or present affiliate of the debtor. ``(2) The term `related party' has the meaning given the term in section 524(g)(4)(A)(iii).''. SEC. 5. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS. (a) Setoff.--Section 553 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(B)(ii), by striking ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (B) in paragraph (3)(C), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (2) in subsection (b)(1), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''. (b) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Filing Petition for Recognition.--Section 1519(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. (c) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Recognition.--Section 1521(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. SEC. 6. APPLICATION AND RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall-- (1) apply with respect to any case under title 11, United States Code, filed or pending on or after the date of enactment of this Act; and (2) not be construed to affect the validity of any final judgment or order confirming a plan under chapter 11 of title 11, United States Code, that was entered before the date of enactment of this Act. <all>\n\nSUMMARY TO EVALUATE:\nTitle: Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026\nSummary: This act prevents large corporations from using bankruptcy laws as a tactic to dodge responsibility for harming citizens. It empowers courts to dismiss bankruptcy filings made in bad faith or intended solely to block legal claims and compensation.\nKey Points: Courts can now dismiss bankruptcy petitions that are objectively futile or filed in subjective bad faith., Prevents companies from using bankruptcy to cap liability for claims involving injury or environmental damage affecting 100 or more people., Cracks down on 'divisional mergers' and asset transfers used to hide wealth from creditors within four years of filing., Ensures that lawsuits against parent companies can continue even if a subsidiary files for bankruptcy in certain cases., Discourages 'forum shopping' by presuming bad faith if a company manipulates where its case is heard.\n\nZASADY OCENY:\n1. Sprawdź wszystkie LICZBY, DATY i KWOTY w SUMMARY. Jeśli którejś brakuje w SOURCE -> is_valid: false.\n2. Sprawdź wszystkie NAZWISKA, ORGANIZACJE i MIEJSCA w SUMMARY. Jeśli którejś brakuje w SOURCE -> is_valid: false.\n3. Sprawdź wszystkie konkretne DZIAŁANIA PRAWNE . Jeśli tego mechanizmu nie ma w SOURCE -> is_valid: false.\n\nWAŻNE: Abstrakcyjne pojęcia (np. \"transparentność\", \"zaufanie\") są dozwolone jako wnioski.\n\nOUTPUT (JSON):\n{\n  \"is_valid\": true/false,\n  \"issue\": \"fabricated_entity\" / \"contradiction\" / \"none\"\n}\n\nWYMAGANIA FORMATOWANIA:\n1. Odpowiedz WYŁĄCZNIE surowym obiektem JSON.\n2. NIE używaj bloków kodu Markdown.\n3. NIE dodawaj żadnych wstępów ani wyjaśnień przed ani po JSONie.\n4. JSON musi być poprawny i gotowy do parsowania.\n\n",
      "ai_response_raw": "{\n  \"is_valid\": true,\n  \"issue\": \"none\"\n}"
    },
    {
      "timestamp": "2026-04-25T11:18:44.590Z",
      "source_url": "https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr8393/BILLS-119hr8393ih.htm",
      "model": "gemini-flash-latest",
      "prompt_sent": "\nJesteś ekspertem od prawa Stanów Zjednoczonych, który ma za zadanie analizować dokumenty ustaw, uchwał oraz innych dokumentów legislacyjnych, a następnie przygotowywać z nich informacje w przystępny sposób dla obywateli. Twoim celem jest przedstawienie informacji tak, aby obywatele mogli sami ocenić wpływ legislacji na ich życie, nawet bez posiadania specjalistycznej wiedzy legislacyjnej. Skup się na faktach i obiektywnych skutkach wprowadzanych zmian, unikając wartościowania i osobistych opinii. Wszelki żargon prawny jest zabroniony. Prezentuj informacje w jasny, zwięzły i angażujący sposób, tak aby były zrozumiałe dla osoby bez wykształcenia prawniczego. Unikaj długich, złożonych zdań. Zamiast pisać \"projekt ma na celu nowelizację kodeksu podatkowego...\", napisz \"Zmiany w podatkach: nowe ulgi i obowiązki dla...\". Kontynuuj swoją pracę, dopóki nie rozwiążesz swojego zadania. Jeśli nie masz pewności co do generowanej treści, przeanalizuj dokument ponownie – nie zgaduj. Rozplanuj dobrze swoje zadanie przed przystąpieniem do niego. W podsumowaniu i kluczowych punktach, jeśli to możliwe i uzasadnione, podkreśl, jakie konkretne korzyści lub skutki (pozytywne lub negatywne) wprowadza ustawa dla życia codziennego obywateli, ich praw i obowiązków, finansów osobistych, bezpieczeństwa i innych ważnych kwestii (np. kategorycznych zakazów i nakazów czy najważniejszych konkretnych alokacji finansowych i terytorialnych).\n\nTwoja odpowiedź MUSI być w formacie JSON - i zawierać następujące klucze.\nZanim zwrócisz odpowiedź, dokładnie zweryfikuj, czy cała struktura JSON jest w 100% poprawna, włącznie ze wszystkimi przecinkami, nawiasami klamrowymi, kwadratowymi oraz cudzysłowami. Błędny JSON jest nieakceptowalny i uniemożliwi przetworzenie Twojej pracy.\n\nPrzeanalizuj dokładnie poniższy tekst dokumentu prawnego. To jest treść, na podstawie której masz wygenerować podsumowanie i kluczowe punkty:\n--- POCZĄTEK DOKUMENTU ---\n[Congressional Bills 119th Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] [H.R. 8393 Introduced in House (IH)] <DOC> 119th CONGRESS 2d Session H. R. 8393 To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. _______________________________________________________________________ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES April 20, 2026 Mrs. Sykes (for herself, Mr. Gooden, and Mr. Nadler) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary _______________________________________________________________________ A BILL To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026''. SEC. 2. CONVERSION OR DISMISSAL UNDER CHAPTER 11. Section 1112(b) of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``within a reasonable period of time'' and inserting ``not later than 24 months after the date of the filing of the petition''; (2) in paragraph (4)-- (A) subparagraph (O), by striking ``and'' at the end; (B) in subparagraph (P), by striking the period at the end and inserting ``; and''; and (C) by adding at the end the following: ``(Q) with respect to the dismissal of a case under this chapter, the filing of a petition for relief or the continuation of a case under this title that is-- ``(i) objectively futile; or ``(ii) in subjective bad faith.''; and (3) by adding at the end the following: ``(g)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall presume that a petition has been filed or that a case is continuing under this title in subjective bad faith if the court determines that the debtor manufactured the venue for the case. ``(2) The presumption under paragraph (1) may be rebutted only based on clear and convincing evidence. ``(h)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall conclusively presume that a petition has been filed or that a case under this title that is continuing in subjective bad faith if the court determines that-- ``(A) a purpose or effect of the filing or continuation is to-- ``(i) gain a tactical litigation advantage; ``(ii) impose undue delay upon creditors; or ``(iii) cap the total amount of the liability of the debtor to 2 or more creditors holding protected claims (as defined in section 362(p)(1)) that the debtor or any affiliate has property of value sufficient to pay in full as those claims would come due; ``(B) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger or similar transaction changing the corporate structure of and affecting the financial condition of the debtor or an affiliate; ``(C) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor engaged in a transfer of substantial assets to or for benefit of or incurred substantial obligations from or for the benefit of any insider or affiliate that, notwithstanding subsections (e) through (g) and (j) of section 546, is avoidable under section 544(b) or subsection (a)(1) or (e) of section 548; or ``(D) the debtor does not have a valid reorganizational purpose. ``(2) In making a determination under paragraph (1)(D), the court shall consider and give weight to whether any appointed creditors' committee supports the dismissal of the case. ``(i) In a determination under subsection (g) or (h), the debtor shall have the burden of proof.''. SEC. 3. LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN STAYS AND INJUNCTIONS. Section 105 of title 11, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(e) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, any provision of title 28, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, or any applicable nonbankruptcy law, the court may not issue any order, process, or judgment that has the purpose or effect of overriding or nullifying section 362(b)(27) of this title.''. SEC. 4. AUTOMATIC STAY. Section 362 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)-- (A) by redesignating paragraphs (27), (28), and (29) as paragraphs (28), (29), and (30), respectively; and (B) by inserting after paragraph (26) the following: ``(27) under subsection (a) of this section, of the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against an entity that is not a debtor in a case under this title, or any act to obtain or recover property of such entity, on account of or with respect to a protected claim against such entity, the debtor, or the estate (including a protected claim that is property of the debtor or the estate against such entity), if, during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger, spinoff, corporate restructuring, or other transaction changing the corporate structure of, and affecting the financial condition of, the debtor or an affiliate;''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(p) For the purposes of paragraph (27): ``(1) The term `protected claim' means-- ``(A) a claim that-- ``(i) is against a nondebtor entity or against property of a nondebtor entity that is alleged to be directly or indirectly liable for a claim described in subparagraph (B) against the debtor; and ``(ii) arises by reason of-- ``(I) the nondebtor entity's ownership of a financial interest in the debtor, a past or present affiliate of the debtor, or a predecessor in interest of the debtor; ``(II) the nondebtor entity's involvement in the management of the debtor or a predecessor in interest of the debtor or the nondebtor entity's service as an officer, director, or employee of the debtor or a related party; ``(III) the nondebtor entity's provision of insurance to the debtor or a related party; or ``(IV) the nondebtor entity's involvement in a transaction changing the corporate structure, or in a loan or other financial transaction affecting the financial condition, of the debtor or a related party, including-- ``(aa) involvement in providing financing (debt or equity) or advice to an entity involved in such a transaction; or ``(bb) acquiring or selling a financial interest in an entity as part of such a transaction; or ``(B) a claim-- ``(i) against the debtor or a nondebtor entity or property of the debtor or a nondebtor entity; ``(ii) relating to injury, contamination, damage, or loss, including any claim for reimbursement, indemnity, contribution, or subrogation; ``(iii) affecting, directly or indirectly, not less than 100 individuals on or after the date of the filing of the petition; ``(iv) allegedly caused, directly or indirectly, by the presence of, or exposure to, a product, material, or substance designed, marketed, manufactured, sold, modified, extracted, serviced, or in any way used by the debtor or the nondebtor entity; and ``(v) arising, directly or indirectly, from acts or omissions, of the debtor, a predecessor in interest of the debtor, or a past or present affiliate of the debtor. ``(2) The term `related party' has the meaning given the term in section 524(g)(4)(A)(iii).''. SEC. 5. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS. (a) Setoff.--Section 553 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(B)(ii), by striking ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (B) in paragraph (3)(C), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (2) in subsection (b)(1), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''. (b) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Filing Petition for Recognition.--Section 1519(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. (c) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Recognition.--Section 1521(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. SEC. 6. APPLICATION AND RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall-- (1) apply with respect to any case under title 11, United States Code, filed or pending on or after the date of enactment of this Act; and (2) not be construed to affect the validity of any final judgment or order confirming a plan under chapter 11 of title 11, United States Code, that was entered before the date of enactment of this Act. <all>\n--- KONIEC DOKUMENTU ---\n\nPAMIĘTAJ: Twoja odpowiedź MUSI być wyłącznie poprawnym obiektem JSON. Nie dodawaj żadnych dodatkowych znaków, komentarzy ani tekstu przed znacznikiem '{' ani po znaczniku '}'. Cała odpowiedź musi być parsowalna jako JSON.\nNa podstawie POWYŻSZEGO dokumentu, wypełnij poniższą strukturę JSON:\nOto struktura JSON, której oczekuję (wypełnij ją treścią):\n{\n  \"pl_ai_title\": \"Nowy, krótki tytuł dla aktu prawnego po polsku, oddający sedno wprowadzanych zmian (np. maksymalnie 10-12 słów).\",\n  \"pl_summary\": \"2-3 zdania zwięzłego podsumowania treści aktu prawnego po polsku, napisane z perspektywy wpływu na życie codzienne obywateli.\",\n  \"pl_key_points\": [\n    \"Pierwszy krótki punkt po polsku dotyczący najważniejszych wprowadzanych rozwiązań lub zmian.\",\n    \"Drugi krótki punkt po polsku...\"\n  ],\n  \"eng_ai_title\": \"A new, short title for the legal act in English, capturing the essence of the changes (e.g., max 10-12 words).\",\n  \"eng_summary\": \"2-3 sentences summarizing the legal act in English, from the perspective of its impact on citizens' daily lives.\",\n  \"eng_key_points\": [\n    \"First short bullet point in English regarding the most important solutions or changes being introduced.\",\n    \"Second short bullet point in English...\"\n  ],\n  \"de_ai_title\": \"Ein neuer, kurzer Titel für das Rechtsdokument auf Deutsch, der den Kern der Änderungen erfasst (z.B. max. 10-12 Wörter).\",\n  \"de_summary\": \"2-3 Sätze Zusammenfassung des Rechtsdokuments auf Deutsch, aus der Perspektive seiner Auswirkungen auf das tägliche Leben der Bürger.\",\n  \"de_key_points\": [\n    \"Erster kurzer Stichpunkt auf Deutsch zu den wichtigsten eingeführten Lösungen oder Änderungen.\",\n    \"Zweiter kurzer Stichpunkt auf Deutsch...\"\n  ],\n  \"fr_ai_title\": \"Un nouveau titre court pour l'acte juridique en français, saisissant l'essence des changements (par exemple, 10-12 mots maximum).\",\n  \"fr_summary\": \"Résumé de 2-3 phrases de l'acte juridique en français, du point de vue de son impact sur la vie quotidienne des citoyens.\",\n  \"fr_key_points\": [\n    \"Premier court point en français concernant les solutions ou changements les plus importants introduits.\",\n    \"Deuxième court point en français...\"\n  ],\n  \"es_ai_title\": \"Un nuevo título breve para el acto jurídico en español, que recoja la esencia de los cambios (por ejemplo, máximo 10-12 palabras).\",\n  \"es_summary\": \"Resumen de 2-3 frases del acto jurídico en español, desde la perspectiva de su impacto en la vida cotidiana de los ciudadanos.\",\n  \"es_key_points\": [\n    \"Primer punto breve en español sobre las soluciones o cambios más importantes que se introducen.\",\n    \"Segundo punto breve en español...\"\n  ],\n  \"it_ai_title\": \"Un nuovo titolo breve per l'atto giuridico in italiano, che colga l'essenza delle modifiche (ad es. massimo 10-12 parole).\",\n  \"it_summary\": \"Riepilogo di 2-3 frasi dell'atto giuridico in italiano, dal punto di vista del suo impatto sulla vita quotidiana dei cittadini.\",\n  \"it_key_points\": [\n    \"Primo breve punto in italiano riguardante le soluzioni o le modifiche più importanti introdotte.\",\n    \"Secondo breve punto in italiano...\"\n  ],\n  \"nl_ai_title\": \"Een nieuwe, korte titel voor de rechtshandeling in het Nederlands, die de essentie van de wijzigingen weergeeft (bijv. max. 10-12 woorden).\",\n  \"nl_summary\": \"Samenvatting van 2-3 zinnen van de rechtshandeling in het Nederlands, vanuit het perspectief van de impact op het dagelijks leven van burgers.\",\n  \"nl_key_points\": [\n    \"Eerste korte punt in het Nederlands betreffende de belangrijkste geïntroduceerde oplossingen of wijzigingen.\",\n    \"Tweede korte punt in het Nederlands...\"\n  ],\n  \"pt_ai_title\": \"Um novo título curto para o ato jurídico em português, capturando a essência das mudanças (por exemplo, máx. 10-12 palavras).\",\n  \"pt_summary\": \"Resumo de 2-3 frases do ato jurídico em português, na perspetiva do seu impacto na vida quotidiana dos cidadãos.\",\n  \"pt_key_points\": [\n    \"Primeiro ponto curto em português sobre as soluções ou alterações mais importantes introduzidas.\",\n    \"Segundo ponto curto em português...\"\n  ],\n  \"category\": [\"Categorize the document into one category by default, based on the field it primarily concerns. Choose up to 3 if the document also touches upon SIGNIFICANT issues from other categories. You MUST select categories ONLY from the following list: Health, Education, Family, Taxes, Labor, Security, Environment, Courts and Law, Transport, Benefits, Real Estate, Media and Culture, Local Government, Migration, Agriculture, Public Investments, Informatization, Economy. If the document does not definitively fit any of these, you MUST use \"Other\". If you use \"Other\", it should be the ONLY category selected. Do NOT invent new categories. The response must be an array of strings, e.g., [\"Taxes\", \"Family\"].\"]\n}\n\n",
      "ai_response_raw": "{\n  \"pl_ai_title\": \"Ustawa o ochronie konsumentów i odpowiedzialności korporacyjnej w upadłości z 2026 r.\",\n  \"pl_summary\": \"Ustawa ma na celu uniemożliwienie dużym firmom wykorzystywania przepisów o upadłości do unikania odpowiedzialności za wyrządzone szkody. Dzięki nowym zasadom sądy będą mogły szybciej odrzucać wnioski o bankructwo, które są składane w złej wierze lub mają na celu jedynie zablokowanie wypłat odszkodowań dla obywateli.\",\n  \"pl_key_points\": [\n    \"Sądy zyskują prawo do odrzucania wniosków o upadłość, które są bezzasadne lub złożone w złej wierze.\",\n    \"Koniec z unikaniem odpowiedzialności: firmy nie będą mogły ogłaszać upadłości tylko po to, by ograniczyć wypłaty dla grup powyżej 100 osób poszkodowanych przez ich produkty lub działania.\",\n    \"Ograniczenie manipulacji majątkiem: trudniej będzie ukryć pieniądze poprzez skomplikowane podziały firm lub przesyłanie majątku do spółek powiązanych przed ogłoszeniem bankructwa.\",\n    \"Ochrona pozwów zbiorowych: procesy o odszkodowania przeciwko spółkom-matkom nie będą automatycznie wstrzymywane, gdy ich mniejsza spółka zależna ogłosi upadłość.\",\n    \"Walka z wybieraniem przyjaznych sądów: jeśli firma celowo wybierze konkretny sąd, by uzyskać korzystniejszy wyrok, zostanie to uznane za działanie w złej wierze.\"\n  ],\n  \"eng_ai_title\": \"Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026\",\n  \"eng_summary\": \"This act prevents large corporations from using bankruptcy laws as a tactic to dodge responsibility for harming citizens. It empowers courts to dismiss bankruptcy filings made in bad faith or intended solely to block legal claims and compensation.\",\n  \"eng_key_points\": [\n    \"Courts can now dismiss bankruptcy petitions that are objectively futile or filed in subjective bad faith.\",\n    \"Prevents companies from using bankruptcy to cap liability for claims involving injury or environmental damage affecting 100 or more people.\",\n    \"Cracks down on 'divisional mergers' and asset transfers used to hide wealth from creditors within four years of filing.\",\n    \"Ensures that lawsuits against parent companies can continue even if a subsidiary files for bankruptcy in certain cases.\",\n    \"Discourages 'forum shopping' by presuming bad faith if a company manipulates where its case is heard.\"\n  ],\n  \"de_ai_title\": \"Gesetz zum Verbraucherschutz und zur Rechenschaftspflicht von Unternehmen im Insolvenzverfahren 2026\",\n  \"de_summary\": \"Dieses Gesetz verhindert, dass Großunternehmen das Insolvenzrecht missbrauchen, um sich der Verantwortung für Schäden an Bürgern zu entziehen. Gerichte können nun Insolvenzanträge ablehnen, die bösgläubig gestellt wurden, um Entschädigungszahlungen zu blockieren.\",\n  \"de_key_points\": [\n    \"Gerichte erhalten die Befugnis, Insolvenzanträge abzuweisen, die aussichtslos sind oder in böser Absicht gestellt wurden.\",\n    \"Unternehmen können die Insolvenz nicht mehr nutzen, um Entschädigungen bei Massenschäden (über 100 Personen) willkürlich zu begrenzen.\",\n    \"Erschwerung von Vermögensverschiebungen und komplexen Firmenumstrukturierungen kurz vor einer Insolvenz.\",\n    \"Klagen gegen Muttergesellschaften werden nicht mehr automatisch gestoppt, wenn eine Tochtergesellschaft Insolvenz anmeldet.\",\n    \"Maßnahmen gegen die gezielte Auswahl von Gerichten ('Forum Shopping') zur Erlangung unfaired Vorteile.\"\n  ],\n  \"fr_ai_title\": \"Loi de 2026 sur la protection des consommateurs et la responsabilité des entreprises en cas de faillite\",\n  \"fr_summary\": \"Cette loi empêche les grandes entreprises d'utiliser le droit de la faillite pour échapper à leurs responsabilités envers les citoyens. Elle permet aux tribunaux de rejeter les demandes de faillite déposées de mauvaise foi pour bloquer les indemnisations.\",\n  \"fr_key_points\": [\n    \"Les tribunaux peuvent rejeter les demandes de faillite jugées futiles ou déposées de mauvaise foi.\",\n    \"Interdiction d'utiliser la faillite pour plafonner les indemnités dues à plus de 100 personnes victimes de dommages corporels ou environnementaux.\",\n    \"Surveillance accrue des transferts d'actifs et des restructurations d'entreprises effectués dans les quatre ans précédant la faillite.\",\n    \"Les poursuites contre les sociétés mères ne seront plus systématiquement suspendues par la faillite d'une filiale.\",\n    \"Lutte contre le choix stratégique de tribunaux complaisants par les entreprises en difficulté.\"\n  ],\n  \"es_ai_title\": \"Ley de Protección al Consumidor y Responsabilidad Corporativa en la Quiebra de 2026\",\n  \"es_summary\": \"Esta ley evita que las corporaciones utilicen las leyes de quiebra para eludir su responsabilidad por daños causados a los ciudadanos. Permite a los jueces desestimar casos presentados de mala fe para evitar el pago de indemnizaciones legales.\",\n  \"es_key_points\": [\n    \"Los tribunales podrán rechazar peticiones de quiebra que sean objetivamente inútiles o presentadas de mala fe.\",\n    \"Impide que las empresas limiten los pagos por daños masivos o contaminación que afecten a 100 o más personas.\",\n    \"Controla las transferencias de activos y fusiones divisionales realizadas para ocultar dinero antes de la quiebra.\",\n    \"Las demandas contra empresas matrices podrán continuar aunque una de sus filiales se declare en quiebra.\",\n    \"Se presumirá mala fe si una empresa manipula la jurisdicción para elegir un tribunal que le sea favorable.\"\n  ],\n  \"it_ai_title\": \"Legge del 2026 sulla tutela dei consumatori e la responsabilità aziendale nei fallimenti\",\n  \"it_summary\": \"Questa legge impedisce alle grandi società di abusare delle norme sul fallimento per evitare di risarcire i cittadini. I tribunali avranno il potere di annullare le procedure avviate in malafede solo per bloccare le cause di risarcimento.\",\n  \"it_key_points\": [\n    \"I tribunali possono respingere istanze di fallimento infondate o presentate con intenzioni scorrette.\",\n    \"Stop all'uso del fallimento per limitare i risarcimenti in casi di danni a gruppi di oltre 100 persone.\",\n    \"Maggiore controllo sui trasferimenti di beni e sulle ristrutturazioni aziendali avvenute nei 4 anni precedenti al fallimento.\",\n    \"Le cause contro le società madri non saranno più bloccate automaticamente dal fallimento di una controllata.\",\n    \"Contrasto alla scelta tattica del tribunale più favorevole da parte delle aziende.\"\n  ],\n  \"nl_ai_title\": \"Wet consumentenbescherming en zakelijke verantwoordelijkheid bij faillissement 2026\",\n  \"nl_summary\": \"Deze wet voorkomt dat grote bedrijven faillissementswetgeving gebruiken om hun verantwoordelijkheid voor schade aan burgers te ontlopen. Rechtbanken kunnen nu zaken verwerpen die alleen zijn gestart om schadeclaims te blokkeren.\",\n  \"nl_key_points\": [\n    \"Rechtbanken mogen faillissementsaanvragen afwijzen die zinloos zijn of te kwader trouw zijn ingediend.\",\n    \"Bedrijven kunnen faillissement niet langer gebruiken om schadevergoedingen bij massale claims (100+ personen) te beperken.\",\n    \"Strengere regels voor het wegsluizen van vermogen of bedrijfsrestructureringen vlak voor een faillissement.\",\n    \"Rechtszaken tegen moederbedrijven worden niet meer automatisch stopgezet als een dochteronderneming failliet gaat.\",\n    \"Aanpak van 'forum shopping', waarbij bedrijven een specifieke rechtbank kiezen voor een gunstiger resultaat.\"\n  ],\n  \"pt_ai_title\": \"Lei de Proteção ao Consumidor e Responsabilidade Corporativa na Falência de 2026\",\n  \"pt_summary\": \"Esta lei impede que grandes empresas utilizem as leis de falência para evitar a responsabilidade por danos causados aos cidadãos. Permite que os tribunais rejeitem processos abertos de má-fé para bloquear pagamentos de indemnizações.\",\n  \"pt_key_points\": [\n    \"Os tribunais podem rejeitar pedidos de falência que sejam inúteis ou apresentados de má-fé.\",\n    \"Impede que empresas usem a falência para limitar indemnizações em casos de danos a mais de 100 pessoas.\",\n    \"Maior fiscalização sobre transferências de bens e reestruturações feitas nos quatro anos anteriores à falência.\",\n    \"Processos contra empresas-mãe podem continuar mesmo que uma subsidiária declare falência.\",\n    \"Combate à escolha estratégica de tribunais favoráveis por parte das empresas.\"\n  ],\n  \"category\": [\"Courts and Law\", \"Economy\"]\n}"
    },
    {
      "timestamp": "2026-04-25T11:15:51.337Z",
      "source_url": "https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr8393/BILLS-119hr8393ih.htm",
      "model": "gemini-flash-lite-latest",
      "prompt_sent": "\nROLE: Fact Checker.\nZADANIE: Porównaj SOURCE (oryginał) i SUMMARY (streszczenie przygotowane przez inne AI).\n\nTwoim celem jest wykrycie \"ZMYŚLONYCH KONKRETÓW\" (Fabricated Entities) w SUMMARY.\n\nSOURCE:\n[Congressional Bills 119th Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] [H.R. 8393 Introduced in House (IH)] <DOC> 119th CONGRESS 2d Session H. R. 8393 To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. _______________________________________________________________________ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES April 20, 2026 Mrs. Sykes (for herself, Mr. Gooden, and Mr. Nadler) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary _______________________________________________________________________ A BILL To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026''. SEC. 2. CONVERSION OR DISMISSAL UNDER CHAPTER 11. Section 1112(b) of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``within a reasonable period of time'' and inserting ``not later than 24 months after the date of the filing of the petition''; (2) in paragraph (4)-- (A) subparagraph (O), by striking ``and'' at the end; (B) in subparagraph (P), by striking the period at the end and inserting ``; and''; and (C) by adding at the end the following: ``(Q) with respect to the dismissal of a case under this chapter, the filing of a petition for relief or the continuation of a case under this title that is-- ``(i) objectively futile; or ``(ii) in subjective bad faith.''; and (3) by adding at the end the following: ``(g)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall presume that a petition has been filed or that a case is continuing under this title in subjective bad faith if the court determines that the debtor manufactured the venue for the case. ``(2) The presumption under paragraph (1) may be rebutted only based on clear and convincing evidence. ``(h)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall conclusively presume that a petition has been filed or that a case under this title that is continuing in subjective bad faith if the court determines that-- ``(A) a purpose or effect of the filing or continuation is to-- ``(i) gain a tactical litigation advantage; ``(ii) impose undue delay upon creditors; or ``(iii) cap the total amount of the liability of the debtor to 2 or more creditors holding protected claims (as defined in section 362(p)(1)) that the debtor or any affiliate has property of value sufficient to pay in full as those claims would come due; ``(B) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger or similar transaction changing the corporate structure of and affecting the financial condition of the debtor or an affiliate; ``(C) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor engaged in a transfer of substantial assets to or for benefit of or incurred substantial obligations from or for the benefit of any insider or affiliate that, notwithstanding subsections (e) through (g) and (j) of section 546, is avoidable under section 544(b) or subsection (a)(1) or (e) of section 548; or ``(D) the debtor does not have a valid reorganizational purpose. ``(2) In making a determination under paragraph (1)(D), the court shall consider and give weight to whether any appointed creditors' committee supports the dismissal of the case. ``(i) In a determination under subsection (g) or (h), the debtor shall have the burden of proof.''. SEC. 3. LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN STAYS AND INJUNCTIONS. Section 105 of title 11, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(e) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, any provision of title 28, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, or any applicable nonbankruptcy law, the court may not issue any order, process, or judgment that has the purpose or effect of overriding or nullifying section 362(b)(27) of this title.''. SEC. 4. AUTOMATIC STAY. Section 362 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)-- (A) by redesignating paragraphs (27), (28), and (29) as paragraphs (28), (29), and (30), respectively; and (B) by inserting after paragraph (26) the following: ``(27) under subsection (a) of this section, of the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against an entity that is not a debtor in a case under this title, or any act to obtain or recover property of such entity, on account of or with respect to a protected claim against such entity, the debtor, or the estate (including a protected claim that is property of the debtor or the estate against such entity), if, during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger, spinoff, corporate restructuring, or other transaction changing the corporate structure of, and affecting the financial condition of, the debtor or an affiliate;''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(p) For the purposes of paragraph (27): ``(1) The term `protected claim' means-- ``(A) a claim that-- ``(i) is against a nondebtor entity or against property of a nondebtor entity that is alleged to be directly or indirectly liable for a claim described in subparagraph (B) against the debtor; and ``(ii) arises by reason of-- ``(I) the nondebtor entity's ownership of a financial interest in the debtor, a past or present affiliate of the debtor, or a predecessor in interest of the debtor; ``(II) the nondebtor entity's involvement in the management of the debtor or a predecessor in interest of the debtor or the nondebtor entity's service as an officer, director, or employee of the debtor or a related party; ``(III) the nondebtor entity's provision of insurance to the debtor or a related party; or ``(IV) the nondebtor entity's involvement in a transaction changing the corporate structure, or in a loan or other financial transaction affecting the financial condition, of the debtor or a related party, including-- ``(aa) involvement in providing financing (debt or equity) or advice to an entity involved in such a transaction; or ``(bb) acquiring or selling a financial interest in an entity as part of such a transaction; or ``(B) a claim-- ``(i) against the debtor or a nondebtor entity or property of the debtor or a nondebtor entity; ``(ii) relating to injury, contamination, damage, or loss, including any claim for reimbursement, indemnity, contribution, or subrogation; ``(iii) affecting, directly or indirectly, not less than 100 individuals on or after the date of the filing of the petition; ``(iv) allegedly caused, directly or indirectly, by the presence of, or exposure to, a product, material, or substance designed, marketed, manufactured, sold, modified, extracted, serviced, or in any way used by the debtor or the nondebtor entity; and ``(v) arising, directly or indirectly, from acts or omissions, of the debtor, a predecessor in interest of the debtor, or a past or present affiliate of the debtor. ``(2) The term `related party' has the meaning given the term in section 524(g)(4)(A)(iii).''. SEC. 5. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS. (a) Setoff.--Section 553 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(B)(ii), by striking ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (B) in paragraph (3)(C), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (2) in subsection (b)(1), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''. (b) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Filing Petition for Recognition.--Section 1519(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. (c) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Recognition.--Section 1521(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. SEC. 6. APPLICATION AND RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall-- (1) apply with respect to any case under title 11, United States Code, filed or pending on or after the date of enactment of this Act; and (2) not be construed to affect the validity of any final judgment or order confirming a plan under chapter 11 of title 11, United States Code, that was entered before the date of enactment of this Act. <all>\n\nSUMMARY TO EVALUATE:\nTitle: Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026\nSummary: This act prevents corporations from using bankruptcy laws to dodge legal responsibility for harming consumers. It allows courts to dismiss bankruptcy filings made in bad faith or intended to cap payouts for injury claims.\nKey Points: Stopping bankruptcy abuse: Courts can now dismiss cases that are clearly hopeless or filed just to gain a legal advantage over victims., Ending the 'Texas Two-Step': Companies can no longer use complex corporate splits to hide assets from people seeking compensation for damages., Protecting mass injury claims: Lawsuits involving 100 or more people for injuries or environmental damage can continue against parent companies., Fairer court locations: Prevents companies from 'forum shopping' for courts they believe will be more lenient toward corporate interests., Burden of proof on corporations: Companies must prove they have a valid reason for reorganizing rather than just trying to delay paying creditors.\n\nZASADY OCENY:\n1. Sprawdź wszystkie LICZBY, DATY i KWOTY w SUMMARY. Jeśli którejś brakuje w SOURCE -> is_valid: false.\n2. Sprawdź wszystkie NAZWISKA, ORGANIZACJE i MIEJSCA w SUMMARY. Jeśli którejś brakuje w SOURCE -> is_valid: false.\n3. Sprawdź wszystkie konkretne DZIAŁANIA PRAWNE . Jeśli tego mechanizmu nie ma w SOURCE -> is_valid: false.\n\nWAŻNE: Abstrakcyjne pojęcia (np. \"transparentność\", \"zaufanie\") są dozwolone jako wnioski.\n\nOUTPUT (JSON):\n{\n  \"is_valid\": true/false,\n  \"issue\": \"fabricated_entity\" / \"contradiction\" / \"none\"\n}\n\nWYMAGANIA FORMATOWANIA:\n1. Odpowiedz WYŁĄCZNIE surowym obiektem JSON.\n2. NIE używaj bloków kodu Markdown.\n3. NIE dodawaj żadnych wstępów ani wyjaśnień przed ani po JSONie.\n4. JSON musi być poprawny i gotowy do parsowania.\n\n",
      "ai_response_raw": "{\n  \"is_valid\": false,\n  \"issue\": \"fabricated_entity\"\n}"
    },
    {
      "timestamp": "2026-04-25T11:11:43.761Z",
      "source_url": "https://www.congress.gov/119/bills/hr8393/BILLS-119hr8393ih.htm",
      "model": "gemini-flash-latest",
      "prompt_sent": "\nJesteś ekspertem od prawa Stanów Zjednoczonych, który ma za zadanie analizować dokumenty ustaw, uchwał oraz innych dokumentów legislacyjnych, a następnie przygotowywać z nich informacje w przystępny sposób dla obywateli. Twoim celem jest przedstawienie informacji tak, aby obywatele mogli sami ocenić wpływ legislacji na ich życie, nawet bez posiadania specjalistycznej wiedzy legislacyjnej. Skup się na faktach i obiektywnych skutkach wprowadzanych zmian, unikając wartościowania i osobistych opinii. Wszelki żargon prawny jest zabroniony. Prezentuj informacje w jasny, zwięzły i angażujący sposób, tak aby były zrozumiałe dla osoby bez wykształcenia prawniczego. Unikaj długich, złożonych zdań. Zamiast pisać \"projekt ma na celu nowelizację kodeksu podatkowego...\", napisz \"Zmiany w podatkach: nowe ulgi i obowiązki dla...\". Kontynuuj swoją pracę, dopóki nie rozwiążesz swojego zadania. Jeśli nie masz pewności co do generowanej treści, przeanalizuj dokument ponownie – nie zgaduj. Rozplanuj dobrze swoje zadanie przed przystąpieniem do niego. W podsumowaniu i kluczowych punktach, jeśli to możliwe i uzasadnione, podkreśl, jakie konkretne korzyści lub skutki (pozytywne lub negatywne) wprowadza ustawa dla życia codziennego obywateli, ich praw i obowiązków, finansów osobistych, bezpieczeństwa i innych ważnych kwestii (np. kategorycznych zakazów i nakazów czy najważniejszych konkretnych alokacji finansowych i terytorialnych).\n\nTwoja odpowiedź MUSI być w formacie JSON - i zawierać następujące klucze.\nZanim zwrócisz odpowiedź, dokładnie zweryfikuj, czy cała struktura JSON jest w 100% poprawna, włącznie ze wszystkimi przecinkami, nawiasami klamrowymi, kwadratowymi oraz cudzysłowami. Błędny JSON jest nieakceptowalny i uniemożliwi przetworzenie Twojej pracy.\n\nPrzeanalizuj dokładnie poniższy tekst dokumentu prawnego. To jest treść, na podstawie której masz wygenerować podsumowanie i kluczowe punkty:\n--- POCZĄTEK DOKUMENTU ---\n[Congressional Bills 119th Congress] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] [H.R. 8393 Introduced in House (IH)] <DOC> 119th CONGRESS 2d Session H. R. 8393 To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. _______________________________________________________________________ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES April 20, 2026 Mrs. Sykes (for herself, Mr. Gooden, and Mr. Nadler) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary _______________________________________________________________________ A BILL To amend title 11, United States Code, to make the filing of a petition for relief under chapter 11 that is objectively futile or in subjective bad faith a cause for dismissal of the case, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ``Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026''. SEC. 2. CONVERSION OR DISMISSAL UNDER CHAPTER 11. Section 1112(b) of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking ``within a reasonable period of time'' and inserting ``not later than 24 months after the date of the filing of the petition''; (2) in paragraph (4)-- (A) subparagraph (O), by striking ``and'' at the end; (B) in subparagraph (P), by striking the period at the end and inserting ``; and''; and (C) by adding at the end the following: ``(Q) with respect to the dismissal of a case under this chapter, the filing of a petition for relief or the continuation of a case under this title that is-- ``(i) objectively futile; or ``(ii) in subjective bad faith.''; and (3) by adding at the end the following: ``(g)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall presume that a petition has been filed or that a case is continuing under this title in subjective bad faith if the court determines that the debtor manufactured the venue for the case. ``(2) The presumption under paragraph (1) may be rebutted only based on clear and convincing evidence. ``(h)(1) For the purpose of subsection (b)(4)(Q), the court shall conclusively presume that a petition has been filed or that a case under this title that is continuing in subjective bad faith if the court determines that-- ``(A) a purpose or effect of the filing or continuation is to-- ``(i) gain a tactical litigation advantage; ``(ii) impose undue delay upon creditors; or ``(iii) cap the total amount of the liability of the debtor to 2 or more creditors holding protected claims (as defined in section 362(p)(1)) that the debtor or any affiliate has property of value sufficient to pay in full as those claims would come due; ``(B) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger or similar transaction changing the corporate structure of and affecting the financial condition of the debtor or an affiliate; ``(C) during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor engaged in a transfer of substantial assets to or for benefit of or incurred substantial obligations from or for the benefit of any insider or affiliate that, notwithstanding subsections (e) through (g) and (j) of section 546, is avoidable under section 544(b) or subsection (a)(1) or (e) of section 548; or ``(D) the debtor does not have a valid reorganizational purpose. ``(2) In making a determination under paragraph (1)(D), the court shall consider and give weight to whether any appointed creditors' committee supports the dismissal of the case. ``(i) In a determination under subsection (g) or (h), the debtor shall have the burden of proof.''. SEC. 3. LIMITATIONS ON CERTAIN STAYS AND INJUNCTIONS. Section 105 of title 11, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ``(e) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, any provision of title 28, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, or any applicable nonbankruptcy law, the court may not issue any order, process, or judgment that has the purpose or effect of overriding or nullifying section 362(b)(27) of this title.''. SEC. 4. AUTOMATIC STAY. Section 362 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)-- (A) by redesignating paragraphs (27), (28), and (29) as paragraphs (28), (29), and (30), respectively; and (B) by inserting after paragraph (26) the following: ``(27) under subsection (a) of this section, of the commencement or continuation, including the issuance or employment of process, of a judicial, administrative, or other action or proceeding against an entity that is not a debtor in a case under this title, or any act to obtain or recover property of such entity, on account of or with respect to a protected claim against such entity, the debtor, or the estate (including a protected claim that is property of the debtor or the estate against such entity), if, during the 4-year period preceding the date of the filing of the petition, the debtor was the subject of, or was formed or organized in connection with, a divisional merger, spinoff, corporate restructuring, or other transaction changing the corporate structure of, and affecting the financial condition of, the debtor or an affiliate;''; and (2) by adding at the end the following: ``(p) For the purposes of paragraph (27): ``(1) The term `protected claim' means-- ``(A) a claim that-- ``(i) is against a nondebtor entity or against property of a nondebtor entity that is alleged to be directly or indirectly liable for a claim described in subparagraph (B) against the debtor; and ``(ii) arises by reason of-- ``(I) the nondebtor entity's ownership of a financial interest in the debtor, a past or present affiliate of the debtor, or a predecessor in interest of the debtor; ``(II) the nondebtor entity's involvement in the management of the debtor or a predecessor in interest of the debtor or the nondebtor entity's service as an officer, director, or employee of the debtor or a related party; ``(III) the nondebtor entity's provision of insurance to the debtor or a related party; or ``(IV) the nondebtor entity's involvement in a transaction changing the corporate structure, or in a loan or other financial transaction affecting the financial condition, of the debtor or a related party, including-- ``(aa) involvement in providing financing (debt or equity) or advice to an entity involved in such a transaction; or ``(bb) acquiring or selling a financial interest in an entity as part of such a transaction; or ``(B) a claim-- ``(i) against the debtor or a nondebtor entity or property of the debtor or a nondebtor entity; ``(ii) relating to injury, contamination, damage, or loss, including any claim for reimbursement, indemnity, contribution, or subrogation; ``(iii) affecting, directly or indirectly, not less than 100 individuals on or after the date of the filing of the petition; ``(iv) allegedly caused, directly or indirectly, by the presence of, or exposure to, a product, material, or substance designed, marketed, manufactured, sold, modified, extracted, serviced, or in any way used by the debtor or the nondebtor entity; and ``(v) arising, directly or indirectly, from acts or omissions, of the debtor, a predecessor in interest of the debtor, or a past or present affiliate of the debtor. ``(2) The term `related party' has the meaning given the term in section 524(g)(4)(A)(iii).''. SEC. 5. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS. (a) Setoff.--Section 553 of title 11, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(B)(ii), by striking ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (B) in paragraph (3)(C), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''; and (2) in subsection (b)(1), ``362(b)(27)'' and inserting ``362(b)(28)''. (b) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Filing Petition for Recognition.--Section 1519(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. (c) Relief That May Be Granted Upon Recognition.--Section 1521(f) of title 11, United States Code, is amended by striking ``(27)'' and inserting ``(28)''. SEC. 6. APPLICATION AND RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall-- (1) apply with respect to any case under title 11, United States Code, filed or pending on or after the date of enactment of this Act; and (2) not be construed to affect the validity of any final judgment or order confirming a plan under chapter 11 of title 11, United States Code, that was entered before the date of enactment of this Act. <all>\n--- KONIEC DOKUMENTU ---\n\nPAMIĘTAJ: Twoja odpowiedź MUSI być wyłącznie poprawnym obiektem JSON. Nie dodawaj żadnych dodatkowych znaków, komentarzy ani tekstu przed znacznikiem '{' ani po znaczniku '}'. Cała odpowiedź musi być parsowalna jako JSON.\nNa podstawie POWYŻSZEGO dokumentu, wypełnij poniższą strukturę JSON:\nOto struktura JSON, której oczekuję (wypełnij ją treścią):\n{\n  \"pl_ai_title\": \"Nowy, krótki tytuł dla aktu prawnego po polsku, oddający sedno wprowadzanych zmian (np. maksymalnie 10-12 słów).\",\n  \"pl_summary\": \"2-3 zdania zwięzłego podsumowania treści aktu prawnego po polsku, napisane z perspektywy wpływu na życie codzienne obywateli.\",\n  \"pl_key_points\": [\n    \"Pierwszy krótki punkt po polsku dotyczący najważniejszych wprowadzanych rozwiązań lub zmian.\",\n    \"Drugi krótki punkt po polsku...\"\n  ],\n  \"eng_ai_title\": \"A new, short title for the legal act in English, capturing the essence of the changes (e.g., max 10-12 words).\",\n  \"eng_summary\": \"2-3 sentences summarizing the legal act in English, from the perspective of its impact on citizens' daily lives.\",\n  \"eng_key_points\": [\n    \"First short bullet point in English regarding the most important solutions or changes being introduced.\",\n    \"Second short bullet point in English...\"\n  ],\n  \"de_ai_title\": \"Ein neuer, kurzer Titel für das Rechtsdokument auf Deutsch, der den Kern der Änderungen erfasst (z.B. max. 10-12 Wörter).\",\n  \"de_summary\": \"2-3 Sätze Zusammenfassung des Rechtsdokuments auf Deutsch, aus der Perspektive seiner Auswirkungen auf das tägliche Leben der Bürger.\",\n  \"de_key_points\": [\n    \"Erster kurzer Stichpunkt auf Deutsch zu den wichtigsten eingeführten Lösungen oder Änderungen.\",\n    \"Zweiter kurzer Stichpunkt auf Deutsch...\"\n  ],\n  \"fr_ai_title\": \"Un nouveau titre court pour l'acte juridique en français, saisissant l'essence des changements (par exemple, 10-12 mots maximum).\",\n  \"fr_summary\": \"Résumé de 2-3 phrases de l'acte juridique en français, du point de vue de son impact sur la vie quotidienne des citoyens.\",\n  \"fr_key_points\": [\n    \"Premier court point en français concernant les solutions ou changements les plus importants introduits.\",\n    \"Deuxième court point en français...\"\n  ],\n  \"es_ai_title\": \"Un nuevo título breve para el acto jurídico en español, que recoja la esencia de los cambios (por ejemplo, máximo 10-12 palabras).\",\n  \"es_summary\": \"Resumen de 2-3 frases del acto jurídico en español, desde la perspectiva de su impacto en la vida cotidiana de los ciudadanos.\",\n  \"es_key_points\": [\n    \"Primer punto breve en español sobre las soluciones o cambios más importantes que se introducen.\",\n    \"Segundo punto breve en español...\"\n  ],\n  \"it_ai_title\": \"Un nuovo titolo breve per l'atto giuridico in italiano, che colga l'essenza delle modifiche (ad es. massimo 10-12 parole).\",\n  \"it_summary\": \"Riepilogo di 2-3 frasi dell'atto giuridico in italiano, dal punto di vista del suo impatto sulla vita quotidiana dei cittadini.\",\n  \"it_key_points\": [\n    \"Primo breve punto in italiano riguardante le soluzioni o le modifiche più importanti introdotte.\",\n    \"Secondo breve punto in italiano...\"\n  ],\n  \"nl_ai_title\": \"Een nieuwe, korte titel voor de rechtshandeling in het Nederlands, die de essentie van de wijzigingen weergeeft (bijv. max. 10-12 woorden).\",\n  \"nl_summary\": \"Samenvatting van 2-3 zinnen van de rechtshandeling in het Nederlands, vanuit het perspectief van de impact op het dagelijks leven van burgers.\",\n  \"nl_key_points\": [\n    \"Eerste korte punt in het Nederlands betreffende de belangrijkste geïntroduceerde oplossingen of wijzigingen.\",\n    \"Tweede korte punt in het Nederlands...\"\n  ],\n  \"pt_ai_title\": \"Um novo título curto para o ato jurídico em português, capturando a essência das mudanças (por exemplo, máx. 10-12 palavras).\",\n  \"pt_summary\": \"Resumo de 2-3 frases do ato jurídico em português, na perspetiva do seu impacto na vida quotidiana dos cidadãos.\",\n  \"pt_key_points\": [\n    \"Primeiro ponto curto em português sobre as soluções ou alterações mais importantes introduzidas.\",\n    \"Segundo ponto curto em português...\"\n  ],\n  \"category\": [\"Categorize the document into one category by default, based on the field it primarily concerns. Choose up to 3 if the document also touches upon SIGNIFICANT issues from other categories. You MUST select categories ONLY from the following list: Health, Education, Family, Taxes, Labor, Security, Environment, Courts and Law, Transport, Benefits, Real Estate, Media and Culture, Local Government, Migration, Agriculture, Public Investments, Informatization, Economy. If the document does not definitively fit any of these, you MUST use \"Other\". If you use \"Other\", it should be the ONLY category selected. Do NOT invent new categories. The response must be an array of strings, e.g., [\"Taxes\", \"Family\"].\"]\n}\n\n",
      "ai_response_raw": "{\n  \"pl_ai_title\": \"Ustawa o ochronie konsumentów i odpowiedzialności korporacyjnej w upadłości z 2026 roku\",\n  \"pl_summary\": \"Ustawa uniemożliwia dużym firmom nadużywanie przepisów o upadłości w celu uniknięcia wypłaty odszkodowań za szkody wyrządzone obywatelom. Dzięki nowym przepisom sądy będą mogły odrzucać wnioski o upadłość składane w złej wierze, co ułatwi poszkodowanym dochodzenie sprawiedliwości.\",\n  \"pl_key_points\": [\n    \"Koniec z unikaniem odszkodowań: Firmy nie będą mogły ogłaszać upadłości tylko po to, by ograniczyć kwoty należne ofiarom ich produktów lub działań.\",\n    \"Blokada sztucznych podziałów firm: Ustawa uderza w praktykę dzielenia spółek na części w celu przeniesienia długów na podmiot bez majątku (tzw. taktyka teksańska).\",\n    \"Ochrona pozwów zbiorowych: Ofiary (grupy powyżej 100 osób) będą mogły kontynuować procesy przeciwko spółkom-matkom, nawet jeśli ich filia ogłosi upadłość.\",\n    \"Walka z manipulacją miejscem sądu: Sądy będą surowiej oceniać firmy, które wybierają konkretne sądy tylko po to, by uzyskać korzystniejszy dla siebie wyrok.\",\n    \"Szybsze odrzucanie bezzasadnych wniosków: Sędziowie zyskują prawo do natychmiastowego zakończenia spraw upadłościowych, które są obiektywnie bezcelowe.\"\n  ],\n  \"eng_ai_title\": \"Consumer Protection and Corporate Accountability in Bankruptcy Act of 2026\",\n  \"eng_summary\": \"This act prevents corporations from using bankruptcy laws to dodge legal responsibility for harming consumers. It allows courts to dismiss bankruptcy filings made in bad faith or intended to cap payouts for injury claims.\",\n  \"eng_key_points\": [\n    \"Stopping bankruptcy abuse: Courts can now dismiss cases that are clearly hopeless or filed just to gain a legal advantage over victims.\",\n    \"Ending the 'Texas Two-Step': Companies can no longer use complex corporate splits to hide assets from people seeking compensation for damages.\",\n    \"Protecting mass injury claims: Lawsuits involving 100 or more people for injuries or environmental damage can continue against parent companies.\",\n    \"Fairer court locations: Prevents companies from 'forum shopping' for courts they believe will be more lenient toward corporate interests.\",\n    \"Burden of proof on corporations: Companies must prove they have a valid reason for reorganizing rather than just trying to delay paying creditors.\"\n  ],\n  \"de_ai_title\": \"Gesetz zum Verbraucherschutz und zur Rechenschaftspflicht von Unternehmen im Insolvenzverfahren 2026\",\n  \"de_summary\": \"Dieses Gesetz verhindert, dass Unternehmen das Insolvenzrecht missbrauchen, um sich der Verantwortung für Schäden an Bürgern zu entziehen. Gerichte können nun Insolvenzanträge ablehnen, die bösgläubig gestellt wurden, um Entschädigungszahlungen zu begrenzen.\",\n  \"de_key_points\": [\n    \"Verhinderung von Insolvenzmissbrauch: Gerichte können Anträge abweisen, die nur dazu dienen, rechtliche Vorteile gegenüber Opfern zu erlangen.\",\n    \"Stopp von Unternehmenstricks: Firmen können sich nicht mehr durch künstliche Aufspaltungen ihrer Haftung für Produktschäden entziehen.\",\n    \"Schutz für Sammelklagen: Geschädigte (mindestens 100 Personen) können ihre Klagen gegen Muttergesellschaften fortsetzen, auch wenn Tochterfirmen Insolvenz anmelden.\",\n    \"Kampf gegen die Wahl des günstigsten Gerichts: Unternehmen werden bestraft, wenn sie versuchen, den Gerichtsstandort zu manipulieren.\",\n    \"Beweislast bei Unternehmen: Firmen müssen nachweisen, dass ihre Insolvenz einen echten Sanierungszweck verfolgt.\"\n  ],\n  \"fr_ai_title\": \"Loi de 2026 sur la protection des consommateurs et la responsabilité des entreprises en cas de faillite\",\n  \"fr_summary\": \"Cette loi empêche les entreprises d'utiliser le droit de la faillite pour échapper à leurs responsabilités envers les citoyens. Elle permet aux tribunaux de rejeter les demandes de faillite déposées de mauvaise foi pour limiter les indemnités.\",\n  \"fr_key_points\": [\n    \"Lutte contre l'abus de faillite : Les tribunaux peuvent rejeter les dossiers déposés uniquement pour obtenir un avantage tactique sur les victimes.\",\n    \"Fin des restructurations abusives : Les entreprises ne pourront plus se diviser artificiellement pour isoler leurs dettes et protéger leurs actifs.\",\n    \"Protection des recours collectifs : Les actions en justice impliquant au moins 100 personnes peuvent continuer contre les sociétés mères.\",\n    \"Contre la manipulation du lieu de jugement : Empêche les entreprises de choisir délibérément des tribunaux qu'elles jugent plus favorables.\",\n    \"Charge de la preuve : C'est à l'entreprise de prouver qu'elle a un réel besoin de réorganisation et qu'elle n'agit pas de mauvaise foi.\"\n  ],\n  \"es_ai_title\": \"Ley de Protección al Consumidor y Responsabilidad Corporativa en la Quiebra de 2026\",\n  \"es_summary\": \"Esta ley impide que las corporaciones utilicen las leyes de quiebra para eludir su responsabilidad legal por daños a los ciudadanos. Permite a los tribunales desestimar solicitudes de quiebra hechas de mala fe para limitar el pago de indemnizaciones.\",\n  \"es_key_points\": [\n    \"Freno al abuso de la quiebra: Los tribunales pueden rechazar casos presentados solo para obtener ventajas tácticas frente a las víctimas.\",\n    \"Fin de las divisiones corporativas engañosas: Las empresas no podrán dividirse para ocultar activos y evitar pagar por daños causados por sus productos.\",\n    \"Protección de demandas colectivas: Los procesos que involucren a 100 o más personas podrán seguir adelante contra las empresas matrices.\",\n    \"Evitar la elección de tribunales a conveniencia: Se penaliza a las empresas que manipulan el lugar del juicio para obtener sentencias favorables.\",\n    \"Carga de la prueba para el deudor: La empresa debe demostrar que su solicitud de quiebra tiene un propósito legítimo de reorganización.\"\n  ],\n  \"it_ai_title\": \"Legge del 2026 sulla protezione dei consumatori e la responsabilità aziendale nei fallimenti\",\n  \"it_summary\": \"Questa legge impedisce alle grandi aziende di usare il fallimento come scudo per non risarcire i cittadini danneggiati. I tribunali potranno annullare le richieste di fallimento fatte in malafede per evitare pagamenti legali.\",\n  \"it_key_points\": [\n    \"Stop all'abuso del fallimento: I giudici possono respingere i casi creati solo per ottenere vantaggi legali contro chi chiede giustizia.\",\n    \"Fine dei trucchi societari: Le aziende non potranno più dividersi artificialmente per proteggere i propri soldi dai risarcimenti dovuti.\",\n    \"Tutela per le azioni collettive: Le cause che coinvolgono almeno 100 persone potranno continuare contro le società madri nonostante il fallimento delle controllate.\",\n    \"Contrasto al 'forum shopping': Impedisce alle aziende di scegliere tribunali specifici solo perché ritenuti più indulgenti.\",\n    \"Onere della prova all'azienda: Spetta alla società dimostrare che il fallimento è necessario per una reale riorganizzazione e non è un inganno.\"\n  ],\n  \"nl_ai_title\": \"Wet consumentenbescherming en zakelijke verantwoordelijkheid bij faillissement van 2026\",\n  \"nl_summary\": \"Deze wet voorkomt dat bedrijven faillissementswetten misbruiken om onder hun verantwoordelijkheid voor schade aan burgers uit te komen. Rechtbanken kunnen faillissementsaanvragen die te kwader trouw zijn ingediend nu sneller afwijzen.\",\n  \"nl_key_points\": [\n    \"Aanpak van faillissementsmisbruik: Rechtbanken kunnen zaken stopzetten die alleen bedoeld zijn om schadevergoedingen aan slachtoffers te beperken.\",\n    \"Einde aan bedrijfsopsplitsingen: Bedrijven kunnen zich niet langer kunstmatig opsplitsen om hun vermogen buiten schot te houden bij claims.\",\n    \"Bescherming voor massale claims: Rechtszaken met 100 of meer personen kunnen doorgaan tegen moederbedrijven, zelfs bij faillissement van een dochteronderneming.\",\n    \"Tegen manipulatie van rechtbankkeuze: Bedrijven kunnen niet langer een specifieke rechtbank kiezen om een gunstiger oordeel te forceren.\",\n    \"Bewijslast bij de schuldenaar: Het bedrijf moet zelf bewijzen dat er een geldig doel is voor de reorganisatie.\"\n  ],\n  \"pt_ai_title\": \"Lei de Proteção ao Consumidor e Responsabilidade Corporativa na Falência de 2026\",\n  \"pt_summary\": \"Esta lei impede que as empresas utilizem as leis de falência para fugir à responsabilidade legal por danos causados aos cidadãos. Permite que os tribunais rejeitem pedidos de falência feitos de má-fé para limitar indemnizações.\",\n  \"pt_key_points\": [\n    \"Combate ao abuso da falência: Os tribunais podem anular processos abertos apenas para obter vantagens táticas contra as vítimas.\",\n    \"Fim das divisões corporativas estratégicas: As empresas deixam de poder dividir-se para esconder ativos e evitar pagar por danos causados.\",\n    \"Proteção de ações coletivas: Processos que envolvam 100 ou mais pessoas podem continuar contra as empresas-mãe, independentemente da falência de subsidiárias.\",\n    \"Impedimento de escolha de tribunal favorável: Pune empresas que tentam manipular o local do julgamento para obter decisões mais benevolentes.\",\n    \"Ónus da prova para a empresa: A empresa devedora tem de provar que o pedido de falência tem um objetivo real de reorganização.\"\n  ],\n  \"category\": [\n    \"Courts and Law\",\n    \"Economy\"\n  ]\n}"
    }
  ]
}