Pharmacology, Physiology, and Mechanisms of Incretin Hormone Action
Incretin peptides, principally GLP-1 and GIP, regulate islet hormone secretion, glucose concentrations, lipid metabolism, gut motility, appetite and body weight, and immune function , providing a scientific basis for utilizing incretin -based therapies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Activation of GLP-1 and GIP receptors also leads to nonglycemic effects in multiple tissues, through direct ...
Incretin peptides, principally GLP-1 and GIP, regulate islet hormone secretion, glucose concentrations, lipid metabolism, gut motility, appetite and body weight, and immune function , providing a scientific basis for utilizing incretin -based therapies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Activation of GLP-1 and GIP receptors also leads to nonglycemic effects in multiple tissues, through direct ...
Immune and Vascular Function in Cardiometabolic Disorders
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Results Incretins improve endothelial function , reduce vascular inflammation, and modulate immune‐metabolic crosstalk, processes often impaired in cardiometabolic disease. Sex differences affect incretin secretion, signalling, and therapeutic responses, though underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
This review provides an overview of vascular and immune functions and emerging evidence on their interaction with incretin hormones and analogs. Physiological and CMD conditions will be reviewed, particularly in relation to obesity, T2D, and associated cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.
Incretin Hormones
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The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become increasingly important since their discovery. 11 With a focus on their many functions in glucose metabolism, beta-cell function , and cardiometabolic health, this overview delves deeply into the history of incretin research.
GIP and GLP-1 also regulate glucagon secretion, through direct and indirect pathways. The incretin hormone receptors (GIPR and GLP-1R) are widely distributed beyond the pancreas, principally in the brain, cardiovascular and immune systems, gut and kidney, consistent with a broad array of extrapancreatic incretin actions.
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone traditionally known for its insulinotropic and adipogenic effects. However, its role in immune modulation and inflammation has recently gained attention, particularly in the context of metabolic diseases. By conducting a comprehensive search into the scientific literature since the discovery of GIP hormone, this review ...
Highlights • Fluorescent tagging enables detailed analysis of enteroendocrine cell physiology . • Electrogenic nutrient uptake evokes electrical activity and hormone secretion. • G protein coupled receptors play key roles in lipid stimulated incretin secretion. • Targeting enteroendocrine cells is under investigation to treat diabetes and obesity. Abstract Incretin peptides (glucagon ...
The biology of incretin hormones
Gut peptides, exemplified by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are secreted in a nutrient-dependent manner and stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Both GIP and GLP-1 also promote β cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis, leading to expansion of β cell mass. GLP-1, but not GIP, controls glycemia via additional actions on ...
Incretins are a group of peptide metabolic hormones that decrease blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of insulin released from pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans by a blood-glucose -dependent mechanism.
