HOUSE DIVIDED ORAL HISTORY PROJECT:

These interviews document the 1979 Minnesota House of Representatives session following the 1978 elections. For the first time in history the Minnesota House was evenly split between representatives of the Democratic-Farmer Labor Party (DFL) and the Independent Republican Party (IR). These interviews reflect the conflicts resulting from that tie, and the subsequent resolutions.

INTERVIEWEES: Don Aarnes, Robert Anderson, James Casserly, Ray Faricy, Marcia Fluer, Karen Boros, Paul Hess, Carl Johnson, Gerald Knickerbocker, Richard Kostohryz, Bruce Nelsen, Fred Norton, Robert Pavlak, David Phelps, William Salisbury, Gene Lahammer, Albert Quie, Robert Renner, John Rose, Rod Searle, Harry Sieben, Warren Spannaus, Mark Thompson and Gordon Voss.

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Restrictions:

Some of the interviews are restricted. Please consult library staff for more information.

Preferred Citation:

[Indicate the cited item and/or series here]. House Divided Oral History Project, Oral history interviews of the House Divided Oral History Project. Minnesota Historical Society.

See the Chicago Manual of Style for additional examples.

Accession Information:

Accession number: AV1980.269

Processing Information:

Catalog ID number: 990016817360104294

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Biographical Information: Don Aarnes was a legislative staff member for the Republican caucus during the negotiations following the 1978 elections.

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Biographical Information: Robert Anderson served as press secretary for Governor Albert Quie starting in 1979.

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OH 41.2

Oral history interview with Robert Anderson, May 6, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (58 minutes, 47 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (26 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include the effort of the Governor's Office in getting Quie’s legislative message to the people, such as constitutional amendments, the energy bill, initiative and referendum etc.; importance for the Governor to define the state's legislative agenda rather than having it come from the DFL dominated House or Senate; effect of the weakened DFL on the administration to play a large role in the affairs of the House; details concerning the energy fight and the bonding bill and future legislative agenda ideas.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: James Casserly served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1973 to 1980 as a Democrat. Born in California, he graduated from DeLaSalle High School in Minneapolis. He then obtained a bachelor’s degree from St. John’s University and later a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Minnesota Law School. He was then admitted to the bar.

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OH 41.3

Oral history interview with James Casserly, April 29, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (1 hour, 2 minutes, 11 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (24 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include being a member of the negotiation team to organize the House following the 1978 elections; his interpretation of the negotiating process; its results and outcomes favoring committee assignments for the Democrats; the decision to make meetings public versus private and its effect on the negotiation process; his opinion concerning the final agreement, in particular Anderson’s and Searle’s role and its effect on the legislative process during the 1979 and 1980 sessions.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Born in 1934, Faricy attended Cretin High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He received his bachelor’s degree from the University of St. Thomas and then a law degree from William Mitchell College of Law. He served as a Democrat in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1971 to 1980.

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OH 41.4

Oral history interview with Ray Faricy, April 24, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (1 hour, 1 minutes, 18 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (26 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include what Faricy sees as the reasons for the DFL defeat in the 1978 election; negotiations and 1979 session; dealing with a tie versus having one vote majority in the House; Johnson versus Anderson; effect of Pavlak court case and Kostohryz’s heart attack on negotiations; Anderson’s loss of leadership and election of Fred Norton as leader and its affect on the caucus.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Karen Boros was originally from the Chicago area and graduated from the University of Illinois. Starting out in copy writing and editing, she eventually created several Twin Cities periodicals for the Sun Newspapers. She also covered politics for WCCO-TV in the 1980s and then worked for CBS News and later for Minnesota Public Radio. She also taught at the University of St. Thomas for 20 years. She died in 2023. Marcia Fluer is a newscaster, teacher and public relations consultant. Prior to becoming a journalist, Fluer taught for seven years at various high schools and colleges. In 1972, she joined KSTP TV Minneapolis/Saint Paul as an entertainment reporter. She then became a political correspondent, general assignment reporter, and weekend anchor for the station. In 1984, she went to WCCO TV Minneapolis/Saint Paul, where she was a reporter, producer, and anchor. She also co-hosted the daily half-hour talk and information program “Newsday.” In 1989, she became the Director of University Relations at the University of Minnesota, heading the school’s news service, publications, marketing, events, new media, and broadcasting. She is now a consultant for the public relations firm Roberts and More.

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OH 41.5

Oral history interview with Marcia Fluer and Karen Boros, May 19, 1980. 2 master audiocassettes, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (1 hour, 16 minutes, 11 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (46 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects and topics discussed include negotiations in House following 1978 elections; results of the negotiations; the differences in the goals of the Republican negotiating team with the DFL; the effect of Republican freshmen in the House on negotiations; appropriations committee as negotiating chip; Rod Searle becomes speaker; 1979 public sessions; the Pavlak case; Kostohryz’s heart attack; the Athletic Club Meeting; Irv Anderson vs. the DFL; issues during the 1979 sessions; vote to remove Pavlak and special election; Irv Anderson versus the DFL; Anderson loses and Fred Norton becomes speaker; factions in Republican caucus; reorganization of Quie’s staff; Quie’s press conferences to promote his agenda; fight over fuel prices; the bonding bill; jails and issues in 1980 elections.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Paul Hess was a legislative staff member for the Republican caucus during the negotiations following the 1978 elections.

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Biographical Information: Carl Johnson, a businessman and farmer, lived in St. Peter, Minnesota. He attended Gaylord High School in Gaylord, Minnesota and then served in the U.S. Army during the Korean War. He received his bachelor's degree in history and industrial arts from Minnesota State University, Mankato. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives, as a Democrat, from 1967 to 1982.

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OH 41.7

Oral history interview with Carl Johnson, April 22, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (1 hour, 34 seconds) and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (26 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects include the 1978 elections; running against Irv Anderson for caucus leadership; being part of the negotiations team after the 1978 elections; impact of Pavlak case on negotiating process; question of weak versus strong speaker and Harry Sieben’s role and assessment of 1979 legislative session.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Gerald Knickerbocker was born in 1943 in Cloquet, Minnesota but lived in Hopkins, Minnesota where he was involved in real estate and insurance businesses. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives, as a Republican, from 1973 to 1994.

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OH 41.8

Oral history interview with Gerald Knickerbocker, April 23, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (1 hour, 11 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (28 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects include reasons the DFL lost in 1978; assessment of the situation for the tie in the House; motivation and goals of the IR during the negotiation process; the 1979 legislative session; alliance between House Republicans and Senate Democrats and the Norton coalition.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Richard Kostohryz was born in 1930 in Saint Paul, Minnesota and attended Monroe High School there as well. He served in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War. He then served in the Saint Paul Police Department and worked for 3M as a technologist. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives, as a Democrat, from 1974 to 1990. He died in 1994 of a heart attack and was buried in Fort Snelling National Cemetery.

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OH 41.9

Oral history interview with Richard Kostohryz, May 7, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (1 hours, 2 minutes, 20 seconds) and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (29 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects include assessment of negotiations following the DFL election loss in 1978; thoughts on Irvin Anderson and Carl Johnson’s competition for caucus leadership; DFL efforts to slow Independent Republicans from staffing and organizing committees; feelings about 1979 legislative session; what he sees as Anderson’s mistakes and being excluded from committee assignments.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Bruce Nelsen was born in 1935 and lived in Staples, Minnesota. He attended the Staples Area Vocational Technical Institute in Staples, Minnesota, University of Maryland, and University of Minnesota. He was a machine shop instructor at the Staples Area Vocational Technical Institute. Nelsen served in the Minnesota House of Representatives, as a Republican, from 1974 to 1982. His father, Ancher Nelson, served in both the Minnesota House of Representatives and the Minnesota Senate.

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OH 41.10

Oral history interview with Bruce Nelsen, March 27, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (56 minutes, 46 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (17 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects include assessment of the tie in the House following the 1978 election; the Independent Republicans inexperience in leadership; Republican preparations for negotiations to share power with DFL and inability to have a strong speaker given the circumstances. Note: Side B ends at approximately 16:41, rest of the time is dead air.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Born in 1928 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Norton graduated in 1950 from Wesleyan University and later received a law degree from the University of Minnesota Law School. He was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1966 representing St. Paul, Minnesota as a member of the DFL party. He became Speaker of House in 1980 after a special election. While he did not have the support of the majority of his caucus, a number of Republicans joined Democrats to give him the Speakership. One year later, Harry Sieben replaced him after the Democrats obtained a larger majority. He resigned from the House in 1987 and was appointed to Minnesota Court of Appeals as a judge where served until 1997. He died in 2000.

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OH 41.11

Oral history interview with Fred Norton, June 11, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 1 user audio file: digital, MP3 (1 hour, 11 minutes, 27 seconds). Transcript (30 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects and topics discussed include being elected to the House for the first time in 1966; appointed to the appropriations committee; it being bipartisan in nature; the 1978 negotiations and his potential loss of the chairmanship of the appropriations committee; relations with Rod Searle; DFL legislative accomplishments during the 1970s; failures and disappointments during that time; effects of California Proposition 13; Irv Anderson and Marty Sabo as caucus leaders and their rivalry; removal of Pavlak and result of special election; Anderson removes DFL rivals from LCMR; moves against Irv Anderson from DFLers; Rod Searle’s and Gordon Voss’ role vs. Irv Anderson; leak in Republican caucus for DFL; Republican help to elect Norton Speaker of the House; circumstances of agreement to make Norton Speaker; Governor’s legislative agenda and campaign to get it passed; the issues of 1980 session; the bonding bill; initiative and referendum; the Humphrey Institute; the budget and important issues in 1980 election campaign.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1924, Pavlak served in the United States Marine Corps during World War 2 and afterwards joined the St. Paul Police Department. Elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1966 as a Republican, he served four terms until 1974 when Arnold Kempe unseated him. In 1978, he unseated Kempe in a close election. Voters in the district filed a lawsuit against his campaign that subsequently went to the Minnesota Supreme Court which ruled that he violated state campaign election law. They did not vote to remove him from office, however, the House of Representatives voted to do so. A special election was then held which Pavlak lost to Frank Rodriguez who became the first Latino to be elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was later appointed to be the U.S. Marshall for the District of Minnesota in 1981 by Ronald Reagan. He retired and died in 1994.

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OH 41.12

Oral history interview with Robert Pavlak, May 15, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (22 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects and topics discussed include the decision to run for election in 1978; specific issues of the 1978 campaign; Pavlak’s examination of Kempe’s voting record; Quie’s campaign for governor; legislative pension issues; Kempe’s voting record; the election tie in the House; the Bruenig decision; his feelings about the decision; Pavlak’s collapse on House floor during vote to unseat him; the 1979 session; Pavlak’s interpretation of the State Supreme Court decision; decision to run for special election; the campaign against Frank Rodriguez and allegations of corruption against the Democrats during the special election. Comments: Side B has a number inaudible moments throughout due to the quality of the audio recording.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: David Phelps has been a reporter for the Minneapolis Tribune for 47 years. William Salisbury joined the Pioneer Press in 1977 and has reported on Minnesota and national politics. He retired in 2015. Gene LaHammer worked for the Associated Press for 34 years, covering Minnesota and national politics.

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OH 41.13

Oral history interview with Gene LaHammer, David Phelps and William Salisbury, April 25, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (58 minutes, 54 seconds) and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (30 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include the DFL’s negotiating tactics; the affects of the Bruenig decision regarding the Pavlak case on the DFL’s negotiations; opinions on Irv Anderson’s tactics; Republicans need for quick settlement to handle staffing; comparison of 1979 and 1980 legislative sessions and factions among the DFL that occurred in the 1980 legislative session.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Albert Quie was born in 1923 on his family’s farm in Dennison, Minnesota. After graduating from Northfield High School, he served in the United States Navy as a fighter pilot. Following the war, he completed a political science degree at St. Olaf College in 1950. Quie then served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1958 to 1979 as a Republican. In 1978, Quie ran against Rudy Perpich and was elected governor. During his single term, he grappled with a budget crisis and fallout from the tie in the State House of Representatives. He considered himself a moderate Republican and was considered as a vice presidential pick by both Gerald Ford after Richard Nixon and by Ronald Reagan during the 1980 presidential election. He died in 2023.

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OH 41.14

Oral history interview with Albert Quie, December 4, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (43 minutes, 39 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (16 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects and topics discussed include relationship with the state legislature due to the tie and how it operated in reality; legislative tactics as governor in dealing with legislature; hopes and role during negotiations after 1978 election; the Senate vs. the House after negotiations; proposed 1979 tax cut and budget deficit; effects of Pavlak case on legislative agenda and timeline; House battle to determine who is speaker after Pavlak lost special election; fuel prices; governor’s staff reorganization; press conference blitz to promote governor’s agenda; campaign spending; bonding bill and line item veto and the governor as a legislator. Comments: Recording is in poor condition, Side A especially. Side B is the same recording as Side A, but it appears the audio quality was edited for some improvement. Some moments still have audio issues.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Robert Renner was born in Walker, MN, and graduated from Walker High School, University of Notre Dame and William Mitchell College of Law. He worked as a senior staff member for Governor Al Quie responsible for policy and legislation. He later served as Commissioner of the Department of Energy, Planning and Development for the State of Minnesota. He was also a partner in the law firm of Messerli & Kramer.

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OH 41.15

Oral history interview with Robert Renner, April 29, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (57 minutes, 50 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (28 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include the Governor’s reasons for staying out of the 1978 House negotiations; the Governor’s feelings about the outcomes of the negotiations; Governor’s legislative approach to the tie in the House; the Norton coalition; the Governor’s expanded legislative role in the 1980 session and reasons for it and efforts to maintain ongoing contact with legislators.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

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Biographical Information: John Rose was born in 1934 and served as a Minnesota State House Representative from 1977 to 1988 as an Independent-Republican. Before entering politics, he served in the United State Marine Corps during the Korean War and afterwards taught at Emmet D. Williams Elementary school and St. Rose of Lima Catholic School in Roseville as a physical education teacher. He served on committees related to natural resources, energy, and education. He died in office in 1988 due to complications following intestinal surgery.

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OH 41.16

Oral history interview with John Rose, June 16, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (54 minutes, 43 seconds) and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (21 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include his lack of role during the negotiations following the 1978 elections; disappointment in negotiation tactics; support for Doug Carlson for leadership in the House; surprise at unexpected tie in House and feelings of caucus members at the time; comparison between Carlson and Searle regarding leadership style; lack of preparation among Republican caucus to have new powers; effect of Kostohryz’s heart attack on negotiations; lack of committee experience among Republicans; being a leader; Democrat’s advantage at running the process in the House compared to the Republicans; Republicans fear of embarrassing the government; the unseating of Robert Pavlak; being a good leader versus a good follower; Rod Searle’s leadership style; Rose’s preference for Republicans acting as a minority; Irv Anderson’s leadership style; objections between coalition government; differences between conservative Republicans and the liberal Democrats; the 1980 session; its effect on Independent Republicans; how the coalition affected the 1980 legislative process; Republicans as a minority party versus majority; failure to pass bonding bill; predictions for next election; Republican and Democratic party strengths and weaknesses during elections.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Born in 1920, in New Jersey, Searle and his family moved to Minnesota in 1947 to begin farming and became involved in community activities. Elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1956 where he spent 24 years as a legislator. In 1979, he was selected as Speaker of House in an evenly divided body. After the 1980 session, he retired but continued in public service in various capacities for the rest of his life. He died in 2014.

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OH 41.17

Oral history interview with Rod Searle, 1980. 2 master audiocassettes, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (1 hour, 18 minutes, 26 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (37 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects and topics discussed include the reasons for the Republicans success in the 1978 elections; Searle’s election as caucus leader after the election; his own challenges with re-election; selections for the negotiation committee following the tie in the House; Republican goals for the negotiations; course of negotiations; the Pavlak case; choosing the speakership vs. committees in negotiations; Searle’s negotiating style; obtaining appropriations committee vs. taxes committee; resolution of negotiations; Irv Anderson as negotiating opponent; challenges being speaker in 1979 session; being a weak speaker; successes during 1979 session; Pavlak decision and special election; DFL rebellion against Irv Anderson as speaker; Fred Norton as compromise candidate; Voss’ role; changes in IR caucus from 1979 to 1980; role of Republican first termers; the bonding bill; Governor Quie’s leadership role in 1980 session; challenges and changes in appropriations committee; party designation and abortion and environmentalism as single issues that drive politics.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Born in 1943 in Hastings, Minnesota, Sieben attended Hastings High School and later earned his B.A. from Winona State College (now Winona State University) in 1965. Sieben entered the University of Minnesota Law School, and in 1968, earned his Juris Doctor. Sieben served fourteen years in the Minnesota House of Representatives, including four years as the Speaker. Sieben served in active, reserve, and National Guard for 35 years. This includes a period of service as acting Adjutant General, the highest-ranking officer, of the Minnesota National Guard. Sieben retired as a two-star, major general.

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OH 41.18

Oral history interview with Harry Sieben, April 23, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (54 minutes, 30 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (25 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include reasons for the outcome of the 1978 elections; the negotiations that came out of them; Irv Anderson’s role in negotiation process; Kostohryz’s hospital bed vote; the importance for the DFL to keep control of the Appropriations Committee and Tax Committee; the Pavlak case and the Independent Republicans; the Norton Coalition; division of the DFL in the 1980 legislative session; forced to become more partisan and the coalition’s need to share the leadership burden.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Born in 1930, Spannaus was a member of the DFL party and Minnesota Attorney General from 1971 until 1983. He graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1963. In 1982, he ran for governor, but lost to Rudy Perpich. He was a member of the Dorsey & Whitney law firm.

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OH 41.19

Oral history interview with Warren Spannaus, November 24, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 2 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (11 minutes, 8 seconds) and 1 user audio file: digital, MP3. Transcript (6 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects include his role in the Robert Pavlak case involving election malfeasance and expulsion from the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1979; his thoughts about the Minnesota Supreme Court decision about the case; how he handled criticism of his approach to the case; avoiding disputes with the legislature and thoughts about the impact of Hubert Humphrey’s death in the 1978 state elections.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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Biographical Information: Mark Thompson was a DFL legislative aide, specifically as an aide to the majority leader and caucus leader during the time of the negotiations following the 1978 elections.

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Biographical Information: Gordon Voss was born in 1938 and served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1973 to 1989 as a Democrat. Prior to his political career, he studied at the University of Minnesota where he received a bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees in mechanical engineering. Afterwards he served on city planning and zoning commission for Blaine, MN. After resigning from the House, he was appointed chief administrator of the Minnesota Metropolitan Waste Control Commission. Voss was killed in an auto accident in Wayzata, Minnesota on June 21, 2017.

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OH 41.21

Oral history interview with Gordon Voss, May 2, 1980. 1 master audiocassette, 4 submaster audio files: digital, WAV (46 minutes, 42 seconds)and 2 user audio files: digital, MP3. Transcript (27 pages).

Scope and Content: Subjects discussed include the diversity in political views of the DFL; reasons for opposing Irvin Anderson; Anderson versus Martin Sabo; beginning of opposition to Anderson in 1974; who made up the initial opposition; how Anderson changed caucus rules to maintain power; Anderson’s talents and personal characteristics; Anderson’s vindictiveness towards House staff and examples; Rod Searle versus Anderson; Anderson’s vindictiveness towards Republicans; three different styles of politicians; Libertarians in government; effect of Rodriguez election; efforts to unseat Anderson as a leader of House; negotiated agreement after tie in House; agreement to divide the rules committee; Anderson removes various committee chairman; importance of removing Anderson for DFL.

Interviewed by: Jon Bjornson

Transcript - Digital version

Digital version

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This collection is indexed under the following headings in the catalog of the Minnesota Historical Society. Researchers desiring materials about related topics, persons or places should search the catalog using these headings.

Organizations:

Minnesota. Legislature.

Minnesota. Legislature (71st : 1979-1980).

Persons:

Bjornson, Jon, interviewer.

Aarnes, Don, 1942- interviewee.

Anderson, Robert, interviewee.

Casserly, James, interviewee.

Faricy, Ray W., 1934- interviewee.

Fluer, Marcia, interviewee.

Boros, Karen,, interviewee.

Hess, Paul, interviewee.

Johnson, Carl (Carl Thomas), 1936- interviewee.

Knickerbocker, Gerald, interviewee.

Kostohryz, Richard, interviewee.

Nelsen, Bruce, interviewee.

Norton, Fred, interviewee.

Pavlak, Robert, interviewee.

Phelps, David, interviewee.

Salisbury, William, interviewee.

Lahammer, Gene, interviewee.

Quie, Albert H., 1923-, interviewee.

Renner, Robert G., interviewee.

Rose, John, interviewee.

Searle, Rod, interviewee.

Sieben, Harry A., interviewee.

Spannaus, Warren, 1936- interviewee.

Thompson, Mark, interviewee.

Voss, Gordon, interviewee.

Document Types:

Audiocassettes.

Interviews.

Oral histories (document genres)

Sound recordings

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