To understand what tanking a wall means, it is essential to look beyond the literal definition of the word "tank." In the context of construction and property maintenance, tanking refers to a specific waterproofing process rather than a vehicle or military structure. The term is used because the materials applied create a barrier that holds water back, much like the impenetrable walls of a military tank. This process is a critical defense against moisture intrusion, ensuring the longevity and structural integrity of a building.
The Technical Process of Tanking
Tanking a wall involves the application of a waterproof membrane or coating to substrate. This layer acts as a physical barrier, preventing water from penetrating through porous materials like brick, concrete, or blockwork. Unlike surface sealers that merely sit on top, effective tanking systems bond chemically or mechanically with the wall to block capillarity—the process by which water moves through tiny pores in the material. The goal is to create a continuous, impermeable envelope that directs water away from the internal structure.
Common Tanking Materials
Selecting the right materials is crucial for a successful tanking job. Professionals typically choose from several specialized products designed to handle different pressures and environmental conditions.
- Cementitious Admixtures: These are crystalline compounds added to concrete during mixing or applied as a slurry. They react with water and lime to form insoluble crystals that block capillary pores from the inside out.
- Bituminous Coatings: Tar-based paints that provide a flexible, waterproof layer, often used in basements and below-ground structures.
- Polyurethane Liquid Membranes: Thin, spray-applied coatings that cure into a highly elastic and robust rubber-like finish.
- Epoxy Resins: High-performance coatings known for their excellent adhesion and chemical resistance.
Where Tanking is Applied
While the concept is straightforward, the application of tanking varies significantly depending on the location and severity of the water threat. It is not merely about stopping a leak; it is about managing hydrostatic pressure—the force exerted by the surrounding water table. In the UK and similar climates, tanking is most commonly discussed in relation to basement conversions. When excavating a basement, the walls are exposed to damp soil, requiring a robust tanking system to convert a vulnerable excavation into a dry, usable living space.
Internal vs. External Tanking
Another critical distinction is whether the tanking is applied internally or externally. External tanking, applied to the outside of the foundation before backfilling, is the ideal scenario as it prevents water from reaching the structure altogether. However, this is often impractical in urban settings or during retrofits. Internal tanking, applied to the inner face of the wall, is a reactive solution. While effective at keeping water out of the building, it does not relieve the pressure on the structure and requires proper installation to avoid trapping vapor, which can lead to other issues.
Common Misconceptions and Pitfalls
One of the most frequent misunderstandings is confusing tanking with general waterproofing. While tanking is a form of waterproofing, not all waterproofing is tanking. For example, sealing a bathroom tile joint with silicone is a sealant, not tanking. Tanking specifically deals with managing significant water pressure over large surface areas. A common pitfall is failing to address the source of the leak. If water is rising through the floor or seeping through mortar joints, simply painting a wall with tanking paint is a temporary fix that will eventually fail without addressing the root cause.
Signs You Need Tanking
Property owners often notice the symptoms of water ingress long before they understand the solution. Persistent dampness, salt stains (efflorescence), peeling paint, and the growth of black mold are all indicators of moisture problems. If left untreated, this moisture can corrode steel reinforcements within concrete and cause timber to rot. Recognizing these signs early allows for the correct diagnosis of the issue. If the survey identifies rising damp or penetrating lateral damp, the recommended course of action will likely involve the technical process of tanking to restore the fabric of the building.
The Importance of Professional Installation
Tanking is a complex discipline that requires a thorough understanding of materials and building physics. It is rarely a simple DIY task. Mistakes in application, such as incorrect mixing ratios, insufficient coverage, or failure to prepare the substrate properly, can lead to blistering, cracking, and delamination. Because the consequences of failure involve significant damage and high repair costs, hiring a qualified specialist is essential. A professional will assess the specific conditions, recommend the appropriate system, and ensure the tanking is installed to perform reliably for decades.
