// this software is distributed under the MIT License (http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT):

// 

// Copyright 2018-2020, CWI, TU Munich, FSU Jena

// 

// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files   

// (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify,   

// merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is   

// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

// 

// - The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

// 

// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES 

// OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE 

// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR 

// IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. 

//                 

// You can contact the authors via the FSST source repository : https://github.com/cwida/fsst 

#include <algorithm>

#include <cassert>

#include <cstdint>

#include <cstring>

#include <fstream>

#include <iostream>

#include <numeric>

#include <memory>

#include <queue>

#include <string>

#include <unordered_set>

#include <vector>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <stddef.h>

using namespace std;

#include "fsst.h" // the official FSST API -- also usable by C mortals

/* unsigned integers */

typedef uint8_t u8;

typedef uint16_t u16;

typedef uint32_t u32;

typedef uint64_t u64;

inline uint64_t fsst_unaligned_load(u8 const* V) {

  uint64_t Ret;

  memcpy(&Ret, V, sizeof(uint64_t)); // compiler will generate efficient code (unaligned load, where possible)

  return Ret;

}

#define FSST_ENDIAN_MARKER ((u64) 1)

#define FSST_VERSION_20190218 20190218

#define FSST_VERSION ((u64) FSST_VERSION_20190218)

// "symbols" are character sequences (up to 8 bytes)

// A symbol is compressed into a "code" of, in principle, one byte. But, we added an exception mechanism:

// byte 255 followed by byte X represents the single-byte symbol X. Its code is 256+X.

// we represent codes in u16 (not u8). 12 bits code (of which 10 are used), 4 bits length

#define FSST_LEN_BITS       12

#define FSST_CODE_BITS      9 

#define FSST_CODE_BASE      256UL /* first 256 codes [0,255] are pseudo codes: escaped bytes */

#define FSST_CODE_MAX       (1UL<<FSST_CODE_BITS) /* all bits set: indicating a symbol that has not been assigned a code yet */

#define FSST_CODE_MASK      (FSST_CODE_MAX-1UL)   /* all bits set: indicating a symbol that has not been assigned a code yet */

struct Symbol {

   static const unsigned maxLength = 8;

   // the byte sequence that this symbol stands for

   union { char str[maxLength]; u64 num; } val; // usually we process it as a num(ber), as this is fast

   // icl = u64 ignoredBits:16,code:12,length:4,unused:32 -- but we avoid exposing this bit-field notation

   u64 icl;  // use a single u64 to be sure "code" is accessed with one load and can be compared with one comparison

   Symbol() : icl(0) { val.num = 0; }

   explicit Symbol(u8 c, u16 code) : icl((1<<28)|(code<<16)|56) { val.num = c; } // single-char symbol

   explicit Symbol(const char* begin, const char* end) : Symbol(begin, (u32) (end-begin)) {}

   explicit Symbol(u8* begin, u8* end) : Symbol((const char*)begin, (u32) (end-begin)) {}

   explicit Symbol(const char* input, u32 len) {

      val.num = 0;

      if (len>=8) {

          len = 8;

          memcpy(val.str, input, 8);

      } else {

          memcpy(val.str, input, len);

      }

      set_code_len(FSST_CODE_MAX, len);

   }

   void set_code_len(u32 code, u32 len) { icl = (len<<28)|(code<<16)|((8-len)*8); }

   u32 length() const { return (u32) (icl >> 28); }

   u16 code() const { return (icl >> 16) & FSST_CODE_MASK; }

   u32 ignoredBits() const { return (u32) icl; }

   u8 first() const { assert( length() >= 1); return 0xFF & val.num; }

   u16 first2() const { assert( length() >= 2); return 0xFFFF & val.num; }

#define FSST_HASH_LOG2SIZE 10 

#define FSST_HASH_PRIME 2971215073LL

#define FSST_SHIFT 15

#define FSST_HASH(w) (((w)*FSST_HASH_PRIME)^(((w)*FSST_HASH_PRIME)>>FSST_SHIFT))

   size_t hash() const { size_t v = 0xFFFFFF & val.num; return FSST_HASH(v); } // hash on the next 3 bytes

};

// Symbol that can be put in a queue, ordered on gain

struct QSymbol{

   Symbol symbol;

   mutable u32 gain; // mutable because gain value should be ignored in find() on unordered_set of QSymbols

   bool operator==(const QSymbol& other) const { return symbol.val.num == other.symbol.val.num && symbol.length() == other.symbol.length(); }

};

// we construct FSST symbol tables using a random sample of about 16KB (1<<14) 

#define FSST_SAMPLETARGET (1<<14)

#define FSST_SAMPLEMAXSZ ((long) 2*FSST_SAMPLETARGET)

// two phases of compression, before and after optimize():

//

// (1) to encode values we probe (and maintain) three datastructures:

// - u16 byteCodes[65536] array at the position of the next byte  (s.length==1)

// - u16 shortCodes[65536] array at the position of the next twobyte pattern (s.length==2)

// - Symbol hashtable[1024] (keyed by the next three bytes, ie for s.length>2), 

// this search will yield a u16 code, it points into Symbol symbols[]. You always find a hit, because the first 256 codes are 

// pseudo codes representing a single byte these will become escapes)

//

// (2) when we finished looking for the best symbol table we call optimize() to reshape it:

// - it renumbers the codes by length (first symbols of length 2,3,4,5,6,7,8; then 1 (starting from byteLim are symbols of length 1)

//   length 2 codes for which no longer suffix symbol exists (< suffixLim) come first among the 2-byte codes 

//   (allows shortcut during compression)

// - for each two-byte combination, in all unused slots of shortCodes[], it enters the byteCode[] of the symbol corresponding 

//   to the first byte (if such a single-byte symbol exists). This allows us to just probe the next two bytes (if there is only one

//   byte left in the string, there is still a terminator-byte added during compression) in shortCodes[]. That is, byteCodes[]

//   and its codepath is no longer required. This makes compression faster. The reason we use byteCodes[] during symbolTable construction

//   is that adding a new code/symbol is expensive (you have to touch shortCodes[] in 256 places). This optimization was

//   hence added to make symbolTable construction faster.

//

// this final layout allows for the fastest compression code, only currently present in compressBulk

// in the hash table, the icl field contains (low-to-high) ignoredBits:16,code:12,length:4

#define FSST_ICL_FREE ((15<<28)|(((u32)FSST_CODE_MASK)<<16)) // high bits of icl (len=8,code=FSST_CODE_MASK) indicates free bucket

// ignoredBits is (8-length)*8, which is the amount of high bits to zero in the input word before comparing with the hashtable key

//             ..it could of course be computed from len during lookup, but storing it precomputed in some loose bits is faster

//

// the gain field is only used in the symbol queue that sorts symbols on gain

struct SymbolTable {

   static const u32 hashTabSize = 1<<FSST_HASH_LOG2SIZE; // smallest size that incurs no precision loss

   // lookup table using the next two bytes (65536 codes), or just the next single byte

   u16 shortCodes[65536]; // contains code for 2-byte symbol, otherwise code for pseudo byte (escaped byte)

   // lookup table (only used during symbolTable construction, not during normal text compression)

   u16 byteCodes[256]; // contains code for every 1-byte symbol, otherwise code for pseudo byte (escaped byte)

   // 'symbols' is the current symbol  table symbol[code].symbol is the max 8-byte 'symbol' for single-byte 'code'

   Symbol symbols[FSST_CODE_MAX]; // x in [0,255]: pseudo symbols representing escaped byte x; x in [FSST_CODE_BASE=256,256+nSymbols]: real symbols   

   // replicate long symbols in hashTab (avoid indirection). 

   Symbol hashTab[hashTabSize]; // used for all symbols of 3 and more bytes

   u16 nSymbols;          // amount of symbols in the map (max 255)

   u16 suffixLim;         // codes higher than this do not have a longer suffix

   u16 terminator;        // code of 1-byte symbol, that can be used as a terminator during compression

   bool zeroTerminated;   // whether we are expecting zero-terminated strings (we then also produce zero-terminated compressed strings)

   u16 lenHisto[FSST_CODE_BITS]; // lenHisto[x] is the amount of symbols of byte-length (x+1) in this SymbolTable

   SymbolTable() : nSymbols(0), suffixLim(FSST_CODE_MAX), terminator(0), zeroTerminated(false) {

      // stuff done once at startup

      for (u32 i=0; i<256; i++) {

         symbols[i] = Symbol(i,i|(1<<FSST_LEN_BITS)); // pseudo symbols

      }

      Symbol unused = Symbol((u8) 0,FSST_CODE_MASK); // single-char symbol, exception code

      for (u32 i=256; i<FSST_CODE_MAX; i++) {

         symbols[i] = unused; // we start with all symbols unused

      }

      // empty hash table

      Symbol s;

      s.val.num = 0;

      s.icl = FSST_ICL_FREE; //marks empty in hashtab

      for(u32 i=0; i<hashTabSize; i++)

         hashTab[i] = s;

      // fill byteCodes[] with the pseudo code all bytes (escaped bytes)

      for(u32 i=0; i<256; i++)

         byteCodes[i] = (1<<FSST_LEN_BITS) | i;

      // fill shortCodes[] with the pseudo code for the first byte of each two-byte pattern

      for(u32 i=0; i<65536; i++)

         shortCodes[i] = (1<<FSST_LEN_BITS) | (i&255);

      memset(lenHisto, 0, sizeof(lenHisto)); // all unused

   }

   void clear() {

      // clear a symbolTable with minimal effort (only erase the used positions in it)

      memset(lenHisto, 0, sizeof(lenHisto)); // all unused

      for(u32 i=FSST_CODE_BASE; i<FSST_CODE_BASE+nSymbols; i++) {

          if (symbols[i].length() == 1) {

              u16 val = symbols[i].first();

              byteCodes[val] = (1<<FSST_LEN_BITS) | val;

          } else if (symbols[i].length() == 2) {

              u16 val = symbols[i].first2();

              shortCodes[val] = (1<<FSST_LEN_BITS) | (val&255);

          } else {

              u32 idx = symbols[i].hash() & (hashTabSize-1);

              hashTab[idx].val.num = 0;

              hashTab[idx].icl = FSST_ICL_FREE; //marks empty in hashtab

          }           

      } 

      nSymbols = 0; // no need to clean symbols[] as no symbols are used

   }

   bool hashInsert(Symbol s) {

      u32 idx = s.hash() & (hashTabSize-1);

      bool taken = (hashTab[idx].icl < FSST_ICL_FREE);

      if (taken) return false; // collision in hash table

      hashTab[idx].icl = s.icl;

      hashTab[idx].val.num = s.val.num & (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF >> (u8) s.icl);

      return true;

   }

   bool add(Symbol s) {

      assert(FSST_CODE_BASE + nSymbols < FSST_CODE_MAX);

      u32 len = s.length();

      s.set_code_len(FSST_CODE_BASE + nSymbols, len);

      if (len == 1) {

         byteCodes[s.first()] = FSST_CODE_BASE + nSymbols + (1<<FSST_LEN_BITS); // len=1 (<<FSST_LEN_BITS)

      } else if (len == 2) {

         shortCodes[s.first2()] = FSST_CODE_BASE + nSymbols + (2<<FSST_LEN_BITS); // len=2 (<<FSST_LEN_BITS)

      } else if (!hashInsert(s)) {

         return false;

      }

      symbols[FSST_CODE_BASE + nSymbols++] = s;

      lenHisto[len-1]++;

      return true;

   }

   /// Find longest expansion, return code (= position in symbol table)

   u16 findLongestSymbol(Symbol s) const {

      size_t idx = s.hash() & (hashTabSize-1);

      if (hashTab[idx].icl <= s.icl && hashTab[idx].val.num == (s.val.num & (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF >> ((u8) hashTab[idx].icl)))) {

         return (hashTab[idx].icl>>16) & FSST_CODE_MASK; // matched a long symbol 

      }

      if (s.length() >= 2) {

         u16 code =  shortCodes[s.first2()] & FSST_CODE_MASK;

         if (code >= FSST_CODE_BASE) return code; 

      }

      return byteCodes[s.first()] & FSST_CODE_MASK;

   }

   u16 findLongestSymbol(u8* cur, u8* end) const {

      return findLongestSymbol(Symbol(cur,end)); // represent the string as a temporary symbol

   }

   // rationale for finalize:

   // - during symbol table construction, we may create more than 256 codes, but bring it down to max 255 in the last makeTable()

   //   consequently we needed more than 8 bits during symbol table contruction, but can simplify the codes to single bytes in finalize()

   //   (this feature is in fact lo longer used, but could still be exploited: symbol construction creates no more than 255 symbols in each pass)

   // - we not only reduce the amount of codes to <255, but also *reorder* the symbols and renumber their codes, for higher compression perf.

   //   we renumber codes so they are grouped by length, to allow optimized scalar string compression (byteLim and suffixLim optimizations). 

   // - we make the use of byteCode[] no longer necessary by inserting single-byte codes in the free spots of shortCodes[]

   //   Using shortCodes[] only makes compression faster. When creating the symbolTable, however, using shortCodes[] for the single-byte

   //   symbols is slow, as each insert touches 256 positions in it. This optimization was added when optimizing symbolTable construction time.

   //

   // In all, we change the layout and coding, as follows..

   //

   // before finalize(): 

   // - The real symbols are symbols[256..256+nSymbols>. As we may have nSymbols > 255

   // - The first 256 codes are pseudo symbols (all escaped bytes)

   //

   // after finalize(): 

   // - table layout is symbols[0..nSymbols>, with nSymbols < 256. 

   // - Real codes are [0,nSymbols>. 8-th bit not set. 

   // - Escapes in shortCodes have the 8th bit set (value: 256+255=511). 255 because the code to be emitted is the escape byte 255

   // - symbols are grouped by length: 2,3,4,5,6,7,8, then 1 (single-byte codes last)

   // the two-byte codes are split in two sections: 

   // - first section contains codes for symbols for which there is no longer symbol (no suffix). It allows an early-out during compression

   //

   // finally, shortCodes[] is modified to also encode all single-byte symbols (hence byteCodes[] is not required on a critical path anymore).

   //

   void finalize(u8 zeroTerminated) {

       assert(nSymbols <= 255);

       u8 newCode[256], rsum[8], byteLim = nSymbols - (lenHisto[0] - zeroTerminated);

       // compute running sum of code lengths (starting offsets for each length) 

       rsum[0] = byteLim; // 1-byte codes are highest

       rsum[1] = zeroTerminated;

       for(u32 i=1; i<7; i++)

          rsum[i+1] = rsum[i] + lenHisto[i];

       // determine the new code for each symbol, ordered by length (and splitting 2byte symbols into two classes around suffixLim)

       suffixLim = rsum[1];

       symbols[newCode[0] = 0] = symbols[256]; // keep symbol 0 in place (for zeroTerminated cases only)

       for(u32 i=zeroTerminated, j=rsum[2]; i<nSymbols; i++) {  

          Symbol s1 = symbols[FSST_CODE_BASE+i];

          u32 len = s1.length(), opt = (len == 2)*nSymbols;

          if (opt) {

              u16 first2 = s1.first2();

              for(u32 k=0; k<opt; k++) {  

                 Symbol s2 = symbols[FSST_CODE_BASE+k];

                 if (k != i && s2.length() > 1 && first2 == s2.first2()) // test if symbol k is a suffix of s

                    opt = 0;

              }

              newCode[i] = opt?suffixLim++:--j; // symbols without a larger suffix have a code < suffixLim 

          } else 

              newCode[i] = rsum[len-1]++;

          s1.set_code_len(newCode[i],len);

          symbols[newCode[i]] = s1; 

       }

       // renumber the codes in byteCodes[] 

       for(u32 i=0; i<256; i++) 

          if ((byteCodes[i] & FSST_CODE_MASK) >= FSST_CODE_BASE)

             byteCodes[i] = newCode[(u8) byteCodes[i]] + (1 << FSST_LEN_BITS);

          else 

             byteCodes[i] = 511 + (1 << FSST_LEN_BITS);

       // renumber the codes in shortCodes[] 

       for(u32 i=0; i<65536; i++)

          if ((shortCodes[i] & FSST_CODE_MASK) >= FSST_CODE_BASE)

             shortCodes[i] = newCode[(u8) shortCodes[i]] + (shortCodes[i] & (15 << FSST_LEN_BITS));

          else 

             shortCodes[i] = byteCodes[i&0xFF];

       // replace the symbols in the hash table

       for(u32 i=0; i<hashTabSize; i++)

          if (hashTab[i].icl < FSST_ICL_FREE)

             hashTab[i] = symbols[newCode[(u8) hashTab[i].code()]];

   }

};

#ifdef NONOPT_FSST

struct Counters {

   u16 count1[FSST_CODE_MAX];   // array to count frequency of symbols as they occur in the sample 

   u16 count2[FSST_CODE_MAX][FSST_CODE_MAX]; // array to count subsequent combinations of two symbols in the sample 

   void count1Set(u32 pos1, u16 val) { 

      count1[pos1] = val;

   }

   void count1Inc(u32 pos1) { 

      count1[pos1]++;

   }

   void count2Inc(u32 pos1, u32 pos2) {  

      count2[pos1][pos2]++;

   }

   u32 count1GetNext(u32 &pos1) { 

      return count1[pos1];

   }

   u32 count2GetNext(u32 pos1, u32 &pos2) { 

      return count2[pos1][pos2];

   }

   void backup1(u8 *buf) {

      memcpy(buf, count1, FSST_CODE_MAX*sizeof(u16));

   }

   void restore1(u8 *buf) {

      memcpy(count1, buf, FSST_CODE_MAX*sizeof(u16));

   }

};

#else

// we keep two counters count1[pos] and count2[pos1][pos2] of resp 16 and 12-bits. Both are split into two columns for performance reasons

// first reason is to make the column we update the most during symbolTable construction (the low bits) thinner, thus reducing CPU cache pressure.

// second reason is that when scanning the array, after seeing a 64-bits 0 in the high bits column, we can quickly skip over many codes (15 or 7)

struct Counters {

   // high arrays come before low arrays, because our GetNext() methods may overrun their 64-bits reads a few bytes

   u8 count1High[FSST_CODE_MAX];   // array to count frequency of symbols as they occur in the sample (16-bits)

   u8 count1Low[FSST_CODE_MAX];    // it is split in a low and high byte: cnt = count1High*256 + count1Low

   u8 count2High[FSST_CODE_MAX][FSST_CODE_MAX/2]; // array to count subsequent combinations of two symbols in the sample (12-bits: 8-bits low, 4-bits high)

   u8 count2Low[FSST_CODE_MAX][FSST_CODE_MAX];    // its value is (count2High*256+count2Low) -- but high is 4-bits (we put two numbers in one, hence /2)

   // 385KB  -- but hot area likely just 10 + 30*4 = 130 cache lines (=8KB)

   void count1Set(u32 pos1, u16 val) { 

      count1Low[pos1] = val&255;

      count1High[pos1] = val>>8;

   }

   void count1Inc(u32 pos1) { 

      if (!count1Low[pos1]++) // increment high early (when low==0, not when low==255). This means (high > 0) <=> (cnt > 0)

         count1High[pos1]++; //(0,0)->(1,1)->..->(255,1)->(0,1)->(1,2)->(2,2)->(3,2)..(255,2)->(0,2)->(1,3)->(2,3)...

   }

   void count2Inc(u32 pos1, u32 pos2) {  

       if (!count2Low[pos1][pos2]++) // increment high early (when low==0, not when low==255). This means (high > 0) <=> (cnt > 0)

          // inc 4-bits high counter with 1<<0 (1) or 1<<4 (16) -- depending on whether pos2 is even or odd, repectively

          count2High[pos1][(pos2)>>1] += 1 << (((pos2)&1)<<2); // we take our chances with overflow.. (4K maxval, on a 8K sample)

   }

   u32 count1GetNext(u32 &pos1) { // note: we will advance pos1 to the next nonzero counter in register range

      // read 16-bits single symbol counter, split into two 8-bits numbers (count1Low, count1High), while skipping over zeros

     u64 high = fsst_unaligned_load(&count1High[pos1]);

      u32 zero = high?(__builtin_ctzll(high)>>3):7UL; // number of zero bytes

      high = (high >> (zero << 3)) & 255; // advance to nonzero counter

      if (((pos1 += zero) >= FSST_CODE_MAX) || !high) // SKIP! advance pos2

         return 0; // all zero

      u32 low = count1Low[pos1];

      if (low) high--; // high is incremented early and low late, so decrement high (unless low==0)

      return (u32) ((high << 8) + low);

   }

   u32 count2GetNext(u32 pos1, u32 &pos2) { // note: we will advance pos2 to the next nonzero counter in register range

      // read 12-bits pairwise symbol counter, split into low 8-bits and high 4-bits number while skipping over zeros

    u64 high = fsst_unaligned_load(&count2High[pos1][pos2>>1]);

      high >>= ((pos2&1) << 2); // odd pos2: ignore the lowest 4 bits & we see only 15 counters

      u32 zero = high?(__builtin_ctzll(high)>>2):(15UL-(pos2&1UL)); // number of zero 4-bits counters

      high = (high >> (zero << 2)) & 15;  // advance to nonzero counter

      if (((pos2 += zero) >= FSST_CODE_MAX) || !high) // SKIP! advance pos2

         return 0UL; // all zero

      u32 low = count2Low[pos1][pos2];

      if (low) high--; // high is incremented early and low late, so decrement high (unless low==0)

      return (u32) ((high << 8) + low);

   }

   void backup1(u8 *buf) {

      memcpy(buf, count1High, FSST_CODE_MAX);

      memcpy(buf+FSST_CODE_MAX, count1Low, FSST_CODE_MAX);

   }

   void restore1(u8 *buf) {

      memcpy(count1High, buf, FSST_CODE_MAX);

      memcpy(count1Low, buf+FSST_CODE_MAX, FSST_CODE_MAX);

   }

}; 

#endif

#define FSST_BUFSZ (3<<19) // 768KB

// an encoder is a symbolmap plus some bufferspace, needed during map construction as well as compression 

struct Encoder {

   shared_ptr<SymbolTable> symbolTable; // symbols, plus metadata and data structures for quick compression (shortCode,hashTab, etc)

   union {

      Counters counters;     // for counting symbol occurences during map construction

      u8 simdbuf[FSST_BUFSZ]; // for compression: SIMD string staging area 768KB = 256KB in + 512KB out (worst case for 256KB in) 

   };

};

// job control integer representable in one 64bits SIMD lane: cur/end=input, out=output, pos=which string (2^9=512 per call)

struct SIMDjob {

   u64 out:19,pos:9,end:18,cur:18; // cur/end is input offsets (2^18=256KB), out is output offset (2^19=512KB)  

};

// C++ fsst-compress function with some more control of how the compression happens (algorithm flavor, simd unroll degree)

size_t compressImpl(Encoder *encoder, size_t n, size_t lenIn[], u8 *strIn[], size_t size, u8 * output, size_t *lenOut, u8 *strOut[], bool noSuffixOpt, bool avoidBranch, int simd);

size_t compressAuto(Encoder *encoder, size_t n, size_t lenIn[], u8 *strIn[], size_t size, u8 * output, size_t *lenOut, u8 *strOut[], int simd);