/src/git/setup.c

Source
#define DISABLE_SIGN_COMPARE_WARNINGS

#include "git-compat-util.h"
#include "abspath.h"
#include "copy.h"
#include "environment.h"
#include "exec-cmd.h"
#include "gettext.h"
#include "hex.h"
#include "object-file.h"
#include "object-name.h"
#include "refs.h"
#include "repository.h"
#include "config.h"
#include "dir.h"
#include "setup.h"
#include "shallow.h"
#include "string-list.h"
#include "strvec.h"
#include "chdir-notify.h"
#include "path.h"
#include "quote.h"
#include "trace.h"
#include "trace2.h"
#include "worktree.h"

enum allowed_bare_repo {
  ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_EXPLICIT = 0,
  ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_ALL,
};

static struct startup_info the_startup_info;
struct startup_info *startup_info = &the_startup_info;
const char *tmp_original_cwd;

/*
 * The input parameter must contain an absolute path, and it must already be
 * normalized.
 *
 * Find the part of an absolute path that lies inside the work tree by
 * dereferencing symlinks outside the work tree, for example:
 * /dir1/repo/dir2/file   (work tree is /dir1/repo)      -> dir2/file
 * /dir/file              (work tree is /)               -> dir/file
 * /dir/symlink1/symlink2 (symlink1 points to work tree) -> symlink2
 * /dir/repolink/file     (repolink points to /dir/repo) -> file
 * /dir/repo              (exactly equal to work tree)   -> (empty string)
 */
static int abspath_part_inside_repo(struct repository *repo, char *path)
{
  size_t len;
  size_t wtlen;
  char *path0;
  int off;
  const char *work_tree = precompose_string_if_needed(repo_get_work_tree(repo));
  struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;

  if (!work_tree)
    return -1;
  wtlen = strlen(work_tree);
  len = strlen(path);
  off = offset_1st_component(path);

  /* check if work tree is already the prefix */
  if (wtlen <= len && !fspathncmp(path, work_tree, wtlen)) {
    if (path[wtlen] == '/') {
      memmove(path, path + wtlen + 1, len - wtlen);
      return 0;
    } else if (path[wtlen - 1] == '/' || path[wtlen] == '\0') {
      /* work tree is the root, or the whole path */
      memmove(path, path + wtlen, len - wtlen + 1);
      return 0;
    }
    /* work tree might match beginning of a symlink to work tree */
    off = wtlen;
  }
  path0 = path;
  path += off;

  /* check each '/'-terminated level */
  while (*path) {
    path++;
    if (*path == '/') {
      *path = '\0';
      strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path0, 1);
      if (fspathcmp(realpath.buf, work_tree) == 0) {
        memmove(path0, path + 1, len - (path - path0));
        strbuf_release(&realpath);
        return 0;
      }
      *path = '/';
    }
  }

  /* check whole path */
  strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path0, 1);
  if (fspathcmp(realpath.buf, work_tree) == 0) {
    *path0 = '\0';
    strbuf_release(&realpath);
    return 0;
  }

  strbuf_release(&realpath);
  return -1;
}

/*
 * Normalize "path", prepending the "prefix" for relative paths. If
 * remaining_prefix is not NULL, return the actual prefix still
 * remains in the path. For example, prefix = sub1/sub2/ and path is
 *
 *  foo          -> sub1/sub2/foo  (full prefix)
 *  ../foo       -> sub1/foo       (remaining prefix is sub1/)
 *  ../../bar    -> bar            (no remaining prefix)
 *  ../../sub1/sub2/foo -> sub1/sub2/foo (but no remaining prefix)
 *  `pwd`/../bar -> sub1/bar       (no remaining prefix)
 */
char *prefix_path_gently(struct repository *repo,
       const char *prefix, int len,
       int *remaining_prefix, const char *path)
{
  const char *orig = path;
  char *sanitized;
  if (is_absolute_path(orig)) {
    sanitized = xmallocz(strlen(path));
    if (remaining_prefix)
      *remaining_prefix = 0;
    if (normalize_path_copy_len(sanitized, path, remaining_prefix)) {
      free(sanitized);
      return NULL;
    }
    if (abspath_part_inside_repo(repo, sanitized)) {
      free(sanitized);
      return NULL;
    }
  } else {
    sanitized = xstrfmt("%.*s%s", len, len ? prefix : "", path);
    if (remaining_prefix)
      *remaining_prefix = len;
    if (normalize_path_copy_len(sanitized, sanitized, remaining_prefix)) {
      free(sanitized);
      return NULL;
    }
  }
  return sanitized;
}

char *prefix_path(struct repository *repo, const char *prefix, int len, const char *path)
{
  char *r = prefix_path_gently(repo, prefix, len, NULL, path);
  if (!r) {
    const char *hint_path = repo_get_work_tree(repo);
    if (!hint_path)
      hint_path = repo_get_git_dir(repo);
    die(_("'%s' is outside repository at '%s'"), path,
        absolute_path(hint_path));
  }
  return r;
}

int path_inside_repo(struct repository *repo, const char *prefix, const char *path)
{
  int len = prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0;
  char *r = prefix_path_gently(repo, prefix, len, NULL, path);
  if (r) {
    free(r);
    return 1;
  }
  return 0;
}

int check_filename(const char *prefix, const char *arg)
{
  char *to_free = NULL;
  struct stat st;

  if (skip_prefix(arg, ":/", &arg)) {
    if (!*arg) /* ":/" is root dir, always exists */
      return 1;
    prefix = NULL;
  } else if (skip_prefix(arg, ":!", &arg) ||
       skip_prefix(arg, ":^", &arg)) {
    if (!*arg) /* excluding everything is silly, but allowed */
      return 1;
  }

  if (prefix)
    arg = to_free = prefix_filename(prefix, arg);

  if (!lstat(arg, &st)) {
    free(to_free);
    return 1; /* file exists */
  }
  if (is_missing_file_error(errno)) {
    free(to_free);
    return 0; /* file does not exist */
  }
  die_errno(_("failed to stat '%s'"), arg);
}

static void NORETURN die_verify_filename(struct repository *r,
           const char *prefix,
           const char *arg,
           int diagnose_misspelt_rev)
{
  if (!diagnose_misspelt_rev)
    die(_("%s: no such path in the working tree.\n"
          "Use 'git <command> -- <path>...' to specify paths that do not exist locally."),
        arg);
  /*
   * Saying "'(icase)foo' does not exist in the index" when the
   * user gave us ":(icase)foo" is just stupid.  A magic pathspec
   * begins with a colon and is followed by a non-alnum; do not
   * let maybe_die_on_misspelt_object_name() even trigger.
   */
  if (!(arg[0] == ':' && !isalnum(arg[1])))
    maybe_die_on_misspelt_object_name(r, arg, prefix);

  /* ... or fall back the most general message. */
  die(_("ambiguous argument '%s': unknown revision or path not in the working tree.\n"
        "Use '--' to separate paths from revisions, like this:\n"
        "'git <command> [<revision>...] -- [<file>...]'"), arg);

}

/*
 * Check for arguments that don't resolve as actual files,
 * but which look sufficiently like pathspecs that we'll consider
 * them such for the purposes of rev/pathspec DWIM parsing.
 */
static int looks_like_pathspec(const char *arg)
{
  const char *p;
  int escaped = 0;

  /*
   * Wildcard characters imply the user is looking to match pathspecs
   * that aren't in the filesystem. Note that this doesn't include
   * backslash even though it's a glob special; by itself it doesn't
   * cause any increase in the match. Likewise ignore backslash-escaped
   * wildcard characters.
   */
  for (p = arg; *p; p++) {
    if (escaped) {
      escaped = 0;
    } else if (is_glob_special(*p)) {
      if (*p == '\\')
        escaped = 1;
      else
        return 1;
    }
  }

  /* long-form pathspec magic */
  if (starts_with(arg, ":("))
    return 1;

  return 0;
}

/*
 * Verify a filename that we got as an argument for a pathspec
 * entry. Note that a filename that begins with "-" never verifies
 * as true, because even if such a filename were to exist, we want
 * it to be preceded by the "--" marker (or we want the user to
 * use a format like "./-filename")
 *
 * The "diagnose_misspelt_rev" is used to provide a user-friendly
 * diagnosis when dying upon finding that "name" is not a pathname.
 * If set to 1, the diagnosis will try to diagnose "name" as an
 * invalid object name (e.g. HEAD:foo). If set to 0, the diagnosis
 * will only complain about an inexisting file.
 *
 * This function is typically called to check that a "file or rev"
 * argument is unambiguous. In this case, the caller will want
 * diagnose_misspelt_rev == 1 when verifying the first non-rev
 * argument (which could have been a revision), and
 * diagnose_misspelt_rev == 0 for the next ones (because we already
 * saw a filename, there's not ambiguity anymore).
 */
void verify_filename(struct repository *repo,
         const char *prefix,
         const char *arg,
         int diagnose_misspelt_rev)
{
  if (*arg == '-')
    die(_("option '%s' must come before non-option arguments"), arg);
  if (looks_like_pathspec(arg) || check_filename(prefix, arg))
    return;
  die_verify_filename(repo, prefix, arg, diagnose_misspelt_rev);
}

/*
 * Opposite of the above: the command line did not have -- marker
 * and we parsed the arg as a refname.  It should not be interpretable
 * as a filename.
 */
void verify_non_filename(struct repository *repo, const char *prefix, const char *arg)
{
  if (!is_inside_work_tree(repo) || is_inside_git_dir(repo))
    return;
  if (*arg == '-')
    return; /* flag */
  if (!check_filename(prefix, arg))
    return;
  die(_("ambiguous argument '%s': both revision and filename\n"
        "Use '--' to separate paths from revisions, like this:\n"
        "'git <command> [<revision>...] -- [<file>...]'"), arg);
}

int get_common_dir(struct strbuf *sb, const char *gitdir)
{
  const char *git_env_common_dir = getenv(GIT_COMMON_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
  if (git_env_common_dir) {
    strbuf_addstr(sb, git_env_common_dir);
    return 1;
  } else {
    return get_common_dir_noenv(sb, gitdir);
  }
}

int get_common_dir_noenv(struct strbuf *sb, const char *gitdir)
{
  struct strbuf data = STRBUF_INIT;
  struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
  int ret = 0;

  strbuf_addf(&path, "%s/commondir", gitdir);
  if (file_exists(path.buf)) {
    if (strbuf_read_file(&data, path.buf, 0) <= 0)
      die_errno(_("failed to read %s"), path.buf);
    while (data.len && (data.buf[data.len - 1] == '\n' ||
            data.buf[data.len - 1] == '\r'))
      data.len--;
    data.buf[data.len] = '\0';
    strbuf_reset(&path);
    if (!is_absolute_path(data.buf))
      strbuf_addf(&path, "%s/", gitdir);
    strbuf_addbuf(&path, &data);
    strbuf_add_real_path(sb, path.buf);
    ret = 1;
  } else {
    strbuf_addstr(sb, gitdir);
  }

  strbuf_release(&data);
  strbuf_release(&path);
  return ret;
}

static int validate_headref(const char *path)
{
  struct stat st;
  char buffer[256];
  const char *refname;
  struct object_id oid;
  int fd;
  ssize_t len;

  if (lstat(path, &st) < 0)
    return -1;

  /* Make sure it is a "refs/.." symlink */
  if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
    len = readlink(path, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1);
    if (len >= 5 && !memcmp("refs/", buffer, 5))
      return 0;
    return -1;
  }

  /*
   * Anything else, just open it and try to see if it is a symbolic ref.
   */
  fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0)
    return -1;
  len = read_in_full(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)-1);
  close(fd);

  if (len < 0)
    return -1;
  buffer[len] = '\0';

  /*
   * Is it a symbolic ref?
   */
  if (skip_prefix(buffer, "ref:", &refname)) {
    while (isspace(*refname))
      refname++;
    if (starts_with(refname, "refs/"))
      return 0;
  }

  /*
   * Is this a detached HEAD?
   */
  if (get_oid_hex_any(buffer, &oid) != GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
    return 0;

  return -1;
}

/*
 * Test if it looks like we're at a git directory.
 * We want to see:
 *
 *  - either an objects/ directory _or_ the proper
 *    GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY environment variable
 *  - a refs/ directory
 *  - either a HEAD symlink or a HEAD file that is formatted as
 *    a proper "ref:", or a regular file HEAD that has a properly
 *    formatted sha1 object name.
 */
int is_git_directory(const char *suspect)
{
  struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
  int ret = 0;
  size_t len;

  /* Check worktree-related signatures */
  strbuf_addstr(&path, suspect);
  strbuf_complete(&path, '/');
  strbuf_addstr(&path, "HEAD");
  if (validate_headref(path.buf))
    goto done;

  strbuf_reset(&path);
  get_common_dir(&path, suspect);
  len = path.len;

  /* Check non-worktree-related signatures */
  if (getenv(DB_ENVIRONMENT)) {
    if (access(getenv(DB_ENVIRONMENT), X_OK))
      goto done;
  }
  else {
    strbuf_setlen(&path, len);
    strbuf_addstr(&path, "/objects");
    if (access(path.buf, X_OK))
      goto done;
  }

  strbuf_setlen(&path, len);
  strbuf_addstr(&path, "/refs");
  if (access(path.buf, X_OK))
    goto done;

  ret = 1;
done:
  strbuf_release(&path);
  return ret;
}

int is_nonbare_repository_dir(struct strbuf *path)
{
  int ret = 0;
  int gitfile_error;
  size_t orig_path_len = path->len;
  assert(orig_path_len != 0);
  strbuf_complete(path, '/');
  strbuf_addstr(path, ".git");
  if (read_gitfile_gently(path->buf, &gitfile_error) || is_git_directory(path->buf))
    ret = 1;
  if (gitfile_error == READ_GITFILE_ERR_OPEN_FAILED ||
      gitfile_error == READ_GITFILE_ERR_READ_FAILED)
    ret = 1;
  strbuf_setlen(path, orig_path_len);
  return ret;
}

int is_inside_git_dir(struct repository *repo)
{
  struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
  int ret = is_inside_dir(strbuf_realpath(&buf, repo_get_git_dir(repo), 1));
  strbuf_release(&buf);
  return ret;
}

int is_inside_work_tree(struct repository *repo)
{
  struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
  const char *worktree;
  int ret;

  worktree = repo_get_work_tree(repo);
  if (!worktree)
    return 0;

  ret = is_inside_dir(strbuf_realpath(&buf, worktree, 1));

  strbuf_release(&buf);
  return ret;
}

void setup_work_tree(struct repository *repo)
{
  const char *work_tree;

  if (repo->worktree_config_is_bogus)
    die(_("unable to set up work tree using invalid config"));

  work_tree = repo_get_work_tree(repo);
  if (!work_tree || chdir_notify(work_tree))
    die(_("this operation must be run in a work tree"));

  /*
   * Make sure subsequent git processes find correct worktree
   * if $GIT_WORK_TREE is set relative
   */
  if (getenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT))
    setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, ".", 1);
}

static void setup_original_cwd(struct repository *repo)
{
  struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
  const char *worktree = NULL;
  int offset = -1;

  if (!tmp_original_cwd)
    return;

  /*
   * startup_info->original_cwd points to the current working
   * directory we inherited from our parent process, which is a
   * directory we want to avoid removing.
   *
   * For convenience, we would like to have the path relative to the
   * worktree instead of an absolute path.
   *
   * Yes, startup_info->original_cwd is usually the same as 'prefix',
   * but differs in two ways:
   *   - prefix has a trailing '/'
   *   - if the user passes '-C' to git, that modifies the prefix but
   *     not startup_info->original_cwd.
   */

  /* Normalize the directory */
  if (!strbuf_realpath(&tmp, tmp_original_cwd, 0)) {
    trace2_data_string("setup", repo,
           "realpath-path", tmp_original_cwd);
    trace2_data_string("setup", repo,
           "realpath-failure", strerror(errno));
    free((char*)tmp_original_cwd);
    tmp_original_cwd = NULL;
    return;
  }

  free((char*)tmp_original_cwd);
  tmp_original_cwd = NULL;
  startup_info->original_cwd = strbuf_detach(&tmp, NULL);

  /*
   * Get our worktree; we only protect the current working directory
   * if it's in the worktree.
   */
  worktree = repo_get_work_tree(repo);
  if (!worktree)
    goto no_prevention_needed;

  offset = dir_inside_of(startup_info->original_cwd, worktree);
  if (offset >= 0) {
    /*
     * If startup_info->original_cwd == worktree, that is already
     * protected and we don't need original_cwd as a secondary
     * protection measure.
     */
    if (!*(startup_info->original_cwd + offset))
      goto no_prevention_needed;

    /*
     * original_cwd was inside worktree; precompose it just as
     * we do prefix so that built up paths will match
     */
    startup_info->original_cwd = \
      precompose_string_if_needed(startup_info->original_cwd
                + offset);
    return;
  }

no_prevention_needed:
  free((char*)startup_info->original_cwd);
  startup_info->original_cwd = NULL;
}

static int read_worktree_config(const char *var, const char *value,
        const struct config_context *ctx UNUSED,
        void *vdata)
{
  struct repository_format *data = vdata;

  if (strcmp(var, "core.bare") == 0) {
    data->is_bare = git_config_bool(var, value);
  } else if (strcmp(var, "core.worktree") == 0) {
    if (!value)
      return config_error_nonbool(var);
    free(data->work_tree);
    data->work_tree = xstrdup(value);
  }
  return 0;
}

enum extension_result {
  EXTENSION_ERROR = -1, /* compatible with error(), etc */
  EXTENSION_UNKNOWN = 0,
  EXTENSION_OK = 1
};

/*
 * Do not add new extensions to this function. It handles extensions which are
 * respected even in v0-format repositories for historical compatibility.
 */
static enum extension_result handle_extension_v0(const char *var,
             const char *value,
             const char *ext,
             struct repository_format *data)
{
    if (!strcmp(ext, "noop")) {
      return EXTENSION_OK;
    } else if (!strcmp(ext, "preciousobjects")) {
      data->precious_objects = git_config_bool(var, value);
      return EXTENSION_OK;
    } else if (!strcmp(ext, "partialclone")) {
      if (!value)
        return config_error_nonbool(var);
      data->partial_clone = xstrdup(value);
      return EXTENSION_OK;
    } else if (!strcmp(ext, "worktreeconfig")) {
      data->worktree_config = git_config_bool(var, value);
      return EXTENSION_OK;
    }

    return EXTENSION_UNKNOWN;
}

/*
 * Record any new extensions in this function.
 */
static enum extension_result handle_extension(const char *var,
                const char *value,
                const char *ext,
                struct repository_format *data)
{
  if (!strcmp(ext, "noop-v1")) {
    return EXTENSION_OK;
  } else if (!strcmp(ext, "objectformat")) {
    int format;

    if (!value)
      return config_error_nonbool(var);
    format = hash_algo_by_name(value);
    if (format == GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
      return error(_("invalid value for '%s': '%s'"),
             "extensions.objectformat", value);
    data->hash_algo = format;
    return EXTENSION_OK;
  } else if (!strcmp(ext, "compatobjectformat")) {
    struct string_list_item *item;
    int format;

    if (!value)
      return config_error_nonbool(var);
    format = hash_algo_by_name(value);
    if (format == GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
      return error(_("invalid value for '%s': '%s'"),
             "extensions.compatobjectformat", value);
    /* For now only support compatObjectFormat being specified once. */
    for_each_string_list_item(item, &data->v1_only_extensions) {
      if (!strcmp(item->string, "compatobjectformat"))
        return error(_("'%s' already specified as '%s'"),
          "extensions.compatobjectformat",
          hash_algos[data->compat_hash_algo].name);
    }
    data->compat_hash_algo = format;
    return EXTENSION_OK;
  } else if (!strcmp(ext, "refstorage")) {
    unsigned int format;

    if (!value)
      return config_error_nonbool(var);

    FREE_AND_NULL(data->ref_storage_payload);
    format = ref_storage_format_by_uri(value,
               &data->ref_storage_payload);

    if (format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
      return error(_("invalid value for '%s': '%s'"),
             "extensions.refstorage", value);
    data->ref_storage_format = format;
    return EXTENSION_OK;
  } else if (!strcmp(ext, "relativeworktrees")) {
    data->relative_worktrees = git_config_bool(var, value);
    return EXTENSION_OK;
  } else if (!strcmp(ext, "submodulepathconfig")) {
    data->submodule_path_cfg = git_config_bool(var, value);
    return EXTENSION_OK;
  }
  return EXTENSION_UNKNOWN;
}

static int check_repo_format(const char *var, const char *value,
           const struct config_context *ctx, void *vdata)
{
  struct repository_format *data = vdata;
  const char *ext;

  if (strcmp(var, "core.repositoryformatversion") == 0)
    data->version = git_config_int(var, value, ctx->kvi);
  else if (skip_prefix(var, "extensions.", &ext)) {
    switch (handle_extension_v0(var, value, ext, data)) {
    case EXTENSION_ERROR:
      return -1;
    case EXTENSION_OK:
      return 0;
    case EXTENSION_UNKNOWN:
      break;
    }

    switch (handle_extension(var, value, ext, data)) {
    case EXTENSION_ERROR:
      return -1;
    case EXTENSION_OK:
      string_list_append(&data->v1_only_extensions, ext);
      return 0;
    case EXTENSION_UNKNOWN:
      string_list_append(&data->unknown_extensions, ext);
      return 0;
    }
  }

  return read_worktree_config(var, value, ctx, vdata);
}

static int read_and_verify_repository_format(struct repository_format *format,
               const char *gitdir,
               int *nongit_ok)
{
  struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
  struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
  int has_common;

  has_common = get_common_dir(&sb, gitdir);
  strbuf_addstr(&sb, "/config");
  read_repository_format(format, sb.buf);
  strbuf_release(&sb);

  /*
   * For historical use of check_and_apply_repository_format() in git-init,
   * we treat a missing config as a silent "ok", even when nongit_ok
   * is unset.
   */
  if (format->version < 0)
    return 0;

  if (verify_repository_format(format, &err) < 0) {
    if (nongit_ok) {
      warning("%s", err.buf);
      strbuf_release(&err);
      *nongit_ok = -1;
      return -1;
    }
    die("%s", err.buf);
  }

  string_list_clear(&format->unknown_extensions, 0);
  string_list_clear(&format->v1_only_extensions, 0);

  if (format->worktree_config) {
    /*
     * pick up core.bare and core.worktree from per-worktree
     * config if present
     */
    strbuf_addf(&sb, "%s/config.worktree", gitdir);
    git_config_from_file(read_worktree_config, sb.buf, format);
    strbuf_release(&sb);
    has_common = 0;
  }

  if (startup_info->force_bare_repository) {
    format->is_bare = 1;
    FREE_AND_NULL(format->work_tree);
  } else if (has_common) {
    /*
     * When sharing a common dir with another repository (e.g. a
     * linked worktree), do not let this repository's config
     * dictate bareness; it is inherited from the main worktree.
     */
    format->is_bare = -1;

    /*
     * Furthermore, "core.worktree" is supposed to be ignored when
     * we have a commondir configured, unless it comes from the
     * per-worktree configuration.
     */
    FREE_AND_NULL(format->work_tree);
  }

  return 0;
}

int upgrade_repository_format(struct repository *repo, int target_version)
{
  struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
  struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
  struct strbuf repo_version = STRBUF_INIT;
  struct repository_format repo_fmt = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
  int ret;

  repo_common_path_append(repo, &sb, "config");
  read_repository_format(&repo_fmt, sb.buf);
  strbuf_release(&sb);

  if (repo_fmt.version >= target_version) {
    ret = 0;
    goto out;
  }

  if (verify_repository_format(&repo_fmt, &err) < 0) {
    ret = error("cannot upgrade repository format from %d to %d: %s",
          repo_fmt.version, target_version, err.buf);
    goto out;
  }
  if (!repo_fmt.version && repo_fmt.unknown_extensions.nr) {
    ret = error("cannot upgrade repository format: "
          "unknown extension %s",
          repo_fmt.unknown_extensions.items[0].string);
    goto out;
  }

  strbuf_addf(&repo_version, "%d", target_version);
  repo_config_set(repo, "core.repositoryformatversion", repo_version.buf);

  ret = 1;

out:
  clear_repository_format(&repo_fmt);
  strbuf_release(&repo_version);
  strbuf_release(&err);
  return ret;
}

static void init_repository_format(struct repository_format *format)
{
  const struct repository_format fresh = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;

  memcpy(format, &fresh, sizeof(fresh));
}

int read_repository_format(struct repository_format *format, const char *path)
{
  clear_repository_format(format);
  format->hash_algo = GIT_HASH_SHA1_LEGACY;
  git_config_from_file(check_repo_format, path, format);
  if (format->version == -1) {
    clear_repository_format(format);
    format->hash_algo = GIT_HASH_SHA1_LEGACY;
  }
  return format->version;
}

void clear_repository_format(struct repository_format *format)
{
  string_list_clear(&format->unknown_extensions, 0);
  string_list_clear(&format->v1_only_extensions, 0);
  free(format->work_tree);
  free(format->partial_clone);
  free(format->ref_storage_payload);
  init_repository_format(format);
}

int verify_repository_format(const struct repository_format *format,
           struct strbuf *err)
{
  if (GIT_REPO_VERSION_READ < format->version) {
    strbuf_addf(err, _("Expected git repo version <= %d, found %d"),
          GIT_REPO_VERSION_READ, format->version);
    return -1;
  }

  if (format->version >= 1 && format->unknown_extensions.nr) {
    int i;

    strbuf_addstr(err, Q_("unknown repository extension found:",
              "unknown repository extensions found:",
              format->unknown_extensions.nr));

    for (i = 0; i < format->unknown_extensions.nr; i++)
      strbuf_addf(err, "\n\t%s",
            format->unknown_extensions.items[i].string);
    return -1;
  }

  if (format->version == 0 && format->v1_only_extensions.nr) {
    int i;

    strbuf_addstr(err,
            Q_("repo version is 0, but v1-only extension found:",
         "repo version is 0, but v1-only extensions found:",
         format->v1_only_extensions.nr));

    for (i = 0; i < format->v1_only_extensions.nr; i++)
      strbuf_addf(err, "\n\t%s",
            format->v1_only_extensions.items[i].string);
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

void read_gitfile_error_die(int error_code, const char *path)
{
  switch (error_code) {
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_FILE:
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_STAT_FAILED:
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_MISSING:
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_IS_A_DIR:
    /* non-fatal; follow return path */
    break;
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_OPEN_FAILED:
    die_errno(_("error opening '%s'"), path);
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_TOO_LARGE:
    die(_("too large to be a .git file: '%s'"), path);
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_READ_FAILED:
    die(_("error reading %s"), path);
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT:
    die(_("invalid gitfile format: %s"), path);
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NO_PATH:
    die(_("no path in gitfile: %s"), path);
  case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_REPO:
    die(_("gitfile does not point to a valid repository: %s"),
        path);
  default:
    BUG("unknown error code");
  }
}

/*
 * Try to read the location of the git directory from the .git file,
 * return path to git directory if found. The return value comes from
 * a shared buffer.
 *
 * On failure, if return_error_code is not NULL, return_error_code
 * will be set to an error code and NULL will be returned. If
 * return_error_code is NULL the function will die instead (for most
 * cases).
 */
const char *read_gitfile_gently(const char *path, int *return_error_code)
{
  int error_code = 0;
  const char *slash;
  struct strbuf contents = STRBUF_INIT;
  static struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;

  error_code = read_gitfile_raw(&contents, path);
  if (error_code)
    goto cleanup_return;

  if (!is_absolute_path(contents.buf) && (slash = strrchr(path, '/'))) {
    size_t pathlen = slash+1 - path;
    char *dir = xstrfmt("%.*s%s", (int)pathlen, path, contents.buf);
    strbuf_reset(&contents);
    strbuf_addstr(&contents, dir);
    free(dir);
  }
  if (!is_git_directory(contents.buf)) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_REPO;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }

  strbuf_realpath(&realpath, contents.buf, 1);

cleanup_return:
  if (return_error_code)
    *return_error_code = error_code;
  else if (error_code)
    read_gitfile_error_die(error_code, path);

  strbuf_release(&contents);
  return error_code ? NULL : realpath.buf;
}

/*
 * Read the path following "gitdir: " from the .git file into strbuf.
 *
 * Unlike read_gitfile_gently(), this function does not resolve a
 * relative path or validate it using is_git_directory().
 */
int read_gitfile_raw(struct strbuf *contents, const char *path)
{
  const int max_file_size = 1 << 20;  /* 1MB */
  int error_code = 0;
  char *buf = NULL;
  struct stat st;
  int fd;
  ssize_t len;

  if (stat(path, &st)) {
    if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR)
      error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_MISSING;
    else
      error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_STAT_FAILED;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_IS_A_DIR;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_FILE;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  if (st.st_size > max_file_size) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_TOO_LARGE;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_OPEN_FAILED;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  buf = xmallocz(st.st_size);
  len = read_in_full(fd, buf, st.st_size);
  close(fd);
  if (len != st.st_size) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_READ_FAILED;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  if (!starts_with(buf, "gitdir: ")) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  while (buf[len - 1] == '\n' || buf[len - 1] == '\r')
    len--;
  if (len < 9) {
    error_code = READ_GITFILE_ERR_NO_PATH;
    goto cleanup_return;
  }
  strbuf_add(contents, buf+8, len-8);

cleanup_return:
  free(buf);
  return error_code;
}

static void apply_gitdir_and_environment(struct repository *repo, const char *path)
{
  struct strvec to_free = STRVEC_INIT;
  struct set_gitdir_args args = {
    .commondir = getenv_safe(&to_free, GIT_COMMON_DIR_ENVIRONMENT),
    .graft_file = getenv_safe(&to_free, GRAFT_ENVIRONMENT),
    .index_file = getenv_safe(&to_free, INDEX_ENVIRONMENT),
    .disable_ref_updates = !!getenv(GIT_QUARANTINE_ENVIRONMENT),
  };

  repo_set_gitdir(repo, path, &args);

  strvec_clear(&to_free);
}

static void update_relative_gitdir(const char *old_cwd,
           const char *new_cwd,
           void *data)
{
  struct repository *repo = data;
  char *path = reparent_relative_path(old_cwd, new_cwd,
              repo_get_git_dir(repo));
  trace_printf_key(&trace_setup_key,
       "setup: move $GIT_DIR to '%s'",
       path);
  apply_gitdir_and_environment(repo, path);
  xsetenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, path, 1);
  free(path);
}

static void apply_and_export_relative_gitdir(struct repository *repo, const char *path, int make_realpath)
{
  struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;

  if (make_realpath) {
    strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path, 1);
    path = realpath.buf;
  }

  apply_gitdir_and_environment(repo, path);
  xsetenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, path, 1);

  if (!is_absolute_path(path))
    chdir_notify_register(update_relative_gitdir, repo);

  strbuf_release(&realpath);
}

struct repo_discovery {
  struct repository_format format;
  char *gitdir;
  char *worktree;
  char *prefix;
};

#define REPO_DISCOVERY_INIT { \
  .format = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT, \
}

static void repo_discovery_release(struct repo_discovery *r)
{
  clear_repository_format(&r->format);
  free(r->gitdir);
  free(r->worktree);
  free(r->prefix);
}

static void repo_discovery_set_gitdir(struct repo_discovery *r,
              const char *gitdir,
              int make_realpath)
{
  free(r->gitdir);
  if (make_realpath) {
    struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;
    strbuf_realpath(&realpath, gitdir, 1);
    r->gitdir = strbuf_detach(&realpath, NULL);
  } else {
    r->gitdir = xstrdup(gitdir);
  }
}

static void repo_discovery_set_worktree(struct repo_discovery *r,
          const char *worktree)
{
  free(r->worktree);
  r->worktree = real_pathdup(worktree, 1);
}

static void repo_discover_explicit_gitdir(struct repo_discovery *discovery,
            const char *gitdirenv,
            struct strbuf *cwd,
            int *nongit_ok)
{
  const char *work_tree_env = getenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT);
  char *gitfile;
  int offset;

  if (PATH_MAX - 40 < strlen(gitdirenv))
    die(_("'$%s' too big"), GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);

  gitfile = (char*)read_gitfile(gitdirenv);
  if (gitfile) {
    gitfile = xstrdup(gitfile);
    gitdirenv = gitfile;
  }

  if (!is_git_directory(gitdirenv)) {
    if (nongit_ok) {
      *nongit_ok = 1;
      goto out;
    }
    die(_("not a git repository: '%s'"), gitdirenv);
  }

  if (read_and_verify_repository_format(&discovery->format, gitdirenv, nongit_ok))
    goto out;

  /* #3, #7, #11, #15, #19, #23, #27, #31 (see t1510) */
  if (work_tree_env) {
    /*
     * The environment variable overrides "core.worktree". This
     * also has the consequence that we don't want to flag cases as
     * bogus where we have both "core.worktree" and "core.bare", so
     * we have to explicitly unset the configuration.
     */
    FREE_AND_NULL(discovery->format.work_tree);
    repo_discovery_set_worktree(discovery, work_tree_env);
  } else if (discovery->format.is_bare > 0) {
    /* #18, #26 */
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, gitdirenv, 0);
    goto out;
  } else if (discovery->format.work_tree) { /* #6, #14 */
    if (is_absolute_path(discovery->format.work_tree)) {
      repo_discovery_set_worktree(discovery, discovery->format.work_tree);
    } else {
      char *core_worktree;
      if (chdir(gitdirenv))
        die_errno(_("cannot chdir to '%s'"), gitdirenv);
      if (chdir(discovery->format.work_tree))
        die_errno(_("cannot chdir to '%s'"), discovery->format.work_tree);
      core_worktree = xgetcwd();
      if (chdir(cwd->buf))
        die_errno(_("cannot come back to cwd"));
      repo_discovery_set_worktree(discovery, core_worktree);
      free(core_worktree);
    }
  } else if (!git_env_bool(GIT_IMPLICIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, 1)) {
    /* #16d */
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, gitdirenv, 0);
    goto out;
  } else { /* #2, #10 */
    repo_discovery_set_worktree(discovery, ".");
  }

  /* both the worktree and cwd are already normalized */
  if (!strcmp(cwd->buf, discovery->worktree)) { /* cwd == worktree */
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, gitdirenv, 0);
    goto out;
  }

  offset = dir_inside_of(cwd->buf, discovery->worktree);
  if (offset >= 0) { /* cwd inside discovery->worktree? */
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, gitdirenv, 1);
    if (chdir(discovery->worktree))
      die_errno(_("cannot chdir to '%s'"), discovery->worktree);
    discovery->prefix = xstrfmt("%s/", cwd->buf + offset);
    goto out;
  }

  /* cwd outside worktree */
  repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, gitdirenv, 0);

out:
  free(gitfile);
}

static void repo_discover_implicit_gitdir(struct repo_discovery *discovery,
            const char *gitdir,
            struct strbuf *cwd, int offset,
            int *nongit_ok)
{
  if (read_and_verify_repository_format(&discovery->format, gitdir, nongit_ok))
    return;

  /* --work-tree is set without --git-dir; use discovered one */
  if (getenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT) || discovery->format.work_tree) {
    char *to_free = NULL;

    if (offset != cwd->len && !is_absolute_path(gitdir))
      gitdir = to_free = real_pathdup(gitdir, 1);
    if (chdir(cwd->buf))
      die_errno(_("cannot come back to cwd"));
    repo_discover_explicit_gitdir(discovery, gitdir, cwd,
                nongit_ok);
    free(to_free);
    return;
  }

  /* #16.2, #17.2, #20.2, #21.2, #24, #25, #28, #29 (see t1510) */
  if (discovery->format.is_bare > 0) {
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, gitdir, (offset != cwd->len));
    if (chdir(cwd->buf))
      die_errno(_("cannot come back to cwd"));
    return;
  }

  /* #0, #1, #5, #8, #9, #12, #13 */
  repo_discovery_set_worktree(discovery, ".");
  if (strcmp(gitdir, DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT))
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, gitdir, 0);
  if (offset >= cwd->len)
    return;

  /* Make "offset" point past the '/' (already the case for root dirs) */
  if (offset != offset_1st_component(cwd->buf))
    offset++;
  discovery->prefix = xstrfmt("%s/", cwd->buf + offset);
}

/* #16.1, #17.1, #20.1, #21.1, #22.1 (see t1510) */
static void repo_discover_bare_gitdir(struct repo_discovery *discovery,
              struct strbuf *cwd, int offset,
              int *nongit_ok)
{
  int root_len;

  if (read_and_verify_repository_format(&discovery->format, ".", nongit_ok))
    return;

  setenv(GIT_IMPLICIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, "0", 1);

  /* --work-tree is set without --git-dir; use discovered one */
  if (getenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT) || discovery->format.work_tree) {
    char *gitdir = offset == cwd->len ? xstrdup(".") : xmemdupz(cwd->buf, offset);
    if (chdir(cwd->buf))
      die_errno(_("cannot come back to cwd"));
    repo_discover_explicit_gitdir(discovery, gitdir, cwd, nongit_ok);
    free(gitdir);
    return;
  }

  if (offset != cwd->len) {
    if (chdir(cwd->buf))
      die_errno(_("cannot come back to cwd"));
    root_len = offset_1st_component(cwd->buf);
    strbuf_setlen(cwd, offset > root_len ? offset : root_len);
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, cwd->buf, 0);
  } else {
    repo_discovery_set_gitdir(discovery, ".", 0);
  }
}

static dev_t get_device_or_die(const char *path, const char *prefix, int prefix_len)
{
  struct stat buf;
  if (stat(path, &buf)) {
    die_errno(_("failed to stat '%*s%s%s'"),
        prefix_len,
        prefix ? prefix : "",
        prefix ? "/" : "", path);
  }
  return buf.st_dev;
}

/*
 * A "string_list_each_func_t" function that canonicalizes an entry
 * from GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES using real_pathdup(), or
 * discards it if unusable.  The presence of an empty entry in
 * GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES turns off canonicalization for all
 * subsequent entries.
 */
static int canonicalize_ceiling_entry(struct string_list_item *item,
              void *cb_data)
{
  int *empty_entry_found = cb_data;
  char *ceil = item->string;

  if (!*ceil) {
    *empty_entry_found = 1;
    return 0;
  } else if (!is_absolute_path(ceil)) {
    return 0;
  } else if (*empty_entry_found) {
    /* Keep entry but do not canonicalize it */
    return 1;
  } else {
    char *real_path = real_pathdup(ceil, 0);
    if (!real_path) {
      return 0;
    }
    free(item->string);
    item->string = real_path;
    return 1;
  }
}

struct safe_directory_data {
  char *path;
  int is_safe;
};

static int safe_directory_cb(const char *key, const char *value,
           const struct config_context *ctx UNUSED, void *d)
{
  struct safe_directory_data *data = d;

  if (strcmp(key, "safe.directory"))
    return 0;

  if (!value || !*value) {
    data->is_safe = 0;
  } else if (!strcmp(value, "*")) {
    data->is_safe = 1;
  } else {
    char *allowed = NULL;

    if (!git_config_pathname(&allowed, key, value) && allowed) {
      char *normalized = NULL;

      /*
       * Setting safe.directory to a non-absolute path
       * makes little sense---it won't be relative to
       * the configuration file the item is defined in.
       * Except for ".", which means "if we are at the top
       * level of a repository, then it is OK", which is
       * slightly tighter than "*" that allows discovery.
       */
      if (!is_absolute_path(allowed) && strcmp(allowed, ".")) {
        warning(_("safe.directory '%s' not absolute"),
          allowed);
        goto next;
      }

      /*
       * A .gitconfig in $HOME may be shared across
       * different machines and safe.directory entries
       * may or may not exist as paths on all of these
       * machines.  In other words, it is not a warning
       * worthy event when there is no such path on this
       * machine---the entry may be useful elsewhere.
       */
      normalized = real_pathdup(allowed, 0);
      if (!normalized)
        goto next;

      if (ends_with(normalized, "/*")) {
        size_t len = strlen(normalized);
        if (!fspathncmp(normalized, data->path, len - 1))
          data->is_safe = 1;
      } else if (!fspathcmp(data->path, normalized)) {
        data->is_safe = 1;
      }
    next:
      free(normalized);
      free(allowed);
    }
  }

  return 0;
}

/*
 * Check if a repository is safe, by verifying the ownership of the
 * worktree (if any), the git directory, and the gitfile (if any).
 *
 * Exemptions for known-safe repositories can be added via `safe.directory`
 * config settings; for non-bare repositories, their worktree needs to be
 * added, for bare ones their git directory.
 */
static int ensure_valid_ownership(const char *gitfile,
          const char *worktree, const char *gitdir,
          struct strbuf *report)
{
  struct safe_directory_data data = { 0 };

  if (!git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_ASSUME_DIFFERENT_OWNER", 0) &&
      (!gitfile || is_path_owned_by_current_user(gitfile, report)) &&
      (!worktree || is_path_owned_by_current_user(worktree, report)) &&
      (!gitdir || is_path_owned_by_current_user(gitdir, report)))
    return 1;

  /*
   * normalize the data.path for comparison with normalized paths
   * that come from the configuration file.  The path is unsafe
   * if it cannot be normalized.
   */
  data.path = real_pathdup(worktree ? worktree : gitdir, 0);
  if (!data.path)
    return 0;

  /*
   * data.path is the "path" that identifies the repository and it is
   * constant regardless of what failed above. data.is_safe should be
   * initialized to false, and might be changed by the callback.
   */
  git_protected_config(safe_directory_cb, &data);

  free(data.path);
  return data.is_safe;
}

void die_upon_dubious_ownership(const char *gitfile, const char *worktree,
        const char *gitdir)
{
  struct strbuf report = STRBUF_INIT, quoted = STRBUF_INIT;
  const char *path;

  if (ensure_valid_ownership(gitfile, worktree, gitdir, &report))
    return;

  strbuf_complete(&report, '\n');
  path = gitfile ? gitfile : gitdir;
  sq_quote_buf_pretty(&quoted, path);

  die(_("detected dubious ownership in repository at '%s'\n"
        "%s"
        "To add an exception for this directory, call:\n"
        "\n"
        "\tgit config --global --add safe.directory %s"),
      path, report.buf, quoted.buf);
}

static int allowed_bare_repo_cb(const char *key, const char *value,
        const struct config_context *ctx UNUSED,
        void *d)
{
  enum allowed_bare_repo *allowed_bare_repo = d;

  if (strcasecmp(key, "safe.bareRepository"))
    return 0;

  if (!strcmp(value, "explicit")) {
    *allowed_bare_repo = ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_EXPLICIT;
    return 0;
  }
  if (!strcmp(value, "all")) {
    *allowed_bare_repo = ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_ALL;
    return 0;
  }
  return -1;
}

static enum allowed_bare_repo get_allowed_bare_repo(void)
{
#ifdef WITH_BREAKING_CHANGES
  enum allowed_bare_repo result = ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_EXPLICIT;
#else
  enum allowed_bare_repo result = ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_ALL;
#endif
  git_protected_config(allowed_bare_repo_cb, &result);
  return result;
}

static const char *allowed_bare_repo_to_string(
  enum allowed_bare_repo allowed_bare_repo)
{
  switch (allowed_bare_repo) {
  case ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_EXPLICIT:
    return "explicit";
  case ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_ALL:
    return "all";
  default:
    BUG("invalid allowed_bare_repo %d",
        allowed_bare_repo);
  }
  return NULL;
}

static int is_implicit_bare_repo(const char *path)
{
  /*
   * what we found is a ".git" directory at the root of
   * the working tree.
   */
  if (ends_with_path_components(path, ".git"))
    return 1;

  /*
   * we are inside $GIT_DIR of a secondary worktree of a
   * non-bare repository.
   */
  if (strstr(path, "/.git/worktrees/"))
    return 1;

  /*
   * we are inside $GIT_DIR of a worktree of a non-embedded
   * submodule, whose superproject is not a bare repository.
   */
  if (strstr(path, "/.git/modules/"))
    return 1;

  return 0;
}

/*
 * We cannot decide in this function whether we are in the work tree or
 * not, since the config can only be read _after_ this function was called.
 *
 * Also, we avoid changing any global state (such as the current working
 * directory) to allow early callers.
 *
 * The directory where the search should start needs to be passed in via the
 * `dir` parameter; upon return, the `dir` buffer will contain the path of
 * the directory where the search ended, and `gitdir` will contain the path of
 * the discovered .git/ directory, if any. If `gitdir` is not absolute, it
 * is relative to `dir` (i.e. *not* necessarily the cwd).
 */
static enum discovery_result repo_discovery_find_dir(struct strbuf *dir,
                 struct strbuf *gitdir,
                 struct strbuf *report,
                 int die_on_error)
{
  const char *env_ceiling_dirs = getenv(CEILING_DIRECTORIES_ENVIRONMENT);
  struct string_list ceiling_dirs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
  const char *gitdirenv;
  int ceil_offset = -1, min_offset = offset_1st_component(dir->buf);
  dev_t current_device = 0;
  int one_filesystem = 1;

  /*
   * If GIT_DIR is set explicitly, we're not going
   * to do any discovery, but we still do repository
   * validation.
   */
  gitdirenv = getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
  if (gitdirenv) {
    strbuf_addstr(gitdir, gitdirenv);
    return GIT_DIR_EXPLICIT;
  }

  if (env_ceiling_dirs) {
    int empty_entry_found = 0;
    static const char path_sep[] = { PATH_SEP, '\0' };

    string_list_split(&ceiling_dirs, env_ceiling_dirs, path_sep, -1);
    filter_string_list(&ceiling_dirs, 0,
           canonicalize_ceiling_entry, &empty_entry_found);
    ceil_offset = longest_ancestor_length(dir->buf, &ceiling_dirs);
    string_list_clear(&ceiling_dirs, 0);
  }

  if (ceil_offset < 0)
    ceil_offset = min_offset - 2;

  if (min_offset && min_offset == dir->len &&
      !is_dir_sep(dir->buf[min_offset - 1])) {
    strbuf_addch(dir, '/');
    min_offset++;
  }

  /*
   * Test in the following order (relative to the dir):
   * - .git (file containing "gitdir: <path>")
   * - .git/
   * - ./ (bare)
   * - ../.git
   * - ../.git/
   * - ../ (bare)
   * - ../../.git
   *   etc.
   */
  one_filesystem = !git_env_bool("GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM", 0);
  if (one_filesystem)
    current_device = get_device_or_die(dir->buf, NULL, 0);
  for (;;) {
    int offset = dir->len, error_code = 0;
    char *gitdir_path = NULL;
    char *gitfile = NULL;

    if (offset > min_offset)
      strbuf_addch(dir, '/');
    strbuf_addstr(dir, DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
    gitdirenv = read_gitfile_gently(dir->buf, &error_code);
    if (!gitdirenv) {
      switch (error_code) {
      case READ_GITFILE_ERR_MISSING:
        /* no .git in this directory, move on */
        break;
      case READ_GITFILE_ERR_IS_A_DIR:
        if (is_git_directory(dir->buf)) {
          gitdirenv = DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT;
          gitdir_path = xstrdup(dir->buf);
        }
        break;
      case READ_GITFILE_ERR_STAT_FAILED:
        if (die_on_error)
          die(_("error reading '%s'"), dir->buf);
        else
          return GIT_DIR_INVALID_GITFILE;
      case READ_GITFILE_ERR_NOT_A_FILE:
        if (die_on_error)
          die(_("not a regular file: '%s'"), dir->buf);
        else
          return GIT_DIR_INVALID_GITFILE;
      default:
        if (die_on_error)
          read_gitfile_error_die(error_code, dir->buf);
        else
          return GIT_DIR_INVALID_GITFILE;
      }
    } else {
      gitfile = xstrdup(dir->buf);
    }
    /*
     * Earlier, we tentatively added DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT
     * to check that directory for a repository.
     * Now trim that tentative addition away, because we want to
     * focus on the real directory we are in.
     */
    strbuf_setlen(dir, offset);
    if (gitdirenv) {
      enum discovery_result ret;
      const char *gitdir_candidate =
        gitdir_path ? gitdir_path : gitdirenv;

      if (ensure_valid_ownership(gitfile, dir->buf,
               gitdir_candidate, report)) {
        strbuf_addstr(gitdir, gitdirenv);
        ret = GIT_DIR_DISCOVERED;
      } else
        ret = GIT_DIR_INVALID_OWNERSHIP;

      /*
       * Earlier, during discovery, we might have allocated
       * string copies for gitdir_path or gitfile so make
       * sure we don't leak by freeing them now, before
       * leaving the loop and function.
       *
       * Note: gitdirenv will be non-NULL whenever these are
       * allocated, therefore we need not take care of releasing
       * them outside of this conditional block.
       */
      free(gitdir_path);
      free(gitfile);

      return ret;
    }

    if (is_git_directory(dir->buf)) {
      trace2_data_string("setup", NULL, "implicit-bare-repository", dir->buf);
      if (get_allowed_bare_repo() == ALLOWED_BARE_REPO_EXPLICIT &&
          !is_implicit_bare_repo(dir->buf))
        return GIT_DIR_DISALLOWED_BARE;
      if (!ensure_valid_ownership(NULL, NULL, dir->buf, report))
        return GIT_DIR_INVALID_OWNERSHIP;
      strbuf_addstr(gitdir, ".");
      return GIT_DIR_BARE;
    }

    if (offset <= min_offset)
      return GIT_DIR_HIT_CEILING;

    while (--offset > ceil_offset && !is_dir_sep(dir->buf[offset]))
      ; /* continue */
    if (offset <= ceil_offset)
      return GIT_DIR_HIT_CEILING;

    strbuf_setlen(dir, offset > min_offset ?  offset : min_offset);
    if (one_filesystem &&
        current_device != get_device_or_die(dir->buf, NULL, offset))
      return GIT_DIR_HIT_MOUNT_POINT;
  }
}

enum discovery_result discover_git_directory_reason(struct strbuf *commondir,
                struct strbuf *gitdir)
{
  struct strbuf dir = STRBUF_INIT, err = STRBUF_INIT;
  size_t gitdir_offset = gitdir->len, cwd_len;
  size_t commondir_offset = commondir->len;
  struct repository_format candidate = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
  enum discovery_result result;

  if (strbuf_getcwd(&dir))
    return GIT_DIR_CWD_FAILURE;

  cwd_len = dir.len;
  result = repo_discovery_find_dir(&dir, gitdir, NULL, 0);
  if (result <= 0) {
    strbuf_release(&dir);
    return result;
  }

  /*
   * The returned gitdir is relative to dir, and if dir does not reflect
   * the current working directory, we simply make the gitdir absolute.
   */
  if (dir.len < cwd_len && !is_absolute_path(gitdir->buf + gitdir_offset)) {
    /* Avoid a trailing "/." */
    if (!strcmp(".", gitdir->buf + gitdir_offset))
      strbuf_setlen(gitdir, gitdir_offset);
    else
      strbuf_addch(&dir, '/');
    strbuf_insert(gitdir, gitdir_offset, dir.buf, dir.len);
  }

  get_common_dir(commondir, gitdir->buf + gitdir_offset);

  strbuf_reset(&dir);
  strbuf_addf(&dir, "%s/config", commondir->buf + commondir_offset);
  read_repository_format(&candidate, dir.buf);
  strbuf_release(&dir);

  if (verify_repository_format(&candidate, &err) < 0) {
    warning("ignoring git dir '%s': %s",
      gitdir->buf + gitdir_offset, err.buf);
    strbuf_release(&err);
    strbuf_setlen(commondir, commondir_offset);
    strbuf_setlen(gitdir, gitdir_offset);
    clear_repository_format(&candidate);
    return GIT_DIR_INVALID_FORMAT;
  }

  clear_repository_format(&candidate);
  return result;
}

int apply_repository_format(struct repository *repo,
          const struct repository_format *format,
          enum apply_repository_format_flags flags,
          struct strbuf *err)
{
  if (verify_repository_format(format, err) < 0)
    return -1;

  if (format->is_bare > 0 && format->work_tree) {
    /* #22.2, #30 */
    warning("core.bare and core.worktree do not make sense");
    repo->worktree_config_is_bogus = true;
  }

  if (flags & APPLY_REPOSITORY_FORMAT_HONOR_ENV) {
    const char *shallow_file;

    shallow_file = getenv(GIT_SHALLOW_FILE_ENVIRONMENT);
    if (shallow_file)
      set_alternate_shallow_file(repo, shallow_file);
  }

  repo->bare_cfg = format->is_bare;
  repo_set_hash_algo(repo, format->hash_algo);
  repo_set_compat_hash_algo(repo, format->compat_hash_algo);
  repo_set_ref_storage_format(repo,
            format->ref_storage_format,
            format->ref_storage_payload);
  repo->repository_format_worktree_config =
    format->worktree_config;
  repo->repository_format_submodule_path_cfg =
    format->submodule_path_cfg;
  repo->repository_format_relative_worktrees =
    format->relative_worktrees;
  repo->repository_format_partial_clone =
    xstrdup_or_null(format->partial_clone);
  repo->repository_format_precious_objects =
    format->precious_objects;

  return 0;
}

const char *enter_repo(struct repository *repo, const char *path, unsigned flags)
{
  static struct strbuf validated_path = STRBUF_INIT;
  static struct strbuf used_path = STRBUF_INIT;

  if (!path)
    return NULL;

  if (!(flags & ENTER_REPO_STRICT)) {
    static const char *suffix[] = {
      "/.git", "", ".git/.git", ".git", NULL,
    };
    const char *gitfile;
    int len = strlen(path);
    int i;
    while ((1 < len) && (path[len-1] == '/'))
      len--;

    /*
     * We can handle arbitrary-sized buffers, but this remains as a
     * sanity check on untrusted input.
     */
    if (PATH_MAX <= len)
      return NULL;

    strbuf_reset(&used_path);
    strbuf_reset(&validated_path);
    strbuf_add(&used_path, path, len);
    strbuf_add(&validated_path, path, len);

    if (used_path.buf[0] == '~') {
      char *newpath = interpolate_path(used_path.buf, 0);
      if (!newpath)
        return NULL;
      strbuf_attach(&used_path, newpath, strlen(newpath),
              strlen(newpath));
    }
    for (i = 0; suffix[i]; i++) {
      struct stat st;
      size_t baselen = used_path.len;
      strbuf_addstr(&used_path, suffix[i]);
      if (!stat(used_path.buf, &st) &&
          (S_ISREG(st.st_mode) ||
          (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && is_git_directory(used_path.buf)))) {
        strbuf_addstr(&validated_path, suffix[i]);
        break;
      }
      strbuf_setlen(&used_path, baselen);
    }
    if (!suffix[i])
      return NULL;
    gitfile = read_gitfile(used_path.buf);
    if (!(flags & ENTER_REPO_ANY_OWNER_OK))
      die_upon_dubious_ownership(gitfile, NULL, used_path.buf);
    if (gitfile) {
      strbuf_reset(&used_path);
      strbuf_addstr(&used_path, gitfile);
    }
    if (chdir(used_path.buf))
      return NULL;
    path = validated_path.buf;
  }
  else {
    const char *gitfile = read_gitfile(path);
    if (!(flags & ENTER_REPO_ANY_OWNER_OK))
      die_upon_dubious_ownership(gitfile, NULL, path);
    if (gitfile)
      path = gitfile;
    if (chdir(path))
      return NULL;
  }

  if (is_git_directory(".")) {
    struct repository_format fmt = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
    struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;

    apply_and_export_relative_gitdir(repo, ".", 0);
    read_and_verify_repository_format(&fmt, ".", NULL);
    if (apply_repository_format(repo, &fmt, APPLY_REPOSITORY_FORMAT_HONOR_ENV, &err) < 0)
      die("%s", err.buf);
    repo->objects = odb_new(repo, ODB_NEW_HONOR_ENV);
    startup_info->have_repository = 1;

    clear_repository_format(&fmt);
    strbuf_release(&err);
    return path;
  }

  return NULL;
}

/*
 * Note.  This works only before you used a work tree.  This was added
 * primarily to support git-clone to work in a new repository it just
 * created, and is not meant to flip between different work trees.
 */
static void set_git_work_tree(struct repository *repo, const char *new_work_tree)
{
  if (repo->worktree_initialized) {
    struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;

    strbuf_realpath(&realpath, new_work_tree, 1);
    new_work_tree = realpath.buf;
    if (strcmp(new_work_tree, repo->worktree))
      die("internal error: work tree has already been set\n"
          "Current worktree: %s\nNew worktree: %s",
          repo->worktree, new_work_tree);
    strbuf_release(&realpath);
    return;
  }
  repo->worktree_initialized = true;
  repo_set_worktree(repo, new_work_tree);
}

static void repo_discover(struct repo_discovery *discovery, int *nongit_ok)
{
  struct strbuf cwd = STRBUF_INIT;
  struct strbuf dir = STRBUF_INIT, gitdir = STRBUF_INIT, report = STRBUF_INIT;

  /*
   * Let's assume that we are in a git repository.
   * If it turns out later that we are somewhere else, the value will be
   * updated accordingly.
   */
  if (nongit_ok)
    *nongit_ok = 0;

  if (strbuf_getcwd(&cwd))
    die_errno(_("Unable to read current working directory"));
  strbuf_addbuf(&dir, &cwd);

  switch (repo_discovery_find_dir(&dir, &gitdir, &report, 1)) {
  case GIT_DIR_EXPLICIT:
    repo_discover_explicit_gitdir(discovery, gitdir.buf, &cwd,
                nongit_ok);
    break;
  case GIT_DIR_DISCOVERED:
    if (dir.len < cwd.len && chdir(dir.buf))
      die(_("cannot change to '%s'"), dir.buf);
    repo_discover_implicit_gitdir(discovery, gitdir.buf, &cwd, dir.len,
                nongit_ok);
    break;
  case GIT_DIR_BARE:
    if (dir.len < cwd.len && chdir(dir.buf))
      die(_("cannot change to '%s'"), dir.buf);
    repo_discover_bare_gitdir(discovery, &cwd, dir.len, nongit_ok);
    break;
  case GIT_DIR_HIT_CEILING:
    if (!nongit_ok)
      die(_("not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): %s"),
          DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
    *nongit_ok = 1;
    break;
  case GIT_DIR_HIT_MOUNT_POINT:
    if (!nongit_ok)
      die(_("not a git repository (or any parent up to mount point %s)\n"
            "Stopping at filesystem boundary (GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM not set)."),
          dir.buf);
    *nongit_ok = 1;
    break;
  case GIT_DIR_INVALID_OWNERSHIP:
    if (!nongit_ok) {
      struct strbuf quoted = STRBUF_INIT;

      strbuf_complete(&report, '\n');
      sq_quote_buf_pretty(&quoted, dir.buf);
      die(_("detected dubious ownership in repository at '%s'\n"
            "%s"
            "To add an exception for this directory, call:\n"
            "\n"
            "\tgit config --global --add safe.directory %s"),
          dir.buf, report.buf, quoted.buf);
    }
    *nongit_ok = 1;
    break;
  case GIT_DIR_DISALLOWED_BARE:
    if (!nongit_ok) {
      die(_("cannot use bare repository '%s' (safe.bareRepository is '%s')"),
          dir.buf,
          allowed_bare_repo_to_string(get_allowed_bare_repo()));
    }
    *nongit_ok = 1;
    break;
  case GIT_DIR_CWD_FAILURE:
  case GIT_DIR_INVALID_FORMAT:
    /*
     * As a safeguard against repo_discovery_find_dir returning
     * these values, fallthrough to BUG. Otherwise it is possible to
     * set startup_info->have_repository to 1 when we did nothing to
     * find a repository.
     */
  default:
    BUG("unhandled repo_discovery_find_dir() result");
  }

  strbuf_release(&dir);
  strbuf_release(&cwd);
  strbuf_release(&gitdir);
  strbuf_release(&report);
}

const char *setup_git_directory_gently(struct repository *repo, int *nongit_ok)
{
  struct repo_discovery discovery = REPO_DISCOVERY_INIT;

  /*
   * We may have read an incomplete configuration before
   * setting-up the git directory. If so, clear the cache so
   * that the next queries to the configuration reload complete
   * configuration (including the per-repo config file that we
   * ignored previously).
   */
  repo_config_clear(repo);

  repo_discover(&discovery, nongit_ok);

  /*
   * At this point, nongit_ok is stable. If it is non-NULL and points
   * to a non-zero value, then this means that we haven't found a
   * repository and that the caller expects startup_info to reflect
   * this.
   *
   * Regardless of the state of nongit_ok, the_repository->prefix and
   * the GIT_PREFIX environment variable must always match. For details
   * see Documentation/config/alias.adoc.
   */
  if (nongit_ok && *nongit_ok)
    startup_info->have_repository = 0;
  else
    startup_info->have_repository = 1;

  /*
   * Not all paths through the setup code will have recorded a gitdir
   * above, so in order to guarantee that the environment is in a
   * consistent state after setup, explicitly set up the gitdir and
   * environment if we have a repository.
   *
   * NEEDSWORK: currently we allow bogus GIT_DIR values to be set in some
   * code paths so we also need to explicitly setup the environment if
   * the user has set GIT_DIR.  It may be beneficial to disallow bogus
   * GIT_DIR values at some point in the future.
   */
  if (/* GIT_DIR_EXPLICIT, GIT_DIR_DISCOVERED, GIT_DIR_BARE */
      startup_info->have_repository ||
      /* GIT_DIR_EXPLICIT */
      getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT)) {
    if (discovery.worktree)
      set_git_work_tree(repo, discovery.worktree);

    if (discovery.gitdir) {
      apply_and_export_relative_gitdir(repo, discovery.gitdir, 0);
    } else {
      const char *gitdir = getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
      if (!gitdir)
        gitdir = DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT;
      apply_gitdir_and_environment(repo, gitdir);
    }

    if (startup_info->have_repository) {
      struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
      const char *ref_backend_uri;

      /*
       * The env variable should override the repository config
       * for 'extensions.refStorage'.
       */
      ref_backend_uri = getenv(GIT_REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_ENVIRONMENT);
      if (!ref_backend_uri)
        ref_backend_uri = getenv(GIT_REFERENCE_BACKEND_ENVIRONMENT);
      if (ref_backend_uri) {
        FREE_AND_NULL(discovery.format.ref_storage_payload);
        discovery.format.ref_storage_format =
          ref_storage_format_by_uri(ref_backend_uri,
                  &discovery.format.ref_storage_payload);
        if (discovery.format.ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
          die(_("unknown ref storage format: '%s'"), ref_backend_uri);
      }

      if (apply_repository_format(repo, &discovery.format,
                APPLY_REPOSITORY_FORMAT_HONOR_ENV, &err) < 0)
        die("%s", err.buf);
      repo->objects = odb_new(repo, ODB_NEW_HONOR_ENV);

      clear_repository_format(&discovery.format);
      strbuf_release(&err);
    }
  }
  /*
   * Since precompose_string_if_needed() needs to look at
   * the core.precomposeunicode configuration, this
   * has to happen after the above block that finds
   * out where the repository is, i.e. a preparation
   * for calling repo_config_get_bool().
   */
  if (discovery.prefix) {
    const char *prefix = precompose_string_if_needed(discovery.prefix);
    repo->prefix = xstrdup(prefix);
    setenv(GIT_PREFIX_ENVIRONMENT, repo->prefix, 1);
  } else {
    FREE_AND_NULL(repo->prefix);
    setenv(GIT_PREFIX_ENVIRONMENT, "", 1);
  }

  setup_original_cwd(repo);

  repo_discovery_release(&discovery);
  return repo->prefix;
}

int git_config_perm(const char *var, const char *value)
{
  int i;
  char *endptr;

  if (!value)
    return PERM_GROUP;

  if (!strcmp(value, "umask"))
    return PERM_UMASK;
  if (!strcmp(value, "group"))
    return PERM_GROUP;
  if (!strcmp(value, "all") ||
      !strcmp(value, "world") ||
      !strcmp(value, "everybody"))
    return PERM_EVERYBODY;

  /* Parse octal numbers */
  i = strtol(value, &endptr, 8);

  /* If not an octal number, maybe true/false? */
  if (*endptr != 0)
    return git_config_bool(var, value) ? PERM_GROUP : PERM_UMASK;

  /*
   * Treat values 0, 1 and 2 as compatibility cases, otherwise it is
   * a chmod value to restrict to.
   */
  switch (i) {
  case PERM_UMASK:               /* 0 */
    return PERM_UMASK;
  case OLD_PERM_GROUP:           /* 1 */
    return PERM_GROUP;
  case OLD_PERM_EVERYBODY:       /* 2 */
    return PERM_EVERYBODY;
  }

  /* A filemode value was given: 0xxx */

  if ((i & 0600) != 0600)
    die(_("problem with core.sharedRepository filemode value "
        "(0%.3o).\nThe owner of files must always have "
        "read and write permissions."), i);

  /*
   * Mask filemode value. Others can not get write permission.
   * x flags for directories are handled separately.
   */
  return -(i & 0666);
}

/*
 * Returns the "prefix", a path to the current working directory
 * relative to the work tree root, or NULL, if the current working
 * directory is not a strict subdirectory of the work tree root. The
 * prefix always ends with a '/' character.
 */
const char *setup_git_directory(struct repository *repo)
{
  return setup_git_directory_gently(repo, NULL);
}

const char *resolve_gitdir_gently(const char *suspect, int *return_error_code)
{
  if (is_git_directory(suspect))
    return suspect;
  return read_gitfile_gently(suspect, return_error_code);
}

/* if any standard file descriptor is missing open it to /dev/null */
void sanitize_stdfds(void)
{
  int fd = xopen("/dev/null", O_RDWR);
  while (fd < 2)
    fd = xdup(fd);
  if (fd > 2)
    close(fd);
}

int daemonize(void)
{
#ifdef NO_POSIX_GOODIES
  errno = ENOSYS;
  return -1;
#else
  pid_t parent_pid = getpid();
  pid_t child_pid = fork();

  switch (child_pid) {
    case 0:
      /*
       * We're in the child process, so we take ownership of
       * all tempfiles.
       */
      reassign_tempfile_ownership(parent_pid, getpid());
      break;
    case -1:
      die_errno(_("fork failed"));
    default:
      /*
       * We're in the parent process, so we drop ownership of
       * all tempfiles to prevent us from removing them upon
       * exit.
       */
      reassign_tempfile_ownership(parent_pid, child_pid);
      exit(0);
  }
  if (setsid() == -1)
    die_errno(_("setsid failed"));
  close(0);
  close(1);
  close(2);
  sanitize_stdfds();
  return 0;
#endif
}

struct template_dir_cb_data {
  char *path;
  int initialized;
};

static int template_dir_cb(const char *key, const char *value,
         const struct config_context *ctx UNUSED, void *d)
{
  struct template_dir_cb_data *data = d;

  if (strcmp(key, "init.templatedir"))
    return 0;

  if (!value) {
    data->path = NULL;
  } else {
    char *path = NULL;

    FREE_AND_NULL(data->path);
    if (!git_config_pathname(&path, key, value))
      data->path = path ? path : xstrdup(value);
  }

  return 0;
}

const char *get_template_dir(const char *option_template)
{
  const char *template_dir = option_template;

  if (!template_dir)
    template_dir = getenv(TEMPLATE_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
  if (!template_dir) {
    static struct template_dir_cb_data data;

    if (!data.initialized) {
      git_protected_config(template_dir_cb, &data);
      data.initialized = 1;
    }
    template_dir = data.path;
  }
  if (!template_dir) {
    static char *dir;

    if (!dir)
      dir = system_path(DEFAULT_GIT_TEMPLATE_DIR);
    template_dir = dir;
  }
  return template_dir;
}

#ifdef NO_TRUSTABLE_FILEMODE
#define TEST_FILEMODE 0
#else
#define TEST_FILEMODE 1
#endif

#define GIT_DEFAULT_HASH_ENVIRONMENT "GIT_DEFAULT_HASH"

static void copy_templates_1(struct repository *repo,
           struct strbuf *path,
           struct strbuf *template_path,
           DIR *dir)
{
  size_t path_baselen = path->len;
  size_t template_baselen = template_path->len;
  struct dirent *de;

  /* Note: if ".git/hooks" file exists in the repository being
   * re-initialized, /etc/core-git/templates/hooks/update would
   * cause "git init" to fail here.  I think this is sane but
   * it means that the set of templates we ship by default, along
   * with the way the namespace under .git/ is organized, should
   * be really carefully chosen.
   */
  safe_create_dir(repo, path->buf, 1);
  while ((de = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
    struct stat st_git, st_template;
    int exists = 0;

    strbuf_setlen(path, path_baselen);
    strbuf_setlen(template_path, template_baselen);

    if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
      continue;
    strbuf_addstr(path, de->d_name);
    strbuf_addstr(template_path, de->d_name);
    if (lstat(path->buf, &st_git)) {
      if (errno != ENOENT)
        die_errno(_("cannot stat '%s'"), path->buf);
    }
    else
      exists = 1;

    if (lstat(template_path->buf, &st_template))
      die_errno(_("cannot stat template '%s'"), template_path->buf);

    if (S_ISDIR(st_template.st_mode)) {
      DIR *subdir = opendir(template_path->buf);
      if (!subdir)
        die_errno(_("cannot opendir '%s'"), template_path->buf);
      strbuf_addch(path, '/');
      strbuf_addch(template_path, '/');
      copy_templates_1(repo, path, template_path, subdir);
      closedir(subdir);
    }
    else if (exists)
      continue;
    else if (S_ISLNK(st_template.st_mode)) {
      struct strbuf lnk = STRBUF_INIT;
      if (strbuf_readlink(&lnk, template_path->buf,
              st_template.st_size) < 0)
        die_errno(_("cannot readlink '%s'"), template_path->buf);
      if (symlink(lnk.buf, path->buf))
        die_errno(_("cannot symlink '%s' '%s'"),
            lnk.buf, path->buf);
      strbuf_release(&lnk);
    }
    else if (S_ISREG(st_template.st_mode)) {
      if (copy_file(repo, path->buf, template_path->buf, st_template.st_mode))
        die_errno(_("cannot copy '%s' to '%s'"),
            template_path->buf, path->buf);
    }
    else
      error(_("ignoring template %s"), template_path->buf);
  }
}

static void copy_templates(struct repository *repo, const char *option_template)
{
  const char *template_dir = get_template_dir(option_template);
  struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
  struct strbuf template_path = STRBUF_INIT;
  size_t template_len;
  struct repository_format template_format = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
  struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
  DIR *dir;
  char *to_free = NULL;

  if (!template_dir || !*template_dir)
    return;

  strbuf_addstr(&template_path, template_dir);
  strbuf_complete(&template_path, '/');
  template_len = template_path.len;

  dir = opendir(template_path.buf);
  if (!dir) {
    warning(_("templates not found in %s"), template_dir);
    goto free_return;
  }

  /* Make sure that template is from the correct vintage */
  strbuf_addstr(&template_path, "config");
  read_repository_format(&template_format, template_path.buf);
  strbuf_setlen(&template_path, template_len);

  /*
   * No mention of version at all is OK, but anything else should be
   * verified.
   */
  if (template_format.version >= 0 &&
      verify_repository_format(&template_format, &err) < 0) {
    warning(_("not copying templates from '%s': %s"),
        template_dir, err.buf);
    strbuf_release(&err);
    goto close_free_return;
  }

  strbuf_addstr(&path, repo_get_common_dir(repo));
  strbuf_complete(&path, '/');
  copy_templates_1(repo, &path, &template_path, dir);
close_free_return:
  closedir(dir);
free_return:
  free(to_free);
  strbuf_release(&path);
  strbuf_release(&template_path);
  clear_repository_format(&template_format);
}

/*
 * If the git_dir is not directly inside the working tree, then git will not
 * find it by default, and we need to set the worktree explicitly.
 */
static int needs_work_tree_config(const char *git_dir, const char *work_tree)
{
  if (!strcmp(work_tree, "/") && !strcmp(git_dir, "/.git"))
    return 0;
  if (skip_prefix(git_dir, work_tree, &git_dir) &&
      !strcmp(git_dir, "/.git"))
    return 0;
  return 1;
}

void initialize_repository_version(struct repository *repo,
           int hash_algo,
           enum ref_storage_format ref_storage_format,
           int reinit)
{
  struct strbuf repo_version = STRBUF_INIT;
  int target_version = GIT_REPO_VERSION;
  int default_submodule_path_config = 0;

  /*
   * Note that we initialize the repository version to 1 when the ref
   * storage format is unknown. This is on purpose so that we can add the
   * correct object format to the config during git-clone(1). The format
   * version will get adjusted by git-clone(1) once it has learned about
   * the remote repository's format.
   */
  if (hash_algo != GIT_HASH_SHA1_LEGACY ||
      ref_storage_format != REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_FILES ||
      repo->ref_storage_payload)
    target_version = GIT_REPO_VERSION_READ;

  if (hash_algo != GIT_HASH_SHA1_LEGACY && hash_algo != GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
    repo_config_set(repo, "extensions.objectformat",
        hash_algos[hash_algo].name);
  else if (reinit)
    repo_config_set_gently(repo, "extensions.objectformat", NULL);

  if (repo->ref_storage_payload) {
    struct strbuf ref_uri = STRBUF_INIT;

    strbuf_addf(&ref_uri, "%s://%s",
          ref_storage_format_to_name(ref_storage_format),
          repo->ref_storage_payload);
    repo_config_set(repo, "extensions.refstorage", ref_uri.buf);
    strbuf_release(&ref_uri);
  } else if (ref_storage_format != REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_FILES) {
    repo_config_set(repo, "extensions.refstorage",
        ref_storage_format_to_name(ref_storage_format));
  } else if (reinit) {
    repo_config_set_gently(repo, "extensions.refstorage", NULL);
  }

  if (reinit) {
    struct strbuf config = STRBUF_INIT;
    struct repository_format repo_fmt = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;

    repo_common_path_append(repo, &config, "config");
    read_repository_format(&repo_fmt, config.buf);

    if (repo_fmt.v1_only_extensions.nr)
      target_version = GIT_REPO_VERSION_READ;

    strbuf_release(&config);
    clear_repository_format(&repo_fmt);
  }

  repo_config_get_bool(repo, "init.defaultSubmodulePathConfig",
           &default_submodule_path_config);
  if (default_submodule_path_config) {
    /* extensions.submodulepathconfig requires at least version 1 */
    if (target_version == 0)
      target_version = 1;
    repo_config_set(repo, "extensions.submodulepathconfig", "true");
  }

  strbuf_addf(&repo_version, "%d", target_version);
  repo_config_set(repo, "core.repositoryformatversion", repo_version.buf);

  strbuf_release(&repo_version);
}

static int is_reinit(struct repository *repo)
{
  struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
  char junk[2];
  int ret;

  repo_git_path_replace(repo, &buf, "HEAD");
  ret = !access(buf.buf, R_OK) || readlink(buf.buf, junk, sizeof(junk) - 1) != -1;
  strbuf_release(&buf);
  return ret;
}

void create_reference_database(struct repository *repo,
             const char *initial_branch, int quiet)
{
  struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
  char *to_free = NULL;
  int reinit = is_reinit(repo);

  if (ref_store_create_on_disk(get_main_ref_store(repo), 0, &err))
    die("failed to set up refs db: %s", err.buf);

  /*
   * Point the HEAD symref to the initial branch with if HEAD does
   * not yet exist.
   */
  if (!reinit) {
    char *ref;

    if (!initial_branch)
      initial_branch = to_free =
        repo_default_branch_name(repo, quiet);

    ref = xstrfmt("refs/heads/%s", initial_branch);
    if (check_refname_format(ref, 0) < 0)
      die(_("invalid initial branch name: '%s'"),
          initial_branch);

    if (refs_update_symref(get_main_ref_store(repo), "HEAD", ref, NULL) < 0)
      exit(1);
    free(ref);
  }

  if (reinit && initial_branch)
    warning(_("re-init: ignored --initial-branch=%s"),
      initial_branch);

  strbuf_release(&err);
  free(to_free);
}

static int create_default_files(struct repository *repo,
        const char *template_path,
        const char *original_git_dir,
        const struct repository_format *fmt,
        int init_shared_repository)
{
  struct stat st1;
  struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
  int reinit;
  int filemode;
  const char *work_tree = repo_get_work_tree(repo);

  /*
   * First copy the templates -- we might have the default
   * config file there, in which case we would want to read
   * from it after installing.
   *
   * Before reading that config, we also need to clear out any cached
   * values (since we've just potentially changed what's available on
   * disk).
   */
  copy_templates(repo, template_path);
  repo_config_clear(repo);
  repo_settings_reset_shared_repository(repo);
  repo_config(repo, git_default_config, NULL);

  reinit = is_reinit(repo);

  /*
   * We must make sure command-line options continue to override any
   * values we might have just re-read from the config.
   */
  if (init_shared_repository != -1)
    repo_settings_set_shared_repository(repo,
                init_shared_repository);

  repo->bare_cfg = !work_tree;

  /*
   * We would have created the above under user's umask -- under
   * shared-repository settings, we would need to fix them up.
   */
  if (repo_settings_get_shared_repository(repo)) {
    adjust_shared_perm(repo, repo_get_git_dir(repo));
  }

  initialize_repository_version(repo, fmt->hash_algo, fmt->ref_storage_format, reinit);

  /* Check filemode trustability */
  repo_git_path_replace(repo, &path, "config");
  filemode = TEST_FILEMODE;
  if (TEST_FILEMODE && !lstat(path.buf, &st1)) {
    struct stat st2;
    filemode = (!chmod(path.buf, st1.st_mode ^ S_IXUSR) &&
        !lstat(path.buf, &st2) &&
        st1.st_mode != st2.st_mode &&
        !chmod(path.buf, st1.st_mode));
    if (filemode && !reinit && (st1.st_mode & S_IXUSR))
      filemode = 0;
  }
  repo_config_set(repo, "core.filemode", filemode ? "true" : "false");

  if (is_bare_repository(repo))
    repo_config_set(repo, "core.bare", "true");
  else {
    const char *value;

    repo_config_set(repo, "core.bare", "false");

    /* allow template config file to override the default */
    if (repo_config_get_string_tmp(repo, "core.logallrefupdates", &value))
      repo_config_set(repo, "core.logallrefupdates", "true");

    if (needs_work_tree_config(original_git_dir, work_tree))
      repo_config_set(repo, "core.worktree", work_tree);
  }

  if (!reinit) {
    /* Check if symlink is supported in the work tree */
    repo_git_path_replace(repo, &path, "tXXXXXX");
    if (!close(xmkstemp(path.buf)) &&
        !unlink(path.buf) &&
        !symlink("testing", path.buf) &&
        !lstat(path.buf, &st1) &&
        S_ISLNK(st1.st_mode))
      unlink(path.buf); /* good */
    else
      repo_config_set(repo, "core.symlinks", "false");

    /* Check if the filesystem is case-insensitive */
    repo_git_path_replace(repo, &path, "CoNfIg");
    if (!access(path.buf, F_OK))
      repo_config_set(repo, "core.ignorecase", "true");
    probe_utf8_pathname_composition();
  }

  strbuf_release(&path);
  return reinit;
}

void create_object_database(struct repository *repo,
          const struct strvec *alternates)
{
  struct odb_create_on_disk_options opts = {
    .alternates = alternates,
  };

  /*
   * Create the "objects" directory in the common directory. This is done
   * so that the repository can be discovered regardless of the backend
   * used.
   *
   * Note that we only do this in case the object directory wasn't
   * overwritten via an environment variable. If it _is_ being overridden
   * then we skip this step, as the repository won't be discoverable
   * anyway without the environment variable.
   */
  if (!getenv(DB_ENVIRONMENT)) {
    struct strbuf objects_dir = STRBUF_INIT;
    repo_common_path_append(repo, &objects_dir, "objects");
    safe_create_dir(repo, objects_dir.buf, 1);
    strbuf_release(&objects_dir);
  }

  repo->objects = odb_new(repo, ODB_NEW_HONOR_ENV);

  if (odb_source_create_on_disk(repo->objects->sources, &opts) < 0)
    die(_("failed creating object database"));
}

static void separate_git_dir(struct repository *repo,
           const char *git_dir, const char *git_link)
{
  struct stat st;

  if (!stat(git_link, &st)) {
    const char *src;

    if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
      src = read_gitfile(git_link);
    else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
      src = git_link;
    else
      die(_("unable to handle file type %d"), (int)st.st_mode);

    if (rename(src, git_dir))
      die_errno(_("unable to move %s to %s"), src, git_dir);
    repair_worktrees_after_gitdir_move(repo, src);
  }

  write_file(git_link, "gitdir: %s", git_dir);
}

struct default_format_config {
  int hash;
  enum ref_storage_format ref_storage_format;
};

static int read_default_format_config(const char *key, const char *value,
              const struct config_context *ctx UNUSED,
              void *payload)
{
  struct default_format_config *cfg = payload;
  char *str = NULL;
  int ret;

  if (!strcmp(key, "init.defaultobjectformat")) {
    ret = git_config_string(&str, key, value);
    if (ret)
      goto out;
    cfg->hash = hash_algo_by_name(str);
    if (cfg->hash == GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
      warning(_("unknown hash algorithm '%s'"), str);
    goto out;
  }

  if (!strcmp(key, "init.defaultrefstorageformat") ||
      !strcmp(key, "init.defaultrefformat")) {
    ret = git_config_string(&str, key, value);
    if (ret)
      goto out;
    cfg->ref_storage_format = ref_storage_format_by_name(str);
    if (cfg->ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
      warning(_("unknown ref storage format '%s'"), str);
    goto out;
  }

  /*
   * Enable the reftable format when "features.experimental" is enabled.
   * "init.defaultRefStorageFormat" takes precedence over this setting.
   */
  if (!strcmp(key, "feature.experimental") &&
      cfg->ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN &&
      git_config_bool(key, value)) {
    cfg->ref_storage_format = REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_REFTABLE;
    ret = 0;
    goto out;
  }

  ret = 0;
out:
  free(str);
  return ret;
}

static void repository_format_configure(struct repository_format *repo_fmt,
          int hash,
          const char *ref_storage_format_uri)
{
  struct default_format_config cfg = {
    .hash = GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN,
    .ref_storage_format = REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN,
  };
  struct config_options opts = {
    .respect_includes = 1,
    .ignore_repo = 1,
    .ignore_worktree = 1,
  };
  enum ref_storage_format ref_storage_format;
  char *ref_storage_payload = NULL;
  const char *env;

  config_with_options(read_default_format_config, &cfg, NULL, NULL, &opts);

  /*
   * If we already have an initialized repo, don't allow the user to
   * specify a different algorithm, as that could cause corruption.
   * Otherwise, if the user has specified one on the command line, use it.
   */
  env = getenv(GIT_DEFAULT_HASH_ENVIRONMENT);
  if (repo_fmt->version >= 0 && hash != GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN && hash != repo_fmt->hash_algo)
    die(_("attempt to reinitialize repository with different hash"));
  else if (hash != GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
    repo_fmt->hash_algo = hash;
  else if (env) {
    int env_algo = hash_algo_by_name(env);
    if (env_algo == GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
      die(_("unknown hash algorithm '%s'"), env);
    if (repo_fmt->version < 0 ||
        repo_fmt->hash_algo == GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN)
      repo_fmt->hash_algo = env_algo;
  } else if (cfg.hash != GIT_HASH_UNKNOWN) {
    repo_fmt->hash_algo = cfg.hash;
  }

  /*
   * We have the following order of preference when configuring the ref
   * storage format:
   *
   *   1. Explicit override via the command line, like in `git init
   *      --ref-storage-format=`.
   *
   *   2. Explicit override via the environment with
   *      "GIT_REF_STORAGE_FORMAT".
   *
   *   3. Its deprecated equivalent "GIT_REFERENCE_BACKEND".
   *
   *   4. Existing repository format. All the subsequent sources only
   *      kick in when there is no repository yet.
   *
   *   4. The default ref storage format for new repositories as
   *      configured via "GIT_DEFAULT_REF_STORAGE_FORMAT".
   *
   *   5. Its deprecated equivalent "GIT_DEFAULT_REF_FORMAT".
   *
   *   6. The default ref storage format for new repositories as
   *      configured via "init.defaultRefStorageFormat" or its deprecated
   *      equivalent "init.defaultRefFormat".
   *
   *   7. Otherwise, we fall back to the default ref storage format
   *      compiled into Git.
   */
  if (ref_storage_format_uri) {
    ref_storage_format = ref_storage_format_by_uri(ref_storage_format_uri,
                     &ref_storage_payload);
    if (ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
      die(_("unknown ref storage format specified via command line: '%s'"),
          ref_storage_format_uri);
  } else if ((env = getenv(GIT_REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_ENVIRONMENT))) {
    ref_storage_format = ref_storage_format_by_uri(env, &ref_storage_payload);
    if (ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
      die(_("unknown ref storage format specified via %s: '%s'"),
          GIT_REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_ENVIRONMENT, env);
  } else if ((env = getenv(GIT_REFERENCE_BACKEND_ENVIRONMENT))) {
    ref_storage_format = ref_storage_format_by_uri(env, &ref_storage_payload);
    if (ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
      die(_("unknown ref storage format specified via %s: '%s'"),
          GIT_REFERENCE_BACKEND_ENVIRONMENT, env);
  } else if (repo_fmt->version >= 0) {
    ref_storage_format = repo_fmt->ref_storage_format;
    ref_storage_payload = xstrdup_or_null(repo_fmt->ref_storage_payload);
  } else if ((env = getenv("GIT_DEFAULT_REF_STORAGE_FORMAT"))) {
    ref_storage_format = ref_storage_format_by_name(env);
    if (ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
      die(_("unknown ref storage format specified via %s: '%s'"),
          "GIT_DEFAULT_REF_STORAGE_FORMAT", env);
  } else if ((env = getenv("GIT_DEFAULT_REF_FORMAT"))) {
    ref_storage_format = ref_storage_format_by_name(env);
    if (ref_storage_format == REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN)
      die(_("unknown ref storage format specified via %s: '%s'"),
          "GIT_DEFAULT_REF_FORMAT", env);
  } else if (cfg.ref_storage_format != REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_UNKNOWN) {
    ref_storage_format = cfg.ref_storage_format;
  } else {
    ref_storage_format = REF_STORAGE_FORMAT_DEFAULT;
  }

  /*
   * If we have a preexisting repository we need to verify that its
   * current ref storage format does not change.
   */
  if (repo_fmt->version >= 0) {
    if (ref_storage_format != repo_fmt->ref_storage_format)
      die(_("attempt to reinitialize repository with different reference storage format"));
    if ((ref_storage_payload || repo_fmt->ref_storage_payload) &&
        strcmp(ref_storage_payload ? ref_storage_payload : "",
         repo_fmt->ref_storage_payload ? repo_fmt->ref_storage_payload : ""))
      die(_("attempt to reinitialize repository with different reference storage payload"));
  }

  free(repo_fmt->ref_storage_payload);
  repo_fmt->ref_storage_format = ref_storage_format;
  repo_fmt->ref_storage_payload = ref_storage_payload;
}

void create_repository(struct repository *repo,
           const char *git_dir,
           const char *real_git_dir,
           const char *worktree,
           const char *template_dir,
           int hash,
           const char *ref_storage_format_uri,
           int init_shared_repository,
           int *reinit_ok)
{
  int reinit_ignored;
  char *original_git_dir = real_pathdup(git_dir, 1);
  struct repository_format repo_fmt = REPOSITORY_FORMAT_INIT;
  struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;

  if (real_git_dir) {
    struct stat st;

    if (!reinit_ok && !stat(git_dir, &st))
      die(_("%s already exists"), git_dir);

    if (!reinit_ok && !stat(real_git_dir, &st))
      die(_("%s already exists"), real_git_dir);

    apply_and_export_relative_gitdir(repo, real_git_dir, 1);
    git_dir = repo_get_git_dir(repo);
    separate_git_dir(repo, git_dir, original_git_dir);
  } else {
    apply_and_export_relative_gitdir(repo, git_dir, 1);
    git_dir = repo_get_git_dir(repo);
  }

  if (worktree)
    set_git_work_tree(repo, worktree);

  /*
   * Check to see if the repository version is right.
   * Note that a newly created repository does not have
   * config file, so this will not fail.  What we are catching
   * is an attempt to reinitialize new repository with an old tool.
   */
  read_and_verify_repository_format(&repo_fmt, repo_get_git_dir(repo), NULL);
  repository_format_configure(&repo_fmt, hash, ref_storage_format_uri);
  if (apply_repository_format(repo, &repo_fmt, APPLY_REPOSITORY_FORMAT_HONOR_ENV, &err) < 0)
    die("%s", err.buf);

  /*
   * Ensure `core.hidedotfiles` is processed. This must happen after we
   * have set up the repository format such that we can evaluate
   * includeIf conditions correctly in the case of re-initialization.
   */
  repo_config(repo, git_default_core_config, NULL);

  safe_create_dir(repo, git_dir, 0);

  if (!reinit_ok)
    reinit_ok = &reinit_ignored;
  *reinit_ok = create_default_files(repo, template_dir, original_git_dir,
            &repo_fmt, init_shared_repository);

  if (repo_settings_get_shared_repository(repo)) {
    char buf[10];
    /* We do not spell "group" and such, so that
     * the configuration can be read by older version
     * of git. Note, we use octal numbers for new share modes,
     * and compatibility values for PERM_GROUP and
     * PERM_EVERYBODY.
     */
    if (repo_settings_get_shared_repository(repo) < 0)
      /* force to the mode value */
      xsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "0%o", -repo_settings_get_shared_repository(repo));
    else if (repo_settings_get_shared_repository(repo) == PERM_GROUP)
      xsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", OLD_PERM_GROUP);
    else if (repo_settings_get_shared_repository(repo) == PERM_EVERYBODY)
      xsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", OLD_PERM_EVERYBODY);
    else
      BUG("invalid value for shared_repository");
    repo_config_set(repo, "core.sharedrepository", buf);
    repo_config_set(repo, "receive.denyNonFastforwards", "true");
  }

  clear_repository_format(&repo_fmt);
  strbuf_release(&err);
  free(original_git_dir);
}

Coverage Report

Created: 2026-10-17 07:15