/* $OpenBSD: log.c,v 1.67 2026/02/14 00:18:34 jsg Exp $ */

/*

 * Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>

 * Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland

 *                    All rights reserved

 *

 * As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software

 * can be used freely for any purpose.  Any derived versions of this

 * software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is

 * incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be

 * called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".

 */

/*

 * Copyright (c) 2000 Markus Friedl.  All rights reserved.

 *

 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions

 * are met:

 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the

 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

 *

 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR

 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES

 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.

 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,

 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT

 * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

 * DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY

 * THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT

 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF

 * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

 */

#include "includes.h"

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

#include <limits.h>

#include <stdarg.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <syslog.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include "packet.h" /* needed for host and port look ups */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H

# include <sys/time.h> /* to get current time */

#endif

#if defined(HAVE_STRNVIS) && defined(HAVE_VIS_H) && !defined(BROKEN_STRNVIS)

# include <vis.h>

#endif

#include "log.h"

#include "match.h"

static LogLevel log_level = SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO;

static int log_on_stderr = 1;

static int log_stderr_fd = STDERR_FILENO;

static int log_facility = LOG_AUTH;

static const char *argv0;

static log_handler_fn *log_handler;

static void *log_handler_ctx;

static char **log_verbose;

static size_t nlog_verbose;

extern char *__progname;

extern struct ssh *active_state;

#define LOG_SYSLOG_VIS  (VIS_CSTYLE|VIS_NL|VIS_TAB|VIS_OCTAL)

#define LOG_STDERR_VIS  (VIS_SAFE|VIS_OCTAL)

/* textual representation of log-facilities/levels */

static struct {

  const char *name;

  SyslogFacility val;

} log_facilities[] = {

  { "DAEMON", SYSLOG_FACILITY_DAEMON },

  { "USER", SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER },

  { "AUTH", SYSLOG_FACILITY_AUTH },

#ifdef LOG_AUTHPRIV

  { "AUTHPRIV", SYSLOG_FACILITY_AUTHPRIV },

#endif

  { "LOCAL0", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL0 },

  { "LOCAL1", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL1 },

  { "LOCAL2", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL2 },

  { "LOCAL3", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL3 },

  { "LOCAL4", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL4 },

  { "LOCAL5", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL5 },

  { "LOCAL6", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL6 },

  { "LOCAL7", SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL7 },

  { NULL,   SYSLOG_FACILITY_NOT_SET }

};

static struct {

  const char *name;

  LogLevel val;

} log_levels[] =

{

  { "QUIET",  SYSLOG_LEVEL_QUIET },

  { "FATAL",  SYSLOG_LEVEL_FATAL },

  { "ERROR",  SYSLOG_LEVEL_ERROR },

  { "INFO", SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO },

  { "VERBOSE",  SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE },

  { "DEBUG",  SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 },

  { "DEBUG1", SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 },

  { "DEBUG2", SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG2 },

  { "DEBUG3", SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG3 },

  { NULL,   SYSLOG_LEVEL_NOT_SET }

};

LogLevel

log_level_get(void)

{

  return log_level;

}

SyslogFacility

log_facility_number(char *name)

{

  int i;

  if (name != NULL)

    for (i = 0; log_facilities[i].name; i++)

      if (strcasecmp(log_facilities[i].name, name) == 0)

        return log_facilities[i].val;

  return SYSLOG_FACILITY_NOT_SET;

}

const char *

log_facility_name(SyslogFacility facility)

{

  u_int i;

  for (i = 0;  log_facilities[i].name; i++)

    if (log_facilities[i].val == facility)

      return log_facilities[i].name;

  return NULL;

}

LogLevel

log_level_number(char *name)

{

  int i;

  if (name != NULL)

    for (i = 0; log_levels[i].name; i++)

      if (strcasecmp(log_levels[i].name, name) == 0)

        return log_levels[i].val;

  return SYSLOG_LEVEL_NOT_SET;

}

const char *

log_level_name(LogLevel level)

{

  u_int i;

  for (i = 0; log_levels[i].name != NULL; i++)

    if (log_levels[i].val == level)

      return log_levels[i].name;

  return NULL;

}

void

log_verbose_add(const char *s)

{

  char **tmp;

  /* Ignore failures here */

  if ((tmp = recallocarray(log_verbose, nlog_verbose, nlog_verbose + 1,

      sizeof(*log_verbose))) != NULL) {

    log_verbose = tmp;

    if ((log_verbose[nlog_verbose] = strdup(s)) != NULL)

      nlog_verbose++;

  }

}

void

log_verbose_reset(void)

{

  size_t i;

  for (i = 0; i < nlog_verbose; i++)

    free(log_verbose[i]);

  free(log_verbose);

  log_verbose = NULL;

  nlog_verbose = 0;

}

/*

 * Initialize the log.

 */

void

log_init(const char *av0, LogLevel level, SyslogFacility facility,

    int on_stderr)

{

#if defined(HAVE_OPENLOG_R) && defined(SYSLOG_DATA_INIT)

  struct syslog_data sdata = SYSLOG_DATA_INIT;

#endif

  argv0 = av0;

  if (log_change_level(level) != 0) {

    fprintf(stderr, "Unrecognized internal syslog level code %d\n",

        (int) level);

    exit(1);

  }

  log_handler = NULL;

  log_handler_ctx = NULL;

  log_on_stderr = on_stderr;

  if (on_stderr)

    return;

  switch (facility) {

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_DAEMON:

    log_facility = LOG_DAEMON;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER:

    log_facility = LOG_USER;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_AUTH:

    log_facility = LOG_AUTH;

    break;

#ifdef LOG_AUTHPRIV

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_AUTHPRIV:

    log_facility = LOG_AUTHPRIV;

    break;

#endif

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL0:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL0;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL1:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL1;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL2:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL2;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL3:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL3;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL4:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL4;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL5:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL5;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL6:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL6;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_FACILITY_LOCAL7:

    log_facility = LOG_LOCAL7;

    break;

  default:

    fprintf(stderr,

        "Unrecognized internal syslog facility code %d\n",

        (int) facility);

    exit(1);

  }

  /*

   * If an external library (eg libwrap) attempts to use syslog

   * immediately after reexec, syslog may be pointing to the wrong

   * facility, so we force an open/close of syslog here.

   */

#if defined(HAVE_OPENLOG_R) && defined(SYSLOG_DATA_INIT)

  openlog_r(argv0 ? argv0 : __progname, LOG_PID, log_facility, &sdata);

  closelog_r(&sdata);

#else

  openlog(argv0 ? argv0 : __progname, LOG_PID, log_facility);

  closelog();

#endif

}

int

log_change_level(LogLevel new_log_level)

{

  /* no-op if log_init has not been called */

  if (argv0 == NULL)

    return 0;

  switch (new_log_level) {

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_QUIET:

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_FATAL:

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_ERROR:

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO:

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE:

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1:

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG2:

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG3:

    log_level = new_log_level;

    return 0;

  default:

    return -1;

  }

}

int

log_is_on_stderr(void)

{

  return log_on_stderr && log_stderr_fd == STDERR_FILENO;

}

/* redirect what would usually get written to stderr to specified file */

void

log_redirect_stderr_to(const char *logfile)

{

  int fd;

  if (logfile == NULL) {

    if (log_stderr_fd != STDERR_FILENO) {

      close(log_stderr_fd);

      log_stderr_fd = STDERR_FILENO;

    }

    return;

  }

  if ((fd = open(logfile, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_APPEND, 0600)) == -1) {

    fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open logfile %s: %s\n", logfile,

        strerror(errno));

    exit(1);

  }

  log_stderr_fd = fd;

}

#define MSGBUFSIZ 1024

void

set_log_handler(log_handler_fn *handler, void *ctx)

{

  log_handler = handler;

  log_handler_ctx = ctx;

}

static void

do_log(LogLevel level, int force, const char *suffix, const char *fmt,

    va_list args)

{

#if defined(HAVE_OPENLOG_R) && defined(SYSLOG_DATA_INIT)

  struct syslog_data sdata = SYSLOG_DATA_INIT;

#endif

  char msgbuf[MSGBUFSIZ];

  char fmtbuf[MSGBUFSIZ];

  char *txt = NULL;

  int pri = LOG_INFO;

  int saved_errno = errno;

  log_handler_fn *tmp_handler;

  const char *progname = argv0 != NULL ? argv0 : __progname;

  if (!force && level > log_level)

    return;

  switch (level) {

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_FATAL:

    if (!log_on_stderr)

      txt = "fatal";

    pri = LOG_CRIT;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_ERROR:

    if (!log_on_stderr)

      txt = "error";

    pri = LOG_ERR;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO:

    pri = LOG_INFO;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE:

    pri = LOG_INFO;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1:

    txt = "debug1";

    pri = LOG_DEBUG;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG2:

    txt = "debug2";

    pri = LOG_DEBUG;

    break;

  case SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG3:

    txt = "debug3";

    pri = LOG_DEBUG;

    break;

  default:

    txt = "internal error";

    pri = LOG_ERR;

    break;

  }

  if (txt != NULL && log_handler == NULL) {

    snprintf(fmtbuf, sizeof(fmtbuf), "%s: %s", txt, fmt);

    vsnprintf(msgbuf, sizeof(msgbuf), fmtbuf, args);

  } else {

    vsnprintf(msgbuf, sizeof(msgbuf), fmt, args);

  }

  if (suffix != NULL) {

    snprintf(fmtbuf, sizeof(fmtbuf), "%s: %s", msgbuf, suffix);

    strlcpy(msgbuf, fmtbuf, sizeof(msgbuf));

  }

  strnvis(fmtbuf, msgbuf, sizeof(fmtbuf),

      log_on_stderr ? LOG_STDERR_VIS : LOG_SYSLOG_VIS);

  if (log_handler != NULL) {

    /* Avoid recursion */

    tmp_handler = log_handler;

    log_handler = NULL;

    /* Note: this sends the raw (i.e. no strnvis) log message */

    tmp_handler(level, force, msgbuf, log_handler_ctx);

    log_handler = tmp_handler;

  } else if (log_on_stderr) {

    snprintf(msgbuf, sizeof msgbuf, "%s%s%.*s\r\n",

        (log_on_stderr > 1) ? progname : "",

        (log_on_stderr > 1) ? ": " : "",

        (int)sizeof msgbuf - 3, fmtbuf);

    (void)write(log_stderr_fd, msgbuf, strlen(msgbuf));

  } else {

#if defined(HAVE_OPENLOG_R) && defined(SYSLOG_DATA_INIT)

    openlog_r(progname, LOG_PID, log_facility, &sdata);

    syslog_r(pri, &sdata, "%.500s", fmtbuf);

    closelog_r(&sdata);

#else

    openlog(progname, LOG_PID, log_facility);

    syslog(pri, "%.500s", fmtbuf);

    closelog();

#endif

  }

  errno = saved_errno;

}

void

sshlog(const char *file, const char *func, int line, int showfunc,

    LogLevel level, const char *suffix, const char *fmt, ...)

{

  va_list args;

  va_start(args, fmt);

  sshlogv(file, func, line, showfunc, level, suffix, fmt, args);

  va_end(args);

}

void

sshlogdie(const char *file, const char *func, int line, int showfunc,

    LogLevel level, const char *suffix, const char *fmt, ...)

{

  va_list args;

  va_start(args, fmt);

  sshlogv(file, func, line, showfunc, SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO,

      suffix, fmt, args);

  va_end(args);

  cleanup_exit(255);

}

void

sshlogv(const char *file, const char *func, int line, int showfunc,

    LogLevel level, const char *suffix, const char *fmt, va_list args)

{

  char tag[128], fmt2[MSGBUFSIZ + 128];

  int forced = 0;

  const char *cp;

  size_t i;

  /* short circuit processing early if we're not going to log anything */

  if (nlog_verbose == 0 && level > log_level)

    return;

  snprintf(tag, sizeof(tag), "%.48s:%.48s():%d (bin=%s, pid=%ld)",

      (cp = strrchr(file, '/')) == NULL ? file : cp + 1, func, line,

      argv0 == NULL ? "UNKNOWN" : argv0, (long)getpid());

  for (i = 0; i < nlog_verbose; i++) {

    if (match_pattern_list(tag, log_verbose[i], 0) == 1) {

      forced = 1;

      break;

    }

  }

  if (forced)

    snprintf(fmt2, sizeof(fmt2), "%s: %s", tag, fmt);

  else if (showfunc)

    snprintf(fmt2, sizeof(fmt2), "%s: %s", func, fmt);

  else

    strlcpy(fmt2, fmt, sizeof(fmt2));

  do_log(level, forced, suffix, fmt2, args);

}

void

sshlogdirect(LogLevel level, int forced, const char *fmt, ...)

{

  va_list args;

  va_start(args, fmt);

  do_log(level, forced, NULL, fmt, args);

  va_end(args);

}

/*

 * A simple system for ratelimiting aperiodic events such as logs, without

 * needing to be hooked into a mainloop/timer. A running total of events is

 * maintained and when it exceeds a threshold further events are dropped

 * until the rate falls back below that threshold.

 *

 * To prevent flipping in and out of rate-limiting, there is a hysteresis

 * timer that delays leaving the rate-limited state.

 *

 * While in the rate-limited state, events can be periodically allowed through

 * and the number of dropped events since the last log obtained.

 *

 * XXX a moving average rate of events might be a better approach here rather

 *     than linear decay, which can suppress events for a while after large

 *     bursts.

 */

/* #define RATELIMIT_DEBUG 1 */

#ifdef RATELIMIT_DEBUG

# define RLDBG(x) do { \

    printf("%s:%d %s: ", __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__); \

    printf x; \

    printf("\n"); \

    fflush(stdout); \

  } while (0)

#else

# define RLDBG(x)

#endif

/* set up a ratelimit */

void

log_ratelimit_init(struct log_ratelimit_ctx *rl, u_int threshold,

    u_int max_accum, u_int hysteresis, u_int log_every)

{

  memset(rl, 0, sizeof(*rl));

  rl->threshold = threshold;

  rl->max_accum = max_accum;

  rl->hysteresis = hysteresis;

  rl->log_every = log_every;

  RLDBG(("called: rl=%p thresh=%u max=%u hys=%u log_every=%u",

      rl, rl->threshold, rl->max_accum, rl->hysteresis, rl->log_every));

}

/*

 * check whether a log event should be dropped because of rate-limiting.

 * returns non-zero if the event should be dropped. If events_since_last

 * is supplied then, for periodic logs, it will be set to the number of

 * dropped events since the last message.

 */

int

log_ratelimit(struct log_ratelimit_ctx *rl, time_t now, int *active,

    u_int *events_dropped)

{

  time_t olast_event;

  RLDBG(("called: rl=%p thresh=%u max=%u hys=%u log_every=%u "

      "accum=%u since=%ld since_last=%u", rl, rl->threshold,

      rl->max_accum, rl->hysteresis,

      rl->log_every, rl->accumulated_events,

      rl->last_event == 0 ? -1 : (long)(now - rl->last_event),

      rl->ratelimited_events));

  if (now < 0)

    return 0;

  if (events_dropped != NULL)

    *events_dropped = 0;

  if (active != NULL)

    *active = rl->ratelimit_active;

  /* First, decay accumulated events */

  if (rl->last_event <= 0)

    rl->last_event = now;

  if (now > rl->last_event) {

    uint64_t n = now - rl->last_event;

    if (n > UINT_MAX)

      n = UINT_MAX;

    if (rl->accumulated_events < (u_int)n)

      rl->accumulated_events = 0;

    else

      rl->accumulated_events -= (u_int)n;

    RLDBG(("decay: accum=%u", rl->accumulated_events));

  }

  rl->accumulated_events++; /* add this event */

  if (rl->accumulated_events > rl->max_accum)

    rl->accumulated_events = rl->max_accum;

  olast_event = rl->last_event;

  rl->last_event = now;

  RLDBG(("check threshold: accum=%u vs thresh=%u",

      rl->accumulated_events, rl->threshold));

  /* Are we under threshold? */

  if (rl->accumulated_events < rl->threshold) {

    if (!rl->ratelimit_active)

      return 0;

    RLDBG(("under threshold: hys=%u since_hys=%ld since_last=%ld",

        rl->hysteresis, rl->hysteresis_start == 0 ? -1 :

        (long)(now - rl->hysteresis_start),

        olast_event == 0 ? -1 : (long)(now - olast_event)));

    if (rl->hysteresis_start == 0) {

      /* active, but under threshold; hysteresis */

      if (olast_event + rl->hysteresis < now) {

        /* hysteresis expired before this event */

        RLDBG(("hysteresis preexpired"));

        goto inactive;

      }

      RLDBG(("start hysteresis"));

      rl->hysteresis_start = now;

    } else if (rl->hysteresis_start + rl->hysteresis < now) {

      /* Hysteresis period expired, transition to inactive */

      RLDBG(("complete hysteresis"));

 inactive:

      if (events_dropped != NULL)

        *events_dropped = rl->ratelimited_events;

      if (active != NULL)

        *active = 0;

      rl->ratelimit_active = 0;

      rl->ratelimit_start = 0;

      rl->last_log = 0;

      rl->hysteresis_start = 0;

      rl->ratelimited_events = 0;

      return 0;

    }

    /* ratelimiting active, but in hysteresis period */

  } else if (!rl->ratelimit_active) {

    /* Transition to rate-limiting */

    RLDBG(("start ratelimit"));

    rl->ratelimit_active = 1;

    rl->ratelimit_start = now;

    rl->last_log = now;

    rl->hysteresis_start = 0;

    rl->ratelimited_events = 1;

    if (active != NULL)

      *active = 1;

    return 1;

  } else if (rl->hysteresis_start != 0) {

    /* active and over threshold; reset hysteresis timer */

    RLDBG(("clear hysteresis"));

    rl->hysteresis_start = 0;

  }

  /* over threshold or in hysteresis period; log periodically */

  if (active != NULL)

    *active = 1;

  RLDBG(("log_every=%u since_log=%ld", rl->log_every,

      (long)(now - rl->last_log)));

  if (rl->log_every > 0 && now >= rl->last_log + rl->log_every) {

    RLDBG(("periodic: since_last=%u", rl->ratelimited_events));

    rl->last_log = now;

    if (events_dropped != NULL) {

      *events_dropped = rl->ratelimited_events;

      rl->ratelimited_events = 0;

    }

    return 0;

  }

  /* drop event */

  rl->ratelimited_events++;

  RLDBG(("drop: ratelimited_events=%u", rl->ratelimited_events));

  return 1;

}