/src/image/src/error.rs

Source
//! Contains detailed error representation.
//!
//! See the main [`ImageError`] which contains a variant for each specialized error type. The
//! subtypes used in each variant are opaque by design. They can be roughly inspected through their
//! respective `kind` methods which work similar to `std::io::Error::kind`.
//!
//! The error interface makes it possible to inspect the error of an underlying decoder or encoder,
//! through the `Error::source` method. Note that this is not part of the stable interface and you
//! may not rely on a particular error value for a particular operation. This means mainly that
//! `image` does not promise to remain on a particular version of its underlying decoders but if
//! you ensure to use the same version of the dependency (or at least of the error type) through
//! external means then you could inspect the error type in slightly more detail.

use std::collections::TryReserveError;
use std::error::Error;
use std::{fmt, io};

use crate::color::ExtendedColorType;
use crate::{metadata::Cicp, ImageFormat};

/// The generic error type for image operations.
///
/// This high level enum allows, by variant matching, a rough separation of concerns between
/// underlying IO, the caller, format specifications, and the `image` implementation.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum ImageError {
    /// An error was encountered while decoding.
    ///
    /// This means that the input data did not conform to the specification of some image format,
    /// or that no format could be determined, or that it did not match format specific
    /// requirements set by the caller.
    Decoding(DecodingError),

    /// An error was encountered while encoding.
    ///
    /// The input image can not be encoded with the chosen format, for example because the
    /// specification has no representation for its color space or because a necessary conversion
    /// is ambiguous. In some cases it might also happen that the dimensions can not be used with
    /// the format.
    Encoding(EncodingError),

    /// An error was encountered in input arguments.
    ///
    /// This is a catch-all case for strictly internal operations such as scaling, conversions,
    /// etc. that involve no external format specifications.
    Parameter(ParameterError),

    /// Completing the operation would have required more resources than allowed.
    ///
    /// Errors of this type are limits set by the user or environment, *not* inherent in a specific
    /// format or operation that was executed.
    Limits(LimitError),

    /// An operation can not be completed by the chosen abstraction.
    ///
    /// This means that it might be possible for the operation to succeed in general but
    /// * it requires a disabled feature,
    /// * the implementation does not yet exist, or
    /// * no abstraction for a lower level could be found.
    Unsupported(UnsupportedError),

    /// An error occurred while interacting with the environment.
    IoError(io::Error),
}

/// The implementation for an operation was not provided.
///
/// This is used as an opaque representation for the [`ImageError::Unsupported`] variant. See its
/// documentation for more information.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct UnsupportedError {
    format: ImageFormatHint,
    kind: UnsupportedErrorKind,
}

/// Details what feature is not supported.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum UnsupportedErrorKind {
    /// The required color type can not be handled.
    Color(ExtendedColorType),
    /// Dealing with an intricate layout is not implemented for an algorithm.
    ColorLayout(ExtendedColorType),
    /// The colors or transfer function of the CICP are not supported.
    ColorspaceCicp(Cicp),
    /// An image format is not supported.
    Format(ImageFormatHint),
    /// Some feature specified by string.
    /// This is discouraged and is likely to get deprecated (but not removed).
    GenericFeature(String),
}

/// An error was encountered while encoding an image.
///
/// This is used as an opaque representation for the [`ImageError::Encoding`] variant. See its
/// documentation for more information.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct EncodingError {
    format: ImageFormatHint,
    underlying: Option<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>,
}

/// An error was encountered in inputs arguments.
///
/// This is used as an opaque representation for the [`ImageError::Parameter`] variant. See its
/// documentation for more information.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ParameterError {
    kind: ParameterErrorKind,
    underlying: Option<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>,
}

/// Details how a parameter is malformed.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum ParameterErrorKind {
    /// The dimensions passed are wrong.
    DimensionMismatch,
    /// Repeated an operation for which error that could not be cloned was emitted already.
    FailedAlready,
    /// The cicp is required to be RGB-like but had other matrix transforms or narrow range.
    RgbCicpRequired(Cicp),
    /// A string describing the parameter.
    /// This is discouraged and is likely to get deprecated (but not removed).
    Generic(String),
    /// The end of the image has been reached.
    NoMoreData,
    /// Passed a buffer not sized according to a layout.
    BufferSizeMismatch,
    /// An operation expected a concrete color space but another was found.
    CicpMismatch {
        /// The cicp that was expected.
        expected: Cicp,
        /// The cicp that was found.
        found: Cicp,
    },
    /// The operation is only applicable to pixels with an alpha channel.
    NoAlphaChannel,
    /// The operation is only applicable to Luma pixels, which can be used as a mask.
    NotAValidMask(ExtendedColorType),
}

/// An error was encountered while decoding an image.
///
/// This is used as an opaque representation for the [`ImageError::Decoding`] variant. See its
/// documentation for more information.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct DecodingError {
    format: ImageFormatHint,
    underlying: Option<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>,
}

/// Completing the operation would have required more resources than allowed.
///
/// This is used as an opaque representation for the [`ImageError::Limits`] variant. See its
/// documentation for more information.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct LimitError {
    kind: LimitErrorKind,
    // do we need an underlying error?
}

/// Indicates the limit that prevented an operation from completing.
///
/// Note that this enumeration is not exhaustive and may in the future be extended to provide more
/// detailed information or to incorporate other resources types.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
#[allow(missing_copy_implementations)] // Might be non-Copy in the future.
pub enum LimitErrorKind {
    /// The resulting image exceed dimension limits in either direction.
    DimensionError,
    /// The operation would have performed an allocation larger than allowed.
    InsufficientMemory,
    /// The specified strict limits are not supported for this operation
    Unsupported {
        /// The given limits
        limits: crate::Limits,
        /// The supported strict limits
        supported: crate::LimitSupport,
    },
}

/// A best effort representation for image formats.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum ImageFormatHint {
    /// The format is known exactly.
    Exact(ImageFormat),

    /// The format can be identified by a name.
    Name(String),

    /// A common path extension for the format is known.
    PathExtension(std::path::PathBuf),

    /// The format is not known or could not be determined.
    Unknown,
}

impl UnsupportedError {
    /// Create an `UnsupportedError` for an image with details on the unsupported feature.
    ///
    /// If the operation was not connected to a particular image format then the hint may be
    /// `Unknown`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_format_and_kind(format: ImageFormatHint, kind: UnsupportedErrorKind) -> Self {
        UnsupportedError { format, kind }
    }

    /// Returns the corresponding `UnsupportedErrorKind` of the error.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn kind(&self) -> UnsupportedErrorKind {
        self.kind.clone()
    }

    /// Returns the image format associated with this error.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn format_hint(&self) -> ImageFormatHint {
        self.format.clone()
    }
}

impl DecodingError {
    /// Create a `DecodingError` that stems from an arbitrary error of an underlying decoder.
    pub fn new(format: ImageFormatHint, err: impl Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>) -> Self {
        DecodingError {
            format,
            underlying: Some(err.into()),
        }
    }

    /// Create a `DecodingError` for an image format.
    ///
    /// The error will not contain any further information but is very easy to create.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_format_hint(format: ImageFormatHint) -> Self {
        DecodingError {
            format,
            underlying: None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the image format associated with this error.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn format_hint(&self) -> ImageFormatHint {
        self.format.clone()
    }
}

impl EncodingError {
    /// Create an `EncodingError` that stems from an arbitrary error of an underlying encoder.
    pub fn new(format: ImageFormatHint, err: impl Into<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>) -> Self {
        EncodingError {
            format,
            underlying: Some(err.into()),
        }
    }

    /// Create an `EncodingError` for an image format.
    ///
    /// The error will not contain any further information but is very easy to create.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_format_hint(format: ImageFormatHint) -> Self {
        EncodingError {
            format,
            underlying: None,
        }
    }

    /// Return the image format associated with this error.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn format_hint(&self) -> ImageFormatHint {
        self.format.clone()
    }
}

impl ParameterError {
    /// Construct a `ParameterError` directly from a corresponding kind.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_kind(kind: ParameterErrorKind) -> Self {
        ParameterError {
            kind,
            underlying: None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the corresponding `ParameterErrorKind` of the error.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn kind(&self) -> ParameterErrorKind {
        self.kind.clone()
    }
}

impl LimitError {
    /// Construct a generic `LimitError` directly from a corresponding kind.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_kind(kind: LimitErrorKind) -> Self {
        LimitError { kind }
    }

    /// Returns the corresponding `LimitErrorKind` of the error.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn kind(&self) -> LimitErrorKind {
        self.kind.clone()
    }
}

impl From<LimitErrorKind> for LimitError {
    fn from(kind: LimitErrorKind) -> Self {
        Self { kind }
    }
}

impl From<io::Error> for ImageError {
    fn from(err: io::Error) -> ImageError {
        ImageError::IoError(err)
    }
}

impl From<TryReserveError> for ImageError {
    fn from(_: TryReserveError) -> ImageError {
        ImageError::Limits(LimitErrorKind::InsufficientMemory.into())
    }
}

impl From<ImageFormat> for ImageFormatHint {
    fn from(format: ImageFormat) -> Self {
        ImageFormatHint::Exact(format)
    }
}

impl From<&'_ std::path::Path> for ImageFormatHint {
    fn from(path: &'_ std::path::Path) -> Self {
        match path.extension() {
            Some(ext) => ImageFormatHint::PathExtension(ext.into()),
            None => ImageFormatHint::Unknown,
        }
    }
}

impl From<ImageFormatHint> for UnsupportedError {
    fn from(hint: ImageFormatHint) -> Self {
        UnsupportedError {
            format: hint.clone(),
            kind: UnsupportedErrorKind::Format(hint),
        }
    }
}

/// Result of an image decoding/encoding process
pub type ImageResult<T> = Result<T, ImageError>;

impl fmt::Display for ImageError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        match self {
            ImageError::IoError(err) => err.fmt(fmt),
            ImageError::Decoding(err) => err.fmt(fmt),
            ImageError::Encoding(err) => err.fmt(fmt),
            ImageError::Parameter(err) => err.fmt(fmt),
            ImageError::Limits(err) => err.fmt(fmt),
            ImageError::Unsupported(err) => err.fmt(fmt),
        }
    }
}

impl Error for ImageError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        match self {
            ImageError::IoError(err) => err.source(),
            ImageError::Decoding(err) => err.source(),
            ImageError::Encoding(err) => err.source(),
            ImageError::Parameter(err) => err.source(),
            ImageError::Limits(err) => err.source(),
            ImageError::Unsupported(err) => err.source(),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for UnsupportedError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        match &self.kind {
            UnsupportedErrorKind::Format(ImageFormatHint::Unknown) => {
                write!(fmt, "The image format could not be determined",)
            }
            UnsupportedErrorKind::Format(format @ ImageFormatHint::PathExtension(_)) => write!(
                fmt,
                "The file extension {format} was not recognized as an image format",
            ),
            UnsupportedErrorKind::Format(format) => {
                write!(fmt, "The image format {format} is not supported",)
            }
            UnsupportedErrorKind::Color(color) => write!(
                fmt,
                "The encoder or decoder for {} does not support the color type `{:?}`",
                self.format, color,
            ),
            UnsupportedErrorKind::ColorLayout(layout) => write!(
                fmt,
                "Converting with the texel memory layout {layout:?} is not supported",
            ),
            UnsupportedErrorKind::ColorspaceCicp(color) => write!(
                fmt,
                "The colorimetric interpretation of a CICP color space is not supported for `{color:?}`",
            ),
            UnsupportedErrorKind::GenericFeature(message) => match &self.format {
                ImageFormatHint::Unknown => write!(
                    fmt,
                    "The decoder does not support the format feature {message}",
                ),
                other => write!(
                    fmt,
                    "The decoder for {other} does not support the format features {message}",
                ),
            },
        }
    }
}

impl Error for UnsupportedError {}

impl fmt::Display for ParameterError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        match &self.kind {
            ParameterErrorKind::DimensionMismatch => write!(
                fmt,
                "The Image's dimensions are either too \
                 small or too large"
            ),
            ParameterErrorKind::FailedAlready => write!(
                fmt,
                "The end the image stream has been reached due to a previous error"
            ),
            ParameterErrorKind::RgbCicpRequired(cicp) => {
                write!(fmt, "The CICP {cicp:?} can not be used for RGB images",)
            }

            ParameterErrorKind::Generic(message) => {
                write!(fmt, "The parameter is malformed: {message}",)
            }
            ParameterErrorKind::NoMoreData => write!(fmt, "The end of the image has been reached",),
            ParameterErrorKind::BufferSizeMismatch => {
                write!(fmt, "The buffer length is incorrect",)
            }
            ParameterErrorKind::CicpMismatch { expected, found } => {
                write!(
                    fmt,
                    "The color space {found:?} does not match the expected {expected:?}",
                )
            }
            ParameterErrorKind::NoAlphaChannel => {
                write!(
                    fmt,
                    "The operation requires an alpha channel but the pixel type does not have one",
                )
            }
            ParameterErrorKind::NotAValidMask(c) => {
                write!(
                    fmt,
                    "The operation requires a luma image as a mask but the input has color {c:?}",
                )
            }
        }?;

        if let Some(underlying) = &self.underlying {
            write!(fmt, "\n{underlying}")?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl Error for ParameterError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        match &self.underlying {
            None => None,
            Some(source) => Some(&**source),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for EncodingError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        match &self.underlying {
            Some(underlying) => write!(
                fmt,
                "Format error encoding {}:\n{}",
                self.format, underlying,
            ),
            None => write!(fmt, "Format error encoding {}", self.format,),
        }
    }
}

impl Error for EncodingError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        match &self.underlying {
            None => None,
            Some(source) => Some(&**source),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for DecodingError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        match &self.underlying {
            None => match self.format {
                ImageFormatHint::Unknown => write!(fmt, "Format error"),
                _ => write!(fmt, "Format error decoding {}", self.format),
            },
            Some(underlying) => {
                write!(fmt, "Format error decoding {}: {}", self.format, underlying)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Error for DecodingError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
        match &self.underlying {
            None => None,
            Some(source) => Some(&**source),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for LimitError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        match self.kind {
            LimitErrorKind::InsufficientMemory => write!(fmt, "Memory limit exceeded"),
            LimitErrorKind::DimensionError => write!(fmt, "Image size exceeds limit"),
            LimitErrorKind::Unsupported { .. } => {
                write!(fmt, "The following strict limits are specified but not supported by the opertation: ")?;
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Error for LimitError {}

impl fmt::Display for ImageFormatHint {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        match self {
            ImageFormatHint::Exact(format) => write!(fmt, "{format:?}"),
            ImageFormatHint::Name(name) => write!(fmt, "`{name}`"),
            ImageFormatHint::PathExtension(ext) => write!(fmt, "`.{ext:?}`"),
            ImageFormatHint::Unknown => write!(fmt, "`Unknown`"),
        }
    }
}

/// Converting [`ExtendedColorType`] to [`ColorType`][`crate::ColorType`] failed.
///
/// This type is convertible to [`ImageError`] as [`ImageError::Unsupported`].
#[derive(Clone)]
#[allow(missing_copy_implementations)]
pub struct TryFromExtendedColorError {
    pub(crate) was: ExtendedColorType,
}

impl fmt::Debug for TryFromExtendedColorError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", self)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for TryFromExtendedColorError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(
            f,
            "The pixel layout {:?} is not supported as a buffer ColorType",
            self.was
        )
    }
}

impl Error for TryFromExtendedColorError {}

impl From<TryFromExtendedColorError> for ImageError {
    fn from(err: TryFromExtendedColorError) -> ImageError {
        ImageError::Unsupported(UnsupportedError::from_format_and_kind(
            ImageFormatHint::Unknown,
            UnsupportedErrorKind::Color(err.was),
        ))
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use std::mem::size_of;

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    // This will fail to compile if the size of this type is large.
    const ASSERT_SMALLISH: usize = [0][(size_of::<ImageError>() >= 200) as usize];

    #[test]
    fn test_send_sync_stability() {
        fn assert_send_sync<T: Send + Sync>() {}

        assert_send_sync::<ImageError>();
    }
}

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Created: 2026-06-18 07:57