/work/vvenc/source/Lib/EncoderLib/RateCtrl.cpp

Source
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/** \file     RateCtrl.cpp
    \brief    Rate control manager class
*/
#ifdef VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON
#include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
#endif

#include "vvenc/version.h"
#include "RateCtrl.h"
#include "CommonLib/Picture.h"

#include <cmath>

namespace vvenc {

//sequence level
EncRCSeq::EncRCSeq()
{
  twoPass             = false;
  isLookAhead         = false;
  isIntraGOP          = false;
  isRateSavingMode    = false;
  frameRate           = 0.0;
  targetRate          = 0;
  maxGopRate          = 0;
  gopSize             = 0;
  intraPeriod         = 0;
  bitsUsed            = 0;
  bitsUsedQPLimDiff   = 0;
  estimatedBitUsage   = 0;
  rateBoostFac        = 1.0;
  std::memset (qpCorrection, 0, sizeof (qpCorrection));
  std::memset (actualBitCnt, 0, sizeof (actualBitCnt));
  std::memset (targetBitCnt, 0, sizeof (targetBitCnt));
  lastAverageQP       = 0;
  lastIntraQP         = 0;
  lastIntraSM         = 0.0;
  scRelax             = false;
  bitDepth            = 0;
}

EncRCSeq::~EncRCSeq()
{
  destroy();
}

void EncRCSeq::create( bool twoPassRC, bool lookAhead, int targetBitrate, int maxBitrate, double frRate, int intraPer, int GOPSize, int bitDpth, std::list<TRCPassStats> &firstPassStats )
{
  destroy();
  twoPass             = twoPassRC;
  isLookAhead         = lookAhead;
  targetRate          = std::min( INT32_MAX / 3, targetBitrate );
  maxGopRate          = int( 0.5 + std::min( (double) INT32_MAX, (double) std::min( 3 * targetRate, maxBitrate ) * GOPSize / frRate ) ); // 1.5x-3x is the valid range
  frameRate           = frRate;
  intraPeriod         = Clip3<unsigned>( GOPSize, 4 * VVENC_MAX_GOP, intraPer );
  gopSize             = GOPSize;
  firstPassData       = firstPassStats;
  bitDepth            = bitDpth;

  int bitdepthLumaScale = 2 * ( bitDepth - 8 - DISTORTION_PRECISION_ADJUSTMENT( bitDepth ) );
  minEstLambda = 0.1;
  maxEstLambda = 65535.9375 * pow( 2.0, bitdepthLumaScale );

  bitsUsed            = 0;
  bitsUsedQPLimDiff   = 0;
  estimatedBitUsage   = 0;
  std::memset (qpCorrection, 0, sizeof (qpCorrection));
  std::memset (actualBitCnt, 0, sizeof (actualBitCnt));
  std::memset (targetBitCnt, 0, sizeof (targetBitCnt));
}

void EncRCSeq::destroy()
{
  return;
}

void EncRCSeq::updateAfterPic (const int actBits, const int tgtBits)
{
  estimatedBitUsage += tgtBits;

  if (isLookAhead)
  {
    const uint64_t* const tlBits = actualBitCnt; // recently updated in EncRCPic::updateAfterPicture()

    bitsUsed = tlBits[0] + tlBits[1] + tlBits[2] + tlBits[3] + tlBits[4] + tlBits[5] + tlBits[6] + tlBits[7];
  }
  else
  {
    bitsUsed += actBits;
  }
}

//picture level
EncRCPic::EncRCPic()
{
  encRCSeq            = NULL;
  frameLevel          = 0;
  targetBits          = 0;
  tmpTargetBits       = 0;
  picQP               = 0;
  picBits             = 0;
  poc                 = 0;
  refreshParams       = false;
  visActSteady        = 0;
}

EncRCPic::~EncRCPic()
{
  destroy();
}

void EncRCPic::addToPictureList( std::list<EncRCPic*>& listPreviousPictures )
{
  if ( listPreviousPictures.size() > std::min( VVENC_MAX_GOP, 2 * encRCSeq->gopSize ) )
  {
    EncRCPic* p = listPreviousPictures.front();
    listPreviousPictures.pop_front();
    p->destroy();
    delete p;
  }

  listPreviousPictures.push_back( this );
}

void EncRCPic::create( EncRCSeq* encRcSeq, int frameLvl, int framePoc )
{
  destroy();
  encRCSeq   = encRcSeq;
  poc        = framePoc;
  frameLevel = frameLvl;
}

void EncRCPic::destroy()
{
  encRCSeq = NULL;
}

void EncRCPic::clipTargetQP (std::list<EncRCPic*>& listPreviousPictures, const int baseQP, const int refrIncrFac, const int maxTL, const double resRatio, int &qp, int* qpAvg)
{
  const int rShift = (resRatio < 0.03125 ? 12 : (resRatio < 0.125 ? 13 : (resRatio < 0.5 ? 14 : 15)));
  const int initQP = qp;
  int lastCurrTLQP = -1;
  int lastPrevTLQP = -1;
  int lastMaxTLBits = 0;
  int halvedAvgQP  = -1;
  std::list<EncRCPic*>::iterator it;

  for (it = listPreviousPictures.begin(); it != listPreviousPictures.end(); it++)
  {
    if ((*it)->frameLevel == frameLevel && (*it)->picQP >= 0)  // current temporal level
    {
      lastCurrTLQP = (*it)->picQP;
    }
    if ((*it)->frameLevel == frameLevel - 1 && (*it)->picQP >= 0) // last temporal level
    {
      lastPrevTLQP = (frameLevel == 1 ? ((*it)->picQP * 3) >> 2 : std::max<int> (encRCSeq->lastIntraQP, (*it)->picQP));
    }
    if ((*it)->frameLevel == 1 && frameLevel == 0 && refreshParams && lastCurrTLQP < 0)
    {
      lastCurrTLQP = (*it)->picQP;
    }
    if ((*it)->frameLevel > maxTL && (*it)->poc + 32 + encRCSeq->gopSize > poc)
    {
      lastMaxTLBits += (*it)->picBits;
    }
    halvedAvgQP += (*it)->picQP;
  }

  if (qpAvg && !listPreviousPictures.empty()) *qpAvg = int ((halvedAvgQP + 1 + (listPreviousPictures.size() >> 1)) / listPreviousPictures.size());

  if (listPreviousPictures.size() >= 1) halvedAvgQP = int ((halvedAvgQP + 1 + listPreviousPictures.size()) / (2 * listPreviousPictures.size()));
  if (frameLevel <= 1 && lastPrevTLQP < halvedAvgQP) lastPrevTLQP = halvedAvgQP; // TL0I
  if (frameLevel == 1 && lastCurrTLQP < 0) lastCurrTLQP = encRCSeq->lastIntraQP; // TL0B
  if (frameLevel == 0 && !(lastMaxTLBits >> rShift) && maxTL) qp++; // frozen-image mode

  qp = Clip3 (frameLevel + std::max (0, baseQP >> 1), MAX_QP, qp);

  if (lastCurrTLQP >= 0) // limit QP changes among prev. frames from same temporal level
  {
    const int clipRange = (refreshParams ? 5 + (encRCSeq->intraPeriod + (encRCSeq->gopSize >> 1)) / encRCSeq->gopSize : std::max (3, 6 - (frameLevel >> 1)));

    qp = Clip3 (lastCurrTLQP - clipRange, std::min (MAX_QP, lastCurrTLQP + (refreshParams ? (refrIncrFac * clipRange) >> 1 : clipRange)), qp);
  }
  if (lastPrevTLQP >= 0) // prevent QP from being lower than QPs at lower temporal level
  {
    qp = Clip3 (std::min (MAX_QP, lastPrevTLQP + 1), MAX_QP, qp);
  }
  else if (encRCSeq->lastIntraQP >= -1 && (frameLevel == 1 || frameLevel == 2))
  {
    qp = Clip3 ((encRCSeq->lastIntraQP >> 1) + 1, MAX_QP, qp);
  }

  if (qp != initQP) // adjust target bits according to QP change as in VCIP paper eq.(4)
  {
    targetBits = (int) std::max (1.0, 0.5 + targetBits * pow (2.0, (initQP - qp) / ((105.0 / 128.0) * sqrt ((double) std::max (1, initQP)))));
  }
}

void EncRCPic::updateAfterPicture (const int picActualBits, const int averageQP)
{
  picQP = averageQP;
  picBits = (uint16_t) Clip3 (0, 65535, picActualBits);

  if ((frameLevel <= 7) && (picActualBits > 0) && (targetBits > 0)) // update, for initRateControlPic()
  {
    const uint16_t vaMin = 1u << (encRCSeq->bitDepth - 6);
    const double clipVal = (visActSteady > 0 && visActSteady < vaMin + 48 ? 0.25 * (visActSteady - vaMin) : 12.0);

    encRCSeq->actualBitCnt[frameLevel] += (uint64_t) picActualBits;
    encRCSeq->targetBitCnt[frameLevel] += (uint64_t) targetBits;

    if (refreshParams && frameLevel <= 2) encRCSeq->lastAverageQP = 0;

    encRCSeq->qpCorrection[frameLevel] = (105.0 / 128.0) * sqrt ((double) std::max (1, encRCSeq->lastAverageQP)) * log ((double) encRCSeq->actualBitCnt[frameLevel] / (double) encRCSeq->targetBitCnt[frameLevel]) / log (2.0); // adjust target bits as in VCIP paper eq.(4)
    encRCSeq->qpCorrection[frameLevel] = Clip3 (-clipVal, clipVal, encRCSeq->qpCorrection[frameLevel]);

    if (frameLevel > std::max (1, int (log ((double) encRCSeq->gopSize) / log (2.0))))
    {
      double highTlQpCorr = 0.0;

      for (int l = 2; l <= 7; l++) // stabilization when corrections differ between low and high levels
      {
        highTlQpCorr += encRCSeq->qpCorrection[l];
      }
      if (highTlQpCorr > 1.0) // attenuate low-level QP correction towards 0 when bits need to be saved
      {
        if (encRCSeq->qpCorrection[0] < -1.0e-9) encRCSeq->qpCorrection[0] /= highTlQpCorr;
        if (encRCSeq->qpCorrection[1] < -1.0e-9) encRCSeq->qpCorrection[1] /= highTlQpCorr;
      }
    }
  }
}

RateCtrl::RateCtrl(MsgLog& logger)
: msg ( logger )
{
  m_pcEncCfg           = nullptr;
  encRCSeq             = NULL;
  flushPOC             = -1;
  rcPass               = 0;
  rcIsFinalPass        = true;
#ifdef VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON
  m_pqpaStatsWritten   = 0;
#endif
  m_numPicStatsTotal   = 0;
  m_numPicAddedToList  = 0;
  m_updateNoisePoc     = -1;
  m_resetNoise         = true;
  m_gopMEErrorCBufIdx  = 0;
  m_maxPicMotionError  = 0;
  std::fill_n( m_gopMEErrorCBuf, QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS, 0 );
  std::fill_n( m_minNoiseLevels, QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS, 255u );
  std::fill_n( m_tempDownSamplStats, VVENC_MAX_TLAYER + 1, TRCPassStats() );
}

RateCtrl::~RateCtrl()
{
  destroy();
}

void RateCtrl::destroy()
{
  if ( encRCSeq != NULL )
  {
    delete encRCSeq;
    encRCSeq = NULL;
  }
  while ( m_listRCPictures.size() > 0 )
  {
    EncRCPic* p = m_listRCPictures.front();
    m_listRCPictures.pop_front();
    delete p;
  }

#ifdef VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON
  if ( m_rcStatsFHandle.is_open() )
  {
    m_rcStatsFHandle.close();
  }
  m_pqpaStatsWritten = 0;
#endif
}

void RateCtrl::init( const VVEncCfg& encCfg )
{
  destroy();

  m_pcEncCfg = &encCfg;

  encRCSeq = new EncRCSeq;
  encRCSeq->create( m_pcEncCfg->m_RCNumPasses == 2, m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead == 1, m_pcEncCfg->m_RCTargetBitrate, m_pcEncCfg->m_RCMaxBitrate, (double)m_pcEncCfg->m_FrameRate / m_pcEncCfg->m_FrameScale,
                    m_pcEncCfg->m_IntraPeriod, m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize, m_pcEncCfg->m_internalBitDepth[CH_L], getFirstPassStats() );
}

int RateCtrl::getBaseQP()
{
  // estimate near-optimal base QP for PPS in second RC pass
  double d = (3840.0 * 2160.0) / double (m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceWidth * m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceHeight);
  const double firstQPOffset = sqrt ((d * m_pcEncCfg->m_RCTargetBitrate) / 500000.0);
  std::list<TRCPassStats>& firstPassData = m_listRCFirstPassStats;
  int baseQP = MAX_QP;

  if (firstPassData.size() > 0 && encRCSeq->frameRate > 0.0)
  {
    const int firstPassBaseQP = (m_pcEncCfg->m_RCInitialQP > 0 ? std::min (MAX_QP, m_pcEncCfg->m_RCInitialQP) : std::max (0, MAX_QP_INIT_QPA - (m_pcEncCfg->m_FirstPassMode > 2 ? 4 : 2) - int (0.5 + firstQPOffset)));
    uint64_t sumFrBits = 0;  // sum of first-pass frame bits

    for (auto& stats : firstPassData)
    {
      sumFrBits += stats.numBits;
    }
    if (m_pcEncCfg->m_usePerceptQPA && m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead) // account for very low visual activity
    {
      const double hpEnerPic = sqrt (32.0 * double (1 << (2 * encRCSeq->bitDepth - 10)) * sqrt (d));
      uint32_t hpEner = 0;

      for (auto& stats : firstPassData)
      {
        hpEner += stats.visActY;
      }
      if (hpEner > 0 && hpEner < hpEnerPic * firstPassData.size()) // similar to applyQPAdaptationSlice
      {
        sumFrBits = uint64_t (0.5 + sumFrBits * sqrt (hpEner / (hpEnerPic * firstPassData.size())));
      }
    }
    baseQP = int (24.5 - log (std::max (1.0, d)) / log (2.0)); // QPstart, round(24 + 2*log2(resRatio))
    d = (double) m_pcEncCfg->m_RCTargetBitrate * (double) firstPassData.size() / (encRCSeq->frameRate * sumFrBits);
    d = firstPassBaseQP - (105.0 / 128.0) * sqrt ((double) std::max (1, firstPassBaseQP)) * log (d) / log (2.0);
    baseQP = int (0.5 + d + 0.5 * std::max (0.0, baseQP - d));
  }
  else if (m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead)
  {
    baseQP = int (24.5 - log (std::max (1.0, d)) / log (2.0)); // QPstart, round(24 + 2*log2(resRatio))
    d = MAX_QP_INIT_QPA - 2.0 - 1.5 * firstQPOffset - 0.5 * log ((double) encRCSeq->intraPeriod / encRCSeq->gopSize) / log (2.0);
    baseQP = int (0.5 + d + 0.5 * std::max (0.0, baseQP - d));
  }

  return Clip3 (0, MAX_QP, baseQP);
}

void RateCtrl::setRCPass(const VVEncCfg& encCfg, const int pass, const char* statsFName)
{
  m_pcEncCfg    = &encCfg;
  rcPass        = pass;
  rcIsFinalPass = (pass >= m_pcEncCfg->m_RCNumPasses - 1);

#ifdef VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON
  if( m_rcStatsFHandle.is_open() ) m_rcStatsFHandle.close();

  const std::string name = statsFName != nullptr ? statsFName : "";
  if( name.length() )
  {
    openStatsFile( name );
    if( rcIsFinalPass )
    {
      readStatsFile();
    }
  }
#else
  CHECK( statsFName != nullptr && strlen( statsFName ) > 0, "reading/writing rate control statistics file not supported, please compile with json enabled" );
#endif

  if (rcIsFinalPass && (encCfg.m_FirstPassMode > 2))
  {
    adjustStatsDownsample();
  }
}

#ifdef VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON
void RateCtrl::openStatsFile(const std::string& name)
{
  if( rcIsFinalPass )
  {
    m_rcStatsFHandle.open( name, std::ios::in );
    CHECK( m_rcStatsFHandle.fail(), "unable to open rate control statistics file for reading" );
    readStatsHeader();
  }
  else
  {
    m_rcStatsFHandle.open( name, std::ios::trunc | std::ios::out );
    CHECK( m_rcStatsFHandle.fail(), "unable to open rate control statistics file for writing" );
    writeStatsHeader();
  }
}

void RateCtrl::writeStatsHeader()
{
  nlohmann::json header = {
    { "version",      VVENC_VERSION },
    { "SourceWidth",  m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceWidth },
    { "SourceHeight", m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceHeight },
    { "CTUSize",      m_pcEncCfg->m_CTUSize },
    { "GOPSize",      m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize },
    { "IntraPeriod",  m_pcEncCfg->m_IntraPeriod },
    { "PQPA",         m_pcEncCfg->m_usePerceptQPA },
    { "QP",           m_pcEncCfg->m_QP },
    { "RCInitialQP",  m_pcEncCfg->m_RCInitialQP }
  };
  m_rcStatsFHandle << header << std::endl;
}

void RateCtrl::readStatsHeader()
{
  std::string line;
  if( ! std::getline( m_rcStatsFHandle, line ) )
  {
    THROW( "unable to read header from rate control statistics file" );
  }
  nlohmann::json header = nlohmann::json::parse( line );
  if( header.find( "version" )         == header.end() || ! header[ "version" ].is_string()
      || header.find( "SourceWidth" )  == header.end() || ! header[ "SourceWidth" ].is_number()
      || header.find( "SourceHeight" ) == header.end() || ! header[ "SourceHeight" ].is_number()
      || header.find( "CTUSize" )      == header.end() || ! header[ "CTUSize" ].is_number()
      || header.find( "GOPSize" )      == header.end() || ! header[ "GOPSize" ].is_number()
      || header.find( "IntraPeriod" )  == header.end() || ! header[ "IntraPeriod" ].is_number()
      || header.find( "PQPA" )         == header.end() || ! header[ "PQPA" ].is_boolean()
      || header.find( "QP" )           == header.end() || ! header[ "QP" ].is_number()
      || header.find( "RCInitialQP" )  == header.end() || ! header[ "RCInitialQP" ].is_number()
    )
  {
    THROW( "header line in rate control statistics file not recognized" );
  }
  if( header[ "version" ]      != VVENC_VERSION )              msg.log( VVENC_WARNING, "WARNING: wrong version in rate control statistics file\n" );
  if( header[ "SourceWidth" ]  != m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceWidth )  msg.log( VVENC_WARNING, "WARNING: wrong frame width in rate control statistics file\n" );
  if( header[ "SourceHeight" ] != m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceHeight ) msg.log( VVENC_WARNING, "WARNING: wrong frame height in rate control statistics file\n" );
  if( header[ "CTUSize" ]      != m_pcEncCfg->m_CTUSize )      msg.log( VVENC_WARNING, "WARNING: wrong CTU size in rate control statistics file\n" );
  if( header[ "GOPSize" ]      != m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize )      msg.log( VVENC_WARNING, "WARNING: wrong GOP size in rate control statistics file\n" );
  if( header[ "IntraPeriod" ]  != m_pcEncCfg->m_IntraPeriod )  msg.log( VVENC_WARNING, "WARNING: wrong intra period in rate control statistics file\n" );
}
#endif // VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON

void RateCtrl::storeStatsData( TRCPassStats statsData )
{
  if( m_pcEncCfg->m_FirstPassMode == 2 || m_pcEncCfg->m_FirstPassMode == 4)
  {
    CHECK( statsData.tempLayer > VVENC_MAX_TLAYER, "array index out of bounds" );
    if( statsData.numBits )
    {
      m_tempDownSamplStats[ statsData.tempLayer ] = statsData;
    }
    else
    {
      const TRCPassStats& srcData = m_tempDownSamplStats[ statsData.tempLayer ];
      CHECK( srcData.numBits == 0,                                 "miss stats data from previous frame for temporal down-sampling" );
      CHECK( statsData.poc - srcData.poc >= m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize, "miss stats data from previous frame for temporal down-sampling" );
      statsData.qp        = srcData.qp;
      statsData.lambda    = srcData.lambda;
      if( statsData.visActY == 0 && statsData.spVisAct == 0 )
        statsData.spVisAct = srcData.spVisAct;
      if( statsData.visActY == 0 )
        statsData.visActY = srcData.visActY;
      statsData.numBits   = srcData.numBits;
      statsData.psnrY     = srcData.psnrY;
    }
  }
#ifdef VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON
  nlohmann::json data = {
    { "poc",            statsData.poc },
    { "qp",             statsData.qp },
    { "lambda",         statsData.lambda },
    { "visActY",        statsData.visActY },
    { "numBits",        statsData.numBits },
    { "psnrY",          statsData.psnrY },
    { "isIntra",        statsData.isIntra },
    { "tempLayer",      statsData.tempLayer },
    { "isStartOfIntra", statsData.isStartOfIntra },
    { "isStartOfGop",   statsData.isStartOfGop },
    { "gopNum",         statsData.gopNum },
    { "scType",         statsData.scType },
  };

  if( m_pcEncCfg->m_FirstPassMode > 2 )
  {
    data[ "spVisAct" ] = statsData.spVisAct;
    statsData.spVisAct = data[ "spVisAct" ];
  }

  if( m_rcStatsFHandle.is_open() )
  {
    CHECK( ! m_rcStatsFHandle.good(), "unable to write to rate control statistics file" );
    if( m_listRCIntraPQPAStats.size() > m_pqpaStatsWritten )
    {
      std::vector<uint8_t> pqpaTemp;
      while( m_pqpaStatsWritten < (int)m_listRCIntraPQPAStats.size() )
      {
        pqpaTemp.push_back( m_listRCIntraPQPAStats[ m_pqpaStatsWritten ] );
        m_pqpaStatsWritten++;
      }
      data[ "pqpaStats" ] = pqpaTemp;
    }
    m_rcStatsFHandle << data << std::endl;
  }
  else
  {
    // ensure same precision for internal and written data by serializing internal data as well
    std::stringstream iss;
    iss << data;
    data = nlohmann::json::parse( iss.str() );
    std::list<TRCPassStats>& listRCFirstPassStats = m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead ? m_firstPassCache : m_listRCFirstPassStats;
    listRCFirstPassStats.push_back( TRCPassStats( data[ "poc" ],
                                                    data[ "qp" ],
                                                    data[ "lambda" ],
                                                    data[ "visActY" ],
                                                    data[ "numBits" ],
                                                    data[ "psnrY" ],
                                                    data[ "isIntra" ],
                                                    data[ "tempLayer" ],
                                                    data[ "isStartOfIntra" ],
                                                    data[ "isStartOfGop" ],
                                                    data[ "gopNum" ],
                                                    data[ "scType" ],
                                                    statsData.spVisAct,
                                                    statsData.motionEstError,
                                                    statsData.minNoiseLevels
                                                    ) );
  }
  m_numPicStatsTotal++;
#else
  m_listRCFirstPassStats.push_back( statsData );

  if( m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead && (int) m_listRCFirstPassStats.size() > encRCSeq->intraPeriod + encRCSeq->gopSize + 1 )
  {
    m_listRCFirstPassStats.pop_front();
  }
#endif
}

#ifdef VVENC_ENABLE_THIRDPARTY_JSON
void RateCtrl::readStatsFile()
{
  CHECK( ! m_rcStatsFHandle.good(), "unable to read from rate control statistics file" );

  uint8_t minNoiseLevels[ QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS ];
  std::fill_n( minNoiseLevels, QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS, 255u );

  int lineNum = 2;
  std::string line;
  while( std::getline( m_rcStatsFHandle, line ) )
  {
    nlohmann::json data = nlohmann::json::parse( line );
    if( data.find( "poc" )               == data.end() || ! data[ "poc" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "qp" )             == data.end() || ! data[ "qp" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "lambda" )         == data.end() || ! data[ "lambda" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "visActY" )        == data.end() || ! data[ "visActY" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "numBits" )        == data.end() || ! data[ "numBits" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "psnrY" )          == data.end() || ! data[ "psnrY" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "isIntra" )        == data.end() || ! data[ "isIntra" ].is_boolean()
        || data.find( "tempLayer" )      == data.end() || ! data[ "tempLayer" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "isStartOfIntra" ) == data.end() || ! data[ "isStartOfIntra" ].is_boolean()
        || data.find( "isStartOfGop" )   == data.end() || ! data[ "isStartOfGop" ].is_boolean()
        || data.find( "gopNum" )         == data.end() || ! data[ "gopNum" ].is_number()
        || data.find( "scType" )         == data.end() || ! data[ "scType" ].is_number() )
    {
      THROW( "syntax of rate control statistics file in line " << lineNum << " not recognized: (" << line << ")" );
    }
    int spVisAct = 0;
    if( data.find( "spVisAct" ) != data.end() )
    {
      CHECK( ! data[ "spVisAct" ].is_number(), "spatial visual activity in rate control statistics file must be a number" );
      spVisAct = data[ "spVisAct" ];
    }
    m_listRCFirstPassStats.push_back( TRCPassStats( data[ "poc" ],
                                                    data[ "qp" ],
                                                    data[ "lambda" ],
                                                    data[ "visActY" ],
                                                    data[ "numBits" ],
                                                    data[ "psnrY" ],
                                                    data[ "isIntra" ],
                                                    data[ "tempLayer" ],
                                                    data[ "isStartOfIntra" ],
                                                    data[ "isStartOfGop" ],
                                                    data[ "gopNum" ],
                                                    data[ "scType" ],
                                                    spVisAct,
                                                    0, // motionEstError
                                                    minNoiseLevels
                                                    ) );
    if( data.find( "pqpaStats" ) != data.end() )
    {
      CHECK( ! data[ "pqpaStats" ].is_array(), "pqpa array data in rate control statistics file not recognized" );
      std::vector<uint8_t> pqpaTemp = data[ "pqpaStats" ];
      for( auto el : pqpaTemp )
      {
        m_listRCIntraPQPAStats.push_back( el );
      }
    }
    lineNum++;
  }
}
#endif

void RateCtrl::adjustStatsDownsample()
{
  int64_t meanValue = 0; //MCTF or Activity
  int amount = 0;
  auto itr = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin();
  for (; itr != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); itr++)
  {
    auto& stat = *itr;
    int statValue = stat.spVisAct;
    if (statValue != 0)
    {
      meanValue += statValue;
      amount++;
    }
    stat.numBits = stat.numBits << 1;
  }
  if (meanValue != 0)
  {
    meanValue = meanValue / amount;
    int64_t sumVar = 0;
    int numVar = 0;
    auto itrv = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin();
    for (; itrv != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); itrv++)
    {
      auto& stat = *itrv;
      if (stat.spVisAct != 0)
      {
        sumVar += (std::abs(stat.spVisAct - meanValue) * std::abs(stat.spVisAct - meanValue));
        numVar++;
      }
    }
    if (numVar)
    {
      sumVar = sumVar / std::max(1, numVar - 1);
      sumVar = int64_t (0.5 + sqrt((double) sumVar));
    }
    int value_gopbefore = 0;
    int value_gopcur = 0;
    int num_gopcur = 0;
    int gopcur = 0;
    bool doChangeBits = false;
    auto itr = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin();
    for (; itr != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); itr++)
    {
      auto& stat = *itr;
      int statValue = stat.spVisAct;
      if (gopcur != stat.gopNum)
      {
        gopcur = stat.gopNum;
        if (num_gopcur)
        {
          value_gopbefore = value_gopcur / num_gopcur;
        }
        else
        {
          value_gopbefore = value_gopcur;
        }
        value_gopcur = 0;
        num_gopcur = 0;
        doChangeBits = false;
      }
      if (statValue != 0)
      {
        value_gopcur += statValue;
        num_gopcur++;
        doChangeBits = false;
        if (stat.gopNum != 0)
        {
          const int64_t var_cur = std::abs(statValue - meanValue);
          if (var_cur > (sumVar << 1))
          {
            doChangeBits = true;
          }
          else
          {
            int rate1 = (((value_gopcur / num_gopcur) * 100) / meanValue);
            int rate2 = (value_gopbefore == 0) ? 100 : (((value_gopcur / num_gopcur) * 100) / value_gopbefore);
            if ((rate1 > 140) || (rate1 < 60)
              || (rate2 > 140) || (rate2 < 60))
            {
              doChangeBits = true;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if ((stat.gopNum != 0) && doChangeBits && (stat.tempLayer > 1))
      {
        stat.numBits = (stat.numBits * 3) >> 1;
      }
    }
  }
}

void RateCtrl::setRCRateSavingState( const int maxRate )
{
  if ( m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead && maxRate < encRCSeq->targetRate ) // end of video: incomplete I-period?
  {
    encRCSeq->isIntraGOP = false;
  }
  encRCSeq->isRateSavingMode = true;
}

void RateCtrl::processFirstPassData( const bool flush, const int poc /*= -1*/ )
{
  if( m_pcEncCfg->m_RCNumPasses > 1 )
  {
    // two pass rc
    CHECK( m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead, "two pass rc does not support look-ahead mode" );

    xProcessFirstPassData( flush, poc );
  }
  else
  {
    // single pass rc
    CHECK( !m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead,     "single pass rc should be only used in look-ahead mode" );
    CHECK( m_firstPassCache.size() == 0, "no data available from the first pass" );
    CHECK( poc < 0,                      "no valid poc given" );

    // fetch RC data for the next look-ahead chunk
    // the next look-ahead chunk starts with a given POC, so find a pic for a given POC in cache
    // NOTE!!!: pictures in cache are in coding order

    auto picCacheItr = find_if( m_firstPassCache.begin(), m_firstPassCache.end(), [poc]( auto& picStat ) { return picStat.poc == poc; } );

    for( int count = 0; picCacheItr != m_firstPassCache.end(); ++picCacheItr )
    {
      auto& picStat = *picCacheItr;
      count++;
      if( !picStat.addedToList )
      {
        picStat.addedToList = true;
        m_numPicAddedToList++;
        m_listRCFirstPassStats.push_back( picStat );
        if( m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead && (int) m_listRCFirstPassStats.size() > encRCSeq->intraPeriod + encRCSeq->gopSize + 1 )
        {
          m_listRCFirstPassStats.pop_front();
          m_firstPassCache.pop_front();
        }

        // the chunk is considered to contain a particular number of pictures up to the picture starting the next GOP (including it)
        // in flush-mode, ensure the deterministic definition of last chunk
        if( ( count >= m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize + 1 || ( m_listRCFirstPassStats.size() > 2 && picStat.isStartOfGop ) ) && !( flush && m_numPicAddedToList > m_numPicStatsTotal - m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize ) )
          break;
      }
    }
    // enable flush only in last chunk (provides correct calculation of flushPOC)
    xProcessFirstPassData( flush && ( m_numPicAddedToList == m_numPicStatsTotal ), poc );
  }
}

void RateCtrl::xProcessFirstPassData( const bool flush, const int poc )
{
  CHECK( m_listRCFirstPassStats.size() == 0, "No data available from the first pass!" );

  m_listRCFirstPassStats.sort( []( const TRCPassStats& a, const TRCPassStats& b ) { return a.poc < b.poc; } );

  if ( flush || !m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead )
  {
    // store start POC of last chunk of pictures
    flushPOC = m_listRCFirstPassStats.back().poc - std::max( 32, m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize );
  }
  if ( flush && m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead )
  {
    encRCSeq->isRateSavingMode = true;
  }

  // perform a simple scene change detection on first-pass data and update RC parameters when new scenes are detected
  detectSceneCuts();

  // process and scale GOP and frame bits using the data from the first pass to account for different target bitrates
  processGops();

  if( m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize > 8
      && m_pcEncCfg->m_IntraPeriod >= m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize
      && ( m_pcEncCfg->m_usePerceptQPA || m_pcEncCfg->m_vvencMCTF.MCTF > 0 )
      && m_pcEncCfg->m_RCNumPasses == 1 )
  {
    updateMotionErrStatsGop( flush, poc );
  }

  encRCSeq->firstPassData = m_listRCFirstPassStats;
}

double RateCtrl::getAverageBitsFromFirstPass()
{
  const uint16_t vaMin = 1u << (encRCSeq->bitDepth - 6);
  const int16_t factor = (m_pcEncCfg->m_QP > 27 ? 2 : 3);
  const uint32_t shift = (m_pcEncCfg->m_QP > 37 ? 1 : 4);
  int vaTm1 = 0, vaTm2 = 0; // temporal memories
  uint64_t totalBitsFirstPass = 0;
  std::list<TRCPassStats>::iterator it;

  if (encRCSeq->intraPeriod > 1 && encRCSeq->gopSize > 1 && m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead)
  {
    const int gopsInIp  = (2 * encRCSeq->intraPeriod + (encRCSeq->gopSize >> 1)) / encRCSeq->gopSize;
    int l = 2 - (gopsInIp & 1); // fract. tuning
    uint64_t tlBits [8] = { 0 };
    unsigned tlCount[8] = { 0 };

    for (it = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin(); it != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); it++) // sum per level
    {
      if (tlBits[it->tempLayer] > 0 && it->refreshParameters)
      {
        // take maximum of average temporal level-wise bit counts from last scene and from current scene
        tlBits[it->tempLayer] = (tlBits[it->tempLayer] + (tlCount[it->tempLayer] >> 1)) / std::max (1u, tlCount[it->tempLayer]);
        tlBits[it->tempLayer] = std::max (tlBits[it->tempLayer], (uint64_t) it->numBits);
        tlCount[it->tempLayer] = 1;
      }
      else
      {
        tlBits[it->tempLayer] += it->numBits;
        tlCount[it->tempLayer]++;
      }
    }
    if (tlBits[0] == 0)
    {
      l = 0; // no I-frame in the analysis range
    }

    totalBitsFirstPass = (2 * tlBits[0] + (tlCount[0] >> 1)) / std::max (1u, tlCount[0]) +
            ((gopsInIp - l) * tlBits[1] + (tlCount[1] >> 1)) / std::max (1u, tlCount[1]);
    for (l = 2; l <= 7; l++)
    {
      totalBitsFirstPass += ((gopsInIp << (l - 2)) * tlBits[l] + (tlCount[l] >> 1)) / std::max (1u, tlCount[l]);
    }

    return totalBitsFirstPass / (2.0 * encRCSeq->intraPeriod);
  }

  for (it = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin(); it != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); it++) // for two-pass RC
  {
    const int vaTmp = std::max (0, (it->visActY << (12 - encRCSeq->bitDepth)) - it->spVisAct);
    const int vaSum = vaTmp + vaTm2; // improve rate match on temporally downsampled or very dark videos

    if (vaSum > 0 && vaTm1 * 2 * factor < vaSum && vaTm2 * 4 > vaTmp * 3 && vaTm2 * 3 < vaTmp * 4)
    {
      totalBitsFirstPass += (it->numBits * uint64_t (vaSum + vaTm1 * 2) * factor + (vaSum * 2)) / (vaSum * (factor + 1));
    }
    else
    {
      totalBitsFirstPass += (it->visActY >= vaMin && it->visActY < vaMin + (1u << shift) ? (it->numBits * (it->visActY + 1u - vaMin)) >> shift : it->numBits);
    }

    vaTm2 = vaTm1;
    vaTm1 = vaTmp;
  }

  return totalBitsFirstPass / (double) m_listRCFirstPassStats.size();
}

void RateCtrl::detectSceneCuts()
{
  const int minPocDif = (encRCSeq->gopSize + 1) >> 1;
  double psnrTL01Prev = 0.0;
  int sceneCutPocPrev = -minPocDif;
  uint16_t visActPrev = 0;
  bool needRefresh[8] = { false };
  std::list<TRCPassStats>::iterator it = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin();

  visActPrev = it->visActY;
  if (it->tempLayer <= 1) psnrTL01Prev = it->psnrY;
  it->refreshParameters = (it->poc == 0);

  for (it++; it != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); it++)
  {
    const int tmpLevel = it->tempLayer;
    const bool  isTL01 = (tmpLevel <= 1);

    it->isNewScene = ((it->visActY * 64 > visActPrev * 181) || (isTL01 && it->visActY <= (1u << (encRCSeq->bitDepth - 6))) || (isTL01 && it->visActY + 3 > visActPrev && psnrTL01Prev > 0.0 && std::abs (it->psnrY - psnrTL01Prev) > 4.5));

    if (it->isNewScene) // filter out scene cuts which happen too closely to the last detected scene cut
    {
      if (it->poc >= sceneCutPocPrev + minPocDif)
      {
        for (int frameLevel = 0; frameLevel <= m_pcEncCfg->m_maxTLayer + 1; frameLevel++)
        {
          needRefresh[frameLevel] = true;
        }
        sceneCutPocPrev = it->poc;
      }
      else
      {
        it->isNewScene = false;
      }
    }
    if (it->scType == SCT_TL0_SCENE_CUT && !needRefresh[0]) // assume scene cuts at all adapted I-frames
    {
      it->isNewScene = needRefresh[0] = needRefresh[1] = needRefresh[2] = true;
    }

    it->refreshParameters = needRefresh[tmpLevel];
    needRefresh[tmpLevel] = false;

    visActPrev = it->visActY;
    if (isTL01) psnrTL01Prev = it->psnrY;
  }
}

void RateCtrl::processGops()
{
  const double bp1pf = getAverageBitsFromFirstPass();  // first-pass bits/frame
  const double ratio = (double) encRCSeq->targetRate / (encRCSeq->frameRate * bp1pf); // 2nd-to-1st pass
  double fac;
  int vecIdx;
  int gopNum;
  std::list<TRCPassStats>::iterator it;
  std::vector<uint32_t> gopBits (2 + (m_listRCFirstPassStats.back().gopNum - m_listRCFirstPassStats.front().gopNum)); // +2 for the first I frame (GOP) and a potential last incomplete GOP
  std::vector<float> gopTempVal (2 + (m_listRCFirstPassStats.back().gopNum - m_listRCFirstPassStats.front().gopNum));

  vecIdx = 0;
  gopNum = m_listRCFirstPassStats.front().gopNum;
  for (it = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin(); it != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); it++) // scaling, part 1
  {
    if (it->gopNum > gopNum)
    {
      vecIdx++;
      gopNum = it->gopNum;
    }
    CHECK (vecIdx >= (int) gopBits.size(), "array idx out of bounds");
    it->targetBits = (int) std::max (1.0, 0.5 + it->numBits * ratio);
    gopBits[vecIdx] += (uint32_t) it->targetBits; // sum is gf in VCIP'21 paper

    if (it->poc == 0 && it->isIntra) // put the first I-frame into separate GOP
    {
      vecIdx++;
    }
  }

  vecIdx = 0;
  fac = 1.0 / gopBits[vecIdx];
  gopTempVal[vecIdx] = 1.0f;
  gopNum = m_listRCFirstPassStats.front().gopNum;
  for (it = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin(); it != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); it++) // scaling, part 2
  {
    if (it->gopNum > gopNum)
    {
      vecIdx++;
      fac = 1.0 / gopBits[vecIdx];
      gopTempVal[vecIdx] = (it->isIntra ? float (it->targetBits * fac) : 0.0f);
      gopNum = it->gopNum;
    }
    it->frameInGopRatio = it->targetBits * fac; // i.e., rf/gf in VCIP'21 paper

    if (it->poc == 0 && it->isIntra) // put the first I-frame into separate GOP
    {
      vecIdx++;
      fac = 1.0 / gopBits[vecIdx];
      gopTempVal[vecIdx] = 0.0f; // relax rate constraint a bit in first 2 GOPs
    }
  }

  if (!encRCSeq->isLookAhead && encRCSeq->maxGopRate < INT32_MAX) // pre-capper
  {
    double savedBits = 0.0, scale = 0.0, maxBits;
    uint32_t savedGOPs = 0;

    for (vecIdx = 0; vecIdx < (int) gopBits.size(); vecIdx++)
    {
      if (gopTempVal[vecIdx] > 0.0f)
      {
        scale = (double) encRCSeq->maxGopRate * encRCSeq->intraPeriod / (encRCSeq->intraPeriod + gopTempVal[vecIdx] * encRCSeq->gopSize);
      }
      maxBits = scale * (1.0 + gopTempVal[vecIdx]);

      if ((double) gopBits[vecIdx] > maxBits)
      {
        gopTempVal[vecIdx] = float (maxBits / gopBits[vecIdx]); // saving ratio
        savedBits += gopBits[vecIdx] - maxBits;
        savedGOPs++;
      }
      else
      {
        gopTempVal[vecIdx] = 0.f; // signal to next loop that rate is below cap
      }
    }

    if (savedGOPs > 0)  // distribute saved bits equally across not capped GOPs
    {
      savedBits /= gopBits.size() - savedGOPs;
      vecIdx = 0;
      scale   = (double) encRCSeq->maxGopRate * encRCSeq->intraPeriod / (encRCSeq->intraPeriod + 1.0 /*frameInGopRatio*/ * encRCSeq->gopSize);
      maxBits = scale * (1.0 + 1.0 /*frameInGopRatio*/);
      fac = (gopTempVal[vecIdx] > 0.0f ? gopTempVal[vecIdx] : std::min (maxBits, gopBits[vecIdx] + savedBits) / gopBits[vecIdx]);
      gopNum = m_listRCFirstPassStats.front().gopNum;
      for (it = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin(); it != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); it++) // cap, part 3
      {
        if (it->gopNum > gopNum)
        {
          vecIdx++;
          if (it->isIntra)
          {
            scale = (double) encRCSeq->maxGopRate * encRCSeq->intraPeriod / (encRCSeq->intraPeriod + it->frameInGopRatio * encRCSeq->gopSize);
          }
          maxBits = scale * (it->isIntra ? 1.0 + it->frameInGopRatio : 1.0);
          fac = (gopTempVal[vecIdx] > 0.0f ? gopTempVal[vecIdx] : std::min (maxBits, gopBits[vecIdx] + savedBits) / gopBits[vecIdx]);
          gopNum = it->gopNum;
        }
        it->targetBits = (int) std::max (1.0, 0.5 + it->targetBits * fac);

        if (it->poc == 0 && it->isIntra) // put first I-frame into separate GOP
        {
          vecIdx++;
          // maxBits = scale * 1.0; relax rate constraint a bit in first 2 GOPs
          fac = (gopTempVal[vecIdx] > 0.0f ? gopTempVal[vecIdx] : std::min (maxBits, gopBits[vecIdx] + savedBits) / gopBits[vecIdx]);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void RateCtrl::updateMotionErrStatsGop( const bool flush, const int poc )
{
  CHECK( poc <= m_updateNoisePoc, "given TL0 poc before last TL0 poc" );

  const bool bIncomplete = ( poc - m_updateNoisePoc ) < m_pcEncCfg->m_GOPSize;

  // reset only if full gop pics available or previous gop ends with intra frame
  if( ! bIncomplete || m_resetNoise )
  {
    m_maxPicMotionError = 0;
    std::fill_n( m_minNoiseLevels, QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS, 255u );
  }
  m_resetNoise = true;

  // currently disabled for last incomplete gop (TODO: check)
  if( bIncomplete && flush )
  {
    m_maxPicMotionError = 0;
    std::fill_n( m_minNoiseLevels, QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS, 255u );
    return;
  }

  // continue with stats after last used poc
  const int startPoc = m_updateNoisePoc + 1;
  auto itr           = find_if( m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin(), m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(), [ startPoc ]( const auto& stat ) { return stat.poc == startPoc; } );
  if( itr == m_listRCFirstPassStats.end() )
  {
    itr = m_listRCFirstPassStats.begin();
  }

  for( ; itr != m_listRCFirstPassStats.end(); itr++ )
  {
    const auto& stat = *itr;
    if( stat.poc > poc )
    {
      m_gopMEErrorCBufIdx = ( m_gopMEErrorCBufIdx + 1u ) & uint8_t( QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS - 1 );
      m_gopMEErrorCBuf[ m_gopMEErrorCBufIdx ] = m_maxPicMotionError;
      m_resetNoise = stat.isIntra; // in case last update poc is intra, we cannot reuse the old noise levels for the next gop
      break;
    }
    m_maxPicMotionError = std::max( m_maxPicMotionError, stat.motionEstError );

    for( int i = 0; i < QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS; i++ )
    {
      if( stat.minNoiseLevels[ i ] < m_minNoiseLevels[ i ] )
      {
        m_minNoiseLevels[ i ] = stat.minNoiseLevels[ i ];
      }
    }
  }

  // store highest poc used for current update
  m_updateNoisePoc = poc;
}

double RateCtrl::getLookAheadBoostFac( const int thresholdDivisor )
{
  const unsigned thresh = 64 / std::max (1, thresholdDivisor);
  unsigned num = 0, sum = 0;

  for (int i = 0; i < QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS; i++) // go through non-zero values in circ. buffer
  {
    if (m_gopMEErrorCBuf[i] > 0)
    {
      num++;
      sum += m_gopMEErrorCBuf[i];
    }
  }

  if (num > 0 && m_gopMEErrorCBuf[m_gopMEErrorCBufIdx] * num > sum + thresh * num) // boosting
  {
    return double (m_gopMEErrorCBuf[m_gopMEErrorCBufIdx] * num) / (sum + thresh * num);
  }
  return 1.0;
}

double RateCtrl::updateQPstartModelVal()
{
  unsigned num = 0, sum = 0;

  for (int avgIndex = 0; avgIndex < QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS; avgIndex++) // go through all ranges
  {
    if (m_minNoiseLevels[avgIndex] < 255)
    {
      num++;
      sum += m_minNoiseLevels[avgIndex];
    }
  }

  if (num == 0 || sum == 0) return 24.0; // default if no data, else noise level equivalent QP

  return 24.0 + 0.5 * (6.0 * log ((double) sum / (double) num) / log (2.0) - 1.0 - 24.0);
}

void RateCtrl::addRCPassStats( const int poc,
                               const int qp,
                               const double lambda,
                               const uint16_t visActY,
                               const uint32_t numBits,
                               const double psnrY,
                               const bool isIntra,
                               const uint32_t tempLayer,
                               const bool isStartOfIntra,
                               const bool isStartOfGop,
                               const int gopNum,
                               const SceneType scType,
                               int spVisAct,
                               const uint16_t motEstError,
                               const uint8_t minNoiseLevels[ QPA_MAX_NOISE_LEVELS ] )
{
  storeStatsData (TRCPassStats (poc, qp, lambda, visActY, numBits, psnrY, isIntra, tempLayer + int (!isIntra), isStartOfIntra, isStartOfGop, gopNum, scType, spVisAct, motEstError, minNoiseLevels));
}

void RateCtrl::updateAfterPicEncRC( const Picture* pic )
{
  EncRCPic* encRCPic = pic->encRCPic;
  const int clipBits = std::max( encRCPic->targetBits, pic->actualTotalBits );

  encRCPic->updateAfterPicture( pic->isMeanQPLimited ? clipBits : pic->actualTotalBits, pic->slices[ 0 ]->sliceQp );
  encRCPic->addToPictureList( getPicList() );
  encRCSeq->updateAfterPic( pic->actualTotalBits, encRCPic->tmpTargetBits );

  if ( encRCSeq->isLookAhead )
  {
    if ( pic->isMeanQPLimited ) encRCSeq->bitsUsedQPLimDiff += pic->actualTotalBits - clipBits;
    encRCSeq->bitsUsed += encRCSeq->bitsUsedQPLimDiff;  // sum up actual, not ideal bit counts
  }
}

void RateCtrl::initRateControlPic( Picture& pic, Slice* slice, int& qp, double& finalLambda )
{
  const int frameLevel = ( slice->isIntra() ? 0 : slice->TLayer + 1 );
  EncRCPic*   encRcPic = new EncRCPic;
  double lambda = encRCSeq->maxEstLambda;
  int   sliceQP = MAX_QP;

  encRcPic->create( encRCSeq, frameLevel, slice->poc );
  pic.encRCPic = encRcPic;

  if ( frameLevel <= 7 )
  {
    if ( m_pcEncCfg->m_RCNumPasses == 2 || m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead )
    {
      std::list<TRCPassStats>::iterator it;

      for ( it = encRCSeq->firstPassData.begin(); it != encRCSeq->firstPassData.end(); it++ )
      {
        if ( it->poc == slice->poc && it->numBits > 0 )
        {
          const double sqrOfResRatio = std::min( 1.0, double( m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceWidth * m_pcEncCfg->m_SourceHeight ) / ( 3840.0 * 2160.0 ) );
          const int firstPassSliceQP = it->qp;
          const int budgetRelaxScale = ( encRCSeq->maxGopRate + 0.5 < 2.0 * (double)encRCSeq->targetRate * encRCSeq->gopSize / encRCSeq->frameRate ? 2 : 3 ); // quarters
          const bool isRateCapperMax = ( encRCSeq->maxGopRate + 0.5 >= 3.0 * (double)encRCSeq->targetRate * encRCSeq->gopSize / encRCSeq->frameRate );
          const bool isEndOfSequence = ( it->poc >= flushPOC && flushPOC >= 0 );
          const double dLimit = ( isRateCapperMax ? 3.0 : 0.5 * budgetRelaxScale + 0.5 );
          double d = (double)it->targetBits, tmpVal;

          encRcPic->visActSteady = it->visActY;

          if ( it->refreshParameters ) // reset counters for budget usage in subsequent frames
          {
            encRCSeq->qpCorrection[ frameLevel ] = ( it->poc == 0 && it->isIntra && d < it->numBits ? std::max( -1.0 * it->visActY / double( 1 << ( encRCSeq->bitDepth - 3 ) ), 1.0 - it->numBits / d ) : 0.0 );
            if ( !m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead )
            {
              encRCSeq->actualBitCnt[ frameLevel ] = encRCSeq->targetBitCnt[ frameLevel ] = 0;
            }
            encRcPic->refreshParams = true;
          }
          if ( it->isIntra ) // update temp stationarity for budget usage in subsequent frames
          {
            encRCSeq->lastIntraSM = it->frameInGopRatio;
          }
          if ( it->isStartOfGop )
          {
            bool allowMoreRatePeaks = false;
            encRCSeq->rateBoostFac  = 1.0;

            if ( m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead && !encRCSeq->isRateSavingMode ) // rate boost factor
            {
              encRCSeq->rateBoostFac = getLookAheadBoostFac( isRateCapperMax ? 2 : budgetRelaxScale - 1 );
              allowMoreRatePeaks = ( encRCSeq->rateBoostFac > 1.0 && isRateCapperMax );
              if ( allowMoreRatePeaks && !isEndOfSequence )
              {
                encRCSeq->lastIntraSM = 1.0;
              }
              if ( encRCSeq->rateBoostFac > 1.0 && !isEndOfSequence )
              {
                encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage = std::max( encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage, encRCSeq->bitsUsed ); // TL<2: relax constraint
              }
            }
            encRCSeq->isIntraGOP = ( ( it->isStartOfIntra || allowMoreRatePeaks ) && !isEndOfSequence && !encRCSeq->isRateSavingMode );
          }
          else if ( frameLevel == 2 && it->refreshParameters && encRCSeq->scRelax && !isEndOfSequence && !encRCSeq->isRateSavingMode )
          {
            encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage = std::max( encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage, encRCSeq->bitsUsed ); // cut: relax rate constraint
          }
          encRCSeq->scRelax = ( frameLevel < 2 && it->refreshParameters && encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage > encRCSeq->bitsUsed );

          CHECK( slice->TLayer >= 7, "analyzed RC frame must have TLayer < 7" );

          tmpVal = ( encRCSeq->isIntraGOP ? 0.5 + 0.5 * encRCSeq->lastIntraSM : 0.5 ); // IGOP
          if ( !isEndOfSequence && !m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead && frameLevel == 2 && encRCSeq->maxGopRate + 0.5 < 3.0 * (double)encRCSeq->targetRate * encRCSeq->gopSize / encRCSeq->frameRate )
          {
            encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage = std::max( encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage, ( budgetRelaxScale * encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage + ( 4 - budgetRelaxScale ) * encRCSeq->bitsUsed + 2 ) >> 2 );
          }

          if ( encRCSeq->rateBoostFac > 1.0 )
          {
            it->targetBits = int( it->targetBits * encRCSeq->rateBoostFac + 0.5 ); // boosting
          }
          encRcPic->tmpTargetBits = it->targetBits;

          // calculate the difference of under or overspent bits and adjust the current target bits based on the GOP and frame ratio
          d = encRcPic->tmpTargetBits + std::min( (int64_t) encRCSeq->maxGopRate, encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage - encRCSeq->bitsUsed ) * tmpVal * it->frameInGopRatio;

          // try to hit target rate more aggressively in last coded frames, lambda/QP clipping below will ensure smooth value change
          if ( isEndOfSequence )
          {
            d += std::min( (int64_t) encRCSeq->maxGopRate, encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage - encRCSeq->bitsUsed ) * ( 1.0 - tmpVal ) * it->frameInGopRatio;
          }
          else if ( d > dLimit * encRcPic->tmpTargetBits )
          {
            d = encRcPic->tmpTargetBits * dLimit; // prevent large spendings after easy scenes
          }
          else if ( d * dLimit < encRcPic->tmpTargetBits )
          {
            d = encRcPic->tmpTargetBits / dLimit; // prevent small spendings after hard scenes
          }

          if ( !isEndOfSequence && it->isStartOfGop && it->poc > 0 ) // target bitrate capping
          {
            const double scale = encRCSeq->intraPeriod / ( encRCSeq->intraPeriod + encRCSeq->lastIntraSM * encRCSeq->gopSize );
            const double fBits = scale * ( encRCSeq->isIntraGOP ? 1.0 + encRCSeq->lastIntraSM : 1.0 ) * it->frameInGopRatio; // IGOP

            if ( d > fBits * encRCSeq->maxGopRate ) d = fBits * encRCSeq->maxGopRate;
          }
          d = std::max( 1.0, d );
          encRcPic->targetBits = int( d + 0.5 );

          tmpVal = updateQPstartModelVal() + log (sqrOfResRatio) / log (2.0); // GOP's QPstart
          d /= (double)it->numBits;
          d = firstPassSliceQP - ( 105.0 / 128.0 ) * sqrt( (double)std::max( 1, firstPassSliceQP ) ) * log( d ) / log( 2.0 );
          sliceQP = int( 0.5 + d + ( it->isIntra ? 0.375 : 0.5 ) * std::max( 0.0, tmpVal - d ) + encRCSeq->qpCorrection[ frameLevel ] );

          encRcPic->clipTargetQP( getPicList(), ( m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead ? getBaseQP() : m_pcEncCfg->m_QP ) + ( it->isIntra ? m_pcEncCfg->m_intraQPOffset : 0 ), 5 - budgetRelaxScale,
                                  ( it->poc < encRCSeq->gopSize ? 0 : ( m_pcEncCfg->m_maxTLayer + 1 ) >> 1 ), sqrOfResRatio, sliceQP, &encRCSeq->lastAverageQP );
          lambda = it->lambda * pow( 2.0, double( sliceQP - firstPassSliceQP ) / 3.0 );
          lambda = Clip3( encRCSeq->minEstLambda, encRCSeq->maxEstLambda, lambda );

          if ( m_pcEncCfg->m_LookAhead ) // update frame bit ratios for bit budget calculation
          {
            if ( it->isStartOfGop )
            {
              if ( it->poc == 0 && it->isIntra ) // handle first I-frame being in separate GOP
              {
                uint32_t gopBits = it->numBits;
                std::list<TRCPassStats>::iterator itNext = it;

                for ( itNext++; itNext != encRCSeq->firstPassData.end() && !itNext->isStartOfGop; itNext++ )
                {
                  gopBits += itNext->numBits;
                }
                encRCSeq->lastIntraSM = (double)it->numBits / gopBits;
              }
              else if ( it->isIntra && !it->isStartOfIntra && !isEndOfSequence && !encRCSeq->isRateSavingMode && encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage - encRCSeq->bitsUsed < encRcPic->targetBits )
              {
                encRCSeq->bitsUsedQPLimDiff += ( encRCSeq->estimatedBitUsage - encRCSeq->bitsUsed - encRcPic->targetBits ) >> 1;
              }
            }
          }
          if ( it->isIntra ) // update history for parameter clipping in subsequent key frames
          {
            encRCSeq->lastIntraQP = sliceQP;
          }

          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  qp = sliceQP;
  finalLambda = lambda;
}

}

Coverage Report

Created: 2026-10-28 06:18