/work/workdir/UnpackedTarball/cairo/src/cairo-pdf-surface.c

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/* -*- Mode: c; tab-width: 8; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: t; -*- */
/* cairo - a vector graphics library with display and print output
 *
 * Copyright © 2004 Red Hat, Inc
 * Copyright © 2006 Red Hat, Inc
 * Copyright © 2007, 2008 Adrian Johnson
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it either under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation
 * (the "LGPL") or, at your option, under the terms of the Mozilla
 * Public License Version 1.1 (the "MPL"). If you do not alter this
 * notice, a recipient may use your version of this file under either
 * the MPL or the LGPL.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the LGPL along with this library
 * in the file COPYING-LGPL-2.1; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02110-1335, USA
 * You should have received a copy of the MPL along with this library
 * in the file COPYING-MPL-1.1
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License
 * Version 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
 * compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
 * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
 *
 * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY
 * OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the LGPL or the MPL for
 * the specific language governing rights and limitations.
 *
 * The Original Code is the cairo graphics library.
 *
 * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is University of Southern
 * California.
 *
 * Contributor(s):
 *  Kristian Høgsberg <krh@redhat.com>
 *  Carl Worth <cworth@cworth.org>
 *  Adrian Johnson <ajohnson@redneon.com>
 */

#define _DEFAULT_SOURCE /* for snprintf() */
#include "cairoint.h"

#include "cairo-pdf.h"
#include "cairo-pdf-surface-private.h"
#include "cairo-pdf-operators-private.h"
#include "cairo-pdf-shading-private.h"

#include "cairo-array-private.h"
#include "cairo-analysis-surface-private.h"
#include "cairo-composite-rectangles-private.h"
#include "cairo-default-context-private.h"
#include "cairo-error-private.h"
#include "cairo-image-surface-inline.h"
#include "cairo-image-info-private.h"
#include "cairo-recording-surface-private.h"
#include "cairo-output-stream-private.h"
#include "cairo-paginated-private.h"
#include "cairo-scaled-font-subsets-private.h"
#include "cairo-surface-clipper-private.h"
#include "cairo-surface-snapshot-inline.h"
#include "cairo-surface-subsurface-private.h"
#include "cairo-type3-glyph-surface-private.h"

#include <zlib.h>

/*
 * Page Structure of the Generated PDF:
 *
 * Each page requiring fallbacks images contains a knockout group at
 * the top level. The first operation of the knockout group paints a
 * group containing all the supported drawing operations. Fallback
 * images (if any) are painted in the knockout group. This ensures
 * that fallback images do not composite with any content under the
 * fallback images.
 *
 * Streams:
 *
 * This PDF surface has three types of streams:
 *  - PDF Stream
 *  - Content Stream
 *  - Group Stream
 *  - Object stream
 *
 * Calling _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, ...) will
 * write to the currently open stream.
 *
 * PDF Stream:
 *   A PDF Stream may be opened and closed with the following functions:
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_open stream ()
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream ()
 *
 *   PDF Streams are written directly to the PDF file. They are used for
 *   fonts, images and patterns.
 *
 * Content Stream:
 *   The Content Stream is opened and closed with the following functions:
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream ()
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream ()
 *
 *   The Content Stream contains the text and graphics operators.
 *
 * Group Stream:
 *   A Group Stream may be opened and closed with the following functions:
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group ()
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group ()
 *
 *   A Group Stream is a Form XObject. It is used for short sequences
 *   of operators. As the content is very short the group is stored in
 *   memory until it is closed. This allows some optimization such as
 *   including the Resource dictionary and stream length inside the
 *   XObject instead of using an indirect object.
 *
 * Object Stream (PDF 1.5)
 *   An Object Stream may be opened and closed with the following functions:
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_open_object_stream ()
 *     _cairo_pdf_surface_close_object_stream ()
 *
 *  An Object Stream contains one or more objects compressed into a stream.
 *  Only non stream objects are permitted. When emitting objects intended for
 *  the Object Stream, enclose the emit object operation with
 *  _cairo_pdf_surface_object_begin()/_cairo_pdf_surface_object_end().
 */

/**
 * SECTION:cairo-pdf
 * @Title: PDF Surfaces
 * @Short_Description: Rendering PDF documents
 * @See_Also: #cairo_surface_t
 *
 * The PDF surface is used to render cairo graphics to Adobe
 * PDF files and is a multi-page vector surface backend.
 *
 * The following mime types are supported: %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2, %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID,
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2, %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL,
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID,
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX, %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX_PARAMS.
 *
 * # JBIG2 Images #
 * JBIG2 data in PDF must be in the embedded format as described in
 * ISO/IEC 11544. Image specific JBIG2 data must be in
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2.  Any global segments in the JBIG2 data
 * (segments with page association field set to 0) must be in
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL. The global data may be shared by
 * multiple images. All images sharing the same global data must set
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID to a unique identifier. At least
 * one of the images must provide the global data using
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL. The global data will only be
 * embedded once and shared by all JBIG2 images with the same
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID.
 *
 * # CCITT Fax Images # {#ccitt}
 * The %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX mime data requires a number of decoding
 * parameters These parameters are specified using %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX_PARAMS.
 *
 * %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX_PARAMS mime data must contain a string of the form
 * "param1=value1 param2=value2 ...".
 *
 * @Columns: [required] An integer specifying the width of the image in pixels.
 *
 * @Rows: [required] An integer specifying the height of the image in scan lines.
 *
 * @K: [optional] An integer identifying the encoding scheme used. < 0
 * is 2 dimensional Group 4, = 0 is Group3 1 dimensional, > 0 is mixed 1
 * and 2 dimensional encoding. Default is 0.
 *
 * @EndOfLine: [optional] If true end-of-line bit patterns are present. Default is false.
 *
 * @EncodedByteAlign: [optional] If true the end of line is padded
 * with 0 bits so the next line begins on a byte boundary. Default is false.
 *
 * @EndOfBlock: [optional] If true the data contains an end-of-block pattern. Default is true.
 *
 * @BlackIs1: [optional] If true 1 bits are black pixels. Default is false.
 *
 * @DamagedRowsBeforeError: [optional] An integer specifying the
 * number of damages rows tolerated before an error occurs. Default is 0.
 *
 * Boolean values may be "true" or "false", or 1 or 0.
 *
 * These parameters are the same as the CCITTFaxDecode parameters in the
 * [PostScript Language Reference](https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf)
 * and [Portable Document Format (PDF)](https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf).
 * Refer to these documents for further details.
 *
 * An example %CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX_PARAMS string is:
 *
 * <programlisting>
 * "Columns=10230 Rows=40000 K=1 EndOfLine=true EncodedByteAlign=1 BlackIs1=false"
 * </programlisting>
 *
 **/

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_extents (void            *abstract_surface,
        cairo_rectangle_int_t   *rectangle);

/**
 * CAIRO_HAS_PDF_SURFACE:
 *
 * Defined if the PDF surface backend is available.
 * This macro can be used to conditionally compile backend-specific code.
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/

static const cairo_pdf_version_t _cairo_pdf_versions[] =
{
    CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_4,
    CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5,
    CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_6,
    CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_7
};

#define CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST ARRAY_LENGTH (_cairo_pdf_versions)

static const char * _cairo_pdf_version_strings[CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST] =
{
    "PDF 1.4",
    "PDF 1.5"
    "PDF 1.6"
    "PDF 1.7"
};

static const char *_cairo_pdf_supported_mime_types[] =
{
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX,
    CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX_PARAMS,
    NULL
};

/* PDF cross-reference stream types */
typedef enum {
    PDF_OBJECT_FREE = 0,
    PDF_OBJECT_UNCOMPRESSED = 1,
    PDF_OBJECT_COMPRESSED = 2,
} cairo_pdf_object_type_t;

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_object {
    cairo_pdf_object_type_t type;
    union {
  long long offset; /* type == PDF_OBJECT_UNCOMPRESSED */
  struct compressed_obj {  /* type == PDF_OBJECT_COMPRESSED */
      cairo_pdf_resource_t xref_stream;
      int index;
  } compressed_obj;
    } u;
} cairo_pdf_object_t;

typedef struct _cairo_xref_stream_object {
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
    long long offset;
} cairo_xref_stream_object_t;

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_font {
    unsigned int font_id;
    unsigned int subset_id;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t subset_resource;
} cairo_pdf_font_t;

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function {
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
    double               color1[3];
    double               color2[3];
} cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function_t;

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function {
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
    double               alpha1;
    double               alpha2;
} cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function_t;

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_clear (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static void
_cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_font (unsigned int        font_id,
           unsigned int        subset_id,
           void   *closure);

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_init (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
        cairo_pdf_resource_t    *resource,
                                cairo_bool_t             compressed,
        const char    *fmt,
        ...) CAIRO_PRINTF_FORMAT(4, 5);
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
         cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *source,
         cairo_bool_t                test,
         cairo_bool_t               *is_image);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_page (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_pages (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_catalog (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
          cairo_pdf_resource_t catalog);

static long long
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
              cairo_pdf_resource_t  xref_res,
              cairo_pdf_resource_t  root_res,
              cairo_pdf_resource_t  info_res,
              long long            *xref_offset);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_patterns_and_smask_groups (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                cairo_bool_t         finish);

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_font_subsets (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface);

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_equal (const void *key_a, const void *key_b);

static const cairo_surface_backend_t cairo_pdf_surface_backend;
static const cairo_paginated_surface_backend_t cairo_pdf_surface_paginated_backend;

cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_object_t object;

    /* Default to Uncompressed. If this object is used with
     * _cairo_pdf_surface_object_begin() and Object Streams are
     * enabled it will be changed to Compressed. */
    object.type = PDF_OBJECT_UNCOMPRESSED;
    object.u.offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->objects, &object);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  resource.id = 0;
  return resource;
    }

    resource = surface->next_available_resource;
    surface->next_available_resource.id++;

    return resource;
}

void
_cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
          cairo_pdf_resource_t   resource)
{
    cairo_pdf_object_t *object;

    object = _cairo_array_index (&surface->objects, resource.id - 1);
    object->u.offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
              double      width,
              double      height)
{
    surface->width = width;
    surface->height = height;
    surface->surface_extents.x = 0;
    surface->surface_extents.y = 0;
    surface->surface_extents.width  = ceil (surface->width);
    surface->surface_extents.height = ceil (surface->height);
}

static cairo_bool_t
_path_covers_bbox (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
       cairo_path_fixed_t *path)
{
    cairo_box_t box;

    return _cairo_path_fixed_is_box (path, &box) &&
     box.p1.x <= 0 &&
     box.p1.y <= 0 &&
     box.p2.x >= _cairo_fixed_from_double (surface->width) &&
     box.p2.y >= _cairo_fixed_from_double (surface->height);
}

static cairo_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_clipper_intersect_clip_path (cairo_surface_clipper_t *clipper,
            cairo_path_fixed_t  *path,
            cairo_fill_rule_t fill_rule,
            double      tolerance,
            cairo_antialias_t antialias)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = cairo_container_of (clipper,
                   cairo_pdf_surface_t,
                   clipper);
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (path == NULL) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q q\n");

  surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
  _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    if (_path_covers_bbox (surface, path))
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    return _cairo_pdf_operators_clip (&surface->pdf_operators, path, fill_rule);
}

static cairo_surface_t *
_cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream_internal (cairo_output_stream_t  *output,
                 double      width,
                 double      height)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface;
    cairo_status_t status, status_ignored;

    surface = _cairo_malloc (sizeof (cairo_pdf_surface_t));
    if (unlikely (surface == NULL)) {
  /* destroy stream on behalf of caller */
  status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (output);
  return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (_cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY));
    }

    _cairo_surface_init (&surface->base,
       &cairo_pdf_surface_backend,
       NULL, /* device */
       CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
       TRUE); /* is_vector */

    surface->output = output;
    surface->width = width;
    surface->height = height;
    cairo_matrix_init (&surface->cairo_to_pdf, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
    surface->in_xobject = FALSE;
    surface->surface_extents.x = 0;
    surface->surface_extents.y = 0;
    surface->surface_extents.width  = ceil (surface->width);
    surface->surface_extents.height = ceil (surface->height);
    surface->surface_bounded = TRUE;

    _cairo_array_init (&surface->objects, sizeof (cairo_pdf_object_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->pages, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->rgb_linear_functions, sizeof (cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->alpha_linear_functions, sizeof (cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->fonts, sizeof (cairo_pdf_font_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->smask_groups, sizeof (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->knockout_group, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));

    _cairo_array_init (&surface->page_patterns, sizeof (cairo_pdf_pattern_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->page_surfaces, sizeof (cairo_pdf_source_surface_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->doc_surfaces, sizeof (cairo_pdf_source_surface_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->jbig2_global, sizeof (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->page_heights, sizeof (double));
    surface->all_surfaces = _cairo_hash_table_create (_cairo_pdf_source_surface_equal);
    if (unlikely (surface->all_surfaces == NULL)) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto BAIL0;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_init (&surface->resources);

    surface->font_subsets = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_create_composite ();
    if (! surface->font_subsets) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto BAIL1;
    }

    _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_enable_latin_subset (surface->font_subsets, TRUE);

    surface->next_available_resource.id = 1;
    surface->pages_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (surface->pages_resource.id == 0) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto BAIL2;
    }

    surface->struct_tree_root.id = 0;
    surface->pdf_version = CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_7;
    surface->compress_streams = TRUE;
    surface->pdf_stream.active = FALSE;
    surface->pdf_stream.old_output = NULL;
    surface->group_stream.active = FALSE;
    surface->group_stream.stream = NULL;
    surface->group_stream.mem_stream = NULL;
    surface->object_stream.active = FALSE;
    surface->object_stream.stream = NULL;
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->object_stream.objects, sizeof (cairo_xref_stream_object_t));

    surface->paginated_mode = CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE;

    surface->force_fallbacks = FALSE;
    surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved = FALSE;
    surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    surface->current_operator = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
    surface->header_emitted = FALSE;

    _cairo_surface_clipper_init (&surface->clipper,
         _cairo_pdf_surface_clipper_intersect_clip_path);

    _cairo_pdf_operators_init (&surface->pdf_operators,
             surface->output,
             &surface->cairo_to_pdf,
             surface->font_subsets,
             FALSE);
    _cairo_pdf_operators_set_font_subsets_callback (&surface->pdf_operators,
                _cairo_pdf_surface_add_font,
                surface);
    _cairo_pdf_operators_enable_actual_text(&surface->pdf_operators, TRUE);

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_init (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto BAIL2;

    surface->page_parent_tree = -1;
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->page_annots, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->forward_links, sizeof (cairo_pdf_forward_link_t));
    surface->tagged = FALSE;
    surface->current_page_label = NULL;
    _cairo_array_init (&surface->page_labels, sizeof (char *));
    surface->outlines_dict_res.id = 0;
    surface->names_dict_res.id = 0;
    surface->docinfo_res.id = 0;
    surface->page_labels_res.id = 0;
    surface->thumbnail_width = 0;
    surface->thumbnail_height = 0;
    surface->thumbnail_image = NULL;

    if (getenv ("CAIRO_DEBUG_PDF") != NULL)
  surface->compress_streams = FALSE;

    surface->paginated_surface =  _cairo_paginated_surface_create (
                                    &surface->base,
            CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
            &cairo_pdf_surface_paginated_backend);

    status = surface->paginated_surface->status;
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
  /* paginated keeps the only reference to surface now, drop ours */
  cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->base);
  return surface->paginated_surface;
    }

BAIL2:
    _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_destroy (surface->font_subsets);
BAIL1:
    _cairo_hash_table_destroy (surface->all_surfaces);
BAIL0:
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->objects);
    free (surface);

    /* destroy stream on behalf of caller */
    status_ignored = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (output);

    return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream:
 * @write_func: a #cairo_write_func_t to accept the output data, may be %NULL
 *              to indicate a no-op @write_func. With a no-op @write_func,
 *              the surface may be queried or used as a source without
 *              generating any temporary files.
 * @closure: the closure argument for @write_func
 * @width_in_points: width of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 * @height_in_points: height of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 *
 * Creates a PDF surface of the specified size in points to be written
 * incrementally to the stream represented by @write_func and @closure.
 *
 * Return value: a pointer to the newly created surface. The caller
 * owns the surface and should call cairo_surface_destroy() when done
 * with it.
 *
 * This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
 * pointer to a "nil" surface if an error such as out of memory
 * occurs. You can use cairo_surface_status() to check for this.
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/
cairo_surface_t *
cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream (cairo_write_func_t    write_func,
             void     *closure,
             double      width_in_points,
             double      height_in_points)
{
    cairo_output_stream_t *output;

    output = _cairo_output_stream_create (write_func, NULL, closure);
    if (_cairo_output_stream_get_status (output))
  return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (_cairo_output_stream_destroy (output));

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream_internal (output,
                width_in_points,
                height_in_points);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_create:
 * @filename: a filename for the PDF output (must be writable), %NULL may be
 *            used to specify no output. This will generate a PDF surface that
 *            may be queried and used as a source, without generating a
 *            temporary file.
 * @width_in_points: width of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 * @height_in_points: height of the surface, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 *
 * Creates a PDF surface of the specified size in points to be written
 * to @filename.
 *
 * Return value: a pointer to the newly created surface. The caller
 * owns the surface and should call cairo_surface_destroy() when done
 * with it.
 *
 * This function always returns a valid pointer, but it will return a
 * pointer to a "nil" surface if an error such as out of memory
 * occurs. You can use cairo_surface_status() to check for this.
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/
cairo_surface_t *
cairo_pdf_surface_create (const char    *filename,
        double     width_in_points,
        double     height_in_points)
{
    cairo_output_stream_t *output;

    output = _cairo_output_stream_create_for_filename (filename);
    if (_cairo_output_stream_get_status (output))
  return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (_cairo_output_stream_destroy (output));

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream_internal (output,
                width_in_points,
                height_in_points);
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_surface_is_pdf (cairo_surface_t *surface)
{
    return surface->backend == &cairo_pdf_surface_backend;
}

/* If the abstract_surface is a paginated surface, and that paginated
 * surface's target is a pdf_surface, then set pdf_surface to that
 * target. Otherwise return FALSE.
 */
static cairo_bool_t
_extract_pdf_surface (cairo_surface_t    *surface,
          cairo_pdf_surface_t **pdf_surface)
{
    cairo_surface_t *target;
    cairo_status_t status_ignored;

    if (surface->status)
  return FALSE;
    if (surface->finished) {
  status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
               _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_FINISHED));
        return FALSE;
    }

    if (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface)) {
  status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
               _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH));
  return FALSE;
    }

    target = _cairo_paginated_surface_get_target (surface);
    if (target->status) {
  status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
               target->status);
  return FALSE;
    }
    if (target->finished) {
  status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
               _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_FINISHED));
  return FALSE;
    }

    if (! _cairo_surface_is_pdf (target)) {
  status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
               _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH));
  return FALSE;
    }

    *pdf_surface = (cairo_pdf_surface_t *) target;
    return TRUE;
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_restrict_to_version:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @version: PDF version
 *
 * Restricts the generated PDF file to @version. See cairo_pdf_get_versions()
 * for a list of available version values that can be used here.
 *
 * This function should only be called before any drawing operations
 * have been performed on the given surface. The simplest way to do
 * this is to call this function immediately after creating the
 * surface.
 *
 * Since: 1.10
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_restrict_to_version (cairo_surface_t    *abstract_surface,
               cairo_pdf_version_t     version)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (abstract_surface, &surface))
  return;

    if (version < CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST)
  surface->pdf_version = version;

    _cairo_pdf_operators_enable_actual_text(&surface->pdf_operators,
              version >= CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_get_versions:
 * @versions: supported version list
 * @num_versions: list length
 *
 * Used to retrieve the list of supported versions. See
 * cairo_pdf_surface_restrict_to_version().
 *
 * Since: 1.10
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_get_versions (cairo_pdf_version_t const **versions,
                        int                        *num_versions)
{
    if (versions != NULL)
  *versions = _cairo_pdf_versions;

    if (num_versions != NULL)
  *num_versions = CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST;
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_version_to_string:
 * @version: a version id
 *
 * Get the string representation of the given @version id. This function
 * will return %NULL if @version isn't valid. See cairo_pdf_get_versions()
 * for a way to get the list of valid version ids.
 *
 * Return value: the string associated to given version.
 *
 * Since: 1.10
 **/
const char *
cairo_pdf_version_to_string (cairo_pdf_version_t version)
{
    if (version >= CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_LAST)
  return NULL;

    return _cairo_pdf_version_strings[version];
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_size:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @width_in_points: new surface width, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 * @height_in_points: new surface height, in points (1 point == 1/72.0 inch)
 *
 * Changes the size of a PDF surface for the current (and
 * subsequent) pages.
 *
 * This function should only be called before any drawing operations
 * have been performed on the current page. The simplest way to do
 * this is to call this function immediately after creating the
 * surface or immediately after completing a page with either
 * cairo_show_page() or cairo_copy_page().
 *
 * Since: 1.2
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t *surface,
          double     width_in_points,
          double     height_in_points)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *pdf_surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */
    cairo_status_t status;

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (surface, &pdf_surface))
  return;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (pdf_surface,
            width_in_points,
            height_in_points);
    status = _cairo_paginated_surface_set_size (pdf_surface->paginated_surface,
            width_in_points,
            height_in_points);
    if (status)
  status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
}

/**
 * CAIRO_PDF_OUTLINE_ROOT:
 *
 * The root outline item in cairo_pdf_surface_add_outline().
 *
 * Since: 1.16
 **/

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_add_outline:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @parent_id: the id of the parent item or %CAIRO_PDF_OUTLINE_ROOT if this is a top level item.
 * @utf8: the name of the outline
 * @link_attribs: the link attributes specifying where this outline links to
 * @flags: outline item flags
 *
 * Add an item to the document outline hierarchy with the name @utf8
 * that links to the location specified by @link_attribs. Link
 * attributes have the same keys and values as the [Link Tag][link],
 * excluding the "rect" attribute. The item will be a child of the
 * item with id @parent_id. Use %CAIRO_PDF_OUTLINE_ROOT as the parent
 * id of top level items.
 *
 * Return value: the id for the added item.
 *
 * Since: 1.16
 **/
int
cairo_pdf_surface_add_outline (cairo_surface_t           *surface,
             int                        parent_id,
             const char                *utf8,
             const char                *link_attribs,
             cairo_pdf_outline_flags_t  flags)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *pdf_surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */
    cairo_status_t status;
    int id = 0;

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (surface, &pdf_surface))
  return 0;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_add_outline (pdf_surface,
             parent_id,
             utf8,
             link_attribs,
             flags,
             &id);
    if (status)
  status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);

    return id;
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_metadata:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @metadata: The metadata item to set.
 * @utf8: metadata value
 *
 * Set document metadata. The %CAIRO_PDF_METADATA_CREATE_DATE and
 * %CAIRO_PDF_METADATA_MOD_DATE values must be in ISO-8601 format:
 * YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss. An optional timezone of the form "[+/-]hh:mm"
 * or "Z" for UTC time can be appended. All other metadata values can be any UTF-8
 * string.
 *
 * For example:
 * <informalexample><programlisting>
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_metadata (surface, CAIRO_PDF_METADATA_TITLE, "My Document");
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_metadata (surface, CAIRO_PDF_METADATA_CREATE_DATE, "2015-12-31T23:59+02:00");
 * </programlisting></informalexample>
 *
 * Since: 1.16
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_set_metadata (cairo_surface_t      *surface,
        cairo_pdf_metadata_t  metadata,
                                const char           *utf8)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *pdf_surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */
    cairo_status_t status;

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (surface, &pdf_surface))
  return;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_set_metadata (pdf_surface, metadata, utf8);
    if (status)
  status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_custom_metadata:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @name: The name of the custom metadata item to set (utf8).
 * @value: The value of the metadata (utf8).
 *
 * Set custom document metadata. @name may be any string except for
 * the following names reserved by PDF: "Title", "Author", "Subject",
 * "Keywords", "Creator", "Producer", "CreationDate", "ModDate",
 * "Trapped".
 *
 * If @value is NULL or an empty string, the @name metadata will not be set.
 *
 * For example:
 * <informalexample><programlisting>
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_custom_metadata (surface, "ISBN", "978-0123456789");
 * </programlisting></informalexample>
 *
 * Since: 1.18
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_set_custom_metadata (cairo_surface_t      *surface,
                                       const char           *name,
                                       const char           *value)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *pdf_surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */
    cairo_status_t status;

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (surface, &pdf_surface))
  return;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_set_custom_metadata (pdf_surface, name, value);
    if (status)
  status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_page_label:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @utf8: The page label.
 *
 * Set page label for the current page.
 *
 * Since: 1.16
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_set_page_label (cairo_surface_t *surface,
                                  const char      *utf8)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *pdf_surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (surface, &pdf_surface))
  return;

    free (pdf_surface->current_page_label);
    pdf_surface->current_page_label = utf8 ? strdup (utf8) : NULL;
}

/**
 * cairo_pdf_surface_set_thumbnail_size:
 * @surface: a PDF #cairo_surface_t
 * @width: Thumbnail width.
 * @height: Thumbnail height
 *
 * Set the thumbnail image size for the current and all subsequent
 * pages. Setting a width or height of 0 disables thumbnails for the
 * current and subsequent pages.
 *
 * Since: 1.16
 **/
void
cairo_pdf_surface_set_thumbnail_size (cairo_surface_t *surface,
              int              width,
              int              height)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *pdf_surface = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */

    if (! _extract_pdf_surface (surface, &pdf_surface))
  return;

    pdf_surface->thumbnail_width = width;
    pdf_surface->thumbnail_height = height;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_clear (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    int i, size;
    cairo_pdf_pattern_t *pattern;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *src_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_patterns);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
  pattern = (cairo_pdf_pattern_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->page_patterns, i);
  cairo_pattern_destroy (pattern->pattern);
    }
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->page_patterns, 0);

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_surfaces);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
  src_surface = (cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->page_surfaces, i);
  cairo_surface_destroy (src_surface->surface);
    }
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->page_surfaces, 0);

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->smask_groups);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->smask_groups, i, &group);
  _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
    }
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->smask_groups, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->knockout_group, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->page_annots, 0);

    if (surface->thumbnail_image)
  cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->thumbnail_image->base);
    surface->thumbnail_image = NULL;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_init (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < CAIRO_NUM_OPERATORS; i++)
  res->operators[i] = FALSE;

    _cairo_array_init (&res->alphas, sizeof (double));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->smasks, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->patterns, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->shadings, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->xobjects, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    _cairo_array_init (&res->fonts, sizeof (cairo_pdf_font_t));
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_fini (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->alphas);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->smasks);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->patterns);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->shadings);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->xobjects);
    _cairo_array_fini (&res->fonts);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < CAIRO_NUM_OPERATORS; i++)
  res->operators[i] = FALSE;

    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->alphas, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->smasks, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->patterns, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->shadings, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->xobjects, 0);
    _cairo_array_truncate (&res->fonts, 0);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_operator (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
         cairo_operator_t     op)
{
    cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res = &surface->resources;

    res->operators[op] = TRUE;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
            double               alpha,
            int                 *index)
{
    int num_alphas, i;
    double other;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res = &surface->resources;

    num_alphas = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->alphas);
    for (i = 0; i < num_alphas; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&res->alphas, i, &other);
  if (alpha == other) {
      *index = i;
      return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }
    }

    status = _cairo_array_append (&res->alphas, &alpha);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    *index = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->alphas) - 1;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t  smask)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.smasks), &smask);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
        cairo_pdf_resource_t  pattern)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.patterns), &pattern);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_shading (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
        cairo_pdf_resource_t  shading)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.shadings), &shading);
}


static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
        cairo_pdf_resource_t  xobject)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&(surface->resources.xobjects), &xobject);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_font (unsigned int        font_id,
           unsigned int        subset_id,
           void   *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    int num_fonts, i;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res = &surface->resources;

    num_fonts = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->fonts);
    for (i = 0; i < num_fonts; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&res->fonts, i, &font);
  if (font.font_id == font_id &&
      font.subset_id == subset_id)
      return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    num_fonts = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->fonts);
    for (i = 0; i < num_fonts; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->fonts, i, &font);
  if (font.font_id == font_id &&
      font.subset_id == subset_id)
      return _cairo_array_append (&res->fonts, &font);
    }

    font.font_id = font_id;
    font.subset_id = subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (font.subset_resource.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    return _cairo_array_append (&res->fonts, &font);
}

static cairo_pdf_resource_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
              unsigned int         font_id,
              unsigned int         subset_id)
{
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    int num_fonts, i;

    num_fonts = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->fonts);
    for (i = 0; i < num_fonts; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->fonts, i, &font);
  if (font.font_id == font_id && font.subset_id == subset_id)
      return font.subset_resource;
    }

    font.subset_resource.id = 0;
    return font.subset_resource;
}

static const char *
_cairo_operator_to_pdf_blend_mode (cairo_operator_t op)
{
    switch (op) {
    /* The extend blend mode operators */
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_MULTIPLY:       return "Multiply";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SCREEN:         return "Screen";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVERLAY:        return "Overlay";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DARKEN:         return "Darken";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_LIGHTEN:        return "Lighten";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_DODGE:    return "ColorDodge";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_BURN:     return "ColorBurn";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HARD_LIGHT:     return "HardLight";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOFT_LIGHT:     return "SoftLight";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DIFFERENCE:     return "Difference";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_EXCLUSION:      return "Exclusion";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_HUE:        return "Hue";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_SATURATION: return "Saturation";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_COLOR:      return "Color";
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_LUMINOSITY: return "Luminosity";

    default:
    /* The original Porter-Duff set */
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_XOR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ADD:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SATURATE:
  return "Normal";
    }
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
           cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *res)
{
    int num_alphas, num_smasks, num_resources, i;
    double alpha;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t *smask, *pattern, *shading, *xobject;
    cairo_pdf_font_t *font;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<<\n");

    num_alphas = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->alphas);
    num_smasks = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->smasks);
    if (num_alphas > 0 || num_smasks > 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   /ExtGState <<\n");

  for (i = 0; i < CAIRO_NUM_OPERATORS; i++) {
      if (res->operators[i]) {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
               "      /b%d << /BM /%s >>\n",
               i, _cairo_operator_to_pdf_blend_mode(i));
      }
  }

  for (i = 0; i < num_alphas; i++) {
      _cairo_array_copy_element (&res->alphas, i, &alpha);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "      /a%d << /CA %f /ca %f >>\n",
           i, alpha, alpha);
  }

  for (i = 0; i < num_smasks; i++) {
      smask = _cairo_array_index (&res->smasks, i);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "      /s%d %d 0 R\n",
           smask->id, smask->id);
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->patterns);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   /Pattern <<");
  for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
      pattern = _cairo_array_index (&res->patterns, i);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           " /p%d %d 0 R",
           pattern->id, pattern->id);
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->shadings);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   /Shading <<");
  for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
      shading = _cairo_array_index (&res->shadings, i);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           " /sh%d %d 0 R",
           shading->id, shading->id);
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->xobjects);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   /XObject <<");

  for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
      xobject = _cairo_array_index (&res->xobjects, i);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           " /x%d %d 0 R",
           xobject->id, xobject->id);
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " >>\n");
    }

    num_resources = _cairo_array_num_elements (&res->fonts);
    if (num_resources > 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,"   /Font <<\n");
  for (i = 0; i < num_resources; i++) {
      font = _cairo_array_index (&res->fonts, i);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "      /f-%d-%d %d 0 R\n",
           font->font_id,
           font->subset_id,
           font->subset_resource.id);
  }
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "   >>\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n");
}

static cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *
_cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
               const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents)
{
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;

    group = calloc (1, sizeof (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t));
    if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
  _cairo_error_throw (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  return NULL;
    }

    group->group_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (group->group_res.id == 0) {
  _cairo_error_throw (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  free (group);
  return NULL;
    }
    group->width = surface->width;
    group->height = surface->height;
    if (extents != NULL) {
  group->extents = *extents;
    } else {
  group->extents.x = 0;
  group->extents.y = 0;
  group->extents.width = surface->width;
  group->extents.height = surface->height;
    }

    return group;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group)
{
    if (group->operation == PDF_FILL || group->operation == PDF_STROKE)
  _cairo_path_fixed_fini (&group->path);
    if (group->source)
  cairo_pattern_destroy (group->source);
    if (group->mask)
  cairo_pattern_destroy (group->mask);
    free (group->utf8);
    free (group->glyphs);
    free (group->clusters);
    if (group->scaled_font)
  cairo_scaled_font_destroy (group->scaled_font);
    free (group);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
            cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group)
{
    return _cairo_array_append (&surface->smask_groups, &group);
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_equal (const void *key_a, const void *key_b)
{
    const cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *a = key_a;
    const cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *b = key_b;

    if (a->interpolate != b->interpolate)
  return FALSE;

    if (a->unique_id && b->unique_id && a->unique_id_length == b->unique_id_length)
  return (memcmp (a->unique_id, b->unique_id, a->unique_id_length) == 0);

    return (a->id == b->id);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_init_key (cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *key)
{
    if (key->unique_id && key->unique_id_length > 0) {
  key->base.hash = _cairo_hash_bytes (_CAIRO_HASH_INIT_VALUE,
              key->unique_id, key->unique_id_length);
    } else {
  key->base.hash = key->id;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                  const cairo_pattern_t        *pattern,
                  cairo_image_surface_t       **image,
                  void                        **image_extra)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE: {
  cairo_surface_pattern_t *surf_pat = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;
  return _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (surf_pat->surface, image, image_extra);
    } break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE: {
  cairo_surface_t *surf;
  surf = _cairo_raster_source_pattern_acquire (pattern, &surface->base, NULL);
  if (!surf)
      return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
  assert (_cairo_surface_is_image (surf));
  *image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) surf;
    } break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
    default:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  break;
    }

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
                  const cairo_pattern_t        *pattern,
                  cairo_image_surface_t        *image,
                  void                         *image_extra)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE: {
  cairo_surface_pattern_t *surf_pat = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;
  _cairo_surface_release_source_image (surf_pat->surface, image, image_extra);
    } break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
  _cairo_raster_source_pattern_release (pattern, &image->base);
  break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
    default:

  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  break;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_get_source_surface_extents (cairo_surface_t         *source,
           cairo_rectangle_int_t   *extents,
           cairo_bool_t            *bounded,
           cairo_bool_t            *subsurface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    *bounded = TRUE;
    *subsurface = FALSE;
    if (source->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
  cairo_surface_t *free_me = NULL;

  if (_cairo_surface_is_snapshot (source))
      free_me = source = _cairo_surface_snapshot_get_target (source);

  if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SUBSURFACE) {
      cairo_surface_subsurface_t *sub = (cairo_surface_subsurface_t *) source;

      *extents = sub->extents;
      *subsurface = TRUE;
  } else {
      cairo_box_t box;

      *bounded = _cairo_surface_get_extents (source, extents);
      if (! *bounded) {
    status = _cairo_recording_surface_get_ink_bbox ((cairo_recording_surface_t *)source,
                &box, NULL);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
        cairo_surface_destroy (free_me);
        return status;
    }
    _cairo_box_round_to_rectangle (&box, extents);
      }
  }
  cairo_surface_destroy (free_me);
    } else {
  *bounded =  _cairo_surface_get_extents (source, extents);
    }

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/**
 * _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface:
 * @surface: [in] the pdf surface
 * @source_surface: [in] A #cairo_surface_t to use as the source surface
 * @source_pattern: [in] A #cairo_pattern_t of type SURFACE or RASTER_SOURCE to use as the source
 * @op: [in] the operator used to composite this source
 * @filter: [in] filter type of the source pattern
 * @stencil_mask: [in] if true, the surface will be written to the PDF as an /ImageMask
 * @smask: [in] if true, only the alpha channel will be written (images only)
 * @need_transp_group: [in] if true and an XObject is used, make it a Transparency group
 * @extents: [in] extents of the operation that is using this source
 * @smask_res: [in] if not NULL, the image written will specify this resource as the smask for
 * the image (images only)
 * @pdf_source: [out] return pdf_source_surface entry in hash table
 * @x_offset: [out] if not NULL return x offset of surface
 * @y_offset: [out] if not NULL return y offset of surface
 * @source_extents: [out] if not NULL return operation extents in source space
 *
 * Add surface or raster_source pattern to list of surfaces to be
 * written to the PDF file when the current page is finished. Returns
 * a PDF resource to reference the surface. A hash table of all
 * surfaces in the PDF file (keyed by CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID or
 * surface unique_id) is used to ensure surfaces with the same id are
 * only written once to the PDF file.
 *
 * Only one of @source_pattern or @source_surface is to be
 * specified. Set the other to NULL.
 **/
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t           *surface,
               cairo_surface_t                   *source_surface,
               const cairo_pattern_t           *source_pattern,
               cairo_operator_t                   op,
               cairo_filter_t             filter,
               cairo_bool_t                       stencil_mask,
               cairo_bool_t                       smask,
               cairo_bool_t                       need_transp_group,
               const cairo_rectangle_int_t       *extents,
               cairo_pdf_resource_t          *smask_res,
               cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t **pdf_source,
               double                            *x_offset,
               double                            *y_offset,
               cairo_rectangle_int_t             *source_extents)
{
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_t src_surface;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t surface_key;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry;
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    cairo_bool_t interpolate;
    unsigned char *unique_id = NULL;
    unsigned long unique_id_length = 0;
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    void *image_extra;
    cairo_box_t box;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t op_extents;
    double x, y;
    cairo_bool_t subsurface;

    switch (filter) {
    default:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_GOOD:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_BEST:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_BILINEAR:
  interpolate = TRUE;
  break;
    case CAIRO_FILTER_FAST:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_NEAREST:
    case CAIRO_FILTER_GAUSSIAN:
  interpolate = FALSE;
  break;
    }

    x = 0;
    y = 0;
    if (source_pattern) {
  if (source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source_pattern,
                     &image, &image_extra);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
      source_surface = &image->base;
      cairo_surface_get_device_offset (source_surface, &x, &y);
  } else {
      cairo_surface_pattern_t *surface_pattern = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) source_pattern;
      source_surface = surface_pattern->surface;
  }
    }
    if (x_offset)
  *x_offset = x;
    if (y_offset)
  *y_offset = y;

    /* transform operation extents to pattern space */
    op_extents = *extents;
    if (source_pattern)
    {
  _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, extents);
  _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box_fixed (&source_pattern->matrix, &box, NULL);
  _cairo_box_round_to_rectangle (&box, &op_extents);
    }
    if (source_extents)
  *source_extents = op_extents;

    surface_key.id  = source_surface->unique_id;
    surface_key.interpolate = interpolate;
    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source_surface, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_UNIQUE_ID,
         (const unsigned char **) &surface_key.unique_id,
         &surface_key.unique_id_length);
    _cairo_pdf_source_surface_init_key (&surface_key);
    surface_entry = _cairo_hash_table_lookup (surface->all_surfaces, &surface_key.base);
    if (surface_entry) {
  if (pdf_source)
      *pdf_source = surface_entry;

  if (source_pattern && source_pattern->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE)
      _cairo_unbounded_rectangle_init (&op_extents);

  _cairo_rectangle_intersect (&op_extents, &surface_entry->extents);
  _cairo_rectangle_union (&surface_entry->required_extents, &op_extents);
  status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    if (status || surface_entry) {
  if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)
      _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source_pattern, image, image_extra);
  return status;
    }

    if (surface_key.unique_id && surface_key.unique_id_length > 0) {
  unique_id = _cairo_malloc (surface_key.unique_id_length);
  if (unique_id == NULL) {
      status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
      goto fail1;
  }

  unique_id_length = surface_key.unique_id_length;
      memcpy (unique_id, surface_key.unique_id, unique_id_length);
    } else {
  unique_id = NULL;
  unique_id_length = 0;
    }

    surface_entry = _cairo_malloc (sizeof (cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t));
    if (surface_entry == NULL) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto fail1;
    }

    if (pdf_source)
  *pdf_source = surface_entry;
    surface_entry->id = surface_key.id;
    surface_entry->operator = op;
    surface_entry->interpolate = interpolate;
    surface_entry->stencil_mask = stencil_mask;
    surface_entry->smask = smask;
    surface_entry->need_transp_group = need_transp_group;
    surface_entry->unique_id_length = unique_id_length;
    surface_entry->unique_id = unique_id;
    if (smask_res)
  surface_entry->smask_res = *smask_res;
    else
  surface_entry->smask_res.id = 0;

    status = _get_source_surface_extents (source_surface,
            &surface_entry->extents,
            &surface_entry->bounded,
            &subsurface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto fail2;

    if (subsurface) {
  *x_offset = -surface_entry->extents.x;
  *y_offset = -surface_entry->extents.y;
    }

    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE)
  _cairo_unbounded_rectangle_init (&op_extents);

    _cairo_rectangle_intersect (&op_extents, &surface_entry->extents);
    surface_entry->required_extents = op_extents;

    _cairo_pdf_source_surface_init_key (surface_entry);

    src_surface.hash_entry = surface_entry;
    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
  src_surface.type = CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE;
  src_surface.surface = NULL;
  status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&src_surface.raster_pattern, source_pattern);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto fail2;

    } else {
  src_surface.type = CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE;
  src_surface.surface = cairo_surface_reference (source_surface);
  src_surface.raster_pattern = NULL;
    }

    surface_entry->surface_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (surface_entry->surface_res.id == 0) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto fail3;
    }

    /* Test if surface will be emitted as image or recording */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface (surface, &src_surface, TRUE, &surface_entry->emit_image);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto fail3;

    if (surface_entry->bounded) {
  status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->page_surfaces, &src_surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto fail3;
    } else {
  status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->doc_surfaces, &src_surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto fail3;
    }

    status = _cairo_hash_table_insert (surface->all_surfaces,
               &surface_entry->base);
    if (unlikely(status))
  goto fail3;

    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)
  _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source_pattern, image, image_extra);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

fail3:
    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)
  cairo_pattern_destroy (src_surface.raster_pattern);
    else
  cairo_surface_destroy (src_surface.surface);

fail2:
    free (surface_entry);

fail1:
    if (unique_id)
  free (unique_id);

    if (source_pattern && source_pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)
  _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source_pattern, image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern_or_shading (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
                 const cairo_pattern_t     *pattern,
                 cairo_operator_t             op,
                 const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
                 cairo_bool_t                 is_shading,
                 cairo_pdf_resource_t    *pattern_res,
                 cairo_pdf_resource_t    *gstate_res)
{
    cairo_pdf_pattern_t pdf_pattern;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    pdf_pattern.is_shading = is_shading;
    pdf_pattern.operator = op;

    /* Solid colors are emitted into the content stream */
    if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID) {
  pattern_res->id = 0;
  gstate_res->id = 0;
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&pdf_pattern.pattern, pattern);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    pdf_pattern.pattern_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (pdf_pattern.pattern_res.id == 0) {
  cairo_pattern_destroy (pdf_pattern.pattern);
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    pdf_pattern.gstate_res.id = 0;

    /* gradient patterns require an smask object to implement transparency */
    if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR ||
  pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL ||
  pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH)
    {
  double min_alpha;

  _cairo_pattern_alpha_range (pattern, &min_alpha, NULL);
  if (! CAIRO_ALPHA_IS_OPAQUE (min_alpha)) {
            pdf_pattern.gstate_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
      if (pdf_pattern.gstate_res.id == 0) {
    cairo_pattern_destroy (pdf_pattern.pattern);
    return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
      }
        }
    }

    pdf_pattern.width  = surface->width;
    pdf_pattern.height = surface->height;
    if (extents != NULL) {
  pdf_pattern.extents = *extents;
    } else {
  pdf_pattern.extents.x = 0;
  pdf_pattern.extents.y = 0;
  pdf_pattern.extents.width  = surface->width;
  pdf_pattern.extents.height = surface->height;
    }

    *pattern_res = pdf_pattern.pattern_res;
    *gstate_res = pdf_pattern.gstate_res;
    /* If the pattern requires a gstate it will be drawn from within
     * an XObject. The initial space of each XObject has an inverted
     * Y-axis. */
    pdf_pattern.inverted_y_axis = pdf_pattern.gstate_res.id ? TRUE : surface->in_xobject;

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->page_patterns, &pdf_pattern);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  cairo_pattern_destroy (pdf_pattern.pattern);
  return status;
    }

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* Get BBox from extents */
static void
_get_bbox_from_extents (const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
      cairo_box_double_t           *bbox)
{
    bbox->p1.x = extents->x;
    bbox->p1.y = extents->y;
    bbox->p2.x = extents->x + extents->width;
    bbox->p2.y = extents->y + extents->height;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_shading (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
            const cairo_pattern_t *pattern,
            cairo_operator_t           op,
            const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t  *shading_res,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t  *gstate_res)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern_or_shading (surface,
                pattern,
                op,
                extents,
                TRUE,
                shading_res,
                gstate_res);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
            const cairo_pattern_t *pattern,
            cairo_operator_t           op,
            const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t  *pattern_res,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t  *gstate_res)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern_or_shading (surface,
                pattern,
                op,
                extents,
                FALSE,
                pattern_res,
                gstate_res);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
        cairo_pdf_resource_t    *resource,
        cairo_bool_t             compressed,
        const char    *fmt,
        ...)
{
    va_list ap;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t self, length;
    cairo_output_stream_t *output = NULL;

    if (resource) {
  self = *resource;
  _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, self);
    } else {
  self = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (self.id == 0)
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    length = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (length.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    if (compressed) {
  output = _cairo_deflate_stream_create (surface->output);
  if (_cairo_output_stream_get_status (output))
      return _cairo_output_stream_destroy (output);
    }

    surface->pdf_stream.active = TRUE;
    surface->pdf_stream.self = self;
    surface->pdf_stream.length = length;
    surface->pdf_stream.compressed = compressed;
    surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    surface->current_operator = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Length %d 0 R\n",
         surface->pdf_stream.self.id,
         surface->pdf_stream.length.id);
    if (compressed)
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   /Filter /FlateDecode\n");

    if (fmt != NULL) {
  va_start (ap, fmt);
  _cairo_output_stream_vprintf (surface->output, fmt, ap);
  va_end (ap);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "stream\n");

    surface->pdf_stream.start_offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);

    if (compressed) {
  assert (surface->pdf_stream.old_output == NULL);
        surface->pdf_stream.old_output = surface->output;
        surface->output = output;
  _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
    }
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    long long length;

    if (! surface->pdf_stream.active)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);

    if (surface->pdf_stream.compressed) {
  cairo_int_status_t status2;

  status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->output);
  if (likely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS))
      status = status2;

  surface->output = surface->pdf_stream.old_output;
  _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
  surface->pdf_stream.old_output = NULL;
    }

    length = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output) -
  surface->pdf_stream.start_offset;
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "\n"
         "endstream\n"
         "endobj\n");

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface,
              surface->pdf_stream.length);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "   %lld\n"
         "endobj\n",
         surface->pdf_stream.length.id,
         length);

    surface->pdf_stream.active = FALSE;

    if (likely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS))
  status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

    return status;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_memory_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
          cairo_output_stream_t       *mem_stream,
          cairo_pdf_resource_t         resource,
          cairo_pdf_group_resources_t *resources,
          cairo_bool_t                 is_knockout_group,
          const cairo_box_double_t    *bbox)
{
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, resource);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /XObject\n"
         "   /Length %d\n",
         resource.id,
         _cairo_memory_stream_length (mem_stream));

    if (surface->compress_streams) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   /Filter /FlateDecode\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Subtype /Form\n"
         "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
         "   /Group <<\n"
         "      /Type /Group\n"
         "      /S /Transparency\n"
         "      /I true\n"
         "      /CS /DeviceRGB\n",
         bbox->p1.x, bbox->p1.y, bbox->p2.x, bbox->p2.y);

    if (is_knockout_group)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "      /K true\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   >>\n"
         "   /Resources\n");
    _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (surface, resources);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "stream\n");
    _cairo_memory_stream_copy (mem_stream, surface->output);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "endstream\n"
         "endobj\n");
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
             const cairo_box_double_t    *bbox,
             cairo_pdf_resource_t        *resource)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == FALSE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == FALSE);

    surface->group_stream.active = TRUE;
    surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    surface->current_operator = CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

    surface->group_stream.mem_stream = _cairo_memory_stream_create ();

    if (surface->compress_streams) {
  surface->group_stream.stream =
      _cairo_deflate_stream_create (surface->group_stream.mem_stream);
    } else {
  surface->group_stream.stream = surface->group_stream.mem_stream;
    }
    status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->group_stream.stream);

    surface->group_stream.old_output = surface->output;
    surface->output = surface->group_stream.stream;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);

    if (resource) {
  surface->group_stream.resource = *resource;
    } else {
  surface->group_stream.resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (surface->group_stream.resource.id == 0)
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }
    surface->group_stream.is_knockout = FALSE;
    surface->group_stream.bbox = *bbox;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_knockout_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
          const cairo_box_double_t    *bbox)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, bbox, NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    surface->group_stream.is_knockout = TRUE;

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
        cairo_pdf_resource_t *group)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS, status2;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == FALSE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == TRUE);

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (surface->compress_streams) {
  status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.stream);
  surface->group_stream.stream = NULL;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->group_stream.mem_stream,
             "\n");
    }
    surface->output = surface->group_stream.old_output;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_set_stream (&surface->pdf_operators, surface->output);
    surface->group_stream.active = FALSE;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_write_memory_stream (surface,
              surface->group_stream.mem_stream,
              surface->group_stream.resource,
              &surface->resources,
              surface->group_stream.is_knockout,
              &surface->group_stream.bbox);
    if (group)
  *group = surface->group_stream.resource;

    status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.mem_stream);
    if (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
  status = status2;

    surface->group_stream.mem_stream = NULL;
    surface->group_stream.stream = NULL;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_object_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    if (surface->pdf_version < CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5) {
  /* Object streams not supported. All objects will be written
   * directly to the file. */
  assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == FALSE);
  assert (surface->group_stream.active == FALSE);
  surface->object_stream.stream = surface->output;
    } else {
  surface->object_stream.resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (surface->object_stream.resource.id == 0)
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

  _cairo_array_truncate (&surface->object_stream.objects, 0);
  surface->object_stream.stream = _cairo_memory_stream_create ();
  surface->object_stream.active = TRUE;
    }
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->object_stream.stream);
}

cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_object_begin (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
         cairo_pdf_resource_t resource)
{
    cairo_xref_stream_object_t xref_obj;
    cairo_pdf_object_t *object;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    if (surface->object_stream.active) {
  xref_obj.resource = resource;
  xref_obj.offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->object_stream.stream);
  status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->object_stream.objects, &xref_obj);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  object = _cairo_array_index (&surface->objects, resource.id - 1);
  object->type = PDF_OBJECT_COMPRESSED;
  object->u.compressed_obj.xref_stream = surface->object_stream.resource;
  object->u.compressed_obj.index = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->object_stream.objects) - 1;

    } else {
  _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, resource);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n",
             resource.id);
    }
    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

void
_cairo_pdf_surface_object_end (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    if (!surface->object_stream.active) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "endobj\n");
    }
}

static int _cairo_xref_stream_object_compare (const void *a, const void *b)
{
    const cairo_xref_stream_object_t *a_obj = a;
    const cairo_xref_stream_object_t *b_obj = b;

    if (a_obj->offset < b_obj->offset)
  return -1;
    else if (a_obj->offset > b_obj->offset)
  return 1;
    else
  return 0;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_object_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    int i, num_objects;
    cairo_xref_stream_object_t *xref_obj;
    long long start_pos, length;
    cairo_output_stream_t *index_stream;
    cairo_output_stream_t *deflate_stream;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t length_res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_object_t *object;

    if (!surface->object_stream.active) {
  surface->object_stream.stream = NULL;
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    num_objects = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->object_stream.objects);
    if (num_objects == 0) {
  object = _cairo_array_index (&surface->objects, surface->object_stream.resource.id - 1);
  object->type = PDF_OBJECT_FREE;
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    index_stream = _cairo_memory_stream_create ();
    /* PDF requires the object id/offset pairs to be sorted by offset. */
    _cairo_array_sort (&surface->object_stream.objects, _cairo_xref_stream_object_compare);
    for (i = 0; i < num_objects; i++) {
  xref_obj = _cairo_array_index (&surface->object_stream.objects, i);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (index_stream,
             "%d %lld\n",
             xref_obj->resource.id,
             xref_obj->offset);
    }

    length_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (length_res.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, surface->object_stream.resource);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /ObjStm\n"
                                 "   /Length %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /N %d\n"
                                 "   /First %d\n",
         surface->object_stream.resource.id,
         length_res.id,
         num_objects,
         _cairo_memory_stream_length (index_stream));

    if (surface->compress_streams) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "   /Filter /FlateDecode\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "stream\n");

    start_pos = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);
    if (surface->compress_streams) {
  deflate_stream = _cairo_deflate_stream_create (surface->output);
  _cairo_memory_stream_copy (index_stream, deflate_stream);
  _cairo_memory_stream_copy (surface->object_stream.stream, deflate_stream);
  status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (deflate_stream);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  length = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output) - start_pos;
    } else {
  _cairo_memory_stream_copy (index_stream, surface->output);
  _cairo_memory_stream_copy (surface->object_stream.stream, surface->output);
  length = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output) - start_pos;
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "\n"
         "endstream\n"
         "endobj\n");

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface,
              length_res);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "   %lld\n"
         "endobj\n",
         length_res.id,
         length);

    status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (index_stream);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->object_stream.stream);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    surface->object_stream.stream = NULL;
    surface->object_stream.active = FALSE;

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t       *surface,
          const cairo_box_double_t  *bbox,
          cairo_pdf_resource_t      *resource,
          cairo_bool_t               is_form,
          cairo_bool_t               is_group)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == FALSE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == FALSE);

    surface->content_resources = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (surface->content_resources.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    if (is_form) {
  assert (bbox != NULL);

  if (is_group) {
      status =
    _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
            resource,
            surface->compress_streams,
            "   /Type /XObject\n"
            "   /Subtype /Form\n"
            "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
            "   /Group <<\n"
            "      /Type /Group\n"
            "      /S /Transparency\n"
            "      /I true\n"
            "      /CS /DeviceRGB\n"
            "   >>\n"
            "   /Resources %d 0 R\n",
            bbox->p1.x,
            bbox->p1.y,
            bbox->p2.x,
            bbox->p2.y,
            surface->content_resources.id);
  } else {
      status =
    _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
            resource,
            surface->compress_streams,
            "   /Type /XObject\n"
            "   /Subtype /Form\n"
            "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
            "   /Resources %d 0 R\n",
            bbox->p1.x,
            bbox->p1.y,
            bbox->p2.x,
            bbox->p2.y,
            surface->content_resources.id);
  }
    } else {
  status =
      _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
              resource,
              surface->compress_streams,
              NULL);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "1 0 0 -1 0 %f cm\n",
             surface->height);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    surface->content = surface->pdf_stream.self;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    assert (surface->pdf_stream.active == TRUE);
    assert (surface->group_stream.active == FALSE);

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, surface->content_resources);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n",
         surface->content_resources.id);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (surface, &surface->resources);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "endobj\n");

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_pluck (void *entry, void *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry = entry;
    cairo_hash_table_t *patterns = closure;

    _cairo_hash_table_remove (patterns, &surface_entry->base);
    free (surface_entry->unique_id);

    free (surface_entry);
}

static cairo_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_finish (void *abstract_surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    long long offset;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t catalog;
    cairo_status_t status, status2;
    int size, i;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_t doc_surface;
    cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *global;
    char *label;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t xref_res;

    /* Some of the data may be in an inconistent state if there is an error status. */
    if (surface->base.status != CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
  goto CLEANUP;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_clear (surface);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_object_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    /* Emit unbounded surfaces */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_write_patterns_and_smask_groups (surface, TRUE);

    status = surface->base.status;
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_font_subsets (surface);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_pages (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_write_document_objects (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    catalog = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (catalog.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_catalog (surface, catalog);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_object_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (surface->pdf_version >= CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5)
    {
  xref_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref_stream (surface,
                   xref_res,
                   catalog,
                   surface->docinfo_res,
                   &offset);
    } else {
  offset = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref (surface);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "trailer\n"
             "<< /Size %d\n"
             "   /Root %d 0 R\n"
             "   /Info %d 0 R\n"
             ">>\n",
             surface->next_available_resource.id,
             catalog.id,
             surface->docinfo_res.id);
    }
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "startxref\n"
         "%lld\n"
         "%%%%EOF\n",
         offset);

  CLEANUP:

    /* pdf_operators has already been flushed when the last stream was
     * closed so we should never be writing anything here - however,
     * the stream may itself be in an error state. */
    status2 = _cairo_pdf_operators_fini (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
  status = status2;

    /* close any active streams still open due to fatal errors */
    status2 = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
  status = status2;

    if (surface->group_stream.stream != NULL) {
  status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.stream);
  if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      status = status2;
    }
    if (surface->group_stream.mem_stream != NULL) {
  status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->group_stream.mem_stream);
  if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
      status = status2;
    }
    if (surface->pdf_stream.active)
  surface->output = surface->pdf_stream.old_output;
    if (surface->group_stream.active)
  surface->output = surface->group_stream.old_output;

    /* and finish the pdf surface */
    status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (surface->output);
    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
  status = status2;

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_fini (&surface->resources);

    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->objects);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->pages);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->rgb_linear_functions);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->alpha_linear_functions);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->page_patterns);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->page_surfaces);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->object_stream.objects);

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->doc_surfaces);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->doc_surfaces, i, &doc_surface);
  cairo_surface_destroy (doc_surface.surface);
    }
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->doc_surfaces);
    _cairo_hash_table_foreach (surface->all_surfaces,
             _cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_pluck,
             surface->all_surfaces);
    _cairo_hash_table_destroy (surface->all_surfaces);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->smask_groups);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->fonts);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->knockout_group);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->page_annots);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->forward_links);

    if (surface->font_subsets) {
  _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_destroy (surface->font_subsets);
  surface->font_subsets = NULL;
    }

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->jbig2_global);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
  global = (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->jbig2_global, i);
  free(global->id);
  if (!global->emitted)
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_JBIG2_GLOBAL_MISSING);
    }
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->jbig2_global);
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->page_heights);

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_labels);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->page_labels, i, &label);
  free (label);
    }
    _cairo_array_fini (&surface->page_labels);

    _cairo_surface_clipper_reset (&surface->clipper);

    _cairo_pdf_interchange_fini (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_start_page (void *abstract_surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t page;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    /* Document header */
    if (! surface->header_emitted) {
  const char *version;

  switch (surface->pdf_version) {
  case CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_4:
      version = "1.4";
      break;
  case CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5:
      version = "1.5";
      break;
  case CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_6:
      version = "1.6";
      break;
  default:
  case CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_7:
      version = "1.7";
      break;
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%%PDF-%s\n", version);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%%%c%c%c%c\n", 181, 237, 174, 251);
  surface->header_emitted = TRUE;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    surface->in_xobject = FALSE;

    page = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (page.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->pages, &page);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_has_fallback_images (void    *abstract_surface,
          cairo_bool_t   has_fallbacks)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;

    surface->has_fallback_images = has_fallbacks;
    surface->in_xobject = has_fallbacks;
    bbox.p1.x = 0;
    bbox.p1.y = 0;
    bbox.p2.x = surface->width;
    bbox.p2.y = surface->height;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface, &bbox, NULL, has_fallbacks, has_fallbacks);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_supports_fine_grained_fallbacks (void *abstract_surface)
{
    return TRUE;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_requires_thumbnail_image (void *abstract_surface,
               int  *width,
               int  *height)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;

    if (surface->thumbnail_width > 0 && surface->thumbnail_height > 0) {
  *width = surface->thumbnail_width;
  *height = surface->thumbnail_height;
  return TRUE;
    }

    return FALSE;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_set_thumbnail_image (void                  *abstract_surface,
          cairo_image_surface_t *image)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;

    surface->thumbnail_image =  (cairo_image_surface_t *)cairo_surface_reference(&image->base);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_add_padded_image_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
               const cairo_pattern_t        *source,
               const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
               cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t **pdf_source,
               double                       *x_offset,
               double                       *y_offset,
               cairo_rectangle_int_t        *source_extents)
{
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    cairo_surface_t *pad_image;
    void *image_extra;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int w, h;
    cairo_box_t box;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t rect;
    cairo_surface_pattern_t pad_pattern;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source,
                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    pad_image = &image->base;

    /* get the operation extents in pattern space */
    _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, extents);
    _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box_fixed (&source->matrix, &box, NULL);
    _cairo_box_round_to_rectangle (&box, &rect);

    /* Check if image needs padding to fill extents */
    w = image->width;
    h = image->height;
    if (_cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.x) < 0 ||
  _cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.y) < 0 ||
  _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.x) > w ||
  _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.y) > h)
    {
  pad_image = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (image->base.content,
                    rect.width,
                    rect.height);
  if (pad_image->status) {
      status = pad_image->status;
      goto BAIL;
  }

  _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&pad_pattern, &image->base);
  cairo_matrix_init_translate (&pad_pattern.base.matrix, rect.x, rect.y);
  pad_pattern.base.extend = CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD;
  status = _cairo_surface_paint (pad_image,
               CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE, &pad_pattern.base,
               NULL);
        _cairo_pattern_fini (&pad_pattern.base);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
                pad_image,
                NULL,
                CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER, /* not used for images */
                source->filter,
                FALSE, /* stencil mask */
                FALSE, /* smask */
                FALSE, /* need_transp_group */
                extents,
                NULL, /* smask_res */
                pdf_source,
                x_offset,
                y_offset,
                source_extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto BAIL;

    if (pad_image != &image->base) {
  /* If using a padded image, replace _add_source_surface
   * x/y_offset with padded image offset. Note:
   * _add_source_surface only sets a non zero x/y_offset for
   * RASTER_SOURCE patterns. _add_source_surface will always set
   * x/y_offset to 0 for surfaces so we can ignore the returned
   * offset and replace it with the offset required for the
   * padded image */
  *x_offset = rect.x;
  *y_offset = rect.y;
    }

BAIL:
    if (pad_image != &image->base)
        cairo_surface_destroy (pad_image);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source, image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

/* Emit alpha channel from the image into stream_res.
 */
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_smask (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
             cairo_image_surface_t  *image,
             cairo_bool_t              stencil_mask,
             cairo_bool_t              interpolate,
             cairo_pdf_resource_t *stream_res)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    char *alpha;
    unsigned long alpha_size;
    uint32_t *pixel32;
    uint8_t *pixel8;
    int i, x, y, bit, a;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;

    /* This is the only image format we support, which simplifies things. */
    assert (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 ||
      image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_RGB24 ||
      image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A8 ||
      image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1 );

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    if (stencil_mask) {
  assert (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE ||
    transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA);
    } else {
  assert (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE);
    }

    if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA || transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE) {
  alpha_size = (image->width + 7) / 8 * image->height;
  alpha = _cairo_malloc_ab ((image->width+7) / 8, image->height);
    } else {
  alpha_size = image->height * image->width;
  alpha = _cairo_malloc_ab (image->height, image->width);
    }

    if (unlikely (alpha == NULL)) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto CLEANUP;
    }

    i = 0;
    for (y = 0; y < image->height; y++) {
  if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE) {
      for (x = 0; x < (image->width + 7) / 8; x++)
    alpha[i++] = 0xff;
  } else if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1) {
      pixel8 = (uint8_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);

      for (x = 0; x < (image->width + 7) / 8; x++, pixel8++) {
    a = *pixel8;
    a = CAIRO_BITSWAP8_IF_LITTLE_ENDIAN (a);
    alpha[i++] = a;
      }
  } else {
      pixel8 = (uint8_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);
      pixel32 = (uint32_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);
      bit = 7;
      for (x = 0; x < image->width; x++) {
    if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32) {
        a = (*pixel32 & 0xff000000) >> 24;
        pixel32++;
    } else {
        a = *pixel8;
        pixel8++;
    }

    if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_ALPHA) {
        alpha[i++] = a;
    } else { /* transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA or CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE */
        if (bit == 7)
      alpha[i] = 0;
        if (a != 0)
      alpha[i] |= (1 << bit);
        bit--;
        if (bit < 0) {
      bit = 7;
      i++;
        }
    }
      }
      if (bit != 7)
    i++;
  }
    }

    if (stencil_mask) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             stream_res,
             TRUE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /ImageMask true\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
             "   /Decode [1 0]\n",
             image->width, image->height,
             interpolate ? "true" : "false");
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             stream_res,
             TRUE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /ColorSpace /DeviceGray\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n",
             image->width, image->height,
             interpolate ? "true" : "false",
             transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_ALPHA ? 8 : 1);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto CLEANUP_ALPHA;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, alpha, alpha_size);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

 CLEANUP_ALPHA:
    free (alpha);
 CLEANUP:
    return status;
}

/**
 * _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image:
 * @surface: the pdf surface
 * @image_surf: The image to write
 * @surface_entry: Contains image resource, smask resource, interpolate and stencil mask parameters.
 *
 * Emit an image stream using the @image_res resource and write out
 * the image data from @image_surf. If @smask_res is not null, @smask_res will
 * be specified as the smask for the image. Otherwise emit the an smask if
 * the image is requires one.
 **/
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
                               cairo_image_surface_t            *image_surf,
             cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    char *data;
    unsigned long data_size;
    uint32_t *pixel;
    int i, x, y, bit;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t smask = {0}; /* squelch bogus compiler warning */
    cairo_bool_t need_smask;
    cairo_image_color_t color;
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;
    char smask_buf[30];

    image  = image_surf;
    if (image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_RGB24 &&
  image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 &&
  image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_A8 &&
  image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_A1)
    {
  cairo_surface_t *surf;
  cairo_surface_pattern_t pattern;

  surf = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (image_surf->base.content,
               image_surf->width,
               image_surf->height);
  image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) surf;
  if (surf->status) {
      status = surf->status;
      goto CLEANUP;
  }

  _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&pattern, &image_surf->base);
  status = _cairo_surface_paint (surf,
               CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE, &pattern.base,
               NULL);
        _cairo_pattern_fini (&pattern.base);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto CLEANUP;
    }

    if (surface_entry->smask || surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
  return _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_smask (surface, image,
                surface_entry->stencil_mask,
                surface_entry->interpolate,
                &surface_entry->surface_res);
    }

    color = _cairo_image_analyze_color (image);
    switch (color) {
        default:
  case CAIRO_IMAGE_UNKNOWN_COLOR:
      ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_COLOR:
      data_size = image->height * image->width * 3;
      data = _cairo_malloc_abc (image->width, image->height, 3);
      break;

  case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_GRAYSCALE:
      data_size = image->height * image->width;
      data = _cairo_malloc_ab (image->width, image->height);
      break;
  case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_MONOCHROME:
      data_size = (image->width + 7) / 8 * image->height;
      data = _cairo_malloc_ab ((image->width+7) / 8, image->height);
      break;
    }
    if (unlikely (data == NULL)) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto CLEANUP;
    }

    i = 0;
    for (y = 0; y < image->height; y++) {
  pixel = (uint32_t *) (image->data + y * image->stride);

  bit = 7;
  for (x = 0; x < image->width; x++, pixel++) {
      int r, g, b;

      /* XXX: We're un-premultiplying alpha here. My reading of the PDF
       * specification suggests that we should be able to avoid having
       * to do this by filling in the SMask's Matte dictionary
       * appropriately, but my attempts to do that so far have
       * failed. */
      if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32) {
    uint8_t a;
    a = (*pixel & 0xff000000) >> 24;
    if (a == 0) {
        r = g = b = 0;
    } else {
        r = (((*pixel & 0xff0000) >> 16) * 255 + a / 2) / a;
        g = (((*pixel & 0x00ff00) >>  8) * 255 + a / 2) / a;
        b = (((*pixel & 0x0000ff) >>  0) * 255 + a / 2) / a;
    }
      } else if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_RGB24) {
    r = (*pixel & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
    g = (*pixel & 0x0000ff00) >>  8;
    b = (*pixel & 0x000000ff) >>  0;
      } else {
    r = g = b = 0;
      }

      switch (color) {
    case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_COLOR:
    case CAIRO_IMAGE_UNKNOWN_COLOR:
        data[i++] = r;
        data[i++] = g;
        data[i++] = b;
        break;

    case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_GRAYSCALE:
        data[i++] = r;
        break;

    case CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_MONOCHROME:
        if (bit == 7)
      data[i] = 0;
        if (r != 0)
      data[i] |= (1 << bit);
        bit--;
        if (bit < 0) {
      bit = 7;
      i++;
        }
        break;
      }
  }
  if (bit != 7)
      i++;
    }

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id != 0) {
  need_smask = TRUE;
  smask = surface_entry->smask_res;
    } else {
  need_smask = FALSE;
  if (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32 ||
      image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A8 ||
      image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1)
  {
      transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
      if (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE) {
    need_smask = TRUE;
    smask = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (smask.id == 0) {
        status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
        goto CLEANUP_RGB;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_smask (surface, image, FALSE, surface_entry->interpolate, &smask);
    if (unlikely (status))
        goto CLEANUP_RGB;
      }
  }
    }

    if (need_smask)
  snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", smask.id);
    else
  smask_buf[0] = 0;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
               &surface_entry->surface_res,
               TRUE,
               "   /Type /XObject\n"
               "   /Subtype /Image\n"
               "   /Width %d\n"
               "   /Height %d\n"
               "   /ColorSpace %s\n"
               "   /Interpolate %s\n"
               "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
               "%s",
               image->width,
               image->height,
               color == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_COLOR ? "/DeviceRGB" : "/DeviceGray",
               surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
               color == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_MONOCHROME? 1 : 8,
               smask_buf);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto CLEANUP_RGB;

#undef IMAGE_DICTIONARY

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, data, data_size);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

CLEANUP_RGB:
    free (data);
CLEANUP:
    if (image != image_surf)
  cairo_surface_destroy (&image->base);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_lookup_jbig2_global (cairo_pdf_surface_t       *surface,
          const unsigned char       *global_id,
          unsigned long              global_id_length,
          cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t **entry)
{
    cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t global;
    int size, i;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->jbig2_global);
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
  *entry = (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->jbig2_global, i);
  if ((*entry)->id && global_id && (*entry)->id_length == global_id_length
      && memcmp((*entry)->id, global_id, global_id_length) == 0) {
      return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  }
    }

    global.id = _cairo_malloc (global_id_length);
    if (unlikely (global.id == NULL)) {
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    memcpy (global.id, global_id, global_id_length);
    global.id_length = global_id_length;
    global.res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (global.res.id == 0) {
  free(global.id);
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    global.emitted = FALSE;
    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->jbig2_global, &global);
    if (unlikely(status))
  return status;

    size = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->jbig2_global);
    *entry = (cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *) _cairo_array_index (&surface->jbig2_global, size - 1);
    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jbig2_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
             cairo_surface_t                *source,
             cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry,
             cairo_bool_t                      test)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    const unsigned char *mime_data;
    unsigned long mime_data_length;
    cairo_image_info_t info;
    const unsigned char *global_id;
    unsigned long global_id_length;
    const unsigned char *global_data;
    unsigned long global_data_length;
    cairo_pdf_jbig2_global_t *global_entry = NULL; /* hide compiler warning */
    char smask_buf[30];
    char decode_parms_buf[100];

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2,
         &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (mime_data == NULL)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_image_info_get_jbig2_info (&info, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (status)
  return status;

    /* At this point we know emitting jbig2 will succeed. */
    if (test)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL_ID,
         &global_id, &global_id_length);
    if (global_id && global_id_length > 0) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_lookup_jbig2_global (surface, global_id, global_id_length, &global_entry);
  if (unlikely(status))
      return status;

  if (!global_entry->emitted) {
      cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JBIG2_GLOBAL,
           &global_data, &global_data_length);
      if (global_data) {
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface, &global_entry->res, FALSE, NULL);
    if (unlikely(status))
        return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, global_data, global_data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely(status))
        return status;

    global_entry->emitted = TRUE;
      }
  }

  snprintf(decode_parms_buf, sizeof(decode_parms_buf),
     "   /DecodeParms << /JBIG2Globals %d 0 R >>\n", global_entry->res.id);
    } else {
  decode_parms_buf[0] = 0;
    }

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id)
  snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", surface_entry->smask_res.id);
    else
  smask_buf[0] = 0;

    if (surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /ImageMask true\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
             "   /Decode [1 0]\n"
             "   /Filter /JPXDecode\n"
             "%s",
             info.width,
             info.height,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
             decode_parms_buf);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /ColorSpace /DeviceGray\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "%s"
             "   /Filter /JBIG2Decode\n"
             "%s",
             info.width,
             info.height,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
             smask_buf,
             decode_parms_buf);
    }
    if (unlikely(status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpx_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
           cairo_surface_t              *source,
           cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry,
           cairo_bool_t                      test)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    const unsigned char *mime_data;
    unsigned long mime_data_length;
    cairo_image_info_t info;
    char smask_buf[30];

    if (surface->pdf_version < CAIRO_PDF_VERSION_1_5)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JP2,
         &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (mime_data == NULL)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_image_info_get_jpx_info (&info, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (status)
  return status;

    if ((surface_entry->smask || surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.num_components != 1)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if ((surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.bits_per_component != 1)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id)
  snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", surface_entry->smask_res.id);
    else
  smask_buf[0] = 0;

    /* At this point we know emitting jpx will succeed. */
    if (test)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    if (surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /ImageMask true\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
             "   /Decode [1 0]\n"
             "   /Filter /JPXDecode\n",
             info.width,
             info.height,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false");
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "%s"
             "   /Filter /JPXDecode\n",
             info.width,
             info.height,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
             smask_buf);
    }
    if (status)
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpeg_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
            cairo_surface_t              *source,
            cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry,
            cairo_bool_t                      test)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    const unsigned char *mime_data;
    unsigned long mime_data_length;
    cairo_image_info_t info;
    const char *colorspace;
    char smask_buf[30];

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
         &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
    if (unlikely (source->status))
  return source->status;
    if (mime_data == NULL)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_image_info_get_jpeg_info (&info, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if ((surface_entry->smask || surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.num_components != 1)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if ((surface_entry->stencil_mask) && info.bits_per_component != 1)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    switch (info.num_components) {
  case 1:
      colorspace = "/DeviceGray";
      break;
  case 3:
      colorspace = "/DeviceRGB";
      break;
  case 4:
      colorspace = "/DeviceCMYK";
      break;
  default:
      return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    /* At this point we know emitting jpeg will succeed. */
    if (test)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    if (surface_entry->smask_res.id)
  snprintf(smask_buf, sizeof(smask_buf), "   /SMask %d 0 R\n", surface_entry->smask_res.id);
    else
  smask_buf[0] = 0;

    if (surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /ImageMask true\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
             "   /Decode [1 0]\n"
             "   /Filter /DCTDecode\n",
             info.width,
             info.height,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false");
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /ColorSpace %s\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
             "%s"
             "   /Filter /DCTDecode\n",
             info.width,
             info.height,
             colorspace,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
             info.bits_per_component,
             smask_buf);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, mime_data, mime_data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_ccitt_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t              *surface,
             cairo_surface_t               *source,
             cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *surface_entry,
             cairo_bool_t                      test)
{
    cairo_status_t status;
    const unsigned char *ccitt_data;
    unsigned long ccitt_data_len;
    const unsigned char *ccitt_params_string;
    unsigned long ccitt_params_string_len;
    char *params, *p, *end;
    cairo_ccitt_params_t ccitt_params;
    char buf[300];

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX,
         &ccitt_data, &ccitt_data_len);
    if (unlikely (source->status))
  return source->status;
    if (ccitt_data == NULL)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_CCITT_FAX_PARAMS,
         &ccitt_params_string, &ccitt_params_string_len);
    if (unlikely (source->status))
  return source->status;
    if (ccitt_params_string == NULL)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* ensure params_string is null terminated */
    params = malloc (ccitt_params_string_len + 1);
    memcpy (params, ccitt_params_string, ccitt_params_string_len);
    params[ccitt_params_string_len] = 0;
    status = _cairo_tag_parse_ccitt_params (params, &ccitt_params);
    if (unlikely(status))
  return source->status;

    free (params);

    /* At this point we know emitting jbig2 will succeed. */
    if (test)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    p = buf;
    *p = 0;
    end = buf + sizeof(buf) - 1;
    p += snprintf (p, end - p, "/Columns %d /Rows %d /K %d",
         ccitt_params.columns,
         ccitt_params.rows,
         ccitt_params.k);
    if (ccitt_params.end_of_line)
  p += snprintf (p, end - p, " /EndOfLine true");

    if (ccitt_params.encoded_byte_align)
  p += snprintf (p, end - p, " /EncodedByteAlign true");

    if (!ccitt_params.end_of_block)
  p += snprintf (p, end - p, " /EndOfBlock false");

    if (ccitt_params.black_is_1)
  p += snprintf (p, end - p, " /BlackIs1 true");

    if (ccitt_params.damaged_rows_before_error > 0) {
  p += snprintf (p, end - p, " /DamagedRowsBeforeError %d",
           ccitt_params.damaged_rows_before_error);
    }

    if (surface_entry->stencil_mask) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /ImageMask true\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
             "   /Decode [1 0]\n"
             "   /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode\n"
             "   /DecodeParms << %s >> ",
             ccitt_params.columns,
             ccitt_params.rows,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
             buf);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             &surface_entry->surface_res,
             FALSE,
             "   /Type /XObject\n"
             "   /Subtype /Image\n"
             "   /Width %d\n"
             "   /Height %d\n"
             "   /ColorSpace /DeviceGray\n"
             "   /BitsPerComponent 1\n"
             "   /Interpolate %s\n"
             "   /Filter /CCITTFaxDecode\n"
             "   /DecodeParms << %s >> ",
             ccitt_params.columns,
             ccitt_params.rows,
             surface_entry->interpolate ? "true" : "false",
             buf);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, ccitt_data, ccitt_data_len);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_recording_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
             cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *pdf_source)
{
    cairo_rectangle_int_t old_surface_extents;
    cairo_bool_t old_surface_bounded;
    cairo_paginated_mode_t old_paginated_mode;
    cairo_surface_clipper_t old_clipper;
    cairo_bool_t old_in_xobject;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha = 0;
    cairo_surface_t *free_me = NULL;
    cairo_surface_t *source;
    const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents;
    cairo_bool_t is_subsurface;
    cairo_bool_t transparency_group;
    cairo_recording_surface_t *recording;

    assert (pdf_source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE);

    if (pdf_source->hash_entry->bounded) {
  extents = &pdf_source->hash_entry->extents;
    } else {
  extents = &pdf_source->hash_entry->required_extents;
    }

    is_subsurface = FALSE;
    source = pdf_source->surface;
    if (_cairo_surface_is_snapshot (source))
  free_me = source = _cairo_surface_snapshot_get_target (source);

    if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SUBSURFACE) {
  cairo_surface_subsurface_t *sub = (cairo_surface_subsurface_t *) source;

  source = sub->target;
  extents = &sub->extents;
  is_subsurface = TRUE;
    }

    assert (source->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING);
    recording = (cairo_recording_surface_t *) source;

    old_in_xobject = surface->in_xobject;
    old_surface_extents = surface->surface_extents;
    old_surface_bounded = surface->surface_bounded;
    old_paginated_mode = surface->paginated_mode;
    old_clipper = surface->clipper;
    surface->surface_extents = *extents;
    _cairo_surface_clipper_init (&surface->clipper,
         _cairo_pdf_surface_clipper_intersect_clip_path);

    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);
    surface->in_xobject = TRUE;
    surface->surface_extents = *extents;
    surface->surface_bounded = TRUE;

    /* Patterns are emitted after fallback images. The paginated mode
     * needs to be set to _RENDER while the recording surface is replayed
     * back to this surface.
     */
    surface->paginated_mode = CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_RENDER;
    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    _get_bbox_from_extents (extents, &bbox);

    /* We can optimize away the transparency group allowing the viewer
     * to replay the group in place when:
     *  - ca/CA when painting this groups is 1.0 (need_transp_group is FALSE),
     *  - all operators are OVER, and
     *  - the recording contains only opaque and/or clear alpha.
     */
    transparency_group = pdf_source->hash_entry->need_transp_group ||
  !(pdf_source->hash_entry->operator == CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER &&
         _cairo_recording_surface_has_only_bilevel_alpha (recording) &&
         _cairo_recording_surface_has_only_op_over (recording));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface,
                 &bbox,
                 &pdf_source->hash_entry->surface_res,
                 TRUE,
                 transparency_group);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto err;

    if (source->content == CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, 1.0, &alpha);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto err;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "q /a%d gs 0 0 0 rg %d %d %d %d re f Q\n",
             alpha,
             extents->x,
             extents->y,
             extents->width,
             extents->height);
    }

    status = _cairo_recording_surface_replay_region (source,
                 is_subsurface ? extents : NULL,
                 &surface->base,
                 CAIRO_RECORDING_REGION_NATIVE);
    assert (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto err;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);

    _cairo_surface_clipper_reset (&surface->clipper);
    surface->clipper = old_clipper;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);
    surface->in_xobject = old_in_xobject;
    surface->paginated_mode = old_paginated_mode;
    surface->surface_extents = old_surface_extents;
    surface->surface_bounded = old_surface_bounded;

err:
    cairo_surface_destroy (free_me);
    return status;
}

/**
 * _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface:
 * @surface: [in] the pdf surface
 * @source: [in] #cairo_pdf_source_surface_t containing the surface to write
 * @test: [in] if true, test what type of surface will be emitted.
 * @is_image: [out] if @test is true, returns TRUE if the surface will be emitted
 *  as an Image XObject.
 *
 * If @test is FALSE, emit @src_surface as an XObject.
 * If @test is TRUE, don't emit anything. Set @is_image based on the output that would be emitted.
 **/
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
         cairo_pdf_source_surface_t *source,
         cairo_bool_t                test,
         cairo_bool_t               *is_image)
{
    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
    void *image_extra;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    /* Try all the supported mime types and recording type, falling through
     * each option if unsupported */
    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jbig2_image (surface,
                  source->surface,
                  source->hash_entry,
                  test);
  if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
      *is_image = TRUE;
      return status;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpx_image (surface,
                source->surface,
                source->hash_entry,
                test);
  if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
      *is_image = TRUE;
      return status;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpeg_image (surface,
                 source->surface,
                 source->hash_entry,
                 test);
  if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
      *is_image = TRUE;
      return status;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_ccitt_image (surface,
                  source->surface,
                  source->hash_entry,
                  test);
  if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
      *is_image = TRUE;
      return status;
  }

  if (source->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
      if (test) {
    *is_image = FALSE;
    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
      } else {
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_recording_surface (surface, source);
      }
  }
    }

    /* The only option left is to emit as an image surface */

    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
  status = _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (source->surface, &image, &image_extra);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface,
                       source->raster_pattern,
                       &image,
                       &image_extra);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (test) {
  *is_image = TRUE;
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image (surface,
            image,
            source->hash_entry);
    }

    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
  _cairo_surface_release_source_image (source->surface, image, image_extra);
    } else {
  _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface,
                    source->raster_pattern,
                    image,
                    image_extra);
    }

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
           cairo_pdf_pattern_t  *pdf_pattern)
{
    cairo_pattern_t *pattern = pdf_pattern->pattern;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_matrix_t cairo_p2d, pdf_p2d;
    cairo_extend_t extend = cairo_pattern_get_extend (pattern);
    double xstep, ystep;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t pattern_extents;
    double x_offset;
    double y_offset;
    char draw_surface[50];
    char draw_surface2[200];
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;
    cairo_matrix_t mat;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *pdf_source;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t op_extents;

    assert (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE);
    if (pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_padded_image_surface (surface,
                    pattern,
                    &pdf_pattern->extents,
                    &pdf_source,
                    &x_offset,
                    &y_offset,
                    &op_extents);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
              NULL,
              pattern,
              pdf_pattern->operator,
              pattern->filter,
              FALSE, /* stencil mask */
              FALSE, /* smask */
              FALSE, /* need_transp_group */
              &pdf_pattern->extents,
              NULL, /* smask_res */
              &pdf_source,
              &x_offset,
              &y_offset,
              &op_extents);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    pattern_extents = pdf_source->extents;
    if (!pdf_source->bounded)
    {
  extend = CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE;
  _cairo_rectangle_intersect (&pattern_extents, &op_extents);
    }

    switch (extend) {
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD:
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE:
    {
  /* In PS/PDF, (as far as I can tell), all patterns are
   * repeating. So we support cairo's EXTEND_NONE semantics
   * by setting the repeat step size to a size large enough
   * to guarantee that no more than a single occurrence will
   * be visible.
   *
   * First, map the surface extents into pattern space (since
   * xstep and ystep are in pattern space).  Then use an upper
   * bound on the length of the diagonal of the pattern image
   * and the surface as repeat size.  This guarantees to never
   * repeat visibly.
   */
  double x1 = 0.0, y1 = 0.0;
  double x2 = surface->surface_extents.width;
  double y2 = surface->surface_extents.height;
  _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box (&pattern->matrix,
                &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2,
                NULL);

  /* Rather than computing precise bounds of the union, just
   * add the surface extents unconditionally. We only
   * required an answer that's large enough, we don't really
   * care if it's not as tight as possible.*/
  xstep = ystep = ceil ((x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) +
            pattern_extents.width + pattern_extents.height);
    }
    break;
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT:
  xstep = pattern_extents.width;
  ystep = pattern_extents.height;
  break;

    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT:
  pattern_extents.width *= 2;
  pattern_extents.height *= 2;
  xstep = pattern_extents.width;
  ystep = pattern_extents.height;
  break;

    /* All the rest (if any) should have been analyzed away, so this
     * case should be unreachable. */
    default:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  xstep = 0;
  ystep = 0;
    }

    /* At this point, (that is, within the surface backend interface),
     * the pattern's matrix maps from cairo's device space to cairo's
     * pattern space, (both with their origin at the upper-left, and
     * cairo's pattern space of size width,height).
     *
     * Then, we must emit a PDF pattern object that maps from its own
     * pattern space, (which has a size that we establish in the BBox
     * dictionary entry), to the PDF page's *initial* space, (which
     * does not benefit from the Y-axis flipping matrix that we emit
     * on each page). So the PDF patterns matrix maps from a
     * (width,height) pattern space to a device space with the origin
     * in the lower-left corner.
     *
     * So to handle all of that, we start with an identity matrix for
     * the PDF pattern to device matrix. We translate it up by the
     * image height then flip it in the Y direction, (moving us from
     * the PDF origin to cairo's origin). We then multiply in the
     * inverse of the cairo pattern matrix, (since it maps from device
     * to pattern, while we're setting up pattern to device). Finally,
     * we translate back down by the image height and flip again to
     * end up at the lower-left origin that PDF expects.
     *
     * Additionally, within the stream that paints the pattern itself,
     * we are using a PDF image object that has a size of (1,1) so we
     * have to scale it up by the image width and height to fill our
     * pattern cell.
     */
    cairo_p2d = pattern->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&cairo_p2d);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

    if (pdf_pattern->inverted_y_axis)
  cairo_matrix_init (&mat, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
    else
  cairo_matrix_init (&mat, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, surface->height);

    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pdf_p2d, &cairo_p2d, &mat);
    cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, x_offset, y_offset);
    if (pdf_source->emit_image) {
  cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, 0.0, pdf_source->extents.height);
  cairo_matrix_scale (&pdf_p2d, 1.0, -1.0);
    }

    _get_bbox_from_extents (&pattern_extents, &bbox);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, pdf_pattern->pattern_res);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                     &pdf_pattern->pattern_res,
               FALSE,
               "   /PatternType 1\n"
               "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
               "   /XStep %f\n"
               "   /YStep %f\n"
               "   /TilingType 1\n"
               "   /PaintType 1\n"
               "   /Matrix [ %f %f %f %f %f %f ]\n"
               "   /Resources << /XObject << /x%d %d 0 R >> >>\n",
               bbox.p1.x, bbox.p1.y, bbox.p2.x, bbox.p2.y,
               xstep, ystep,
               pdf_p2d.xx, pdf_p2d.yx,
               pdf_p2d.xy, pdf_p2d.yy,
               pdf_p2d.x0, pdf_p2d.y0,
               pdf_source->surface_res.id,
               pdf_source->surface_res.id);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (pdf_source->emit_image) {
  snprintf(draw_surface,
     sizeof (draw_surface),
     "q %d 0 0 %d 0 0 cm /x%d Do Q",
     pdf_source->extents.width,
     pdf_source->extents.height,
     pdf_source->surface_res.id);
    } else {
  snprintf(draw_surface,
     sizeof (draw_surface),
     "/x%d Do",
     pdf_source->surface_res.id);
    }

    if (extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
  cairo_rectangle_int_t p_extents = pdf_source->extents;
  snprintf(draw_surface2,
     sizeof (draw_surface2),
     "%d %d %d %d re W n %s",
     p_extents.x, p_extents.y,
     p_extents.width, p_extents.height,
     draw_surface);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q %s Q\n", draw_surface2);

  cairo_matrix_init_translate (&mat, p_extents.x, p_extents.y);
  cairo_matrix_scale (&mat, -1, 1);
  cairo_matrix_translate (&mat, -2*p_extents.width, 0);
  cairo_matrix_translate (&mat, -p_extents.x, -p_extents.y);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q ");
  _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &mat);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " cm %s Q\n", draw_surface2);

  cairo_matrix_init_translate (&mat, p_extents.x, p_extents.y);
  cairo_matrix_scale (&mat, 1, -1);
  cairo_matrix_translate (&mat, 0, -2*p_extents.height);
  cairo_matrix_translate (&mat, -p_extents.x, -p_extents.y);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q ");
  _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &mat);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " cm %s Q\n", draw_surface2);

  cairo_matrix_init_translate (&mat, p_extents.x, p_extents.y);
  cairo_matrix_scale (&mat, -1, -1);
  cairo_matrix_translate (&mat, -2*p_extents.width, -2*p_extents.height);
  cairo_matrix_translate (&mat, -p_extents.x, -p_extents.y);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q ");
  _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &mat);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " cm %s Q\n", draw_surface2);
    } else {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " %s \n",
             draw_surface);
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

typedef struct _cairo_pdf_color_stop {
    double offset;
    double color[4];
    cairo_pdf_resource_t resource;
} cairo_pdf_color_stop_t;

static cairo_int_status_t
cairo_pdf_surface_emit_rgb_linear_function (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                            cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop1,
                                            cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop2,
                                            cairo_pdf_resource_t   *function)
{
    int num_elems, i;
    cairo_pdf_rgb_linear_function_t elem;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    num_elems = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->rgb_linear_functions);
    for (i = 0; i < num_elems; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->rgb_linear_functions, i, &elem);
        if (memcmp (&elem.color1[0], &stop1->color[0], sizeof (double)*3) != 0)
            continue;
        if (memcmp (&elem.color2[0], &stop2->color[0], sizeof (double)*3) != 0)
            continue;
        *function =  elem.resource;
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /FunctionType 2\n"
         "   /Domain [ 0 1 ]\n"
         "   /C0 [ %f %f %f ]\n"
         "   /C1 [ %f %f %f ]\n"
         "   /N 1\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         res.id,
                                 stop1->color[0],
                                 stop1->color[1],
                                 stop1->color[2],
                                 stop2->color[0],
                                 stop2->color[1],
                                 stop2->color[2]);

    elem.resource = res;
    memcpy (&elem.color1[0], &stop1->color[0], sizeof (double)*3);
    memcpy (&elem.color2[0], &stop2->color[0], sizeof (double)*3);

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->rgb_linear_functions, &elem);
    *function = res;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
cairo_pdf_surface_emit_alpha_linear_function (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                              cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop1,
                                              cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop2,
                                              cairo_pdf_resource_t   *function)
{
    int num_elems, i;
    cairo_pdf_alpha_linear_function_t elem;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    num_elems = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->alpha_linear_functions);
    for (i = 0; i < num_elems; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->alpha_linear_functions, i, &elem);
        if (elem.alpha1 != stop1->color[3])
            continue;
        if (elem.alpha2 != stop2->color[3])
            continue;
        *function =  elem.resource;
        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /FunctionType 2\n"
         "   /Domain [ 0 1 ]\n"
         "   /C0 [ %f ]\n"
         "   /C1 [ %f ]\n"
         "   /N 1\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         res.id,
                                 stop1->color[3],
                                 stop2->color[3]);

    elem.resource = res;
    elem.alpha1 = stop1->color[3];
    elem.alpha2 = stop2->color[3];

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->alpha_linear_functions, &elem);
    *function = res;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
                                                unsigned int          n_stops,
                                                cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stops,
                                                cairo_bool_t          is_alpha,
                                                cairo_pdf_resource_t   *function)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    /* emit linear gradients between pairs of subsequent stops... */
    for (i = 0; i < n_stops-1; i++) {
        if (is_alpha) {
            status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_alpha_linear_function (surface,
                                                                   &stops[i],
                                                                   &stops[i+1],
                                                                   &stops[i].resource);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        } else {
            status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_rgb_linear_function (surface,
                                                                 &stops[i],
                                                                 &stops[i+1],
                                                                 &stops[i].resource);
            if (unlikely (status))
                return status;
        }
    }

    /* ... and stitch them together */
    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /FunctionType 3\n"
         "   /Domain [ %f %f ]\n",
         res.id,
                                 stops[0].offset,
                                 stops[n_stops - 1].offset);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Functions [ ");
    for (i = 0; i < n_stops-1; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 R ", stops[i].resource.id);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Bounds [ ");
    for (i = 1; i < n_stops-1; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%f ", stops[i].offset);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Encode [ ");
    for (i = 1; i < n_stops; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "0 1 ");
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n");

    *function = res;

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}


static void
calc_gradient_color (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *new_stop,
         cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop1,
         cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *stop2)
{
    int i;
    double offset = stop1->offset / (stop1->offset + 1.0 - stop2->offset);

    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
  new_stop->color[i] = stop1->color[i] + offset*(stop2->color[i] - stop1->color[i]);
}

#define COLOR_STOP_EPSILON 1e-6

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern_stops (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
                                       cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pattern,
                                       cairo_pdf_resource_t     *color_function,
                                       cairo_pdf_resource_t     *alpha_function)
{
    cairo_pdf_color_stop_t *allstops, *stops;
    unsigned int n_stops;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_bool_t emit_alpha = FALSE;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    color_function->id = 0;
    alpha_function->id = 0;

    allstops = _cairo_malloc_ab ((pattern->n_stops + 2), sizeof (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t));
    if (unlikely (allstops == NULL))
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    stops = &allstops[1];
    n_stops = pattern->n_stops;

    for (i = 0; i < n_stops; i++) {
  stops[i].color[0] = pattern->stops[i].color.red;
  stops[i].color[1] = pattern->stops[i].color.green;
  stops[i].color[2] = pattern->stops[i].color.blue;
  stops[i].color[3] = pattern->stops[i].color.alpha;
        if (!CAIRO_ALPHA_IS_OPAQUE (stops[i].color[3]))
            emit_alpha = TRUE;
  stops[i].offset = pattern->stops[i].offset;
    }

    if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT ||
  pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
  if (stops[0].offset > COLOR_STOP_EPSILON) {
      if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT)
    memcpy (allstops, stops, sizeof (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t));
      else
    calc_gradient_color (&allstops[0], &stops[0], &stops[n_stops-1]);
      stops = allstops;
      n_stops++;
  }
  stops[0].offset = 0.0;

  if (stops[n_stops-1].offset < 1.0 - COLOR_STOP_EPSILON) {
      if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
    memcpy (&stops[n_stops],
      &stops[n_stops - 1],
      sizeof (cairo_pdf_color_stop_t));
      } else {
    calc_gradient_color (&stops[n_stops], &stops[0], &stops[n_stops-1]);
      }
      n_stops++;
  }
  stops[n_stops-1].offset = 1.0;
    }

    if (stops[0].offset == stops[n_stops - 1].offset) {
  /*
   * The first and the last stops have the same offset, but we
   * don't want a function with an empty domain, because that
   * would provoke underdefined behaviour from rasterisers.
   * This can only happen with EXTEND_PAD, because EXTEND_NONE
   * is optimised into a clear pattern in cairo-gstate, and
   * REFLECT/REPEAT are always transformed to have the first
   * stop at t=0 and the last stop at t=1.  Thus we want a step
   * function going from the first color to the last one.
   *
   * This can be accomplished by stitching three functions:
   *  - a constant first color function,
   *  - a step from the first color to the last color (with empty domain)
   *  - a constant last color function
   */
  cairo_pdf_color_stop_t pad_stops[4];

  assert (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD);

  pad_stops[0] = pad_stops[1] = stops[0];
  pad_stops[2] = pad_stops[3] = stops[n_stops - 1];

  pad_stops[0].offset = 0;
  pad_stops[3].offset = 1;

        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                 4,
                                                                 pad_stops,
                                                                 FALSE,
                                                                 color_function);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;

        if (emit_alpha) {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                     4,
                                                                     pad_stops,
                                                                     TRUE,
                                                                     alpha_function);
            if (unlikely (status))
                goto BAIL;
        }
    } else if (n_stops == 2) {
        /* no need for stitched function */
        status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_rgb_linear_function (surface,
                                                             &stops[0],
                                                             &stops[n_stops - 1],
                                                             color_function);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;

        if (emit_alpha) {
            status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_alpha_linear_function (surface,
                                                                   &stops[0],
                                                                   &stops[n_stops - 1],
                                                                   alpha_function);
            if (unlikely (status))
                goto BAIL;
        }
    } else {
        /* multiple stops: stitch. XXX possible optimization: regularly spaced
         * stops do not require stitching. XXX */
        status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                 n_stops,
                                                                 stops,
                                                                 FALSE,
                                                                 color_function);
        if (unlikely (status))
            goto BAIL;

        if (emit_alpha) {
            status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stitched_colorgradient (surface,
                                                                     n_stops,
                                                                     stops,
                                                                     TRUE,
                                                                     alpha_function);
            if (unlikely (status))
                goto BAIL;
        }
    }

BAIL:
    free (allstops);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_repeating_function (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
              cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pattern,
              cairo_pdf_resource_t     *function,
              int                       begin,
              int                       end)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    int i;

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (res.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /FunctionType 3\n"
         "   /Domain [ %d %d ]\n",
         res.id,
                                 begin,
                                 end);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Functions [ ");
    for (i = begin; i < end; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "%d 0 R ", function->id);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Bounds [ ");
    for (i = begin + 1; i < end; i++)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d ", i);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Encode [ ");
    for (i = begin; i < end; i++) {
  if ((i % 2) && pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT) {
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "1 0 ");
  } else {
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "0 1 ");
  }
    }
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n");

    *function = res;

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
cairo_pdf_surface_emit_transparency_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
             cairo_pdf_pattern_t  *pdf_pattern,
             cairo_pdf_resource_t  gstate_resource,
             cairo_pdf_resource_t  gradient_mask)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t smask_resource;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    char buf[100];
    double x1, y1, x2, y2;

    if (pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
     "         /Shading\n"
     "            << /sh%d %d 0 R >>\n",
     gradient_mask.id,
     gradient_mask.id);
    } else {
  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
     "         /Pattern\n"
     "            << /p%d %d 0 R >>\n",
     gradient_mask.id,
     gradient_mask.id);
    }

    if (pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
  cairo_box_t box;

  /* When emitting a shading operator we are in cairo pattern
   * coordinates. _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_gradient has set the
   * ctm to the pattern matrix (including the conversion from
   * pdf to cairo coordinates) */
  _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &pdf_pattern->extents);
  _cairo_box_to_doubles (&box, &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2);
  _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box (&pdf_pattern->pattern->matrix, &x1, &y1, &x2, &y2, NULL);
    } else {
  cairo_box_double_t box;

  /* When emitting a shading pattern we are in pdf page
   * coordinates. The color and alpha shading patterns painted
   * in the XObject below contain the cairo pattern to pdf page
   * matrix in the /Matrix entry of the pattern. */
  _get_bbox_from_extents (&pdf_pattern->extents, &box);
  x1 = box.p1.x;
  y1 = box.p1.y;
  x2 = box.p2.x;
  y2 = box.p2.y;
    }
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
               NULL,
               surface->compress_streams,
               "   /Type /XObject\n"
               "   /Subtype /Form\n"
               "   /FormType 1\n"
               "   /BBox [ %f %f %f %f ]\n"
               "   /Resources\n"
               "      << /ExtGState\n"
               "            << /a0 << /ca 1 /CA 1 >>"
               "      >>\n"
               "%s"
               "      >>\n"
               "   /Group\n"
               "      << /Type /Group\n"
               "         /S /Transparency\n"
               "         /I true\n"
               "         /CS /DeviceGray\n"
               "      >>\n",
               x1,y1,x2,y2,
               buf);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/a0 gs /sh%d sh\n",
             gradient_mask.id);
    } else {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "q\n"
             "/a0 gs\n"
             "/Pattern cs /p%d scn\n"
             "0 0 %f %f re\n"
             "f\n"
             "Q\n",
             gradient_mask.id,
             surface->width,
             surface->height);
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    smask_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (smask_resource.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Mask\n"
                                 "   /S /Luminosity\n"
                                 "   /G %d 0 R\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 smask_resource.id,
                                 surface->pdf_stream.self.id);

    /* Create GState which uses the transparency group as an SMask. */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, gstate_resource);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /ExtGState\n"
                                 "   /SMask %d 0 R\n"
                                 "   /ca 1\n"
                                 "   /CA 1\n"
                                 "   /AIS false\n"
                                 ">>\n"
                                 "endobj\n",
                                 gstate_resource.id,
                                 smask_resource.id);

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_output_gradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t        *surface,
            const cairo_pdf_pattern_t  *pdf_pattern,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t        pattern_resource,
            const cairo_matrix_t       *pat_to_pdf,
            const cairo_circle_double_t*start,
            const cairo_circle_double_t*end,
            const double               *domain,
            const char                 *colorspace,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t        color_function)
{
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n",
         pattern_resource.id);

    if (!pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "<< /Type /Pattern\n"
             "   /PatternType 2\n"
             "   /Matrix [ ");
  _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, pat_to_pdf);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " ]\n"
             "   /Shading\n");
    }

    if (pdf_pattern->pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "      << /ShadingType 2\n"
             "         /ColorSpace %s\n"
             "         /Coords [ %f %f %f %f ]\n",
             colorspace,
             start->center.x, start->center.y,
             end->center.x, end->center.y);
    } else {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "      << /ShadingType 3\n"
             "         /ColorSpace %s\n"
             "         /Coords [ %f %f %f %f %f %f ]\n",
             colorspace,
             start->center.x, start->center.y,
             MAX (start->radius, 0),
             end->center.x, end->center.y,
             MAX (end->radius, 0));
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "         /Domain [ %f %f ]\n",
         domain[0], domain[1]);

    if (pdf_pattern->pattern->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "         /Extend [ true true ]\n");
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "         /Extend [ false false ]\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "         /Function %d 0 R\n"
                                 "      >>\n",
         color_function.id);

    if (!pdf_pattern->is_shading) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             ">>\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "endobj\n");
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_gradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
          cairo_pdf_pattern_t    *pdf_pattern)
{
    cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pattern = (cairo_gradient_pattern_t *) pdf_pattern->pattern;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t color_function, alpha_function;
    cairo_matrix_t pat_to_pdf;
    cairo_circle_double_t start, end;
    double domain[2];
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_matrix_t mat;

    assert (pattern->n_stops != 0);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern_stops (surface,
                                                    pattern,
                                                    &color_function,
                                                    &alpha_function);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    pat_to_pdf = pattern->base.matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&pat_to_pdf);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

    if (pdf_pattern->inverted_y_axis)
       cairo_matrix_init (&mat, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
    else
       cairo_matrix_init (&mat, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, surface->height);

    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pat_to_pdf, &pat_to_pdf, &mat);

    if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT ||
  pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT)
    {
  double bounds_x1, bounds_x2, bounds_y1, bounds_y2;
  double x_scale, y_scale, tolerance;

  /* TODO: use tighter extents */
  bounds_x1 = 0;
  bounds_y1 = 0;
  bounds_x2 = surface->width;
  bounds_y2 = surface->height;
  _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box (&pattern->base.matrix,
                &bounds_x1, &bounds_y1,
                &bounds_x2, &bounds_y2,
                NULL);

  x_scale = surface->base.x_resolution / surface->base.x_fallback_resolution;
  y_scale = surface->base.y_resolution / surface->base.y_fallback_resolution;

  tolerance = fabs (_cairo_matrix_compute_determinant (&pattern->base.matrix));
  tolerance /= _cairo_matrix_transformed_circle_major_axis (&pattern->base.matrix, 1);
  tolerance *= MIN (x_scale, y_scale);

  _cairo_gradient_pattern_box_to_parameter (pattern,
              bounds_x1, bounds_y1,
              bounds_x2, bounds_y2,
              tolerance, domain);
    } else if (pattern->stops[0].offset == pattern->stops[pattern->n_stops - 1].offset) {
  /*
   * If the first and the last stop offset are the same, then
   * the color function is a step function.
   * _cairo_ps_surface_emit_pattern_stops emits it as a stitched
   * function no matter how many stops the pattern has.  The
   * domain of the stitched function will be [0 1] in this case.
   *
   * This is done to avoid emitting degenerate gradients for
   * EXTEND_PAD patterns having a step color function.
   */
  domain[0] = 0.0;
  domain[1] = 1.0;

  assert (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD);
    } else {
  domain[0] = pattern->stops[0].offset;
  domain[1] = pattern->stops[pattern->n_stops - 1].offset;
    }

    /* PDF requires the first and last stop to be the same as the
     * extreme coordinates. For repeating patterns this moves the
     * extreme coordinates out to the begin/end of the repeating
     * function. For non repeating patterns this may move the extreme
     * coordinates in if there are not stops at offset 0 and 1. */
    _cairo_gradient_pattern_interpolate (pattern, domain[0], &start);
    _cairo_gradient_pattern_interpolate (pattern, domain[1], &end);

    if (pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT ||
  pattern->base.extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT)
    {
  int repeat_begin, repeat_end;

  repeat_begin = floor (domain[0]);
  repeat_end = ceil (domain[1]);

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_repeating_function (surface,
                   pattern,
                   &color_function,
                   repeat_begin,
                   repeat_end);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  if (alpha_function.id != 0) {
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_repeating_function (surface,
                 pattern,
                 &alpha_function,
                 repeat_begin,
                 repeat_end);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
  }
    } else if (pattern->n_stops <= 2) {
  /* For EXTEND_NONE and EXTEND_PAD if there are only two stops a
   * Type 2 function is used by itself without a stitching
   * function. Type 2 functions always have the domain [0 1] */
  domain[0] = 0.0;
  domain[1] = 1.0;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, pdf_pattern->pattern_res);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_output_gradient (surface, pdf_pattern,
          pdf_pattern->pattern_res,
          &pat_to_pdf, &start, &end, domain,
          "/DeviceRGB", color_function);

    if (alpha_function.id != 0) {
  cairo_pdf_resource_t mask_resource;

  assert (pdf_pattern->gstate_res.id != 0);

        /* Create pattern for SMask. */
        mask_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (mask_resource.id == 0)
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

  _cairo_pdf_surface_output_gradient (surface, pdf_pattern,
              mask_resource,
              &pat_to_pdf, &start, &end, domain,
              "/DeviceGray", alpha_function);

  status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_transparency_group (surface,
                  pdf_pattern,
                        pdf_pattern->gstate_res,
                  mask_resource);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;
    }

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_mesh_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
              cairo_pdf_pattern_t    *pdf_pattern)
{
    cairo_matrix_t pat_to_pdf;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pattern_t *pattern = pdf_pattern->pattern;
    cairo_pdf_shading_t shading;
    int i;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t res;
    cairo_matrix_t mat;

    pat_to_pdf = pattern->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&pat_to_pdf);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

    if (pdf_pattern->inverted_y_axis)
  cairo_matrix_init (&mat, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
    else
  cairo_matrix_init (&mat, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, surface->height);

    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pat_to_pdf, &pat_to_pdf, &mat);

    status = _cairo_pdf_shading_init_color (&shading, (cairo_mesh_pattern_t *) pattern);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (unlikely (res.id == 0))
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /ShadingType %d\n"
                                 "   /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB\n"
         "   /BitsPerCoordinate %d\n"
         "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
         "   /BitsPerFlag %d\n"
         "   /Decode [",
         res.id,
         shading.shading_type,
         shading.bits_per_coordinate,
         shading.bits_per_component,
         shading.bits_per_flag);

    for (i = 0; i < shading.decode_array_length; i++)
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "%f ", shading.decode_array[i]);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n"
         "   /Length %ld\n"
         ">>\n"
         "stream\n",
         shading.data_length);

    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, shading.data, shading.data_length);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "\nendstream\n"
         "endobj\n");

    _cairo_pdf_shading_fini (&shading);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, pdf_pattern->pattern_res);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /Type /Pattern\n"
                                 "   /PatternType 2\n"
                                 "   /Matrix [ ",
         pdf_pattern->pattern_res.id);
    _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pat_to_pdf);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 " ]\n"
                                 "   /Shading %d 0 R\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         res.id);

    if (pdf_pattern->gstate_res.id != 0) {
  cairo_pdf_resource_t mask_resource;

  /* Create pattern for SMask. */
        res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (unlikely (res.id == 0))
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

  status = _cairo_pdf_shading_init_alpha (&shading, (cairo_mesh_pattern_t *) pattern);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
                                 "<< /ShadingType %d\n"
                                 "   /ColorSpace /DeviceGray\n"
         "   /BitsPerCoordinate %d\n"
         "   /BitsPerComponent %d\n"
         "   /BitsPerFlag %d\n"
         "   /Decode [",
         res.id,
         shading.shading_type,
         shading.bits_per_coordinate,
         shading.bits_per_component,
         shading.bits_per_flag);

  for (i = 0; i < shading.decode_array_length; i++)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "%f ", shading.decode_array[i]);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "]\n"
             "   /Length %ld\n"
             ">>\n"
             "stream\n",
             shading.data_length);

  _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, shading.data, shading.data_length);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "\nendstream\n"
             "endobj\n");
  _cairo_pdf_shading_fini (&shading);

        mask_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (unlikely (mask_resource.id == 0))
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n"
             "<< /Type /Pattern\n"
             "   /PatternType 2\n"
             "   /Matrix [ ",
             mask_resource.id);
  _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pat_to_pdf);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " ]\n"
             "   /Shading %d 0 R\n"
             ">>\n"
             "endobj\n",
             res.id);

  status = cairo_pdf_surface_emit_transparency_group (surface,
                  pdf_pattern,
                        pdf_pattern->gstate_res,
                  mask_resource);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;
    }

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface, cairo_pdf_pattern_t *pdf_pattern)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    switch (pdf_pattern->pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_PATTERN_TYPE_MISMATCH);
  break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface_pattern (surface, pdf_pattern);
  break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_gradient (surface, pdf_pattern);
  break;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_mesh_pattern (surface, pdf_pattern);
  break;

    default:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_PATTERN_TYPE_MISMATCH);
  break;
    }

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
            cairo_operator_t              op,
            const cairo_pattern_t        *source,
            const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
            double                        alpha,
            cairo_pdf_resource_t         *smask_res,
            cairo_bool_t                  stencil_mask)
{
    cairo_matrix_t cairo_p2d, pdf_p2d;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha_id;
    double x_offset;
    double y_offset;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *pdf_source;

    if (source->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD &&
  !(source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
    ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *)source)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING))
    {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_padded_image_surface (surface,
                    source,
                    extents,
                    &pdf_source,
                    &x_offset,
                    &y_offset,
                    NULL);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
              NULL,
              source,
              op,
              source->filter,
              stencil_mask,
              FALSE, /* smask */
              alpha != 1.0, /* need_transp_group */
              extents,
              smask_res,
              &pdf_source,
              &x_offset,
              &y_offset,
              NULL);
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    cairo_p2d = source->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&cairo_p2d);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);

    pdf_p2d = surface->cairo_to_pdf;
    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pdf_p2d, &cairo_p2d, &pdf_p2d);
    cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, x_offset, y_offset);
    if (pdf_source->emit_image) {
  int width, height;

  if (pdf_source->bounded) {
      width = pdf_source->extents.width;
      height = pdf_source->extents.height;
  } else {
      /* We can't scale an image to an unbounded surface size so just set the size to 1 */
      width = 1;
      height = 1;
  }

  cairo_matrix_translate (&pdf_p2d, 0.0, height);
  cairo_matrix_scale (&pdf_p2d, 1.0, -1.0);
  cairo_matrix_scale (&pdf_p2d, width, height);
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (! _cairo_matrix_is_identity (&pdf_p2d)) {
  _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pdf_p2d);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " cm\n");
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, alpha, &alpha_id);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (stencil_mask) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/x%d Do\n",
             pdf_source->surface_res.id);
    } else {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/a%d gs /x%d Do\n",
             alpha_id,
             pdf_source->surface_res.id);
    }

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, pdf_source->surface_res);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint_gradient (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
           cairo_operator_t             op,
           const cairo_pattern_t       *source,
           const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents,
           double                       alpha)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t shading_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_matrix_t pat_to_pdf;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha_id;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_shading (surface, source,
             op, extents,
             &shading_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO))
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    pat_to_pdf = source->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&pat_to_pdf);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);
    cairo_matrix_multiply (&pat_to_pdf, &pat_to_pdf, &surface->cairo_to_pdf);

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (! _cairo_matrix_is_identity (&pat_to_pdf)) {
  _cairo_output_stream_print_matrix (surface->output, &pat_to_pdf);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " cm\n");
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_shading (surface, shading_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/s%d gs /sh%d sh\n",
             gstate_res.id,
             shading_res.id);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, alpha, &alpha_id);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/a%d gs /sh%d sh\n",
             alpha_id,
             shading_res.id);
    }

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t          *surface,
          cairo_operator_t              op,
          const cairo_pattern_t        *source,
          const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents,
          double                        alpha,
          cairo_bool_t                  mask)
{
    switch (source->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
  return _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (surface,
               op,
               source,
               extents,
               alpha,
               NULL,
               mask);
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
  return _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_gradient (surface,
              op,
              source,
              extents,
              alpha);

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    default:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }
}

static cairo_bool_t
_can_paint_pattern (const cairo_pattern_t *pattern)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
  return FALSE;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
  return (pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE ||
    pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD);

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
  return TRUE;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
  return FALSE;

    default:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  return FALSE;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
            cairo_operator_t     op)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    if (op == surface->current_operator)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "/b%d gs\n", op);
    surface->current_operator = op;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_add_operator (surface, op);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
           const cairo_pattern_t     *pattern,
           cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res,
           cairo_bool_t         is_stroke)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int alpha;
    const cairo_color_t *solid_color = NULL;

    if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID) {
  const cairo_solid_pattern_t *solid = (const cairo_solid_pattern_t *) pattern;

  solid_color = &solid->color;
    }

    if (solid_color != NULL) {
  if (surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color == FALSE ||
      surface->current_color_red != solid_color->red ||
      surface->current_color_green != solid_color->green ||
      surface->current_color_blue != solid_color->blue ||
      surface->current_color_is_stroke != is_stroke)
  {
      status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "%f %f %f ",
           solid_color->red,
           solid_color->green,
           solid_color->blue);

      if (is_stroke)
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "RG ");
      else
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "rg ");

      surface->current_color_red = solid_color->red;
      surface->current_color_green = solid_color->green;
      surface->current_color_blue = solid_color->blue;
      surface->current_color_is_stroke = is_stroke;
  }

  if (surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color == FALSE ||
      surface->current_color_alpha != solid_color->alpha)
  {
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, solid_color->alpha, &alpha);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "/a%d gs\n",
           alpha);
      surface->current_color_alpha = solid_color->alpha;
  }

  surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = TRUE;
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_alpha (surface, 1.0, &alpha);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pattern (surface, pattern_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  /* fill-stroke calls select_pattern twice. Don't save if the
   * gstate is already saved. */
  if (!surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q ");

  if (is_stroke) {
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "/Pattern CS /p%d SCN ",
           pattern_res.id);
  } else {
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "/Pattern cs /p%d scn ",
           pattern_res.id);
  }
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/a%d gs\n",
             alpha);
  surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved = TRUE;
  surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    }

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    if (surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
  _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);
  surface->current_pattern_is_solid_color = FALSE;
    }
    surface->select_pattern_gstate_saved = FALSE;

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_show_page (void *abstract_surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->page_heights, &surface->height);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->page_labels, &surface->current_page_label);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    surface->current_page_label = NULL;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_end_page_content (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_surface_clipper_reset (&surface->clipper);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_page (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_clear (surface);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_extents (void            *abstract_surface,
        cairo_rectangle_int_t   *rectangle)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;

    if (surface->surface_bounded)
  *rectangle = surface->surface_extents;

    return surface->surface_bounded;
}

static void
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_options (void                  *abstract_surface,
             cairo_font_options_t  *options)
{
    _cairo_font_options_init_default (options);

    cairo_font_options_set_hint_style (options, CAIRO_HINT_STYLE_NONE);
    cairo_font_options_set_hint_metrics (options, CAIRO_HINT_METRICS_OFF);
    cairo_font_options_set_antialias (options, CAIRO_ANTIALIAS_GRAY);
    _cairo_font_options_set_round_glyph_positions (options, CAIRO_ROUND_GLYPH_POS_OFF);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_pages (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t page;
    int num_pages, i;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_object_begin (surface, surface->pages_resource);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
         "<< /Type /Pages\n"
         "   /Kids [ ");

    num_pages = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->pages);
    for (i = 0; i < num_pages; i++) {
  _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->pages, i, &page);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream, "%d 0 R ", page.id);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream, "]\n");
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream, "   /Count %d\n", num_pages);


    /* TODO: Figure out which other defaults to be inherited by /Page
     * objects. */
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
         ">>\n");
    _cairo_pdf_surface_object_end (surface);

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_utf8_to_pdf_string (const char *utf8, char **str_out)
{
    int i;
    int len;
    unsigned char *p;
    cairo_bool_t ascii;
    char *str;
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    ascii = TRUE;
    p = (unsigned char *)utf8;
    len = 0;
    while (*p) {
  if (*p < 32 || *p > 126) {
      ascii = FALSE;
      break;
  }
  if (*p == '(' || *p == ')' || *p == '\\')
      len += 2;
  else
      len++;
  p++;
    }

    if (ascii) {
  str = _cairo_malloc (len + 3);
  if (str == NULL)
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

  str[0] = '(';
  p = (unsigned char *)utf8;
  i = 1;
  while (*p) {
      if (*p == '(' || *p == ')' || *p == '\\')
    str[i++] = '\\';
      str[i++] = *p;
      p++;
  }
  str[i++] = ')';
  str[i++] = 0;
    } else {
  uint16_t *utf16 = NULL;
  int utf16_len = 0;

  status = _cairo_utf8_to_utf16 (utf8, -1, &utf16, &utf16_len);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  str = _cairo_malloc (utf16_len*4 + 7);
  if (str == NULL) {
      free (utf16);
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  }

  strcpy (str, "<FEFF");
  for (i = 0; i < utf16_len; i++)
      snprintf (str + 4*i + 5, 5, "%04X", utf16[i]);

  strcat (str, ">");
  free (utf16);
    }
    *str_out = str;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unicode_for_glyph (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
             const char     *utf8)
{
    uint16_t *utf16 = NULL;
    int utf16_len = 0;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    int i;

    if (utf8 && *utf8) {
  status = _cairo_utf8_to_utf16 (utf8, -1, &utf16, &utf16_len);
  if (unlikely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_INVALID_STRING)) {
      utf16 = NULL;
      utf16_len = 0;
  } else if (unlikely (status)) {
      return status;
  }
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<");
    if (utf16 == NULL || utf16_len == 0) {
  /* According to the "ToUnicode Mapping File Tutorial"
   * http://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/5411.ToUnicode.pdf
   *
   * Glyphs that do not map to a Unicode code point must be
   * mapped to 0xfffd "REPLACEMENT CHARACTER".
   */
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "fffd");
    } else {
  for (i = 0; i < utf16_len; i++)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "%04x", (int) (utf16[i]));
    }
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, ">");

    free (utf16);

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* Bob Jenkins hash
 *
 * Public domain code from:
 *   http://burtleburtle.net/bob/hash/doobs.html
 */

#define HASH_MIX(a,b,c)     \
{           \
    a -= b; a -= c; a ^= (c>>13); \
    b -= c; b -= a; b ^= (a<<8);  \
    c -= a; c -= b; c ^= (b>>13); \
    a -= b; a -= c; a ^= (c>>12); \
    b -= c; b -= a; b ^= (a<<16); \
    c -= a; c -= b; c ^= (b>>5);  \
    a -= b; a -= c; a ^= (c>>3);  \
    b -= c; b -= a; b ^= (a<<10); \
    c -= a; c -= b; c ^= (b>>15); \
}

static uint32_t
_hash_data (const unsigned char *data, int length, uint32_t initval)
{
    uint32_t a, b, c, len;

    len = length;
    a = b = 0x9e3779b9;  /* the golden ratio; an arbitrary value */
    c = initval;         /* the previous hash value */

    while (len >= 12) {
  a += (data[0] + ((uint32_t)data[1]<<8) + ((uint32_t)data[2]<<16) + ((uint32_t)data[3]<<24));
  b += (data[4] + ((uint32_t)data[5]<<8) + ((uint32_t)data[6]<<16) + ((uint32_t)data[7]<<24));
  c += (data[8] + ((uint32_t)data[9]<<8) + ((uint32_t)data[10]<<16)+ ((uint32_t)data[11]<<24));
  HASH_MIX (a,b,c);
  data += 12;
  len -= 12;
    }

    c += length;
    switch(len) {
    case 11: c+= ((uint32_t) data[10] << 24); /* fall through */
    case 10: c+= ((uint32_t) data[9] << 16);  /* fall through */
    case 9 : c+= ((uint32_t) data[8] << 8);   /* fall through */
    case 8 : b+= ((uint32_t) data[7] << 24);  /* fall through */
    case 7 : b+= ((uint32_t) data[6] << 16);  /* fall through */
    case 6 : b+= ((uint32_t) data[5] << 8);   /* fall through */
    case 5 : b+= data[4];         /* fall through */
    case 4 : a+= ((uint32_t) data[3] << 24);  /* fall through */
    case 3 : a+= ((uint32_t) data[2] << 16);  /* fall through */
    case 2 : a+= ((uint32_t) data[1] << 8);   /* fall through */
    case 1 : a+= data[0];
    }
    HASH_MIX (a,b,c);

    return c;
}

static void
_create_font_subset_tag (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
       const char       *font_name,
       char       *tag)
{
    uint32_t hash;
    int i;

    hash = _hash_data ((unsigned char *) font_name, strlen(font_name), 0);
    hash = _hash_data ((unsigned char *) (font_subset->glyphs),
           font_subset->num_glyphs * sizeof(unsigned long), hash);

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
  tag[i] = 'A' + (hash % 26);
  hash /= 26;
    }
    tag[i] = 0;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
             cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
             cairo_pdf_resource_t         *stream)
{
    unsigned int i, num_bfchar;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    stream->id = 0;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
                NULL,
                surface->compress_streams,
                NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "/CIDInit /ProcSet findresource begin\n"
                                 "12 dict begin\n"
                                 "begincmap\n"
                                 "/CIDSystemInfo\n"
                                 "<< /Registry (Adobe)\n"
                                 "   /Ordering (UCS)\n"
                                 "   /Supplement 0\n"
                                 ">> def\n"
                                 "/CMapName /Adobe-Identity-UCS def\n"
                                 "/CMapType 2 def\n"
                                 "1 begincodespacerange\n");

    if (font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin) {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "<0000> <ffff>\n");
    } else {
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "<00> <ff>\n");
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                  "endcodespacerange\n");

    if (font_subset->is_scaled) {
  /* Type 3 fonts include glyph 0 in the subset */
  num_bfchar = font_subset->num_glyphs;

  /* The CMap specification has a limit of 100 characters per beginbfchar operator */
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d beginbfchar\n",
             num_bfchar > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar);

  for (i = 0; i < num_bfchar; i++) {
      if (i != 0 && i % 100 == 0) {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
               "endbfchar\n"
               "%d beginbfchar\n",
               num_bfchar - i > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar - i);
      }
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%02x> ", i);
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unicode_for_glyph (surface,
                font_subset->utf8[i]);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "\n");
  }
    } else {
  /* Other fonts reserve glyph 0 for .notdef. Omit glyph 0 from the /ToUnicode map */
  num_bfchar = font_subset->num_glyphs - 1;

  /* The CMap specification has a limit of 100 characters per beginbfchar operator */
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d beginbfchar\n",
             num_bfchar > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar);

  for (i = 0; i < num_bfchar; i++) {
      if (i != 0 && i % 100 == 0) {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
               "endbfchar\n"
               "%d beginbfchar\n",
               num_bfchar - i > 100 ? 100 : num_bfchar - i);
      }
      if (font_subset->is_latin)
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%02x> ", font_subset->to_latin_char[i + 1]);
      else if (font_subset->is_composite)
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%04x> ", i + 1);
      else
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "<%02x> ", i + 1);

      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unicode_for_glyph (surface,
                font_subset->utf8[i + 1]);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "\n");
  }
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "endbfchar\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                 "endcmap\n"
                                 "CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop\n"
                                 "end\n"
                                 "end\n");

    *stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
}

#define PDF_UNITS_PER_EM 1000

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
                                  cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset,
                                  cairo_cff_subset_t            *subset)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t stream, descriptor, cidfont_dict;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    unsigned int i, last_glyph;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    char tag[10];

    _create_font_subset_tag (font_subset, subset->ps_name, tag);

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                  font_subset->font_id,
                  font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
               NULL,
               TRUE,
               font_subset->is_latin ?
               "   /Subtype /Type1C\n" :
               "   /Subtype /CIDFontType0C\n");
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output,
        subset->data, subset->data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                  font_subset,
              &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
  return status;

    descriptor = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (descriptor.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /FontDescriptor\n"
         "   /FontName /%s+%s\n",
         descriptor.id,
         tag,
         subset->ps_name);

    if (subset->family_name_utf8) {
  char *pdf_str;

  status = _cairo_utf8_to_pdf_string (subset->family_name_utf8, &pdf_str);
  if (likely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS)) {
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "   /FontFamily %s\n",
           pdf_str);
      free (pdf_str);
  } else if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_INVALID_STRING) {
      return status;
  }
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Flags 4\n"
         "   /FontBBox [ %ld %ld %ld %ld ]\n"
         "   /ItalicAngle 0\n"
         "   /Ascent %ld\n"
         "   /Descent %ld\n"
         "   /CapHeight %ld\n"
         "   /StemV 80\n"
         "   /StemH 80\n"
         "   /FontFile3 %u 0 R\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         (long)(subset->x_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->y_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->x_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->ascent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->descent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         stream.id);

    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
  /* find last glyph used */
  for (i = 255; i >= 32; i--)
      if (font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i] > 0)
    break;

  last_glyph = i;
  _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n"
             "<< /Type /Font\n"
             "   /Subtype /Type1\n"
             "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
             "   /FirstChar 32\n"
             "   /LastChar %d\n"
             "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
             "   /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding\n"
             "   /Widths [",
             subset_resource.id,
             tag,
             subset->ps_name,
             last_glyph,
             descriptor.id);

  for (i = 32; i < last_glyph + 1; i++) {
      int glyph = font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i];
      if (glyph > 0) {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
               " %f",
               (subset->widths[glyph]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
      } else {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " 0");
      }
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " ]\n");

  if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
           to_unicode_stream.id);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             ">>\n"
             "endobj\n");
    } else {
  cidfont_dict = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (cidfont_dict.id == 0)
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n"
             "<< /Type /Font\n"
             "   /Subtype /CIDFontType0\n"
             "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
             "   /CIDSystemInfo\n"
             "   << /Registry (Adobe)\n"
             "      /Ordering (Identity)\n"
             "      /Supplement 0\n"
             "   >>\n"
             "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
             "   /W [0 [",
             cidfont_dict.id,
             tag,
             subset->ps_name,
             descriptor.id);

  for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           " %f",
           (subset->widths[i]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " ]]\n"
             ">>\n"
             "endobj\n");

  _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n"
             "<< /Type /Font\n"
             "   /Subtype /Type0\n"
             "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
             "   /Encoding /Identity-H\n"
             "   /DescendantFonts [ %d 0 R]\n",
             subset_resource.id,
             tag,
             subset->ps_name,
             cidfont_dict.id);

  if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "   /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
           to_unicode_stream.id);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             ">>\n"
             "endobj\n");
    }

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t       *surface,
                                         cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_cff_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
              font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_cff_subset_init (&subset, name, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_cff_subset_fini (&subset);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_fallback_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
                                           cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_cff_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    /* CFF fallback subsetting does not work with 8-bit glyphs unless
     * they are a latin subset */
    if (!font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
              font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_cff_fallback_init (&subset, name, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_cff_fallback_fini (&subset);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
                                    cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset,
                                    cairo_type1_subset_t        *subset)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t stream, descriptor, subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    unsigned long length;
    unsigned int i, last_glyph;
    char tag[10];

    _create_font_subset_tag (font_subset, subset->base_font, tag);

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                  font_subset->font_id,
                  font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    length = subset->header_length + subset->data_length + subset->trailer_length;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
               NULL,
               TRUE,
               "   /Length1 %lu\n"
               "   /Length2 %lu\n"
               "   /Length3 %lu\n",
               subset->header_length,
               subset->data_length,
               subset->trailer_length);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output, subset->data, length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                  font_subset,
              &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
  return status;

    last_glyph = font_subset->num_glyphs - 1;
    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
  /* find last glyph used */
  for (i = 255; i >= 32; i--)
      if (font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i] > 0)
    break;

  last_glyph = i;
    }

    descriptor = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (descriptor.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /FontDescriptor\n"
         "   /FontName /%s+%s\n"
         "   /Flags 4\n"
         "   /FontBBox [ %ld %ld %ld %ld ]\n"
         "   /ItalicAngle 0\n"
         "   /Ascent %ld\n"
         "   /Descent %ld\n"
         "   /CapHeight %ld\n"
         "   /StemV 80\n"
         "   /StemH 80\n"
         "   /FontFile %u 0 R\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         descriptor.id,
         tag,
         subset->base_font,
         (long)(subset->x_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->y_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->x_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->ascent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->descent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset->y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         stream.id);

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /Font\n"
         "   /Subtype /Type1\n"
         "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
         "   /FirstChar %d\n"
         "   /LastChar %d\n"
         "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n",
         subset_resource.id,
         tag,
         subset->base_font,
         font_subset->is_latin ? 32 : 0,
         last_glyph,
         descriptor.id);

    if (font_subset->is_latin)
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "   /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding\n");

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "   /Widths [");
    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
  for (i = 32; i < last_glyph + 1; i++) {
      int glyph = font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i];
      if (glyph > 0) {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
               " %f",
               (subset->widths[glyph]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
      } else {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " 0");
      }
  }
    } else {
  for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           " %f",
           (subset->widths[i]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         " ]\n");

    if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                     to_unicode_stream.id);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n");

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    return _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
             cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_type1_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    /* 16-bit glyphs not compatible with Type 1 fonts */
    if (font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
        font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_type1_subset_init (&subset, name, font_subset, FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_type1_subset_fini (&subset);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_fallback_font (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
                                             cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_type1_subset_t subset;
    char name[64];

    /* 16-bit glyphs not compatible with Type 1 fonts */
    if (font_subset->is_composite && !font_subset->is_latin)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    snprintf (name, sizeof name, "CairoFont-%d-%d",
        font_subset->font_id, font_subset->subset_id);
    status = _cairo_type1_fallback_init_binary (&subset, name, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font (surface, font_subset, &subset);

    _cairo_type1_fallback_fini (&subset);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_truetype_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
                cairo_scaled_font_subset_t  *font_subset)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t stream, descriptor, cidfont_dict;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    cairo_truetype_subset_t subset;
    unsigned int i, last_glyph;
    char tag[10];

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                  font_subset->font_id,
                  font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    status = _cairo_truetype_subset_init_pdf (&subset, font_subset);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _create_font_subset_tag (font_subset, subset.ps_name, tag);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
               NULL,
               TRUE,
               "   /Length1 %lu\n",
               subset.data_length);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
  return status;
    }

    stream = surface->pdf_stream.self;
    _cairo_output_stream_write (surface->output,
        subset.data, subset.data_length);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
  return status;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                  font_subset,
              &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status)) {
  _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
  return status;
    }

    descriptor = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (descriptor.id == 0) {
  _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /FontDescriptor\n"
         "   /FontName /%s+%s\n",
         descriptor.id,
         tag,
         subset.ps_name);

    if (subset.family_name_utf8) {
  char *pdf_str;

  status = _cairo_utf8_to_pdf_string (subset.family_name_utf8, &pdf_str);
  if (likely (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS)) {
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "   /FontFamily %s\n",
           pdf_str);
      free (pdf_str);
  } else if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_INVALID_STRING) {
      return status;
  }
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Flags %d\n"
         "   /FontBBox [ %ld %ld %ld %ld ]\n"
         "   /ItalicAngle 0\n"
         "   /Ascent %ld\n"
         "   /Descent %ld\n"
         "   /CapHeight %ld\n"
         "   /StemV 80\n"
         "   /StemH 80\n"
         "   /FontFile2 %u 0 R\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         font_subset->is_latin ? 32 : 4,
         (long)(subset.x_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset.y_min*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
                                 (long)(subset.x_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset.y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset.ascent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset.descent*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         (long)(subset.y_max*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM),
         stream.id);

    if (font_subset->is_latin) {
  /* find last glyph used */
  for (i = 255; i >= 32; i--)
      if (font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i] > 0)
    break;

  last_glyph = i;
  _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n"
             "<< /Type /Font\n"
             "   /Subtype /TrueType\n"
             "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
             "   /FirstChar 32\n"
             "   /LastChar %d\n"
             "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
             "   /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding\n"
             "   /Widths [",
             subset_resource.id,
             tag,
             subset.ps_name,
             last_glyph,
             descriptor.id);

  for (i = 32; i < last_glyph + 1; i++) {
      int glyph = font_subset->latin_to_subset_glyph_index[i];
      if (glyph > 0) {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
               " %f",
               (subset.widths[glyph]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));
      } else {
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " 0");
      }
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " ]\n");

  if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
           to_unicode_stream.id);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             ">>\n"
             "endobj\n");
    } else {
  cidfont_dict = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  if (cidfont_dict.id == 0) {
      _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);
      return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  }

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n"
             "<< /Type /Font\n"
             "   /Subtype /CIDFontType2\n"
             "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
             "   /CIDSystemInfo\n"
             "   << /Registry (Adobe)\n"
             "      /Ordering (Identity)\n"
             "      /Supplement 0\n"
             "   >>\n"
             "   /FontDescriptor %d 0 R\n"
             "   /W [0 [",
             cidfont_dict.id,
             tag,
             subset.ps_name,
             descriptor.id);

  for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           " %f",
           (subset.widths[i]*PDF_UNITS_PER_EM));

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " ]]\n"
             ">>\n"
             "endobj\n");

  _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d 0 obj\n"
             "<< /Type /Font\n"
             "   /Subtype /Type0\n"
             "   /BaseFont /%s+%s\n"
             "   /Encoding /Identity-H\n"
             "   /DescendantFonts [ %d 0 R]\n",
             subset_resource.id,
             tag,
             subset.ps_name,
             cidfont_dict.id);

  if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "   /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
           to_unicode_stream.id);

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             ">>\n"
             "endobj\n");
    }

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);

    _cairo_truetype_subset_fini (&subset);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask (cairo_image_surface_t *image,
           cairo_output_stream_t *stream)
{
    uint8_t *byte, output_byte;
    int row, col, num_cols;

    /* The only image type supported by Type 3 fonts are 1-bit image
     * masks */
    assert (image->format == CAIRO_FORMAT_A1);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (stream,
         "BI\n"
         "/IM true\n"
         "/W %d\n"
         "/H %d\n"
         "/BPC 1\n"
         "/D [1 0]\n",
         image->width,
         image->height);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (stream,
         "ID ");

    num_cols = (image->width + 7) / 8;
    for (row = 0; row < image->height; row++) {
  byte = image->data + row * image->stride;
  for (col = 0; col < num_cols; col++) {
      output_byte = CAIRO_BITSWAP8_IF_LITTLE_ENDIAN (*byte);
      _cairo_output_stream_write (stream, &output_byte, 1);
      byte++;
  }
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (stream,
         "\nEI\n");

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (stream);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_user_font_subset (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
               void           *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    cairo_int_status_t status2;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_surface_t *type3_surface;
    cairo_output_stream_t *null_stream;

    null_stream = _cairo_null_stream_create ();
    type3_surface = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_create (font_subset->scaled_font,
                   null_stream,
                   _cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask,
                   surface->font_subsets,
                   FALSE);
    if (unlikely (type3_surface->status)) {
  status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (null_stream);
  return type3_surface->status;
    }

    _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_font_subsets_callback (type3_surface,
                _cairo_pdf_surface_add_font,
                surface);

    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++) {
  status = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_analyze_glyph (type3_surface,
                 font_subset->glyphs[i]);
  if (unlikely (status))
      break;
    }

    cairo_surface_destroy (type3_surface);
    status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (null_stream);
    if (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS)
  status = status2;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type3_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t    *surface,
             cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t *glyphs, encoding, char_procs, subset_resource, to_unicode_stream;
    cairo_pdf_font_t font;
    double *widths;
    unsigned int i;
    cairo_box_t font_bbox = {{0,0},{0,0}};
    cairo_box_t bbox = {{0,0},{0,0}};
    cairo_surface_t *type3_surface;

    if (font_subset->num_glyphs == 0)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    subset_resource = _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_resource (surface,
                  font_subset->font_id,
                  font_subset->subset_id);
    if (subset_resource.id == 0)
  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    glyphs = _cairo_malloc_ab (font_subset->num_glyphs, sizeof (cairo_pdf_resource_t));
    if (unlikely (glyphs == NULL))
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    widths = _cairo_malloc_ab (font_subset->num_glyphs, sizeof (double));
    if (unlikely (widths == NULL)) {
        free (glyphs);
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    type3_surface = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_create (font_subset->scaled_font,
                   NULL,
                   _cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask,
                   surface->font_subsets,
                   FALSE);
    if (unlikely (type3_surface->status)) {
        free (glyphs);
        free (widths);
  return type3_surface->status;
    }

    _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_font_subsets_callback (type3_surface,
                _cairo_pdf_surface_add_font,
                surface);

    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_stream (surface,
             NULL,
             surface->compress_streams,
             NULL);
  if (unlikely (status))
      break;

  glyphs[i] = surface->pdf_stream.self;
  status = _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_emit_glyph (type3_surface,
              surface->output,
              font_subset->glyphs[i],
              &bbox,
              &widths[i]);
  if (unlikely (status))
      break;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_stream (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      break;

        if (i == 0) {
            font_bbox.p1.x = bbox.p1.x;
            font_bbox.p1.y = bbox.p1.y;
            font_bbox.p2.x = bbox.p2.x;
            font_bbox.p2.y = bbox.p2.y;
        } else {
            if (bbox.p1.x < font_bbox.p1.x)
                font_bbox.p1.x = bbox.p1.x;
            if (bbox.p1.y < font_bbox.p1.y)
                font_bbox.p1.y = bbox.p1.y;
            if (bbox.p2.x > font_bbox.p2.x)
                font_bbox.p2.x = bbox.p2.x;
            if (bbox.p2.y > font_bbox.p2.y)
                font_bbox.p2.y = bbox.p2.y;
        }
    }
    cairo_surface_destroy (type3_surface);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  free (glyphs);
  free (widths);
  return status;
    }

    encoding = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (encoding.id == 0) {
  free (glyphs);
  free (widths);
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /Encoding\n"
         "   /Differences [0", encoding.id);
    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " /%d", i);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n");

    char_procs = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (char_procs.id == 0) {
  free (glyphs);
  free (widths);
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<<\n", char_procs.id);
    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             " /%d %d 0 R\n",
             i, glyphs[i].id);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n");

    free (glyphs);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_to_unicode_stream (surface,
                                                  font_subset,
              &to_unicode_stream);
    if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status)) {
  free (widths);
  return status;
    }

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, subset_resource);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /Font\n"
         "   /Subtype /Type3\n"
         "   /FontBBox [%f %f %f %f]\n"
         "   /FontMatrix [ 1 0 0 -1 0 0 ]\n"
         "   /Encoding %d 0 R\n"
         "   /CharProcs %d 0 R\n"
         "   /FirstChar 0\n"
         "   /LastChar %d\n",
         subset_resource.id,
         _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p1.x),
         _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p1.y),
         _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p2.x),
         _cairo_fixed_to_double (font_bbox.p2.y),
         encoding.id,
         char_procs.id,
         font_subset->num_glyphs - 1);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Widths [");
    for (i = 0; i < font_subset->num_glyphs; i++)
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, " %f", widths[i]);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "]\n");
    free (widths);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "   /Resources\n");
    _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_group_resources (surface, &surface->resources);

    if (to_unicode_stream.id != 0)
        _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
                                     "    /ToUnicode %d 0 R\n",
                                     to_unicode_stream.id);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n");

    font.font_id = font_subset->font_id;
    font.subset_id = font_subset->subset_id;
    font.subset_resource = subset_resource;
    return _cairo_array_append (&surface->fonts, &font);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unscaled_font_subset (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
                                              void       *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_truetype_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_cff_fallback_font (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type1_fallback_font (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  return status;

    ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_scaled_font_subset (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_subset,
                                            void           *closure)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = closure;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type3_font_subset (surface, font_subset);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  return status;

    ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_font_subsets (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_user (surface->font_subsets,
                  _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_user_font_subset,
                  surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto BAIL;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_unscaled (surface->font_subsets,
                                                          _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_unscaled_font_subset,
                                                          surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto BAIL;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_scaled (surface->font_subsets,
                                                        _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_scaled_font_subset,
                                                        surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto BAIL;

    status = _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_foreach_user (surface->font_subsets,
                  _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_scaled_font_subset,
                  surface);

BAIL:
    _cairo_scaled_font_subsets_destroy (surface->font_subsets);
    surface->font_subsets = NULL;

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_catalog (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
          cairo_pdf_resource_t catalog)
{
    cairo_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_object_begin (surface, catalog);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
         "<< /Type /Catalog\n"
         "   /Pages %d 0 R\n",
         surface->pages_resource.id);

    if (surface->struct_tree_root.id != 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
             "   /StructTreeRoot %d 0 R\n",
             surface->struct_tree_root.id);
  if (surface->tagged) {
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
           "   /MarkInfo << /Marked true >>\n");
  }
    }

    if (surface->outlines_dict_res.id != 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
             "   /Outlines %d 0 R\n",
             surface->outlines_dict_res.id);
    }

    if (surface->page_labels_res.id != 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
             "   /PageLabels %d 0 R\n",
             surface->page_labels_res.id);
    }

    if (surface->names_dict_res.id != 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
             "   /Names %d 0 R\n",
             surface->names_dict_res.id);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
         ">>\n");
    _cairo_pdf_surface_object_end (surface);

    return status;
}

static long long
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_object_t *object;
    int num_objects, i;
    long long offset;
    char buffer[11];

    num_objects = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->objects);

    offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "xref\n"
         "%d %d\n",
         0, num_objects + 1);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "0000000000 65535 f \n");
    for (i = 0; i < num_objects; i++) {
  object = _cairo_array_index (&surface->objects, i);
  snprintf (buffer, sizeof buffer, "%010lld", object->u.offset);
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%s 00000 n \n", buffer);
    }

    return offset;
}

static void
_cairo_write_xref_stream_entry (cairo_output_stream_t *stream,
        int                    id,
        int                    type,
        int                    field2_size,
        long long              field2,
        int                    field3,
        cairo_bool_t           write_as_comments)
{
    char buf[20];
    int i;

    if (write_as_comments) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (stream, "%% %5d %2d %10lld  %d\n", id, type, field2, field3);
    } else {
  /* Each field is big endian */
  buf[0] = type; /* field 1 */
  for (i = field2_size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      buf[i + 1] = field2 & 0xff;
      field2 >>= 8;
  }
  buf[field2_size + 1] = field3 >> 8;
  buf[field2_size + 2] = field3 & 0xff;
  _cairo_output_stream_write (stream, buf, field2_size + 3);
    }
}

static void
_cairo_write_xref_stream_entries (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
          cairo_output_stream_t *stream,
          int                    field2_size,
          cairo_bool_t           write_as_comments)
{
    cairo_pdf_object_t *object;
    int num_objects, i;

    /* PDF requires this to be first entry */
    _cairo_write_xref_stream_entry (stream,
            0,
            PDF_OBJECT_FREE,
            field2_size,
            0, /* next free object number */
            0xffff, /* next generation number */
            write_as_comments);

    num_objects = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->objects);
    for (i = 0; i < num_objects; i++) {
  object = _cairo_array_index (&surface->objects, i);
  if (object->type == PDF_OBJECT_UNCOMPRESSED) {
      _cairo_write_xref_stream_entry (stream,
              i + 1,
              object->type,
              field2_size,
              object->u.offset,
              0, /* generation number */
              write_as_comments);
  } else if (object->type == PDF_OBJECT_COMPRESSED) {
      _cairo_write_xref_stream_entry (stream,
              i + 1,
              object->type,
              field2_size,
              object->u.compressed_obj.xref_stream.id,
              object->u.compressed_obj.index,
              write_as_comments);
  } else {
      _cairo_write_xref_stream_entry (stream,
              i + 1,
              PDF_OBJECT_FREE,
              field2_size,
              0,
              0xffff,
              write_as_comments);
  }
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_xref_stream (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
              cairo_pdf_resource_t  xref_res,
              cairo_pdf_resource_t  root_res,
              cairo_pdf_resource_t  info_res,
              long long            *xref_offset)
{
    cairo_output_stream_t *mem_stream;
    cairo_output_stream_t *xref_stream;
    long long offset;
    int offset_bytes;
    cairo_status_t status;

    *xref_offset = _cairo_output_stream_get_position (surface->output);

    /* Find the minimum number of bytes required to represent offsets in the generated file (up to this point). */
    offset_bytes = 0;
    offset = *xref_offset;
    while (offset > 0) {
  offset >>= 8;
  offset_bytes++;
    }

    mem_stream = _cairo_memory_stream_create ();
    xref_stream = _cairo_deflate_stream_create (mem_stream);
    _cairo_write_xref_stream_entries (surface, xref_stream, offset_bytes, FALSE);

    status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (xref_stream);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, xref_res);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /XRef\n"
         "   /Length %d\n"
         "   /Filter /FlateDecode\n"
         "   /Size %d\n"
         "   /W [1 %d 2]\n"
         "   /Root %d 0 R\n"
         "   /Info %d 0 R\n"
         ">>\n",
         xref_res.id,
         _cairo_memory_stream_length (mem_stream),
         surface->next_available_resource.id,
         offset_bytes,
         root_res.id,
         info_res.id);

    if (!surface->compress_streams) {
  /* Adobe Reader requires xref streams to be flate encoded (PDF
   * Reference 1.7, implementation note 20). This means
   * compression must always be enabled on this stream. To
   * facilitate debugging when compress_stream is disabled, emit
   * a human readable format of the xref stream as PDF comments.
   */
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%%   id   type  offset/obj  gen/index\n");
  _cairo_write_xref_stream_entries (surface, surface->output, offset_bytes, TRUE);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "stream\n");
    _cairo_memory_stream_copy (mem_stream, surface->output);
    status = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (mem_stream);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "\n"
         "endstream\n"
         "endobj\n");

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_mask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
             cairo_pdf_smask_group_t  *group)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t mask_group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t smask;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *smask_group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;

    /* Create mask group */
    _get_bbox_from_extents (&group->extents, &bbox);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, &bbox, NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (group->mask)) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
               CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
               group->mask,
               &group->extents,
               1.0, /* alpha */
               FALSE); /* mask */
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
    } else {
  pattern_res.id = 0;
  gstate_res.id = 0;
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, group->mask,
                 CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
                 NULL,
                 &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
      smask_group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &group->extents);
      if (unlikely (smask_group == NULL))
    return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

      smask_group->width = group->width;
      smask_group->height = group->height;
      smask_group->operation = PDF_PAINT;
      smask_group->source = cairo_pattern_reference (group->mask);
      smask_group->source_res = pattern_res;
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, smask_group);
      if (unlikely (status)) {
    _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (smask_group);
    return status;
      }

      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, smask_group->group_res);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
           gstate_res.id,
           smask_group->group_res.id);
  } else {
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, group->mask, pattern_res, FALSE);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "%f %f %f %f re f\n",
           bbox.p1.x,
           bbox.p1.y,
           bbox.p2.x - bbox.p1.x,
           bbox.p2.y - bbox.p1.y);

      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
  }
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, &mask_group);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    /* Create source group */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, &bbox, &group->source_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (group->source)) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
               CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
               group->source,
               &group->extents,
               1.0, /* alpha */
               FALSE); /* mask */
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
    } else {
  pattern_res.id = 0;
  gstate_res.id = 0;
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, group->source,
                 CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER,
                 NULL,
                 &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
      smask_group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &group->extents);
      if (unlikely (smask_group == NULL))
    return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

      smask_group->operation = PDF_PAINT;
      smask_group->source = cairo_pattern_reference (group->source);
      smask_group->source_res = pattern_res;
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, smask_group);
      if (unlikely (status)) {
    _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (smask_group);
    return status;
      }

      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, smask_group->group_res);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
           gstate_res.id,
           smask_group->group_res.id);
  } else {
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, group->source, pattern_res, FALSE);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;

      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "%f %f %f %f re f\n",
           bbox.p1.x,
           bbox.p1.y,
           bbox.p2.x - bbox.p1.x,
           bbox.p2.y - bbox.p1.y);

      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
  }
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, NULL);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    /* Create an smask based on the alpha component of mask_group */
    smask = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (smask.id == 0)
  return _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /Mask\n"
         "   /S /Alpha\n"
         "   /G %d 0 R\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         smask.id,
         mask_group.id);

    /* Create a GState that uses the smask */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_update_object (surface, group->group_res);
    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "%d 0 obj\n"
         "<< /Type /ExtGState\n"
         "   /SMask %d 0 R\n"
         "   /ca 1\n"
         "   /CA 1\n"
         "   /AIS false\n"
         ">>\n"
         "endobj\n",
         group->group_res.id,
         smask.id);

    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_smask_group (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
              cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group)
{
    double old_width, old_height;
    cairo_bool_t old_in_xobject;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t old_surface_extents;

    old_width = surface->width;
    old_height = surface->height;
    old_surface_extents = surface->surface_extents;
    old_in_xobject = surface->in_xobject;
    surface->in_xobject = TRUE;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface,
            group->width,
            group->height);
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);
    /* _mask is a special case that requires two groups - source
     * and mask as well as a smask and gstate dictionary */
    if (group->operation == PDF_MASK) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_mask_group (surface, group);
  goto RESTORE_SIZE;
    }

    _get_bbox_from_extents (&group->extents, &bbox);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_group (surface, &bbox, &group->group_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface,
            group->source,
            group->source_res,
            group->operation == PDF_STROKE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    switch (group->operation) {
    case PDF_PAINT:
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "0 0 %f %f re f\n",
             surface->width, surface->height);
  break;
    case PDF_MASK:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  break;
    case PDF_FILL:
  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_fill (&surface->pdf_operators,
              &group->path,
              group->fill_rule);
  break;
    case PDF_STROKE:
  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_stroke (&surface->pdf_operators,
                &group->path,
                &group->style,
                &group->ctm,
                &group->ctm_inverse);
  break;
    case PDF_SHOW_GLYPHS:
  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_show_text_glyphs (&surface->pdf_operators,
              group->utf8, group->utf8_len,
              group->glyphs, group->num_glyphs,
              group->clusters, group->num_clusters,
              group->cluster_flags,
              group->scaled_font);
  break;
    }
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, NULL);

RESTORE_SIZE:
    surface->in_xobject = old_in_xobject;
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_size_internal (surface,
            old_width,
            old_height);
    surface->surface_extents = old_surface_extents;
    _cairo_pdf_operators_reset (&surface->pdf_operators);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_patterns_and_smask_groups (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
                cairo_bool_t         finish)
{
    cairo_pdf_pattern_t pattern;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_t src_surface;
    unsigned int pattern_index, group_index, surface_index, doc_surface_index;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_bool_t is_image;

    /* Writing out PDF_MASK groups will cause additional smask groups
     * to be appended to surface->smask_groups. Additional patterns
     * may also be appended to surface->patterns.
     *
     * Writing recording surface patterns will cause additional patterns
     * and groups to be appended.
     */
    pattern_index = 0;
    group_index = 0;
    surface_index = 0;
    doc_surface_index = 0;
    while ((pattern_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_patterns)) ||
     (group_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->smask_groups)) ||
     (surface_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_surfaces)) ||
     (finish && (doc_surface_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->doc_surfaces))))
    {
  for (; group_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->smask_groups); group_index++) {
      _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->smask_groups, group_index, &group);
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_smask_group (surface, group);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
  }

  for (; pattern_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_patterns); pattern_index++) {
      _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->page_patterns, pattern_index, &pattern);
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_pattern (surface, &pattern);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
  }

  for (; surface_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_surfaces); surface_index++) {
      _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->page_surfaces, surface_index, &src_surface);
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface (surface, &src_surface, FALSE, &is_image);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
  }

  if (finish) {
      for (; doc_surface_index < _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->doc_surfaces); doc_surface_index++) {
    _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->doc_surfaces, doc_surface_index, &src_surface);
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_surface (surface, &src_surface, FALSE, &is_image);
    if (unlikely (status))
        return status;
      }
  }
    }

    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_write_page (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_pdf_resource_t knockout, res, thumbnail_res;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t *page;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    unsigned int i, len, page_num, num_annots;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_object_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_write_page_objects (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    if (surface->has_fallback_images) {
  cairo_rectangle_int_t extents;
  cairo_box_double_t    bbox;

  extents.x = 0;
  extents.y = 0;
  extents.width = ceil (surface->width);
  extents.height = ceil (surface->height);
  _get_bbox_from_extents (&extents, &bbox);
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_knockout_group (surface, &bbox);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  len = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->knockout_group);
  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
      _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->knockout_group, i, &res);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
           "/x%d Do\n",
           res.id);
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, res);
      if (unlikely (status))
    return status;
  }
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/x%d Do\n",
             surface->content.id);
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, surface->content);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_group (surface, &knockout);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface, NULL, NULL, FALSE, FALSE);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "/x%d Do\n",
             knockout.id);
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, knockout);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;
    }

    thumbnail_res.id = 0;
    if (surface->thumbnail_image) {
  cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t entry;

  memset (&entry, 0, sizeof (entry));
  thumbnail_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
  entry.surface_res = thumbnail_res;
  _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_image (surface, surface->thumbnail_image, &entry);
    }

    page_num = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->pages);
    page = _cairo_array_index (&surface->pages, page_num - 1);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_object_begin (surface, *page);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
         "<< /Type /Page %% %d\n"
         "   /Parent %d 0 R\n"
         "   /MediaBox [ 0 0 %f %f ]\n"
         "   /Contents %d 0 R\n"
         "   /Group <<\n"
         "      /Type /Group\n"
         "      /S /Transparency\n"
         "      /I true\n"
         "      /CS /DeviceRGB\n"
         "   >>\n"
         "   /Resources %d 0 R\n",
         page_num,
         surface->pages_resource.id,
         surface->width,
         surface->height,
         surface->content.id,
         surface->content_resources.id);

    if (surface->page_parent_tree >= 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
             "   /StructParents %d\n",
             surface->page_parent_tree);
    }

    num_annots = _cairo_array_num_elements (&surface->page_annots);
    if (num_annots > 0) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
             "   /Annots [ ");
  for (i = 0; i < num_annots; i++) {
      _cairo_array_copy_element (&surface->page_annots, i, &res);
      _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
           "%d 0 R ",
           res.id);
  }
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream, "]\n");
    }

    if (thumbnail_res.id) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
             "   /Thumb %d 0 R\n",
             thumbnail_res.id);
    }

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->object_stream.stream,
         ">>\n");
    _cairo_pdf_surface_object_end (surface);

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_write_patterns_and_smask_groups (surface, FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    return _cairo_pdf_surface_close_object_stream (surface);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_surface_pattern_transparency (cairo_pdf_surface_t      *surface,
               cairo_surface_pattern_t  *pattern)
{
    cairo_image_surface_t  *image;
    void       *image_extra;
    cairo_int_status_t      status;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;

    status = _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (pattern->surface,
              &image,
              &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (image->base.status)
  return image->base.status;

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE)
  status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    else
  status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_FLATTEN_TRANSPARENCY;

    _cairo_surface_release_source_image (pattern->surface, image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_surface_pattern_supported (cairo_surface_pattern_t *pattern)
{
    cairo_extend_t extend;

    if (pattern->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
  return TRUE;

    if (pattern->surface->backend->acquire_source_image == NULL)
  return FALSE;

    /* Does an ALPHA-only source surface even make sense? Maybe, but I
     * don't think it's worth the extra code to support it. */

/* XXX: Need to write this function here...
    if (pattern->surface->content == CAIRO_CONTENT_ALPHA)
  return FALSE;
*/

    extend = cairo_pattern_get_extend (&pattern->base);
    switch (extend) {
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE:
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT:
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_REFLECT:
    /* There's no point returning FALSE for EXTEND_PAD, as the image
     * surface does not currently implement it either */
    case CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD:
  return TRUE;
    }

    ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
    return FALSE;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_pattern_supported (const cairo_pattern_t *pattern)
{
    switch (pattern->type) {
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_MESH:
    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE:
  return TRUE;

    case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE:
  return _surface_pattern_supported ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern);

    default:
  ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
  return FALSE;
    }
}

static cairo_bool_t
_pdf_operator_supported (cairo_operator_t op)
{
    switch (op) {
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_MULTIPLY:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SCREEN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OVERLAY:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DARKEN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_LIGHTEN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_DODGE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_COLOR_BURN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HARD_LIGHT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOFT_LIGHT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DIFFERENCE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_EXCLUSION:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_HUE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_SATURATION:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_COLOR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_HSL_LUMINOSITY:
  return TRUE;

    default:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OVER:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_IN:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_OUT:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_DEST_ATOP:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_XOR:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_ADD:
    case CAIRO_OPERATOR_SATURATE:
  return FALSE;
    }
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
              cairo_operator_t      op,
              const cairo_pattern_t      *pattern,
              const cairo_rectangle_int_t  *extents)
{
    if (surface->force_fallbacks &&
  surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE)
    {
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (! _pattern_supported (pattern))
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (_pdf_operator_supported (op)) {
  if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
      cairo_surface_pattern_t *surface_pattern = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;

      if (surface_pattern->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
    if (pattern->extend == CAIRO_EXTEND_PAD) {
        cairo_box_t box;
        cairo_rectangle_int_t rect;
        cairo_rectangle_int_t rec_extents;

        /* get the operation extents in pattern space */
        _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, extents);
        _cairo_matrix_transform_bounding_box_fixed (&pattern->matrix, &box, NULL);
        _cairo_box_round_to_rectangle (&box, &rect);

        /* Check if surface needs padding to fill extents */
        if (_cairo_surface_get_extents (surface_pattern->surface, &rec_extents)) {
      if (_cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.x) < rec_extents.x ||
          _cairo_fixed_integer_ceil(box.p1.y) < rec_extents.y ||
          _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.y) > rec_extents.x + rec_extents.width ||
          _cairo_fixed_integer_floor(box.p2.y) > rec_extents.y + rec_extents.height)
      {
          return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
      }
        }
    }
    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_ANALYZE_RECORDING_SURFACE_PATTERN;
      }
  }

  return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }


    /* The SOURCE operator is supported if the pattern is opaque or if
     * there is nothing painted underneath. */
    if (op == CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE) {
  if (pattern->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE) {
      cairo_surface_pattern_t *surface_pattern = (cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;

      if (surface_pattern->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING) {
    if (_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (pattern, extents)) {
        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_ANALYZE_RECORDING_SURFACE_PATTERN;
    } else {
        /* FIXME: The analysis surface does not yet have
         * the capability to analyze a non opaque recording
         * surface and mark it supported if there is
         * nothing underneath. For now recording surfaces of
         * type CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA painted with
         * OPERATOR_SOURCE will result in a fallback
         * image. */

        return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }
      } else {
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_surface_pattern_transparency (surface,
                    surface_pattern);
      }
  }

  if (_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (pattern, extents))
      return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
  else
      return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_FLATTEN_TRANSPARENCY;
    }

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (cairo_pdf_surface_t  *surface,
          cairo_operator_t      op,
          const cairo_pattern_t      *pattern,
          const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, pattern, extents) != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface)
{
    cairo_box_double_t bbox;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_close_content_stream (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_array_append (&surface->knockout_group, &surface->content);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_pdf_group_resources_clear (&surface->resources);
    bbox.p1.x = 0;
    bbox.p1.y = 0;
    bbox.p2.x = surface->width;
    bbox.p2.y = surface->height;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_open_content_stream (surface, &bbox, NULL, TRUE, TRUE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    return _cairo_pdf_interchange_begin_page_content (surface);
}

/* If source is an opaque image and mask is an image and both images
 * have the same bounding box we can emit them as a image/smask pair.
 */
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_combined_smask (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
          cairo_operator_t       op,
          const cairo_pattern_t       *source,
          const cairo_pattern_t       *mask,
          const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_image_surface_t  *image;
    void       *image_extra;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;
    int src_width, src_height;
    int mask_width, mask_height;
    double src_x_offset, src_y_offset;
    double mask_x_offset, mask_y_offset;
    double src_x1, src_y1, src_x2, src_y2;
    double mask_x1, mask_y1, mask_x2, mask_y2;
    cairo_matrix_t p2u;
    double src_radius, mask_radius, e;
    cairo_bool_t need_smask;
    cairo_pdf_source_surface_entry_t *pdf_source;

    /* Check that source and mask are images */

    if (!((source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE || source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) &&
    (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE || mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)))
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
  ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) source)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
    {
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
  ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) mask)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
    {
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (source->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE || mask->extend != CAIRO_EXTEND_NONE)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* Check that source is opaque and get image sizes */

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source,
                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (image->base.status)
  return image->base.status;

    src_width = image->width;
    src_height = image->height;
    if (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
  cairo_surface_get_device_offset (&image->base, &src_x_offset, &src_y_offset);
    } else {
  src_x_offset = 0;
  src_y_offset = 0;
    }

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, source, image, image_extra);

    if (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask,
                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (image->base.status)
  return image->base.status;

    mask_width = image->width;
    mask_height = image->height;
    if (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE) {
  cairo_surface_get_device_offset (&image->base, &mask_x_offset, &mask_y_offset);
    } else {
  mask_x_offset = 0;
  mask_y_offset = 0;
    }

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    need_smask = transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE;

    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask, image, image_extra);

    /* Check that both images have the same extents with a tolerance
     * of half the smallest source pixel. */

    p2u = source->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&p2u);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);
    src_x1 = 0;
    src_y1 = 0;
    src_x2 = src_width;
    src_y2 = src_height;
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &src_x1, &src_y1);
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &src_x2, &src_y2);
    src_radius = _cairo_matrix_transformed_circle_major_axis (&p2u, 0.5);

    p2u = mask->matrix;
    status = cairo_matrix_invert (&p2u);
    /* cairo_pattern_set_matrix ensures the matrix is invertible */
    assert (status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS);
    mask_x1 = 0;
    mask_y1 = 0;
    mask_x2 = mask_width;
    mask_y2 = mask_height;
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &mask_x1, &mask_y1);
    cairo_matrix_transform_point (&p2u, &mask_x2, &mask_y2);
    mask_radius = _cairo_matrix_transformed_circle_major_axis (&p2u, 0.5);

    if (src_radius < mask_radius)
  e = src_radius;
    else
  e = mask_radius;

    if (fabs(src_x1 - mask_x1) > e ||
  fabs(src_x2 - mask_x2) > e ||
  fabs(src_y1 - mask_y1) > e ||
  fabs(src_y2 - mask_y2) > e)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* Check both images have same device offset */
    if (fabs(src_x_offset - mask_x_offset) > e ||
  fabs(src_y_offset - mask_y_offset) > e)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (need_smask) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (surface,
              NULL,
              mask,
              op,
              source->filter,
              FALSE, /* stencil mask */
              TRUE, /* smask */
              FALSE, /* need_transp_group */
              extents,
              NULL, /* smask_res */
              &pdf_source,
              NULL,
              NULL,
              NULL);
  if (unlikely (status))
      return status;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (surface, op, source, extents,
                   1.0, /* alpha */
                   need_smask ? &pdf_source->surface_res : NULL,
                   FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");

    status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);


    return status;
}

/* A PDF stencil mask is an A1 mask used with the current color */
static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stencil_mask (cairo_pdf_surface_t         *surface,
              cairo_operator_t             op,
              const cairo_pattern_t       *source,
              const cairo_pattern_t       *mask,
              const cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)
{
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_image_surface_t  *image;
    void       *image_extra;
    cairo_image_transparency_t transparency;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res = {0};

    if (! (source->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID &&
     (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE || mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RASTER_SOURCE)))
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    if (mask->type == CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE &&
  ((cairo_surface_pattern_t *) mask)->surface->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_RECORDING)
    {
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_acquire_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask,
                   &image, &image_extra);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (image->base.status)
  return image->base.status;

    transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
    if (transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE &&
  transparency != CAIRO_IMAGE_HAS_BILEVEL_ALPHA)
    {
  status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
  goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source,
            pattern_res, FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_surface_pattern (surface, op, mask, extents, 1.0, NULL, TRUE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");

    status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_pdf_surface_release_source_image_from_pattern (surface, mask, image, image_extra);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface,
           cairo_composite_rectangles_t *composite)
{
    cairo_clip_t *clip = composite->clip;

    if (_cairo_composite_rectangles_can_reduce_clip (composite, clip))
  clip = NULL;

    if (clip == NULL) {
  if (_cairo_composite_rectangles_can_reduce_clip (composite,
               surface->clipper.clip))
      return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    return _cairo_surface_clipper_set_clip (&surface->clipper, clip);
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_paint (void      *abstract_surface,
        cairo_operator_t   op,
        const cairo_pattern_t *source,
        const cairo_clip_t  *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_paint (&extents,
               &surface->base,
               op, source, clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_add_operation_extents (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
  goto cleanup;
    } else if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_FALLBACK) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback  (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (source)) {
  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
               op,
               source,
               &extents.bounded,
               1.0, /* alpha */
               FALSE); /* mask */
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
  _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
  return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
    }

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
             &extents.bounded,
             &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
  group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
  if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
      status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  group->operation = PDF_PAINT;
  status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }
  group->source_res = pattern_res;
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
             gstate_res.id,
             group->group_res.id);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source,
                pattern_res, FALSE);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "%d %d %d %d re f\n",
             surface->surface_extents.x,
             surface->surface_extents.y,
             surface->surface_extents.width,
             surface->surface_extents.height);

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_mask (void     *abstract_surface,
       cairo_operator_t  op,
       const cairo_pattern_t  *source,
       const cairo_pattern_t  *mask,
       const cairo_clip_t *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_rectangle_int_t r;
    cairo_box_t box;
    double alpha;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_mask (&extents,
              &surface->base,
              op, source, mask, clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_add_operation_extents (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
  cairo_int_status_t source_status, mask_status;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
  if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
      goto cleanup;
  source_status = status;

  if (mask->has_component_alpha) {
      status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
  } else {
      status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, mask, &extents.bounded);
      if (_cairo_int_status_is_error (status))
    goto cleanup;
  }
  mask_status = status;

  _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
  return _cairo_analysis_surface_merge_status (source_status,
                 mask_status);
    } else if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_FALLBACK) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));
    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, mask, &extents.bounded));

    /* get the accurate extents */
    status = _cairo_pattern_get_ink_extents (source, &r);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    /* XXX slight impedance mismatch */
    _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &r);
    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_source_extents (&extents,
                   &box);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pattern_get_ink_extents (mask, &r);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &r);
    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                 &box);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    /* Check if we can combine source and mask into a smask image */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_combined_smask (surface, op, source, mask, &extents.bounded);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  goto cleanup;

    /* Check if we can use a stencil mask */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stencil_mask (surface, op, source, mask, &extents.bounded);
    if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
  goto cleanup;

    /* Check if we can set ca/CA instead of an smask. We could handle
     * other source patterns as well but for now this is the easiest,
     * and most common, case to handle. */
    if (_cairo_pattern_is_constant_alpha (mask, &extents.bounded, &alpha) &&
  _can_paint_pattern (source)) {

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
               op,
               source,
               &extents.bounded,
               alpha,
               FALSE); /* mask */
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
  _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
  return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
    }

    group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto cleanup;
    }

    group->operation = PDF_MASK;
    status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
  goto cleanup;
    }
    status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->mask, mask);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
  goto cleanup;
    }
    group->source_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
    if (group->source_res.id == 0) {
  _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
  status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
  goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
    if (unlikely (status)) {
  _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
  goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, group->group_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->source_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
         "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
         group->group_res.id,
         group->source_res.id);

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_stroke (void     *abstract_surface,
         cairo_operator_t  op,
         const cairo_pattern_t *source,
         const cairo_path_fixed_t *path,
         const cairo_stroke_style_t *style,
         const cairo_matrix_t *ctm,
         const cairo_matrix_t *ctm_inverse,
         double    tolerance,
         cairo_antialias_t   antialias,
         const cairo_clip_t *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_stroke (&extents,
                &surface->base,
                op, source,
                path, style, ctm,
                clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
  cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
  cairo_box_t box;

  status = _cairo_path_fixed_stroke_extents (path, style,
               ctm, ctm_inverse,
               tolerance,
               &mask);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
  status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                     &box);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_add_operation_extents (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
  goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
             &extents.bounded,
             &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
  group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
  if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
      status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  group->operation = PDF_STROKE;
  status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }
  group->source_res = pattern_res;
  status = _cairo_path_fixed_init_copy (&group->path, path);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  group->style = *style;
  group->ctm = *ctm;
  group->ctm_inverse = *ctm_inverse;
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
             gstate_res.id,
             group->group_res.id);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source, pattern_res, TRUE);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_stroke (&surface->pdf_operators,
                path,
                style,
                ctm,
                ctm_inverse);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_fill (void     *abstract_surface,
       cairo_operator_t  op,
       const cairo_pattern_t  *source,
       const cairo_path_fixed_t*path,
       cairo_fill_rule_t   fill_rule,
       double      tolerance,
       cairo_antialias_t   antialias,
       const cairo_clip_t *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_fill (&extents,
              &surface->base,
              op, source, path,
              clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
  cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
  cairo_box_t box;

  _cairo_path_fixed_fill_extents (path,
          fill_rule,
          tolerance,
          &mask);

  _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
  status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                     &box);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_add_operation_extents (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
  goto cleanup;
    } else if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_FALLBACK) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_start_fallback (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (_can_paint_pattern (source)) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "q\n");
  status =  _cairo_pdf_operators_clip (&surface->pdf_operators,
               path,
               fill_rule);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_paint_pattern (surface,
               op,
               source,
               &extents.bounded,
               1.0, /* alpha */
               FALSE); /* mask */
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output, "Q\n");
  status = _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);
  goto cleanup;
    }

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
             &extents.bounded,
             &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
  group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
  if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
      status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  group->operation = PDF_FILL;
  status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }
  group->source_res = pattern_res;
  status = _cairo_path_fixed_init_copy (&group->path, path);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  group->fill_rule = fill_rule;
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
             gstate_res.id,
             group->group_res.id);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source, pattern_res, FALSE);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_fill (&surface->pdf_operators,
              path,
              fill_rule);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_fill_stroke (void      *abstract_surface,
        cairo_operator_t   fill_op,
        const cairo_pattern_t *fill_source,
        cairo_fill_rule_t  fill_rule,
        double       fill_tolerance,
        cairo_antialias_t  fill_antialias,
        const cairo_path_fixed_t*path,
        cairo_operator_t   stroke_op,
        const cairo_pattern_t *stroke_source,
        const cairo_stroke_style_t *stroke_style,
        const cairo_matrix_t  *stroke_ctm,
        const cairo_matrix_t  *stroke_ctm_inverse,
        double       stroke_tolerance,
        cairo_antialias_t  stroke_antialias,
        const cairo_clip_t  *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t fill_pattern_res, stroke_pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;

    /* During analysis we return unsupported and let the _fill and
     * _stroke functions that are on the fallback path do the analysis
     * for us. During render we may still encounter unsupported
     * combinations of fill/stroke patterns. However we can return
     * unsupported anytime to let the _fill and _stroke functions take
     * over.
     */
    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* PDF rendering of fill-stroke is not the same as cairo when
     * either the fill or stroke is not opaque.
     */
    if ( !_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (fill_source, NULL) ||
   !_cairo_pattern_is_opaque (stroke_source, NULL))
    {
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
    }

    if (fill_op != stroke_op)
  return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;

    /* Compute the operation extents using the stroke which will naturally
     * be larger than the fill extents.
     */
    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_stroke (&extents,
                &surface->base,
                stroke_op, stroke_source,
                path, stroke_style, stroke_ctm,
                clip);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
  cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
  cairo_box_t box;

  status = _cairo_path_fixed_stroke_extents (path, stroke_style,
               stroke_ctm, stroke_ctm_inverse,
               stroke_tolerance,
               &mask);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
  status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                     &box);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, fill_op);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    /* use the more accurate extents */
    if (extents.is_bounded) {
  cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
  cairo_box_t box;

  _cairo_path_fixed_fill_extents (path,
          fill_rule,
          fill_tolerance,
          &mask);

  _cairo_box_from_rectangle (&box, &mask);
  status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_intersect_mask_extents (&extents,
                     &box);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_add_operation_extents (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    fill_pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, fill_source,
             fill_op,
             &extents.bounded,
             &fill_pattern_res,
             &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    assert (gstate_res.id == 0);

    stroke_pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface,
             stroke_source,
             stroke_op,
             &extents.bounded,
             &stroke_pattern_res,
             &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    assert (gstate_res.id == 0);

    /* As PDF has separate graphics state for fill and stroke we can
     * select both at the same time */
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, fill_source,
            fill_pattern_res, FALSE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, stroke_source,
            stroke_pattern_res, TRUE);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_operators_fill_stroke (&surface->pdf_operators,
                 path,
                 fill_rule,
                 stroke_style,
                 stroke_ctm,
                 stroke_ctm_inverse);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static cairo_bool_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_has_show_text_glyphs (void     *abstract_surface)
{
    return TRUE;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_show_text_glyphs (void     *abstract_surface,
             cairo_operator_t    op,
             const cairo_pattern_t  *source,
             const char                 *utf8,
             int                         utf8_len,
             cairo_glyph_t    *glyphs,
             int       num_glyphs,
             const cairo_text_cluster_t *clusters,
             int                         num_clusters,
             cairo_text_cluster_flags_t  cluster_flags,
             cairo_scaled_font_t  *scaled_font,
             const cairo_clip_t   *clip)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_pdf_smask_group_t *group;
    cairo_pdf_resource_t pattern_res, gstate_res;
    cairo_composite_rectangles_t extents;
    cairo_bool_t overlap;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    status = _cairo_composite_rectangles_init_for_glyphs (&extents,
                &surface->base,
                op, source,
                scaled_font,
                glyphs, num_glyphs,
                clip,
                &overlap);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_add_operation_extents (surface, &extents.bounded);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (surface->paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE) {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_operation (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded);
  goto cleanup;
    }

    assert (_cairo_pdf_surface_operation_supported (surface, op, source, &extents.bounded));

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_set_clip (surface, &extents);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    pattern_res.id = 0;
    gstate_res.id = 0;
    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_pdf_pattern (surface, source, op,
             &extents.bounded,
             &pattern_res, &gstate_res);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_operator (surface, op);
    if (unlikely (status))
  goto cleanup;

    if (gstate_res.id != 0) {
  group = _cairo_pdf_surface_create_smask_group (surface, &extents.bounded);
  if (unlikely (group == NULL)) {
      status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  group->operation = PDF_SHOW_GLYPHS;
  status = _cairo_pattern_create_copy (&group->source, source);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }
  group->source_res = pattern_res;

  if (utf8_len) {
      group->utf8 = _cairo_malloc (utf8_len);
      if (unlikely (group->utf8 == NULL)) {
    _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
    status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    goto cleanup;
      }
      memcpy (group->utf8, utf8, utf8_len);
  }
  group->utf8_len = utf8_len;

  if (num_glyphs) {
      group->glyphs = _cairo_malloc_ab (num_glyphs, sizeof (cairo_glyph_t));
      if (unlikely (group->glyphs == NULL)) {
    _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
    status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    goto cleanup;
      }
      memcpy (group->glyphs, glyphs, sizeof (cairo_glyph_t) * num_glyphs);
  }
  group->num_glyphs = num_glyphs;

  if (num_clusters) {
      group->clusters = _cairo_malloc_ab (num_clusters, sizeof (cairo_text_cluster_t));
      if (unlikely (group->clusters == NULL)) {
    _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
    status = _cairo_error (CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY);
    goto cleanup;
      }
      memcpy (group->clusters, clusters, sizeof (cairo_text_cluster_t) * num_clusters);
  }
  group->num_clusters = num_clusters;

  group->scaled_font = cairo_scaled_font_reference (scaled_font);
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask_group (surface, group);
  if (unlikely (status)) {
      _cairo_pdf_smask_group_destroy (group);
      goto cleanup;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_smask (surface, gstate_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_add_xobject (surface, group->group_res);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  _cairo_output_stream_printf (surface->output,
             "q /s%d gs /x%d Do Q\n",
             gstate_res.id,
             group->group_res.id);
    } else {
  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_select_pattern (surface, source, pattern_res, FALSE);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  /* Each call to show_glyphs() with a transclucent pattern must
   * be in a separate text object otherwise overlapping text
   * from separate calls to show_glyphs will not composite with
   * each other. */
  if (! _cairo_pattern_is_opaque (source, &extents.bounded)) {
      status = _cairo_pdf_operators_flush (&surface->pdf_operators);
      if (unlikely (status))
    goto cleanup;
  }

  status = _cairo_pdf_operators_show_text_glyphs (&surface->pdf_operators,
              utf8, utf8_len,
              glyphs, num_glyphs,
              clusters, num_clusters,
              cluster_flags,
              scaled_font);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;

  status = _cairo_pdf_surface_unselect_pattern (surface);
  if (unlikely (status))
      goto cleanup;
    }

    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return _cairo_output_stream_get_status (surface->output);

cleanup:
    _cairo_composite_rectangles_fini (&extents);
    return status;
}

static const char **
_cairo_pdf_surface_get_supported_mime_types (void    *abstract_surface)
{
    return _cairo_pdf_supported_mime_types;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_tag (void         *abstract_surface,
      cairo_bool_t                begin,
      const char                 *tag_name,
      const char                 *attributes)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status = 0;

    if (begin)
  status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_tag_begin (surface, tag_name, attributes);
    else
  status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_tag_end (surface, tag_name);

    return status;
}

static cairo_int_status_t
_cairo_pdf_surface_set_paginated_mode (void     *abstract_surface,
               cairo_paginated_mode_t  paginated_mode)
{
    cairo_pdf_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
    cairo_int_status_t status;

    surface->paginated_mode = paginated_mode;
    status = _cairo_pdf_interchange_begin_page_content (surface);
    if (unlikely (status))
  return status;

    if (paginated_mode == CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_RENDER) {
  surface->surface_extents.x = 0;
  surface->surface_extents.y = 0;
  surface->surface_extents.width  = ceil (surface->width);
  surface->surface_extents.height = ceil (surface->height);
    }

    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static const cairo_surface_backend_t cairo_pdf_surface_backend = {
    CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_PDF,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_finish,

    _cairo_default_context_create,

    NULL, /* create similar: handled by wrapper */
    NULL, /* create similar image */
    NULL, /* map to image */
    NULL, /* unmap image */

    _cairo_surface_default_source,
    NULL, /* acquire_source_image */
    NULL, /* release_source_image */
    NULL, /* snapshot */

    NULL,  /* _cairo_pdf_surface_copy_page */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_show_page,

    _cairo_pdf_surface_get_extents,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_get_font_options,

    NULL, /* flush */
    NULL, /* mark_dirty_rectangle */

    /* Here are the drawing functions */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_paint,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_mask,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_stroke,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_fill,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_fill_stroke,
    NULL, /* show_glyphs */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_has_show_text_glyphs,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_show_text_glyphs,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_get_supported_mime_types,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_tag,
};

static const cairo_paginated_surface_backend_t
cairo_pdf_surface_paginated_backend = {
    _cairo_pdf_surface_start_page,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_paginated_mode,
    NULL, /* set_bounding_box */
    _cairo_pdf_surface_has_fallback_images,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_supports_fine_grained_fallbacks,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_requires_thumbnail_image,
    _cairo_pdf_surface_set_thumbnail_image,
};

Coverage Report

Created: 2025-07-07 10:01