/src/gdal/ogr/ogr_geometry.h

Source
/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  OpenGIS Simple Features Reference Implementation
 * Purpose:  Classes for manipulating simple features that is not specific
 *           to a particular interface technology.
 * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 1999, Frank Warmerdam
 * Copyright (c) 2008-2014, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 ****************************************************************************/

#ifndef OGR_GEOMETRY_H_INCLUDED
#define OGR_GEOMETRY_H_INCLUDED

#include "cpl_conv.h"
#include "cpl_json.h"
#include "gdal_fwd.h"
#include "ogr_core.h"
#include "ogr_geomcoordinateprecision.h"
#include "ogr_spatialref.h"

#include <climits>
#include <cmath>
#include <memory>
#include <utility>

/**
 * \file ogr_geometry.h
 *
 * Simple feature geometry classes.
 */

/// WKT Output formatting options.
enum class OGRWktFormat
{
    F,       ///< F-type formatting.
    G,       ///< G-type formatting.
    Default  ///< Format as F when abs(value) < 1, otherwise as G.
};

/// Options for formatting WKT output
class CPL_DLL OGRWktOptions
{
  public:
    /// Type of WKT output to produce.
    OGRwkbVariant variant = wkbVariantOldOgc;
    /// Precision of output for X,Y coordinates.  Interpretation depends on \c format.
    int xyPrecision;
    /// Precision of output for Z coordinates.  Interpretation depends on \c format.
    int zPrecision;
    /// Precision of output for M coordinates.  Interpretation depends on \c format.
    int mPrecision;
    /// Whether GDAL-special rounding should be applied.
    bool round;
    /// Formatting type.
    OGRWktFormat format = OGRWktFormat::Default;

    /// Constructor.
    OGRWktOptions()
        : xyPrecision(getDefaultPrecision()), zPrecision(xyPrecision),
          mPrecision(zPrecision), round(getDefaultRound())
    {
    }

    /// Constructor.
    OGRWktOptions(int xyPrecisionIn, bool roundIn)
        : xyPrecision(xyPrecisionIn), zPrecision(xyPrecision),
          mPrecision(zPrecision), round(roundIn)
    {
    }

    /// Copy constructor
    OGRWktOptions(const OGRWktOptions &) = default;

    /// Return default precision
    static int getDefaultPrecision();

    /// Return default rounding mode.
    static bool getDefaultRound();
};

/**
 * Simple container for a position.
 */
class OGRRawPoint
{
  public:
    /** Constructor */
    OGRRawPoint() : x(0.0), y(0.0)
    {
    }

    /** Constructor */
    OGRRawPoint(double xIn, double yIn) : x(xIn), y(yIn)
    {
    }

    /** x */
    double x;
    /** y */
    double y;
};

/** GEOS geometry type */
typedef struct GEOSGeom_t *GEOSGeom;
/** GEOS context handle type */
typedef struct GEOSContextHandle_HS *GEOSContextHandle_t;
/** SFCGAL geometry type */
typedef void sfcgal_geometry_t;

class OGRPoint;
class OGRCurve;
class OGRCompoundCurve;
class OGRSimpleCurve;
class OGRLinearRing;
class OGRLineString;
class OGRCircularString;
class OGRSurface;
class OGRCurvePolygon;
class OGRPolygon;
class OGRMultiPoint;
class OGRMultiSurface;
class OGRMultiPolygon;
class OGRMultiCurve;
class OGRMultiLineString;
class OGRGeometryCollection;
class OGRTriangle;
class OGRPolyhedralSurface;
class OGRTriangulatedSurface;

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
typedef OGRLineString *(*OGRCurveCasterToLineString)(OGRCurve *);
typedef OGRLinearRing *(*OGRCurveCasterToLinearRing)(OGRCurve *);

typedef OGRPolygon *(*OGRSurfaceCasterToPolygon)(OGRSurface *);
typedef OGRCurvePolygon *(*OGRSurfaceCasterToCurvePolygon)(OGRSurface *);
typedef OGRMultiPolygon *(*OGRPolyhedralSurfaceCastToMultiPolygon)(
    OGRPolyhedralSurface *);

//! @endcond

/** OGRGeometry visitor interface.
 */
class CPL_DLL IOGRGeometryVisitor
{
  public:
    /** Destructor/ */
    virtual ~IOGRGeometryVisitor();

    /** Visit OGRPoint. */
    virtual void visit(OGRPoint *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRLineString. */
    virtual void visit(OGRLineString *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRLinearRing. */
    virtual void visit(OGRLinearRing *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRPolygon. */
    virtual void visit(OGRPolygon *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiPoint. */
    virtual void visit(OGRMultiPoint *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiLineString. */
    virtual void visit(OGRMultiLineString *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiPolygon. */
    virtual void visit(OGRMultiPolygon *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRGeometryCollection. */
    virtual void visit(OGRGeometryCollection *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRCircularString. */
    virtual void visit(OGRCircularString *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRCompoundCurve. */
    virtual void visit(OGRCompoundCurve *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRCurvePolygon. */
    virtual void visit(OGRCurvePolygon *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiCurve. */
    virtual void visit(OGRMultiCurve *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiSurface. */
    virtual void visit(OGRMultiSurface *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRTriangle. */
    virtual void visit(OGRTriangle *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRPolyhedralSurface. */
    virtual void visit(OGRPolyhedralSurface *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRTriangulatedSurface. */
    virtual void visit(OGRTriangulatedSurface *) = 0;
};

/** OGRGeometry visitor default implementation.
 *
 * This default implementation will recurse down to calling
 * visit(OGRPoint*) on each point.
 *
 */
class CPL_DLL OGRDefaultGeometryVisitor : public IOGRGeometryVisitor
{
    void _visit(OGRSimpleCurve *poGeom);

  public:
    void visit(OGRPoint *) override
    {
    }

    void visit(OGRLineString *) override;
    void visit(OGRLinearRing *) override;
    void visit(OGRPolygon *) override;
    void visit(OGRMultiPoint *) override;
    void visit(OGRMultiLineString *) override;
    void visit(OGRMultiPolygon *) override;
    void visit(OGRGeometryCollection *) override;
    void visit(OGRCircularString *) override;
    void visit(OGRCompoundCurve *) override;
    void visit(OGRCurvePolygon *) override;
    void visit(OGRMultiCurve *) override;
    void visit(OGRMultiSurface *) override;
    void visit(OGRTriangle *) override;
    void visit(OGRPolyhedralSurface *) override;
    void visit(OGRTriangulatedSurface *) override;
};

/** OGRGeometry visitor interface.
 */
class CPL_DLL IOGRConstGeometryVisitor
{
  public:
    /** Destructor/ */
    virtual ~IOGRConstGeometryVisitor();

    /** Visit OGRPoint. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRPoint *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRLineString. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRLineString *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRLinearRing. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRLinearRing *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRPolygon. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRPolygon *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiPoint. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRMultiPoint *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiLineString. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRMultiLineString *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiPolygon. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRMultiPolygon *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRGeometryCollection. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRGeometryCollection *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRCircularString. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRCircularString *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRCompoundCurve. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRCompoundCurve *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRCurvePolygon. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRCurvePolygon *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiCurve. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRMultiCurve *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRMultiSurface. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRMultiSurface *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRTriangle. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRTriangle *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRPolyhedralSurface. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRPolyhedralSurface *) = 0;
    /** Visit OGRTriangulatedSurface. */
    virtual void visit(const OGRTriangulatedSurface *) = 0;
};

/** OGRGeometry visitor default implementation.
 *
 * This default implementation will recurse down to calling
 * visit(const OGRPoint*) on each point.
 *
 */
class CPL_DLL OGRDefaultConstGeometryVisitor : public IOGRConstGeometryVisitor
{
    void _visit(const OGRSimpleCurve *poGeom);

  public:
    void visit(const OGRPoint *) override
    {
    }

    void visit(const OGRLineString *) override;
    void visit(const OGRLinearRing *) override;
    void visit(const OGRPolygon *) override;
    void visit(const OGRMultiPoint *) override;
    void visit(const OGRMultiLineString *) override;
    void visit(const OGRMultiPolygon *) override;
    void visit(const OGRGeometryCollection *) override;
    void visit(const OGRCircularString *) override;
    void visit(const OGRCompoundCurve *) override;
    void visit(const OGRCurvePolygon *) override;
    void visit(const OGRMultiCurve *) override;
    void visit(const OGRMultiSurface *) override;
    void visit(const OGRTriangle *) override;
    void visit(const OGRPolyhedralSurface *) override;
    void visit(const OGRTriangulatedSurface *) override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                   OGRGeomCoordinateBinaryPrecision                   */
/************************************************************************/

/** Geometry coordinate precision for a binary representation.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.9
 */
class CPL_DLL OGRGeomCoordinateBinaryPrecision
{
  public:
    int nXYBitPrecision =
        INT_MIN; /**< Number of bits needed to achieved XY precision. Typically
                    computed with SetFromResolution() */
    int nZBitPrecision =
        INT_MIN; /**< Number of bits needed to achieved Z precision. Typically
                    computed with SetFromResolution() */
    int nMBitPrecision =
        INT_MIN; /**< Number of bits needed to achieved M precision. Typically
                    computed with SetFromResolution() */

    void SetFrom(const OGRGeomCoordinatePrecision &);
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                         OGRwkbExportOptions                          */
/************************************************************************/

/** WKB export options.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.9
 */
struct CPL_DLL OGRwkbExportOptions
{
    OGRwkbByteOrder eByteOrder = wkbNDR;           /**< Byte order */
    OGRwkbVariant eWkbVariant = wkbVariantOldOgc;  /**< WKB variant. */
    OGRGeomCoordinateBinaryPrecision sPrecision{}; /**< Binary precision. */
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                             OGRGeometry                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Abstract base class for all geometry classes.
 *
 * Some spatial analysis methods require that OGR is built on the GEOS library
 * to work properly. The precise meaning of methods that describe spatial
 * relationships between geometries is described in the SFCOM, or other simple
 * features interface specifications, like "OpenGIS® Implementation
 * Specification for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 1:
 * Common architecture":
 * <a href="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/sfa">OGC 06-103r4</a>
 *
 * The hierarchy of classes has been extended with
 * <a href="https://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=32024">
 * (working draft) ISO SQL/MM Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13249-3)</a> curve geometries :
 * CIRCULARSTRING (OGRCircularString), COMPOUNDCURVE (OGRCompoundCurve),
 * CURVEPOLYGON (OGRCurvePolygon), MULTICURVE (OGRMultiCurve) and
 * MULTISURFACE (OGRMultiSurface).
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRGeometry
{
  private:
    const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS = nullptr;  // may be NULL

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    friend class OGRCurveCollection;

    unsigned int flags = 0;

    OGRErr importPreambleFromWkt(const char **ppszInput, int *pbHasZ,
                                 int *pbHasM, bool *pbIsEmpty);
    OGRErr importCurveCollectionFromWkt(
        const char **ppszInput, int bAllowEmptyComponent, int bAllowLineString,
        int bAllowCurve, int bAllowCompoundCurve,
        OGRErr (*pfnAddCurveDirectly)(OGRGeometry *poSelf, OGRCurve *poCurve));
    OGRErr importPreambleFromWkb(const unsigned char *pabyData, size_t nSize,
                                 OGRwkbByteOrder &eByteOrder,
                                 OGRwkbVariant eWkbVariant);
    OGRErr importPreambleOfCollectionFromWkb(const unsigned char *pabyData,
                                             size_t &nSize, size_t &nDataOffset,
                                             OGRwkbByteOrder &eByteOrder,
                                             size_t nMinSubGeomSize,
                                             int &nGeomCount,
                                             OGRwkbVariant eWkbVariant);
    OGRErr PointOnSurfaceInternal(OGRPoint *poPoint) const;
    bool IsSFCGALCompatible() const;

    void HomogenizeDimensionalityWith(OGRGeometry *poOtherGeom);
    std::string wktTypeString(OGRwkbVariant variant) const;

    //! @endcond

  public:
    /************************************************************************/
    /*                   Bit flags for OGRGeometry                          */
    /*          The OGR_G_NOT_EMPTY_POINT is used *only* for points.        */
    /*          Do not use these outside of the core.                       */
    /*          Use Is3D, IsMeasured, set3D, and setMeasured instead        */
    /************************************************************************/

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static const unsigned int OGR_G_NOT_EMPTY_POINT = 0x1;
    static const unsigned int OGR_G_3D = 0x2;
    static const unsigned int OGR_G_MEASURED = 0x4;
    //! @endcond

    OGRGeometry();
    OGRGeometry(const OGRGeometry &other);
    OGRGeometry(OGRGeometry &&other);
    virtual ~OGRGeometry();

    OGRGeometry &operator=(const OGRGeometry &other);
    OGRGeometry &operator=(OGRGeometry &&other);

    /** Returns if two geometries are equal. */
    bool operator==(const OGRGeometry &other) const
    {
        return Equals(&other);
    }

    /** Returns if two geometries are different. */
    bool operator!=(const OGRGeometry &other) const
    {
        return !Equals(&other);
    }

    // Standard IGeometry.
    virtual int getDimension() const = 0;
    virtual int getCoordinateDimension() const;
    int CoordinateDimension() const;
    virtual bool IsEmpty() const = 0;
    virtual bool IsValid(std::string *posReason = nullptr) const;
    virtual OGRGeometry *MakeValid(CSLConstList papszOptions = nullptr) const;
    virtual OGRGeometry *Normalize() const;
    virtual bool IsSimple() const;

    /*! Returns whether the geometry has a Z component. */
    bool Is3D() const
    {
        return (flags & OGR_G_3D) != 0;
    }

    /*! Returns whether the geometry has a M component. */
    bool IsMeasured() const
    {
        return (flags & OGR_G_MEASURED) != 0;
    }

    virtual bool IsRing() const;
    virtual void empty() = 0;
    virtual OGRGeometry *clone() const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT = 0;
    virtual void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const = 0;
    virtual void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const = 0;

    // IWks Interface.
    virtual size_t WkbSize() const = 0;
    OGRErr importFromWkb(const GByte *, size_t = static_cast<size_t>(-1),
                         OGRwkbVariant = wkbVariantOldOgc);
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) = 0;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(OGRwkbByteOrder, unsigned char *,
                       OGRwkbVariant = wkbVariantOldOgc) const;
    virtual OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                               const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const = 0;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **ppszInput) = 0;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    /** Deprecated.
     * @deprecated
     */
    OGRErr importFromWkt(char **ppszInput)
        /*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use importFromWkt(const char**) instead")
    /*! @endcond */
    {
        return importFromWkt(const_cast<const char **>(ppszInput));
    }
#endif

    OGRErr exportToWkt(char **ppszDstText,
                       OGRwkbVariant = wkbVariantOldOgc) const;

    /// Export a WKT geometry.
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return  WKT string representing this geometry.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const = 0;

    // Non-standard.
    virtual OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const = 0;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getIsoGeometryType() const;
    virtual const char *getGeometryName() const = 0;
    void dumpReadable(FILE *, const char * = nullptr,
                      CSLConstList papszOptions = nullptr) const;
    std::string dumpReadable(const char * = nullptr,
                             CSLConstList papszOptions = nullptr) const;
    virtual void flattenTo2D() = 0;
    virtual char *exportToGML(const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const;
    virtual char *exportToKML() const;
    virtual char *exportToJson(CSLConstList papszOptions = nullptr) const;

    /** Accept a visitor. */
    virtual void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) = 0;

    /** Accept a visitor. */
    virtual void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const = 0;

    static GEOSContextHandle_t createGEOSContext();
    static void freeGEOSContext(GEOSContextHandle_t hGEOSCtxt);
    GEOSGeom
    exportToGEOS(GEOSContextHandle_t hGEOSCtxt, bool bRemoveEmptyParts = false,
                 bool bAddPointsIfNeeded = false) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
    virtual bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const;
    virtual OGRGeometry *getCurveGeometry(
        const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
    virtual OGRGeometry *getLinearGeometry(
        double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
        const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    void roundCoordinates(const OGRGeomCoordinatePrecision &sPrecision);
    void
    roundCoordinatesIEEE754(const OGRGeomCoordinateBinaryPrecision &options);

    // SFCGAL interfacing methods.
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static sfcgal_geometry_t *OGRexportToSFCGAL(const OGRGeometry *poGeom);
    static OGRGeometry *SFCGALexportToOGR(const sfcgal_geometry_t *_geometry);
    //! @endcond
    virtual void closeRings();

    virtual bool setCoordinateDimension(int nDimension);
    virtual bool set3D(bool bIs3D);
    virtual bool setMeasured(bool bIsMeasured);

    virtual void assignSpatialReference(const OGRSpatialReference *poSR);

    const OGRSpatialReference *getSpatialReference(void) const
    {
        return poSRS;
    }

    virtual OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT) = 0;
    OGRErr transformTo(const OGRSpatialReference *poSR);

    virtual bool segmentize(double dfMaxLength);

    // ISpatialRelation
    virtual bool Intersects(const OGRGeometry *) const;
    virtual bool Equals(const OGRGeometry *) const = 0;
    bool Disjoint(const OGRGeometry *) const;
    bool Touches(const OGRGeometry *) const;
    bool Crosses(const OGRGeometry *) const;
    virtual bool Within(const OGRGeometry *) const;
    virtual bool Contains(const OGRGeometry *) const;
    bool Overlaps(const OGRGeometry *) const;

    OGRGeometry *Boundary() const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    double Distance(const OGRGeometry *) const;

    OGRGeometry *ConvexHull() const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *ConcaveHull(double dfRatio,
                             bool bAllowHoles) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *
    ConcaveHullOfPolygons(double dfLengthRatio, bool bIsTight,
                          bool bAllowHoles) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *Buffer(double dfDist,
                        int nQuadSegs = 30) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *
    BufferEx(double dfDist,
             CSLConstList papszOptions) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *Intersection(const OGRGeometry *) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *Union(const OGRGeometry *) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *UnionCascaded() const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *
    UnaryUnion(GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress = nullptr,
               void *pProgressData = nullptr) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *Difference(const OGRGeometry *) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *
    SymDifference(const OGRGeometry *) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRErr Centroid(OGRPoint *poPoint) const;

    OGRGeometry *Simplify(double dTolerance) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *
    SimplifyPreserveTopology(double dTolerance) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *
    DelaunayTriangulation(double dfTolerance,
                          int bOnlyEdges) const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *
    ConstrainedDelaunayTriangulation() const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *Polygonize() const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    OGRGeometry *BuildArea() const CPL_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

    double Distance3D(const OGRGeometry *poOtherGeom) const;

    OGRGeometry *SetPrecision(double dfGridSize, int nFlags) const;

    virtual bool hasEmptyParts() const;
    virtual void removeEmptyParts();

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    // backward compatibility to non-standard method names.
    bool Intersect(OGRGeometry *) const
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Non standard method. "
                            "Use Intersects() instead");
    bool Equal(OGRGeometry *) const CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Non standard method. "
                                                        "Use Equals() instead");
    OGRGeometry *SymmetricDifference(const OGRGeometry *) const
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Non standard method. "
                            "Use SymDifference() instead");
    OGRGeometry *getBoundary() const
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Non standard method. "
                            "Use Boundary() instead");
    //! @endcond

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    // Special HACK for DB2 7.2 support
    static int bGenerate_DB2_V72_BYTE_ORDER;
    //! @endcond

    virtual void swapXY();

    bool IsRectangle() const;

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static OGRGeometry *CastToIdentity(OGRGeometry *poGeom)
    {
        return poGeom;
    }

    static OGRGeometry *CastToError(OGRGeometry *poGeom);

    //! @endcond

    /** Convert a OGRGeometry* to a OGRGeometryH.
     */
    static inline OGRGeometryH ToHandle(OGRGeometry *poGeom)
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<OGRGeometryH>(poGeom);
    }

    /** Convert a OGRGeometryH to a OGRGeometry*.
     */
    static inline OGRGeometry *FromHandle(OGRGeometryH hGeom)
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<OGRGeometry *>(hGeom);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRPoint*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbPoint.
     */
    inline OGRPoint *toPoint()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRPoint *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRPoint*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbPoint.
     */
    inline const OGRPoint *toPoint() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRPoint *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that OGR_GT_IsSubClass(getGeometryType(),
     * wkbCurve).
     */
    inline OGRCurve *toCurve()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that OGR_GT_IsSubClass(getGeometryType(),
     * wkbCurve).
     */
    inline const OGRCurve *toCurve() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRSimpleCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that getGeometryType() is wkbLineString,
     * wkbCircularString or a derived type.
     */
    inline OGRSimpleCurve *toSimpleCurve()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRSimpleCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRSimpleCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that getGeometryType() is wkbLineString,
     * wkbCircularString or a derived type.
     */
    inline const OGRSimpleCurve *toSimpleCurve() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRSimpleCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRLineString*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbLineString.
     */
    inline OGRLineString *toLineString()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRLineString *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRLineString*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbLineString.
     */
    inline const OGRLineString *toLineString() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRLineString *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRLinearRing*.
     * Implies prior checking that EQUAL(getGeometryName(), "LINEARRING").
     */
    inline OGRLinearRing *toLinearRing()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRLinearRing *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRLinearRing*.
     * Implies prior checking that EQUAL(getGeometryName(), "LINEARRING").
     */
    inline const OGRLinearRing *toLinearRing() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRLinearRing *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCircularString*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbCircularString.
     */
    inline OGRCircularString *toCircularString()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRCircularString *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCircularString*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbCircularString.
     */
    inline const OGRCircularString *toCircularString() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRCircularString *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCompoundCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbCompoundCurve.
     */
    inline OGRCompoundCurve *toCompoundCurve()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRCompoundCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCompoundCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbCompoundCurve.
     */
    inline const OGRCompoundCurve *toCompoundCurve() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRCompoundCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that OGR_GT_IsSubClass(getGeometryType(),
     * wkbSurface).
     */
    inline OGRSurface *toSurface()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRSurface *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that OGR_GT_IsSubClass(getGeometryType(),
     * wkbSurface).
     */
    inline const OGRSurface *toSurface() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRSurface *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRPolygon*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbPolygon
     * or wkbTriangle.
     */
    inline OGRPolygon *toPolygon()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRPolygon *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRPolygon*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbPolygon
     * or wkbTriangle.
     */
    inline const OGRPolygon *toPolygon() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRPolygon *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRTriangle*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbTriangle.
     */
    inline OGRTriangle *toTriangle()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRTriangle *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRTriangle*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbTriangle.
     */
    inline const OGRTriangle *toTriangle() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRTriangle *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCurvePolygon*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbCurvePolygon or wkbPolygon or wkbTriangle.
     */
    inline OGRCurvePolygon *toCurvePolygon()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRCurvePolygon *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRCurvePolygon*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbCurvePolygon or wkbPolygon or wkbTriangle.
     */
    inline const OGRCurvePolygon *toCurvePolygon() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRCurvePolygon *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRGeometryCollection*.
     * Implies prior checking that OGR_GT_IsSubClass(getGeometryType(),
     * wkbGeometryCollection).
     */
    inline OGRGeometryCollection *toGeometryCollection()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRGeometryCollection *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRGeometryCollection*.
     * Implies prior checking that OGR_GT_IsSubClass(getGeometryType(),
     * wkbGeometryCollection).
     */
    inline const OGRGeometryCollection *toGeometryCollection() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRGeometryCollection *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiPoint*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiPoint.
     */
    inline OGRMultiPoint *toMultiPoint()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRMultiPoint *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiPoint*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiPoint.
     */
    inline const OGRMultiPoint *toMultiPoint() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRMultiPoint *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiLineString*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiLineString.
     */
    inline OGRMultiLineString *toMultiLineString()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRMultiLineString *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiLineString*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiLineString.
     */
    inline const OGRMultiLineString *toMultiLineString() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRMultiLineString *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiPolygon*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiPolygon.
     */
    inline OGRMultiPolygon *toMultiPolygon()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRMultiPolygon *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiPolygon*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiPolygon.
     */
    inline const OGRMultiPolygon *toMultiPolygon() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRMultiPolygon *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiCurve and derived types.
     */
    inline OGRMultiCurve *toMultiCurve()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRMultiCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiCurve and derived types.
     */
    inline const OGRMultiCurve *toMultiCurve() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRMultiCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiSurface and derived types.
     */
    inline OGRMultiSurface *toMultiSurface()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRMultiSurface *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRMultiSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbMultiSurface and derived types.
     */
    inline const OGRMultiSurface *toMultiSurface() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRMultiSurface *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRPolyhedralSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbPolyhedralSurface or wkbTIN.
     */
    inline OGRPolyhedralSurface *toPolyhedralSurface()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRPolyhedralSurface *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRPolyhedralSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbPolyhedralSurface or wkbTIN.
     */
    inline const OGRPolyhedralSurface *toPolyhedralSurface() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRPolyhedralSurface *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRTriangulatedSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbTIN.
     */
    inline OGRTriangulatedSurface *toTriangulatedSurface()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRTriangulatedSurface *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRTriangulatedSurface*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) == wkbTIN.
     */
    inline const OGRTriangulatedSurface *toTriangulatedSurface() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRTriangulatedSurface *>(this);
    }
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
struct CPL_DLL OGRGeometryUniquePtrDeleter
{
    void operator()(OGRGeometry *) const;
};

//! @endcond

/** Unique pointer type for OGRGeometry.
 */
typedef std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry, OGRGeometryUniquePtrDeleter>
    OGRGeometryUniquePtr;

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(name)                                           \
    inline OGR##name *to##name() = delete;                                     \
    inline const OGR##name *to##name() const = delete;

#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POINT OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(Point)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_CURVE OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(Curve)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_SIMPLE_CURVE OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(SimpleCurve)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_LINESTRING OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(LineString)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_LINEARRING OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(LinearRing)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_CIRCULARSTRING                                  \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(CircularString)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_COMPOUNDCURVE                                   \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(CompoundCurve)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_SURFACE OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(Surface)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_CURVEPOLYGON OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(CurvePolygon)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POLYGON OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(Polygon)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_TRIANGLE OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(Triangle)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOINT OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(MultiPoint)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTICURVE OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(MultiCurve)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTILINESTRING                                 \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(MultiLineString)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTISURFACE OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(MultiSurface)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOLYGON OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(MultiPolygon)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION                              \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(GeometryCollection)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POLYHEDRALSURFACE                               \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(PolyhedralSurface)
#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_TIN OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO(TriangulatedSurface)

#define OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(name)                                              \
    inline OGR##name *to##name()                                               \
    {                                                                          \
        return this;                                                           \
    }                                                                          \
    inline const OGR##name *to##name() const                                   \
    {                                                                          \
        return this;                                                           \
    }

#ifndef SUPPRESS_OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS_WARNING
#define CAST_TO_THIS_WARNING CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Casting to this is useless")
#else
#define CAST_TO_THIS_WARNING
#endif

#define OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(name)                                           \
    inline OGR##name *to##name() CAST_TO_THIS_WARNING                          \
    {                                                                          \
        return this;                                                           \
    }                                                                          \
    inline const OGR##name *to##name() const CAST_TO_THIS_WARNING              \
    {                                                                          \
        return this;                                                           \
    }

#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_CURVES                                      \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_CURVE                                               \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_SIMPLE_CURVE                                        \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_LINESTRING                                          \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_LINEARRING                                          \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_CIRCULARSTRING                                      \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_COMPOUNDCURVE

#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_SURFACES                                    \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_SURFACE                                             \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_CURVEPOLYGON                                        \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POLYGON                                             \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_TRIANGLE                                            \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POLYHEDRALSURFACE                                   \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_TIN

#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_SINGLES                                     \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POINT                                               \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_CURVES                                          \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_SURFACES

#define OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_MULTI                                       \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION                                  \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOINT                                          \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTICURVE                                          \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTILINESTRING                                     \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTISURFACE                                        \
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOLYGON

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                               OGRPoint                               */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Point class.
 *
 * Implements SFCOM IPoint methods.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRPoint : public OGRGeometry
{
    double x;
    double y;
    double z;
    double m;

  public:
    OGRPoint();
    OGRPoint(double x, double y);
    OGRPoint(double x, double y, double z);
    OGRPoint(double x, double y, double z, double m);
    OGRPoint(const OGRPoint &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRPoint(OGRPoint &&other) = default;
    static OGRPoint *createXYM(double x, double y, double m);

    OGRPoint &operator=(const OGRPoint &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRPoint &operator=(OGRPoint &&other) = default;

    /** Corresponding 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbPoint;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiPoint;

    // IWks Interface
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                         size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a point to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return  WKT string representing this point.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry
    int getDimension() const override;
    OGRPoint *clone() const override;
    void empty() override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const override;

    bool IsEmpty() const override
    {
        return !(flags & OGR_G_NOT_EMPTY_POINT);
    }

    // IPoint
    /** Return x */
    double getX() const
    {
        return x;
    }

    /** Return y */
    double getY() const
    {
        return y;
    }

    /** Return z */
    double getZ() const
    {
        return z;
    }

    /** Return m */
    double getM() const
    {
        return m;
    }

    // Non standard
    bool setCoordinateDimension(int nDimension) override;

    /** Set x
     * @param xIn x
     */
    void setX(double xIn)
    {
        x = xIn;
        if (std::isnan(x) || std::isnan(y))
            flags &= ~OGR_G_NOT_EMPTY_POINT;
        else
            flags |= OGR_G_NOT_EMPTY_POINT;
    }

    /** Set y
     * @param yIn y
     */
    void setY(double yIn)
    {
        y = yIn;
        if (std::isnan(x) || std::isnan(y))
            flags &= ~OGR_G_NOT_EMPTY_POINT;
        else
            flags |= OGR_G_NOT_EMPTY_POINT;
    }

    /** Set z
     * @param zIn z
     */
    void setZ(double zIn)
    {
        z = zIn;
        flags |= OGR_G_3D;
    }

    /** Set m
     * @param mIn m
     */
    void setM(double mIn)
    {
        m = mIn;
        flags |= OGR_G_MEASURED;
    }

    // ISpatialRelation
    bool Equals(const OGRGeometry *) const override;
    bool Intersects(const OGRGeometry *) const override;
    bool Within(const OGRGeometry *) const override;

    // Non standard from OGRGeometry
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT) override;
    void flattenTo2D() override;

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void swapXY() override;

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(Point)
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_CURVES
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_SURFACES
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_MULTI
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                           OGRPointIterator                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Interface for a point iterator.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRPointIterator
{
  public:
    virtual ~OGRPointIterator();
    virtual bool getNextPoint(OGRPoint *p) = 0;

    static void destroy(OGRPointIterator *);
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                               OGRCurve                               */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Abstract curve base class for OGRLineString, OGRCircularString and
 * OGRCompoundCurve
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRCurve : public OGRGeometry
{
  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    OGRCurve() = default;
    OGRCurve(const OGRCurve &other) = default;
    OGRCurve(OGRCurve &&other) = default;

    virtual OGRCurveCasterToLineString GetCasterToLineString() const = 0;
    virtual OGRCurveCasterToLinearRing GetCasterToLinearRing() const = 0;

    friend class OGRCurvePolygon;
    friend class OGRCompoundCurve;
    //! @endcond
    virtual int ContainsPoint(const OGRPoint *p) const;
    virtual int IntersectsPoint(const OGRPoint *p) const;
    virtual double get_AreaOfCurveSegments() const = 0;

  private:
    class CPL_DLL ConstIterator
    {
        struct Private;
        std::unique_ptr<Private> m_poPrivate;

      public:
        ConstIterator(const OGRCurve *poSelf, bool bStart);
        ConstIterator(ConstIterator &&oOther) noexcept;
        ConstIterator &operator=(ConstIterator &&oOther);
        ~ConstIterator();
        const OGRPoint &operator*() const;
        ConstIterator &operator++();
        bool operator!=(const ConstIterator &it) const;
    };

    friend inline ConstIterator begin(const OGRCurve *);
    friend inline ConstIterator end(const OGRCurve *);

  public:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    OGRCurve &operator=(const OGRCurve &other);
    OGRCurve &operator=(OGRCurve &&other) = default;
    //! @endcond

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRPoint;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbCurve;

    /**  C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiCurve;

    /** Return begin of a point iterator.
     *
     * Using this iterator for standard range-based loops is safe, but
     * due to implementation limitations, you shouldn't try to access
     * (dereference) more than one iterator step at a time, since you will get
     * a reference to the same OGRPoint& object.
     */
    ConstIterator begin() const;
    /** Return end of a point iterator. */
    ConstIterator end() const;

    // IGeometry
    OGRCurve *clone() const override = 0;

    // ICurve methods
    virtual double get_Length() const = 0;
    virtual void StartPoint(OGRPoint *) const = 0;
    virtual void EndPoint(OGRPoint *) const = 0;
    virtual bool get_IsClosed() const;
    virtual void Value(double, OGRPoint *) const = 0;
    virtual OGRLineString *
    CurveToLine(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const = 0;
    int getDimension() const override;

    // non standard
    virtual int getNumPoints() const = 0;
    virtual OGRPointIterator *getPointIterator() const = 0;
    virtual bool IsConvex() const;
    virtual double get_Area() const = 0;
    virtual double get_GeodesicArea(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const = 0;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const = 0;
    virtual bool isClockwise() const;
    virtual void reversePoints() = 0;

    /** Down-cast to OGRSimpleCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbLineString or wkbCircularString. */
    inline OGRSimpleCurve *toSimpleCurve()
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<OGRSimpleCurve *>(this);
    }

    /** Down-cast to OGRSimpleCurve*.
     * Implies prior checking that wkbFlatten(getGeometryType()) ==
     * wkbLineString or wkbCircularString. */
    inline const OGRSimpleCurve *toSimpleCurve() const
    {
        return cpl::down_cast<const OGRSimpleCurve *>(this);
    }

    static OGRCompoundCurve *CastToCompoundCurve(OGRCurve *puCurve);
    static OGRLineString *CastToLineString(OGRCurve *poCurve);
    static OGRLinearRing *CastToLinearRing(OGRCurve *poCurve);

    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POINT
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(Curve)
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_SURFACES
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_MULTI
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRCurve::begin() const */
inline OGRCurve::ConstIterator begin(const OGRCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->begin();
}

/** @see OGRCurve::end() const */
inline OGRCurve::ConstIterator end(const OGRCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                           OGRIteratedPoint                           */
/************************************************************************/

/*!
 Implementation detail of OGRSimpleCurve::Iterator.

 This class is a simple wrapper over OGRPoint, which shouldn't be directly
 referenced by the user other than through auto&& in an iterator
 over a OGRSimpleCurve.

 Typical usage pattern is:
 \verbatim
 for (auto&& p: line)
 {
    p.setZ(100);
 }
 \endverbatim

 The lifetime of this object is coupled to the one of the curve on which it
 was returned. It is thus also illegal to modify it once the curve has been
 deleted.

 @since GDAL 3.6
 */
class CPL_DLL OGRIteratedPoint : public OGRPoint
{
  private:
    friend class OGRSimpleCurve;

    OGRSimpleCurve *m_poCurve = nullptr;
    int m_nPos = 0;

    OGRIteratedPoint() = default;

    CPL_DISALLOW_COPY_ASSIGN(OGRIteratedPoint)

  public:
    /** Set x
     * @param xIn x
     */
    void setX(double xIn);
    /** Set y
     * @param yIn y
     */
    void setY(double yIn);
    /** Set z
     * @param zIn z
     */
    void setZ(double zIn);
    /** Set m
     * @param mIn m
     */
    void setM(double mIn);

    /** Destructor */
    ~OGRIteratedPoint() override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                            OGRSimpleCurve                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Abstract curve base class for OGRLineString and OGRCircularString
 *
 * Note: this class does not exist in SQL/MM standard and exists for
 * implementation convenience.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRSimpleCurve : public OGRCurve
{
  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    friend class OGRGeometry;

    int nPointCount = 0;
    int m_nPointCapacity = 0;
    OGRRawPoint *paoPoints = nullptr;
    double *padfZ = nullptr;
    double *padfM = nullptr;

    bool Make3D();
    void Make2D();
    void RemoveM();
    bool AddM();

    OGRErr importFromWKTListOnly(const char **ppszInput, int bHasZ, int bHasM,
                                 OGRRawPoint *&paoPointsIn, int &nMaxPoints,
                                 double *&padfZIn);
    //! @endcond

    virtual double get_LinearArea() const;

    /** Constructor */
    OGRSimpleCurve() = default;

    OGRSimpleCurve(const OGRSimpleCurve &other);

    OGRSimpleCurve(OGRSimpleCurve &&other);

  private:
    class CPL_DLL Iterator
    {
        struct Private;
        std::unique_ptr<Private> m_poPrivate;
        void update();

      public:
        Iterator(OGRSimpleCurve *poSelf, int nPos);
        Iterator(Iterator &&oOther) noexcept;  // declared but not defined.
                                               // Needed for gcc 5.4 at least
        ~Iterator();
        OGRIteratedPoint &operator*();
        Iterator &operator++();
        bool operator!=(const Iterator &it) const;
    };

    friend inline Iterator begin(OGRSimpleCurve *);
    friend inline Iterator end(OGRSimpleCurve *);

    class CPL_DLL ConstIterator
    {
        struct Private;
        std::unique_ptr<Private> m_poPrivate;

      public:
        ConstIterator(const OGRSimpleCurve *poSelf, int nPos);
        ConstIterator(
            ConstIterator &&oOther) noexcept;  // declared but not defined.
                                               // Needed for gcc 5.4 at least
        ~ConstIterator();
        const OGRPoint &operator*() const;
        ConstIterator &operator++();
        bool operator!=(const ConstIterator &it) const;
    };

    friend inline ConstIterator begin(const OGRSimpleCurve *);
    friend inline ConstIterator end(const OGRSimpleCurve *);

  public:
    ~OGRSimpleCurve() override;

    OGRSimpleCurve &operator=(const OGRSimpleCurve &other);

    OGRSimpleCurve &operator=(OGRSimpleCurve &&other);

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRPoint;

    /** Return begin of point iterator.
     *
     * Using this iterator for standard range-based loops is safe, but
     * due to implementation limitations, you shouldn't try to access
     * (dereference) more than one iterator step at a time, since you will get
     * a reference to the same OGRPoint& object.
     */
    Iterator begin();
    /** Return end of point iterator. */
    Iterator end();
    /** Return begin of point iterator.
     *
     * Using this iterator for standard range-based loops is safe, but
     * due to implementation limitations, you shouldn't try to access
     * (dereference) more than one iterator step at a time, since you will get
     * a reference to the same OGRPoint& object.
     */
    ConstIterator begin() const;
    /** Return end of point iterator. */
    ConstIterator end() const;

    // IWks Interface.
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    virtual OGRErr
    exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a simple curve to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return  WKT string representing this simple curve.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry interface.
    void empty() override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const override;
    bool IsEmpty() const override;
    OGRSimpleCurve *clone() const override = 0;

    // ICurve methods.
    double get_Length() const override;
    void StartPoint(OGRPoint *) const override;
    void EndPoint(OGRPoint *) const override;
    void Value(double, OGRPoint *) const override;
    virtual double Project(const OGRPoint *) const;
    virtual OGRLineString *getSubLine(double, double, int) const;

    // ILineString methods.
    int getNumPoints() const override
    {
        return nPointCount;
    }

    void getPoint(int, OGRPoint *) const;

    double getX(int i) const
    {
        return paoPoints[i].x;
    }

    double getY(int i) const
    {
        return paoPoints[i].y;
    }

    double getZ(int i) const;
    double getM(int i) const;

    // ISpatialRelation
    bool Equals(const OGRGeometry *) const override;

    // non standard.
    bool setCoordinateDimension(int nDimension) override;
    bool set3D(bool bIs3D) override;
    bool setMeasured(bool bIsMeasured) override;
    bool setNumPoints(int nNewPointCount, int bZeroizeNewContent = TRUE);
    bool setPoint(int, OGRPoint *);
    bool setPoint(int, double, double);
    bool setZ(int, double);
    bool setM(int, double);
    bool setPoint(int, double, double, double);
    bool setPointM(int, double, double, double);
    bool setPoint(int, double, double, double, double);
    bool setPoints(int, const OGRRawPoint *, const double * = nullptr);
    bool setPointsM(int, const OGRRawPoint *, const double *);
    bool setPoints(int, const OGRRawPoint *, const double *, const double *);
    bool setPoints(int, const double *padfX, const double *padfY,
                   const double *padfZIn = nullptr);
    bool setPointsM(int, const double *padfX, const double *padfY,
                    const double *padfMIn = nullptr);
    bool setPoints(int, const double *padfX, const double *padfY,
                   const double *padfZIn, const double *padfMIn);
    bool addPoint(const OGRPoint *);
    bool addPoint(double, double);
    bool addPoint(double, double, double);
    bool addPointM(double, double, double);
    bool addPoint(double, double, double, double);

    bool removePoint(int);

    void getPoints(OGRRawPoint *, double * = nullptr) const;
    void getPoints(void *pabyX, int nXStride, void *pabyY, int nYStride,
                   void *pabyZ = nullptr, int nZStride = 0,
                   void *pabyM = nullptr, int nMStride = 0) const;

    void addSubLineString(const OGRLineString *, int nStartVertex = 0,
                          int nEndVertex = -1);
    void reversePoints() override;
    OGRPointIterator *getPointIterator() const override;

    // non-standard from OGRGeometry
    OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT) override;
    void flattenTo2D() override;
    bool segmentize(double dfMaxLength) override;

    void swapXY() override;

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(Curve)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(SimpleCurve)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRSimpleCurve::begin() */
inline OGRSimpleCurve::Iterator begin(OGRSimpleCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->begin();
}

/** @see OGRSimpleCurve::end() */
inline OGRSimpleCurve::Iterator end(OGRSimpleCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->end();
}

/** @see OGRSimpleCurve::begin() const */
inline OGRSimpleCurve::ConstIterator begin(const OGRSimpleCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->begin();
}

/** @see OGRSimpleCurve::end() const */
inline OGRSimpleCurve::ConstIterator end(const OGRSimpleCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                            OGRLineString                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Concrete representation of a multi-vertex line.
 *
 * Note: for implementation convenience, we make it inherit from OGRSimpleCurve
 * whereas SFSQL and SQL/MM only make it inherits from OGRCurve.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRLineString : public OGRSimpleCurve
{
    // cppcheck-suppress unusedPrivateFunction
    static OGRLinearRing *CasterToLinearRing(OGRCurve *poCurve);

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static OGRLineString *TransferMembersAndDestroy(OGRLineString *poSrc,
                                                    OGRLineString *poDst);

    OGRCurveCasterToLineString GetCasterToLineString() const override;
    OGRCurveCasterToLinearRing GetCasterToLinearRing() const override;

    double get_AreaOfCurveSegments() const override;
    //! @endcond

    static OGRLinearRing *CastToLinearRing(OGRLineString *poLS);

  public:
    /** Create an empty line string. */
    OGRLineString() = default;
    OGRLineString(const OGRLineString &other);
    OGRLineString(OGRLineString &&other);

    OGRLineString &operator=(const OGRLineString &other);
    OGRLineString &operator=(OGRLineString &&other);

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbLineString;

    /**  C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiLineString;

    OGRLineString *clone() const override;
    virtual OGRLineString *
    CurveToLine(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getCurveGeometry(const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;
    double get_Area() const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicArea(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;

    // Non-standard from OGRGeometry.
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    bool isClockwise() const override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRSimpleCurve *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRSimpleCurve *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(SimpleCurve)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(LineString)
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                            OGRLinearRing                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Concrete representation of a closed ring.
 *
 * This class is functionally equivalent to an OGRLineString, but has a
 * separate identity to maintain alignment with the OpenGIS simple feature
 * data model.  It exists to serve as a component of an OGRPolygon.
 *
 * The OGRLinearRing has no corresponding free standing well known binary
 * representation, so importFromWkb() and exportToWkb() will not actually
 * work.  There is a non-standard GDAL WKT representation though.
 *
 * Because OGRLinearRing is not a "proper" free standing simple features
 * object, it cannot be directly used on a feature via SetGeometry(), and
 * cannot generally be used with GEOS for operations like Intersects().
 * Instead the polygon should be used, or the OGRLinearRing should be
 * converted to an OGRLineString for such operations.
 *
 * Note: this class exists in SFSQL 1.2, but not in ISO SQL/MM Part 3.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRLinearRing : public OGRLineString
{
    static OGRLineString *CasterToLineString(OGRCurve *poCurve);

    // IWks Interface - Note this isn't really a first class object
    // for the purposes of WKB form.  These methods always fail since this
    // object can't be serialized on its own.
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    friend class OGRPolygon;
    friend class OGRTriangle;

    // These are not IWks compatible ... just a convenience for OGRPolygon.
    virtual size_t _WkbSize(int _flags) const;
    virtual OGRErr _importFromWkb(OGRwkbByteOrder, int _flags,
                                  const unsigned char *, size_t,
                                  size_t &nBytesConsumedOut);
    virtual OGRErr _exportToWkb(int _flags, unsigned char *,
                                const OGRwkbExportOptions *) const;

    OGRCurveCasterToLineString GetCasterToLineString() const override;
    OGRCurveCasterToLinearRing GetCasterToLinearRing() const override;
    //! @endcond

    static OGRLineString *CastToLineString(OGRLinearRing *poLR);

  public:
    /** Constructor */
    OGRLinearRing() = default;
    OGRLinearRing(const OGRLinearRing &other);
    /** Move constructor*/
    OGRLinearRing(OGRLinearRing &&other) = default;
    explicit OGRLinearRing(const OGRLinearRing *);

    OGRLinearRing &operator=(const OGRLinearRing &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRLinearRing &operator=(OGRLinearRing &&other) = default;

    // Non standard.
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRLinearRing *clone() const override;

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    void reverseWindingOrder()
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use reversePoints() instead");
    //! @endcond

    void closeRings() override;
    bool isPointInRing(const OGRPoint *pt, int bTestEnvelope = TRUE) const;
    bool isPointOnRingBoundary(const OGRPoint *pt,
                               int bTestEnvelope = TRUE) const;
    OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT) override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRLineString *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRLineString *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(LineString)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(LinearRing)
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                          OGRCircularString                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Concrete representation of a circular string, that is to say a curve made
 * of one or several arc circles.
 *
 * Note: for implementation convenience, we make it inherit from OGRSimpleCurve
 * whereas SQL/MM only makes it inherits from OGRCurve.
 *
 * Compatibility: ISO SQL/MM Part 3.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRCircularString : public OGRSimpleCurve
{
  private:
    void ExtendEnvelopeWithCircular(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const;
    bool IsValidFast(std::string *posReason = nullptr) const;
    int IsFullCircle(double &cx, double &cy, double &square_R) const;

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    OGRCurveCasterToLineString GetCasterToLineString() const override;
    OGRCurveCasterToLinearRing GetCasterToLinearRing() const override;
    int IntersectsPoint(const OGRPoint *p) const override;
    int ContainsPoint(const OGRPoint *p) const override;
    double get_AreaOfCurveSegments() const override;
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** Create an empty circular string. */
    OGRCircularString() = default;

    OGRCircularString(const OGRCircularString &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRCircularString(OGRCircularString &&other) = default;

    OGRCircularString &operator=(const OGRCircularString &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRCircularString &operator=(OGRCircularString &&other) = default;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbCircularString;

    /**  C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiCurve;

    // IWks Interface.
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a circular string to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return  WKT string representing this circular string.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry interface.
    bool IsValid(std::string *posReason = nullptr) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const override;
    OGRCircularString *clone() const override;

    // ICurve methods.
    double get_Length() const override;
    virtual OGRLineString *
    CurveToLine(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;
    void Value(double, OGRPoint *) const override;
    double get_Area() const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicArea(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;

    // Non-standard from OGRGeometry.
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    bool segmentize(double dfMaxLength) override;
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getLinearGeometry(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                      const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRSimpleCurve *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRSimpleCurve *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(SimpleCurve)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(CircularString)
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                          OGRCurveCollection                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Utility class to store a collection of curves. Used as a member of
 * OGRCompoundCurve and OGRCurvePolygon.
 *
 * This class is only exported because of linking issues. It should never
 * be directly used.
 *
 */

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
class CPL_DLL OGRCurveCollection
{
  protected:
    friend class OGRCompoundCurve;
    friend class OGRCurvePolygon;
    friend class OGRPolygon;
    friend class OGRTriangle;

    int nCurveCount = 0;
    OGRCurve **papoCurves = nullptr;

  public:
    OGRCurveCollection() = default;
    OGRCurveCollection(const OGRCurveCollection &other);
    OGRCurveCollection(OGRCurveCollection &&other);
    ~OGRCurveCollection();

    OGRCurveCollection &operator=(const OGRCurveCollection &other);
    OGRCurveCollection &operator=(OGRCurveCollection &&other);

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRCurve;

    /** Return begin of curve iterator.
     */
    OGRCurve **begin()
    {
        return papoCurves;
    }

    /** Return end of curve iterator. */
    OGRCurve **end()
    {
        return papoCurves + nCurveCount;
    }

    /** Return begin of curve iterator.
     */
    const OGRCurve *const *begin() const
    {
        return papoCurves;
    }

    /** Return end of curve iterator. */
    const OGRCurve *const *end() const
    {
        return papoCurves + nCurveCount;
    }

    void empty(OGRGeometry *poGeom);
    bool IsEmpty() const;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const;

    OGRErr addCurveDirectly(OGRGeometry *poGeom, OGRCurve *poCurve,
                            int bNeedRealloc);
    size_t WkbSize() const;
    OGRErr importPreambleFromWkb(OGRGeometry *poGeom,
                                 const unsigned char *pabyData, size_t &nSize,
                                 size_t &nDataOffset,
                                 OGRwkbByteOrder &eByteOrder,
                                 size_t nMinSubGeomSize,
                                 OGRwkbVariant eWkbVariant);
    OGRErr
    importBodyFromWkb(OGRGeometry *poGeom, const unsigned char *pabyData,
                      size_t nSize, bool bAcceptCompoundCurve,
                      OGRErr (*pfnAddCurveDirectlyFromWkb)(OGRGeometry *poGeom,
                                                           OGRCurve *poCurve),
                      OGRwkbVariant eWkbVariant, size_t &nBytesConsumedOut);
    std::string exportToWkt(const OGRGeometry *geom, const OGRWktOptions &opts,
                            OGRErr *err) const;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(const OGRGeometry *poGeom, unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const;
    bool Equals(const OGRCurveCollection *poOCC) const;
    bool setCoordinateDimension(OGRGeometry *poGeom, int nNewDimension);
    bool set3D(OGRGeometry *poGeom, bool bIs3D);
    bool setMeasured(OGRGeometry *poGeom, bool bIsMeasured);
    void assignSpatialReference(OGRGeometry *poGeom,
                                const OGRSpatialReference *poSR);
    int getNumCurves() const;
    OGRCurve *getCurve(int);
    const OGRCurve *getCurve(int) const;
    OGRCurve *stealCurve(int);

    OGRErr removeCurve(int iIndex, bool bDelete = true);

    bool hasEmptyParts() const;
    void removeEmptyParts();

    void reversePoints();

    OGRErr transform(OGRGeometry *poGeom, OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT);
    void flattenTo2D(OGRGeometry *poGeom);
    bool segmentize(double dfMaxLength);
    void swapXY();
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear) const;
};

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                           OGRCompoundCurve                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Concrete representation of a compound curve, made of curves: OGRLineString
 * and OGRCircularString. Each curve is connected by its first point to
 * the last point of the previous curve.
 *
 * Compatibility: ISO SQL/MM Part 3.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRCompoundCurve : public OGRCurve
{
  private:
    OGRCurveCollection oCC{};

    OGRErr addCurveDirectlyInternal(OGRCurve *poCurve, double dfToleranceEps,
                                    int bNeedRealloc);
    static OGRErr addCurveDirectlyFromWkt(OGRGeometry *poSelf,
                                          OGRCurve *poCurve);
    static OGRErr addCurveDirectlyFromWkb(OGRGeometry *poSelf,
                                          OGRCurve *poCurve);
    OGRLineString *CurveToLineInternal(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees,
                                       const char *const *papszOptions,
                                       int bIsLinearRing) const;
    // cppcheck-suppress unusedPrivateFunction
    static OGRLineString *CasterToLineString(OGRCurve *poCurve);
    // cppcheck-suppress unusedPrivateFunction
    static OGRLinearRing *CasterToLinearRing(OGRCurve *poCurve);

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static OGRLineString *CastToLineString(OGRCompoundCurve *poCC);
    static OGRLinearRing *CastToLinearRing(OGRCompoundCurve *poCC);

    OGRCurveCasterToLineString GetCasterToLineString() const override;
    OGRCurveCasterToLinearRing GetCasterToLinearRing() const override;
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** Create an empty compound curve. */
    OGRCompoundCurve() = default;

    OGRCompoundCurve(const OGRCompoundCurve &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRCompoundCurve(OGRCompoundCurve &&other) = default;

    OGRCompoundCurve &operator=(const OGRCompoundCurve &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRCompoundCurve &operator=(OGRCompoundCurve &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRCurve;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbCompoundCurve;

    /**  C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiCurve;

    /** Return begin of curve iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return oCC.begin();
    }

    /** Return end of curve iterator. */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return oCC.end();
    }

    /** Return begin of curve iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return oCC.begin();
    }

    /** Return end of curve iterator. */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return oCC.end();
    }

    // IWks Interface
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a compound curve to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the compound curve.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry interface.
    OGRCompoundCurve *clone() const override;
    void empty() override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const override;
    bool IsEmpty() const override;

    // ICurve methods.
    double get_Length() const override;
    void StartPoint(OGRPoint *) const override;
    void EndPoint(OGRPoint *) const override;
    void Value(double, OGRPoint *) const override;
    virtual OGRLineString *
    CurveToLine(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;

    int getNumPoints() const override;
    double get_AreaOfCurveSegments() const override;
    double get_Area() const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicArea(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;

    // ISpatialRelation.
    bool Equals(const OGRGeometry *) const override;

    // ICompoundCurve method.
    int getNumCurves() const;
    OGRCurve *getCurve(int);
    const OGRCurve *getCurve(int) const;

    // Non-standard.
    bool setCoordinateDimension(int nDimension) override;
    bool set3D(bool bIs3D) override;
    bool setMeasured(bool bIsMeasured) override;

    virtual void
    assignSpatialReference(const OGRSpatialReference *poSR) override;

    /** Default relative tolerance to assume that the end of the previous curve
     * is equal to the start of the next one.
     */
    static constexpr double DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_EPSILON = 1e-14;

    OGRErr addCurve(const OGRCurve *,
                    double dfToleranceEps = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_EPSILON);
    OGRErr addCurveDirectly(OGRCurve *,
                            double dfToleranceEps = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_EPSILON);
    OGRErr addCurve(std::unique_ptr<OGRCurve>,
                    double dfToleranceEps = DEFAULT_TOLERANCE_EPSILON);
    OGRCurve *stealCurve(int);
    OGRPointIterator *getPointIterator() const override;
    void reversePoints() override;

    // Non-standard from OGRGeometry.
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT) override;
    void flattenTo2D() override;
    bool segmentize(double dfMaxLength) override;
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getLinearGeometry(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                      const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void swapXY() override;

    bool hasEmptyParts() const override;
    void removeEmptyParts() override;

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(Curve)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(CompoundCurve)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRCompoundCurve::begin() const */
inline const OGRCompoundCurve::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRCompoundCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->begin();
}

/** @see OGRCompoundCurve::end() const */
inline const OGRCompoundCurve::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRCompoundCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->end();
}

/** @see OGRCompoundCurve::begin() */
inline OGRCompoundCurve::ChildType **begin(OGRCompoundCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->begin();
}

/** @see OGRCompoundCurve::end() */
inline OGRCompoundCurve::ChildType **end(OGRCompoundCurve *poCurve)
{
    return poCurve->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                              OGRSurface                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Abstract base class for 2 dimensional objects like polygons or curve
 * polygons.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRSurface : public OGRGeometry
{
  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    virtual OGRSurfaceCasterToPolygon GetCasterToPolygon() const = 0;
    virtual OGRSurfaceCasterToCurvePolygon GetCasterToCurvePolygon() const = 0;
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbSurface;

    /**  C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiSurface;

    virtual double get_Area() const = 0;
    virtual double get_GeodesicArea(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const = 0;
    virtual double get_Length() const = 0;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const = 0;

    virtual OGRErr PointOnSurface(OGRPoint *poPoint) const;

    OGRSurface *clone() const override = 0;

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static OGRPolygon *CastToPolygon(OGRSurface *poSurface);
    static OGRCurvePolygon *CastToCurvePolygon(OGRSurface *poSurface);
    //! @endcond

    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POINT
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_CURVES
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(Surface)
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_MULTI
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                           OGRCurvePolygon                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Concrete class representing curve polygons.
 *
 * Note that curve polygons consist of one outer (curve) ring, and zero or
 * more inner rings.  A curve polygon cannot represent disconnected
 * regions (such as multiple islands in a political body).  The
 * OGRMultiSurface must be used for this.
 *
 * Compatibility: ISO SQL/MM Part 3.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRCurvePolygon : public OGRSurface
{
    static OGRPolygon *CasterToPolygon(OGRSurface *poSurface);

  private:
    bool IntersectsPoint(const OGRPoint *p) const;
    bool ContainsPoint(const OGRPoint *p) const;

    virtual bool isRingCorrectType(const OGRCurve *poRing) const;

    virtual bool checkRing(const OGRCurve *poNewRing) const;
    OGRErr addRingDirectlyInternal(OGRCurve *poCurve, int bNeedRealloc);
    static OGRErr addCurveDirectlyFromWkt(OGRGeometry *poSelf,
                                          OGRCurve *poCurve);
    static OGRErr addCurveDirectlyFromWkb(OGRGeometry *poSelf,
                                          OGRCurve *poCurve);

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    friend class OGRPolygon;
    friend class OGRTriangle;
    OGRCurveCollection oCC{};

    OGRSurfaceCasterToPolygon GetCasterToPolygon() const override;
    virtual OGRSurfaceCasterToCurvePolygon
    GetCasterToCurvePolygon() const override;

    //! @endcond

    static OGRPolygon *CastToPolygon(OGRCurvePolygon *poCP);

  public:
    /** Create an empty curve polygon. */
    OGRCurvePolygon() = default;

    OGRCurvePolygon(const OGRCurvePolygon &);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRCurvePolygon(OGRCurvePolygon &&) = default;

    OGRCurvePolygon &operator=(const OGRCurvePolygon &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRCurvePolygon &operator=(OGRCurvePolygon &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRCurve;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbCurvePolygon;

    /**  C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiSurface;

    /** Return begin of curve iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return oCC.begin();
    }

    /** Return end of curve iterator. */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return oCC.end();
    }

    /** Return begin of curve iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return oCC.begin();
    }

    /** Return end of curve iterator. */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return oCC.end();
    }

    // Non standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRCurvePolygon *clone() const override;
    void empty() override;
    OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT) override;
    void flattenTo2D() override;
    bool IsEmpty() const override;
    bool segmentize(double dfMaxLength) override;
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getLinearGeometry(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                      const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicArea(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;

    // ISurface Interface
    double get_Area() const override;

    double get_Length() const override;

    // IWks Interface
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a curve polygon to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the curve polygon.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry
    int getDimension() const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const override;

    // ICurvePolygon
    virtual OGRPolygon *
    CurvePolyToPoly(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                    const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const;

    // ISpatialRelation
    bool Equals(const OGRGeometry *) const override;
    bool Intersects(const OGRGeometry *) const override;
    bool Contains(const OGRGeometry *) const override;

    // Non standard
    bool setCoordinateDimension(int nDimension) override;
    bool set3D(bool bIs3D) override;
    bool setMeasured(bool bIsMeasured) override;

    virtual void
    assignSpatialReference(const OGRSpatialReference *poSR) override;

    virtual OGRErr addRing(const OGRCurve *);
    virtual OGRErr addRingDirectly(OGRCurve *);
    OGRErr addRing(std::unique_ptr<OGRCurve>);

    OGRCurve *getExteriorRingCurve();
    const OGRCurve *getExteriorRingCurve() const;
    int getNumInteriorRings() const;
    OGRCurve *getInteriorRingCurve(int);
    const OGRCurve *getInteriorRingCurve(int) const;

    OGRCurve *stealExteriorRingCurve();

    OGRErr removeRing(int iIndex, bool bDelete = true);

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void swapXY() override;

    bool hasEmptyParts() const override;
    void removeEmptyParts() override;

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(Surface)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(CurvePolygon)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRCurvePolygon::begin() const */
inline const OGRCurvePolygon::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRCurvePolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRCurvePolygon::end() const */
inline const OGRCurvePolygon::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRCurvePolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRCurvePolygon::begin() */
inline OGRCurvePolygon::ChildType **begin(OGRCurvePolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRCurvePolygon::end() */
inline OGRCurvePolygon::ChildType **end(OGRCurvePolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                              OGRPolygon                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Concrete class representing polygons.
 *
 * Note that the OpenGIS simple features polygons consist of one outer ring
 * (linearring), and zero or more inner rings.  A polygon cannot represent
 * disconnected regions (such as multiple islands in a political body).  The
 * OGRMultiPolygon must be used for this.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRPolygon : public OGRCurvePolygon
{
    static OGRCurvePolygon *CasterToCurvePolygon(OGRSurface *poSurface);

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    friend class OGRMultiSurface;
    friend class OGRPolyhedralSurface;
    friend class OGRTriangulatedSurface;

    bool isRingCorrectType(const OGRCurve *poRing) const override;

    bool checkRing(const OGRCurve *poNewRing) const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWKTListOnly(const char **ppszInput, int bHasZ,
                                         int bHasM, OGRRawPoint *&paoPoints,
                                         int &nMaxPoints, double *&padfZ);

    static OGRCurvePolygon *CastToCurvePolygon(OGRPolygon *poPoly);

    OGRSurfaceCasterToPolygon GetCasterToPolygon() const override;
    virtual OGRSurfaceCasterToCurvePolygon
    GetCasterToCurvePolygon() const override;
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** Create an empty polygon. */
    OGRPolygon() = default;

    OGRPolygon(double x1, double y1, double x2, double y2);

    explicit OGRPolygon(const OGREnvelope &envelope);

    OGRPolygon(const OGRPolygon &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRPolygon(OGRPolygon &&other) = default;

    OGRPolygon &operator=(const OGRPolygon &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRPolygon &operator=(OGRPolygon &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRLinearRing;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbPolygon;

    /**  C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRMultiPolygon;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(oCC.begin());
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(oCC.end());
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(oCC.begin());
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(oCC.end());
    }

    // Non-standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRPolygon *clone() const override;
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getCurveGeometry(const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getLinearGeometry(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                      const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;

    // IWks Interface.
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a polygon to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the polygon.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // ICurvePolygon.
    virtual OGRPolygon *
    CurvePolyToPoly(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                    const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;

    OGRLinearRing *getExteriorRing();
    const OGRLinearRing *getExteriorRing() const;
    virtual OGRLinearRing *getInteriorRing(int);
    virtual const OGRLinearRing *getInteriorRing(int) const;

    OGRLinearRing *stealExteriorRing();
    virtual OGRLinearRing *stealInteriorRing(int);

    bool IsPointOnSurface(const OGRPoint *) const;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRCurvePolygon *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRCurvePolygon *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void closeRings() override;

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(CurvePolygon)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(Polygon)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRPolygon::begin() const */
inline const OGRPolygon::ChildType *const *begin(const OGRPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRPolygon::end() const */
inline const OGRPolygon::ChildType *const *end(const OGRPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRPolygon::begin() */
inline OGRPolygon::ChildType **begin(OGRPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRPolygon::end() */
inline OGRPolygon::ChildType **end(OGRPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                             OGRTriangle                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Triangle class.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRTriangle : public OGRPolygon
{
  private:
    // cppcheck-suppress unusedPrivateFunction
    static OGRPolygon *CasterToPolygon(OGRSurface *poSurface);
    bool quickValidityCheck() const;

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    OGRSurfaceCasterToPolygon GetCasterToPolygon() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWKTListOnly(const char **ppszInput, int bHasZ,
                                         int bHasM, OGRRawPoint *&paoPoints,
                                         int &nMaxPoints,
                                         double *&padfZ) override;
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** Constructor. */
    OGRTriangle() = default;
    OGRTriangle(const OGRPoint &p, const OGRPoint &q, const OGRPoint &r);
    OGRTriangle(const OGRTriangle &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRTriangle(OGRTriangle &&other) = default;
    OGRTriangle(const OGRPolygon &other, OGRErr &eErr);
    OGRTriangle &operator=(const OGRTriangle &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRTriangle &operator=(OGRTriangle &&other) = default;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbTriangle;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRTriangulatedSurface;

    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRTriangle *clone() const override;

    // IWks Interface.
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;

    // New methods rewritten from OGRPolygon/OGRCurvePolygon/OGRGeometry.
    OGRErr addRingDirectly(OGRCurve *poNewRing) override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRPolygon *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRPolygon *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static OGRGeometry *CastToPolygon(OGRGeometry *poGeom);
    //! @endcond

    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(Polygon)
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(Triangle)
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                        OGRGeometryCollection                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * A collection of 1 or more geometry objects.
 *
 * All geometries must share a common spatial reference system, and
 * Subclasses may impose additional restrictions on the contents.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRGeometryCollection : public OGRGeometry
{
    OGRErr importFromWktInternal(const char **ppszInput, int nRecLevel);

  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    int nGeomCount = 0;
    OGRGeometry **papoGeoms = nullptr;

    std::string
    exportToWktInternal(const OGRWktOptions &opts, OGRErr *err,
                        const std::string &exclude = std::string()) const;
    static OGRGeometryCollection *
    TransferMembersAndDestroy(OGRGeometryCollection *poSrc,
                              OGRGeometryCollection *poDst);

    OGRErr importFromWkbInternal(const unsigned char *pabyData, size_t nSize,
                                 int nRecLevel, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut);
    //! @endcond
    virtual bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const;

  public:
    /** Create an empty geometry collection. */
    OGRGeometryCollection() = default;

    OGRGeometryCollection(const OGRGeometryCollection &other);
    OGRGeometryCollection(OGRGeometryCollection &&other);
    ~OGRGeometryCollection() override;

    OGRGeometryCollection &operator=(const OGRGeometryCollection &other);
    OGRGeometryCollection &operator=(OGRGeometryCollection &&other);

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRGeometry;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbGeometryCollection;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of sub-geometry iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return papoGeoms;
    }

    /** Return end of sub-geometry iterator. */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return papoGeoms + nGeomCount;
    }

    /** Return begin of sub-geometry iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return papoGeoms;
    }

    /** Return end of sub-geometry iterator. */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return papoGeoms + nGeomCount;
    }

    // Non standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRGeometryCollection *clone() const override;
    void empty() override;
    OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT) override;
    void flattenTo2D() override;
    bool IsEmpty() const override;
    bool segmentize(double dfMaxLength) override;
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getCurveGeometry(const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;
    virtual OGRGeometry *
    getLinearGeometry(double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees = 0,
                      const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr) const override;
    virtual double
    get_GeodesicArea(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const;

    // IWks Interface
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a geometry collection to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the geometry collection.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    virtual double get_Length() const;
    virtual double get_Area() const;

    // IGeometry methods
    int getDimension() const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const override;

    // IGeometryCollection
    int getNumGeometries() const;
    OGRGeometry *getGeometryRef(int);
    const OGRGeometry *getGeometryRef(int) const;

    // ISpatialRelation
    bool Equals(const OGRGeometry *) const override;

    // Non standard
    bool setCoordinateDimension(int nDimension) override;
    bool set3D(bool bIs3D) override;
    bool setMeasured(bool bIsMeasured) override;
    virtual OGRErr addGeometry(const OGRGeometry *);
    virtual OGRErr addGeometryDirectly(OGRGeometry *);
    OGRErr addGeometry(std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry> geom);
    OGRErr addGeometryComponents(std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometryCollection> geom);
    virtual OGRErr removeGeometry(int iIndex, int bDelete = TRUE);
    std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry> stealGeometry(int iIndex);

    bool hasEmptyParts() const override;
    void removeEmptyParts() override;

    virtual void
    assignSpatialReference(const OGRSpatialReference *poSR) override;

    void closeRings() override;

    void swapXY() override;

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    static OGRGeometryCollection *
    CastToGeometryCollection(OGRGeometryCollection *poSrc);

    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_POINT
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_CURVES
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_ALL_SURFACES
    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(GeometryCollection)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRGeometryCollection::begin() const */
inline const OGRGeometryCollection::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRGeometryCollection *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRGeometryCollection::end() const */
inline const OGRGeometryCollection::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRGeometryCollection *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRGeometryCollection::begin() */
inline OGRGeometryCollection::ChildType **begin(OGRGeometryCollection *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRGeometryCollection::end() */
inline OGRGeometryCollection::ChildType **end(OGRGeometryCollection *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                           OGRMultiSurface                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * A collection of non-overlapping OGRSurface.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRMultiSurface : public OGRGeometryCollection
{
  protected:
    bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const override;

  public:
    /** Create an empty multi surface collection. */
    OGRMultiSurface() = default;

    OGRMultiSurface(const OGRMultiSurface &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRMultiSurface(OGRMultiSurface &&other) = default;

    OGRMultiSurface &operator=(const OGRMultiSurface &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRMultiSurface &operator=(OGRMultiSurface &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRSurface;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbMultiSurface;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms + nGeomCount);
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms +
                                                          nGeomCount);
    }

    // Non standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRMultiSurface *clone() const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a geometry collection to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the geometry collection.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IMultiSurface methods
    virtual OGRErr PointOnSurface(OGRPoint *poPoint) const;

    // IGeometry methods
    int getDimension() const override;

    // IGeometryCollection
    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    OGRSurface *getGeometryRef(int i)
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toSurface();
    }

    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    const OGRSurface *getGeometryRef(int i) const
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toSurface();
    }

    // Non standard
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    static OGRMultiPolygon *CastToMultiPolygon(OGRMultiSurface *poMS);

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(MultiSurface)
    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(GeometryCollection)
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOINT
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTILINESTRING
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTICURVE
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRMultiSurface::begin() const */
inline const OGRMultiSurface::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRMultiSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiSurface::end() const */
inline const OGRMultiSurface::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRMultiSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRMultiSurface::begin() */
inline OGRMultiSurface::ChildType **begin(OGRMultiSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiSurface::end() */
inline OGRMultiSurface::ChildType **end(OGRMultiSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                           OGRMultiPolygon                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * A collection of non-overlapping OGRPolygon.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRMultiPolygon : public OGRMultiSurface
{
  protected:
    bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const override;
    friend class OGRPolyhedralSurface;
    friend class OGRTriangulatedSurface;

  private:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    OGRErr _addGeometryWithExpectedSubGeometryType(
        const OGRGeometry *poNewGeom, OGRwkbGeometryType eSubGeometryType);
    OGRErr _addGeometryDirectlyWithExpectedSubGeometryType(
        OGRGeometry *poNewGeom, OGRwkbGeometryType eSubGeometryType);
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** Create an empty multi polygon collection. */
    OGRMultiPolygon() = default;

    OGRMultiPolygon(const OGRMultiPolygon &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRMultiPolygon(OGRMultiPolygon &&other) = default;

    OGRMultiPolygon &operator=(const OGRMultiPolygon &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRMultiPolygon &operator=(OGRMultiPolygon &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRPolygon;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbMultiPolygon;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms + nGeomCount);
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms +
                                                          nGeomCount);
    }

    // IGeometryCollection
    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    OGRPolygon *getGeometryRef(int i)
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toPolygon();
    }

    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    const OGRPolygon *getGeometryRef(int i) const
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toPolygon();
    }

    // Non-standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRMultiPolygon *clone() const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;

    /// Export a multipolygon to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the multipolygon.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // Non standard
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    static OGRMultiSurface *CastToMultiSurface(OGRMultiPolygon *poMP);

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(MultiPolygon)
    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(MultiSurface)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRMultiPolygon::begin() const */
inline const OGRMultiPolygon::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRMultiPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiPolygon::end() const */
inline const OGRMultiPolygon::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRMultiPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRMultiPolygon::begin() */
inline OGRMultiPolygon::ChildType **begin(OGRMultiPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiPolygon::end() */
inline OGRMultiPolygon::ChildType **end(OGRMultiPolygon *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                         OGRPolyhedralSurface                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * PolyhedralSurface class.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRPolyhedralSurface : public OGRSurface
{
  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    friend class OGRTriangulatedSurface;
    OGRMultiPolygon oMP{};
    OGRSurfaceCasterToPolygon GetCasterToPolygon() const override;
    virtual OGRSurfaceCasterToCurvePolygon
    GetCasterToCurvePolygon() const override;
    virtual bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const;
    virtual const char *getSubGeometryName() const;
    virtual OGRwkbGeometryType getSubGeometryType() const;
    std::string exportToWktInternal(const OGRWktOptions &opts,
                                    OGRErr *err) const;

    virtual OGRPolyhedralSurfaceCastToMultiPolygon
    GetCasterToMultiPolygon() const;
    static OGRMultiPolygon *CastToMultiPolygonImpl(OGRPolyhedralSurface *poPS);
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** Create an empty PolyhedralSurface */
    OGRPolyhedralSurface() = default;

    OGRPolyhedralSurface(const OGRPolyhedralSurface &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRPolyhedralSurface(OGRPolyhedralSurface &&other) = default;

    OGRPolyhedralSurface &operator=(const OGRPolyhedralSurface &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRPolyhedralSurface &operator=(OGRPolyhedralSurface &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRPolygon;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbPolyhedralSurface;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return oMP.begin();
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return oMP.end();
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return oMP.begin();
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return oMP.end();
    }

    // IWks Interface.
    size_t WkbSize() const override;
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;
    OGRErr exportToWkb(unsigned char *,
                       const OGRwkbExportOptions * = nullptr) const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a polyhedral surface to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the polyhedral surface.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry methods.
    int getDimension() const override;

    void empty() override;

    OGRPolyhedralSurface *clone() const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope *psEnvelope) const override;
    void getEnvelope(OGREnvelope3D *psEnvelope) const override;

    void flattenTo2D() override;
    OGRErr transform(OGRCoordinateTransformation *) override;
    bool Equals(const OGRGeometry *) const override;
    double get_Area() const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicArea(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;
    double get_Length() const override;
    virtual double get_GeodesicLength(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSRSOverride = nullptr) const override;

    OGRErr PointOnSurface(OGRPoint *) const override;

    static OGRMultiPolygon *CastToMultiPolygon(OGRPolyhedralSurface *poPS);
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;
    virtual OGRErr addGeometry(const OGRGeometry *);
    OGRErr addGeometryDirectly(OGRGeometry *poNewGeom);
    OGRErr addGeometry(std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry> poNewGeom);

    int getNumGeometries() const;
    OGRPolygon *getGeometryRef(int i);
    const OGRPolygon *getGeometryRef(int i) const;

    bool IsEmpty() const override;
    bool setCoordinateDimension(int nDimension) override;
    bool set3D(bool bIs3D) override;
    bool setMeasured(bool bIsMeasured) override;
    void swapXY() override;
    OGRErr removeGeometry(int iIndex, int bDelete = TRUE);

    bool hasEmptyParts() const override;
    void removeEmptyParts() override;

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    virtual void
    assignSpatialReference(const OGRSpatialReference *poSR) override;

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(PolyhedralSurface)
    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(Surface)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRPolyhedralSurface::begin() const */
inline const OGRPolyhedralSurface::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRPolyhedralSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRPolyhedralSurface::end() const */
inline const OGRPolyhedralSurface::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRPolyhedralSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRPolyhedralSurface::begin() */
inline OGRPolyhedralSurface::ChildType **begin(OGRPolyhedralSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRPolyhedralSurface::end() */
inline OGRPolyhedralSurface::ChildType **end(OGRPolyhedralSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                        OGRTriangulatedSurface                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * TriangulatedSurface class.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRTriangulatedSurface : public OGRPolyhedralSurface
{
  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const override;
    const char *getSubGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getSubGeometryType() const override;

    virtual OGRPolyhedralSurfaceCastToMultiPolygon
    GetCasterToMultiPolygon() const override;
    static OGRMultiPolygon *CastToMultiPolygonImpl(OGRPolyhedralSurface *poPS);
    //! @endcond

  public:
    /** Constructor */
    OGRTriangulatedSurface() = default;

    OGRTriangulatedSurface(const OGRTriangulatedSurface &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRTriangulatedSurface(OGRTriangulatedSurface &&other) = default;

    OGRTriangulatedSurface &operator=(const OGRTriangulatedSurface &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRTriangulatedSurface &operator=(OGRTriangulatedSurface &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRTriangle;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbTIN;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(oMP.begin());
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(oMP.end());
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(oMP.begin());
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(oMP.end());
    }

    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRTriangulatedSurface *clone() const override;

    /** See OGRPolyhedralSurface::getGeometryRef() */
    OGRTriangle *getGeometryRef(int i)
    {
        return OGRPolyhedralSurface::getGeometryRef(i)->toTriangle();
    }

    /** See OGRPolyhedralSurface::getGeometryRef() */
    const OGRTriangle *getGeometryRef(int i) const
    {
        return OGRPolyhedralSurface::getGeometryRef(i)->toTriangle();
    }

    // IWks Interface.
    OGRErr addGeometry(const OGRGeometry *) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRPolyhedralSurface::addGeometry;
#endif

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRPolyhedralSurface *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRPolyhedralSurface *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    static OGRPolyhedralSurface *
    CastToPolyhedralSurface(OGRTriangulatedSurface *poTS);

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(TriangulatedSurface)
    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(PolyhedralSurface)
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRTriangulatedSurface::begin() const */
inline const OGRTriangulatedSurface::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRTriangulatedSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRTriangulatedSurface::end() const */
inline const OGRTriangulatedSurface::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRTriangulatedSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRTriangulatedSurface::begin() */
inline OGRTriangulatedSurface::ChildType **begin(OGRTriangulatedSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRTriangulatedSurface::end() */
inline OGRTriangulatedSurface::ChildType **end(OGRTriangulatedSurface *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                            OGRMultiPoint                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * A collection of OGRPoint.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRMultiPoint : public OGRGeometryCollection
{
  private:
    OGRErr importFromWkt_Bracketed(const char **, int bHasM, int bHasZ);

  protected:
    bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const override;

  public:
    /** Create an empty multi point collection. */
    OGRMultiPoint() = default;

    OGRMultiPoint(const OGRMultiPoint &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRMultiPoint(OGRMultiPoint &&other) = default;

    OGRMultiPoint &operator=(const OGRMultiPoint &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRMultiPoint &operator=(OGRMultiPoint &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRPoint;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbMultiPoint;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms + nGeomCount);
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms +
                                                          nGeomCount);
    }

    // IGeometryCollection
    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    OGRPoint *getGeometryRef(int i)
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toPoint();
    }

    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    const OGRPoint *getGeometryRef(int i) const
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toPoint();
    }

    // Non-standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRMultiPoint *clone() const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a multipoint to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the multipoint.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry methods.
    int getDimension() const override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    // Non-standard.
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(MultiPoint)
    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(GeometryCollection)
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTILINESTRING
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTICURVE
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTISURFACE
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOLYGON
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRMultiPoint::begin() const */
inline const OGRMultiPoint::ChildType *const *begin(const OGRMultiPoint *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiPoint::end() const */
inline const OGRMultiPoint::ChildType *const *end(const OGRMultiPoint *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRMultiPoint::begin() */
inline OGRMultiPoint::ChildType **begin(OGRMultiPoint *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiPoint::end() */
inline OGRMultiPoint::ChildType **end(OGRMultiPoint *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                            OGRMultiCurve                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * A collection of OGRCurve.
 *
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRMultiCurve : public OGRGeometryCollection
{
  protected:
    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static OGRErr addCurveDirectlyFromWkt(OGRGeometry *poSelf,
                                          OGRCurve *poCurve);
    //! @endcond
    bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const override;

  public:
    /** Create an empty multi curve collection. */
    OGRMultiCurve() = default;

    OGRMultiCurve(const OGRMultiCurve &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRMultiCurve(OGRMultiCurve &&other) = default;

    OGRMultiCurve &operator=(const OGRMultiCurve &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRMultiCurve &operator=(OGRMultiCurve &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRCurve;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbMultiCurve;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms + nGeomCount);
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms +
                                                          nGeomCount);
    }

    // IGeometryCollection
    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    OGRCurve *getGeometryRef(int i)
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toCurve();
    }

    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    const OGRCurve *getGeometryRef(int i) const
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toCurve();
    }

    // Non standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRMultiCurve *clone() const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::importFromWkt; /** deprecated */
#endif

    OGRErr importFromWkt(const char **) override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    /// Export a multicurve to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the multicurve.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // IGeometry methods.
    int getDimension() const override;

    // Non-standard.
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    static OGRMultiLineString *CastToMultiLineString(OGRMultiCurve *poMC);

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(MultiCurve)
    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(GeometryCollection)
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOINT
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTISURFACE
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOLYGON
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRMultiCurve::begin() const */
inline const OGRMultiCurve::ChildType *const *begin(const OGRMultiCurve *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiCurve::end() const */
inline const OGRMultiCurve::ChildType *const *end(const OGRMultiCurve *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRMultiCurve::begin() */
inline OGRMultiCurve::ChildType **begin(OGRMultiCurve *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiCurve::end() */
inline OGRMultiCurve::ChildType **end(OGRMultiCurve *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                          OGRMultiLineString                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * A collection of OGRLineString.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRMultiLineString : public OGRMultiCurve
{
  protected:
    bool isCompatibleSubType(OGRwkbGeometryType) const override;

  public:
    /** Create an empty multi line string collection. */
    OGRMultiLineString() = default;

    OGRMultiLineString(const OGRMultiLineString &other);
    /** Move constructor */
    OGRMultiLineString(OGRMultiLineString &&other) = default;

    OGRMultiLineString &operator=(const OGRMultiLineString &other);
    /** Move assignment operator */
    OGRMultiLineString &operator=(OGRMultiLineString &&other) = default;

    /** C++ type of child elements. */
    using ChildType = OGRLineString;

    /** 2D OGRwkbGeometryType constant. */
    static constexpr OGRwkbGeometryType EnumType2D = wkbMultiLineString;

    /** C++ type for corresponding collection. */
    using MultiType = OGRGeometryCollection;

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    ChildType **begin()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    ChildType **end()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<ChildType **>(papoGeoms + nGeomCount);
    }

    /** Return begin of iterator.
     */
    const ChildType *const *begin() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms);
    }

    /** Return end of iterator */
    const ChildType *const *end() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<const ChildType *const *>(papoGeoms +
                                                          nGeomCount);
    }

    // IGeometryCollection
    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    OGRLineString *getGeometryRef(int i)
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toLineString();
    }

    /** See OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef() */
    const OGRLineString *getGeometryRef(int i) const
    {
        return OGRGeometryCollection::getGeometryRef(i)->toLineString();
    }

    // Non standard (OGRGeometry).
    const char *getGeometryName() const override;
    OGRwkbGeometryType getGeometryType() const override;
    OGRMultiLineString *clone() const override;

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
    using OGRGeometry::exportToWkt;
#endif

    virtual OGRErr importFromWkb(const unsigned char *, size_t, OGRwkbVariant,
                                 size_t &nBytesConsumedOut) override;

    /// Export a multilinestring to WKT
    /// \param opts  Output options.
    /// \param err   Pointer to error code, if desired.
    /// \return      WKT representation of the multilinestring.
    virtual std::string exportToWkt(const OGRWktOptions &opts = OGRWktOptions(),
                                    OGRErr *err = nullptr) const override;

    // Non standard
    bool hasCurveGeometry(int bLookForNonLinear = FALSE) const override;

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass()
    {
        return this;
    }

    /** Return pointer of this in upper class */
    inline const OGRGeometryCollection *toUpperClass() const
    {
        return this;
    }

    void accept(IOGRGeometryVisitor *visitor) override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    void accept(IOGRConstGeometryVisitor *visitor) const override
    {
        visitor->visit(this);
    }

    static OGRMultiCurve *CastToMultiCurve(OGRMultiLineString *poMLS);

    OGR_ALLOW_CAST_TO_THIS(MultiLineString)
    OGR_ALLOW_UPCAST_TO(MultiCurve)
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOINT
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTISURFACE
    OGR_FORBID_DOWNCAST_TO_MULTIPOLYGON
};

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/** @see OGRMultiLineString::begin() const */
inline const OGRMultiLineString::ChildType *const *
begin(const OGRMultiLineString *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiLineString::end() const */
inline const OGRMultiLineString::ChildType *const *
end(const OGRMultiLineString *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

/** @see OGRMultiLineString::begin() */
inline OGRMultiLineString::ChildType **begin(OGRMultiLineString *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->begin();
}

/** @see OGRMultiLineString::end() */
inline OGRMultiLineString::ChildType **end(OGRMultiLineString *poGeom)
{
    return poGeom->end();
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                          OGRGeometryFactory                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Create geometry objects from well known text/binary.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRGeometryFactory
{
    static OGRErr createFromFgfInternal(const unsigned char *pabyData,
                                        OGRSpatialReference *poSR,
                                        OGRGeometry **ppoReturn, int nBytes,
                                        int *pnBytesConsumed, int nRecLevel);

  public:
    static OGRErr createFromWkb(const void *, const OGRSpatialReference *,
                                OGRGeometry **,
                                size_t = static_cast<size_t>(-1),
                                OGRwkbVariant = wkbVariantOldOgc);
    static OGRErr createFromWkb(const void *pabyData,
                                const OGRSpatialReference *, OGRGeometry **,
                                size_t nSize, OGRwkbVariant eVariant,
                                size_t &nBytesConsumedOut);
    static OGRErr createFromWkt(const char *, const OGRSpatialReference *,
                                OGRGeometry **);
    static OGRErr createFromWkt(const char **, const OGRSpatialReference *,
                                OGRGeometry **);
    static std::pair<std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry>, OGRErr>
    createFromWkt(const char *, const OGRSpatialReference * = nullptr);

    /** Deprecated.
     * @deprecated
     */
    static OGRErr createFromWkt(char **ppszInput,
                                const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS,
                                OGRGeometry **ppoGeom)
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use createFromWkt(const char**, ...) instead")
    {
        return createFromWkt(const_cast<const char **>(ppszInput), poSRS,
                             ppoGeom);
    }

    static OGRErr createFromFgf(const void *, OGRSpatialReference *,
                                OGRGeometry **, int = -1, int * = nullptr);
    static OGRGeometry *createFromGML(const char *);
    static OGRGeometry *createFromGEOS(GEOSContextHandle_t hGEOSCtxt, GEOSGeom);
    static OGRGeometry *createFromGeoJson(const char *, int = -1);
    static OGRGeometry *createFromGeoJson(const CPLJSONObject &oJSONObject);

    static void destroyGeometry(OGRGeometry *);
    static OGRGeometry *createGeometry(OGRwkbGeometryType);

    static OGRGeometry *forceToPolygon(OGRGeometry *);
    static OGRGeometry *forceToLineString(OGRGeometry *,
                                          bool bOnlyInOrder = true);
    static OGRGeometry *forceToMultiPolygon(OGRGeometry *);
    static OGRGeometry *forceToMultiPoint(OGRGeometry *);
    static OGRGeometry *forceToMultiLineString(OGRGeometry *);

    static OGRGeometry *forceTo(OGRGeometry *poGeom,
                                OGRwkbGeometryType eTargetType,
                                const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr)
#ifndef DOXYGEN_SKIP
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use variant that accepts and returns a "
                            "std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry")
#endif
            ;

    static std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry>
    forceTo(std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry> poGeom, OGRwkbGeometryType eTargetType,
            const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr);

    static std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry>
    makeCompatibleWith(std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry>,
                       OGRwkbGeometryType eTargetType);

    static OGRGeometry *removeLowerDimensionSubGeoms(const OGRGeometry *poGeom);

    static std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry>
    organizePolygons(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry>> &apoPolygons,
                     bool *pbResultValidGeometry = nullptr,
                     CSLConstList papszOptions = nullptr);

    static OGRGeometry *organizePolygons(OGRGeometry **papoPolygons,
                                         int nPolygonCount,
                                         int *pbResultValidGeometry,
                                         CSLConstList papszOptions = nullptr)
#ifndef DOXYGEN_SKIP
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use variant that accepts a "
                            "std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OGRGeometry>>&")
#endif
            ;

    static bool haveGEOS();

    /** Opaque class used as argument to transformWithOptions() */
    class CPL_DLL TransformWithOptionsCache
    {
        friend class OGRGeometryFactory;
        struct Private;
        std::unique_ptr<Private> d;

      public:
        TransformWithOptionsCache();
        ~TransformWithOptionsCache();
    };

    //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    static bool isTransformWithOptionsRegularTransform(
        const OGRSpatialReference *poSourceCRS,
        const OGRSpatialReference *poTargetCRS, CSLConstList papszOptions);
    //! @endcond

    static OGRGeometry *transformWithOptions(
        const OGRGeometry *poSrcGeom, OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT,
        CSLConstList papszOptions,
        const TransformWithOptionsCache &cache = TransformWithOptionsCache());

    static double GetDefaultArcStepSize();

    static OGRGeometry *
    approximateArcAngles(double dfX, double dfY, double dfZ,
                         double dfPrimaryRadius, double dfSecondaryAxis,
                         double dfRotation, double dfStartAngle,
                         double dfEndAngle, double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees,
                         const bool bUseMaxGap = false);

    static int GetCurveParameters(double x0, double y0, double x1, double y1,
                                  double x2, double y2, double &R, double &cx,
                                  double &cy, double &alpha0, double &alpha1,
                                  double &alpha2);
    static OGRLineString *
    curveToLineString(double x0, double y0, double z0, double x1, double y1,
                      double z1, double x2, double y2, double z2, int bHasZ,
                      double dfMaxAngleStepSizeDegrees,
                      const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr);
    static OGRCurve *
    curveFromLineString(const OGRLineString *poLS,
                        const char *const *papszOptions = nullptr);
};

OGRwkbGeometryType CPL_DLL OGRFromOGCGeomType(const char *pszGeomType);
const char CPL_DLL *OGRToOGCGeomType(OGRwkbGeometryType eGeomType,
                                     bool bCamelCase = false,
                                     bool bAddZM = false,
                                     bool bSpaceBeforeZM = false);

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
typedef struct _OGRPreparedGeometry OGRPreparedGeometry;

struct CPL_DLL OGRPreparedGeometryUniquePtrDeleter
{
    void operator()(OGRPreparedGeometry *) const;
};

//! @endcond

/** Unique pointer type for OGRPreparedGeometry.
 */
typedef std::unique_ptr<OGRPreparedGeometry,
                        OGRPreparedGeometryUniquePtrDeleter>
    OGRPreparedGeometryUniquePtr;

#endif /* ndef OGR_GEOMETRY_H_INCLUDED */

Coverage Report

Created: 2026-09-14 06:50