/proc/self/cwd/pw_tokenizer/detokenize.cc

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// Copyright 2025 The Pigweed Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
// use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
// the License at
//
//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
// the License.

#include "pw_tokenizer/detokenize.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>
#include <charconv>
#include <cstring>
#include <string_view>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "pw_base64/base64.h"
#include "pw_bytes/bit.h"
#include "pw_bytes/endian.h"
#include "pw_elf/reader.h"
#include "pw_log/log.h"
#include "pw_result/result.h"
#include "pw_status/try.h"
#include "pw_tokenizer/base64.h"
#include "pw_tokenizer/internal/decode.h"
#include "pw_tokenizer/nested_tokenization.h"
#include "pw_tokenizer/tokenize.h"
#include "pw_tokenizer_private/csv.h"

namespace pw::tokenizer {
namespace {

// True if a Base10 character.
constexpr bool IsValidBase10(char ch) { return ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9'); }

// True if a Base16 character.
constexpr bool IsValidBase16(char ch) {
  return ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') || ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'F') ||
         ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'f');
}

class NestedMessageDetokenizer {
 public:
  NestedMessageDetokenizer(const Detokenizer& detokenizer)
      : detokenizer_(detokenizer),
        message_start_(0),
        domain_size_(0),
        data_start_(0) {}

  void Detokenize(std::string_view chunk) {
    for (char next_char : chunk) {
      Detokenize(next_char);
    }
  }

  bool OutputChangedSinceLastCheck() {
    return std::exchange(output_changed_, false);
  }

  void Detokenize(char next_char) {
    if (next_char == PW_TOKENIZER_NESTED_PREFIX) {
      HandleEndOfMessage();

      message_start_ = output_.size();
      state_ = kMessageStart;
      output_.push_back(next_char);
      return;
    }

    output_.push_back(next_char);
    switch (state_) {
      case kPassthrough:
        break;
      case kMessageStart:
        if (next_char == '{') {
          state_ = kDomain;
        } else {
          HandleRadixOrBase64Data(next_char);
        }
        break;
      case kDomain:
        if (next_char == '}') {
          state_ = kRadixOrData;
        } else if (internal::ValidDomainChar(next_char)) {
          domain_size_ += 1;
        } else {
          ResetMessage();
        }
        break;
      case kRadixOrData:
        HandleRadixOrBase64Data(next_char);
        break;
      case kRadix10Or16:
        if (next_char == '0' || next_char == '6') {
          state_ = kRadixEnd;
        } else {
          state_ = kData64;
          HandleBase64Char(next_char);
        }
        break;
      case kRadix64:
        if (next_char == '4') {
          state_ = kRadixEnd;
        } else {
          state_ = kData64;
          HandleBase64Char(next_char);
        }
        break;
      case kRadixEnd:
        if (next_char == '#') {
          // Check if the radix was 10, 16, or 64.
          const char digit = output_[output_.size() - 2];
          state_ = digit == '0' ? kData10 : digit == '6' ? kData16 : kData64;
          data_start_ = output_.size();
        } else {
          state_ = kData64;
          HandleBase64Char(next_char);
        }
        break;
      case kData10:
        HandleBase10Char(next_char);
        break;
      case kData16:
        HandleBase16Char(next_char);
        break;
      case kData64:
        HandleBase64Char(next_char);
        break;
      case kData64Padding:
        if (next_char == '=') {
          HandleEndOfMessageValidBase64();
        } else {
          ResetMessage();
        }
        break;
    }
  }

  std::string Flush() {
    HandleEndOfMessage();
    std::string output(std::move(output_));
    output_.clear();
    return output;
  }

 private:
  std::string_view domain() const {
    // The domain starts 2 characters after the message start ("${domain}").
    return std::string_view(output_.data() + message_start_ + 2, domain_size_);
  }

  void HandleRadixOrBase64Data(char next_char) {
    if (next_char == '#') {
      state_ = kData16;              // $# or ${}# means base 16
      data_start_ = output_.size();  // data starts after the #
      return;
    }

    // If this is Base64 data, it includes this character.
    data_start_ = output_.size() - 1;
    if (next_char == '1') {
      state_ = kRadix10Or16;
    } else if (next_char == '6') {
      state_ = kRadix64;
    } else if (base64::IsValidChar(next_char)) {
      state_ = kData64;
    } else {
      ResetMessage();
    }
  }

  void HandleBase10Char(char next_char) {
    if (!IsValidBase10(next_char)) {
      ResetMessage();
      return;
    }

    // Base10 data must be 10 chars long.
    const size_t block_size = (output_.size() - data_start_);
    if (block_size == 10) {
      HandleEndOfMessageValidBase10OrBase16(10);
    }
  }

  void HandleBase16Char(char next_char) {
    if (!IsValidBase16(next_char)) {
      ResetMessage();
      return;
    }

    // Base16 data must be 8 chars long.
    const size_t block_size = (output_.size() - data_start_);
    if (block_size == 8) {
      HandleEndOfMessageValidBase10OrBase16(16);
    }
  }

  // The first few characters after $ could be either a radix specification or
  // Base64 data (e.g. $16dAw5== versus $16#00000001).
  void HandleBase64Char(char next_char) {
    if (base64::IsValidChar(next_char)) {
      return;
    }

    // Base64 data must be in 4 char blocks, ending with padding if needed.
    const size_t block_size = (output_.size() - data_start_) % 4;
    if (block_size == 1) {
      // Got invalid character after a 4-byte block. Pop that char and decode.
      output_.pop_back();
      HandleEndOfMessageValidBase64();
      output_.push_back(next_char);
    } else if (block_size == 2 || next_char != '=') {
      // Invalid character not on a 4-char block boundary. Could try decoding at
      // the block boundary instead of resetting.
      ResetMessage();
    } else if (block_size == 3) {  // Found padding '=' character, need 1 more.
      state_ = kData64Padding;
    } else {  // The '=' was the final character of the block.
      HandleEndOfMessageValidBase64();
    }
  }

  void HandleEndOfMessage() {
    if (state_ < kData10) {
      // It's not possible to have a complete token outside of the kData
      // states, even for the shortest possible messages ($10==).
      ResetMessage();
      return;
    }

    if (state_ >= kData64) {
      // Base64 data must come in 4-byte blocks.
      if ((output_.size() - data_start_) % 4 == 0) {
        HandleEndOfMessageValidBase64();
      } else {
        ResetMessage();
      }
      return;
    }

    if (state_ == kData10) {
      if (output_.size() - data_start_ == 10) {
        HandleEndOfMessageValidBase10OrBase16(10);
      }
    } else if (state_ == kData16) {
      if (output_.size() - data_start_ == 8) {
        HandleEndOfMessageValidBase10OrBase16(16);
      }
    }
    ResetMessage();
  }

  void HandleEndOfMessageValidBase10OrBase16(int base) {
    char* data_start = output_.data() + data_start_;
    char* data_end = output_.data() + output_.size();

    uint32_t token = 0;

    auto [_, ec] = std::from_chars(data_start, data_end, token, base);

    if (ec == std::errc()) {
      DetokenizeOnce(token);
    } else {
      ResetMessage();
    }
  }

  void HandleEndOfMessageValidBase64() {
    std::string_view data(output_.data() + data_start_,
                          output_.size() - data_start_);
    std::vector<std::byte> bytes(base64::DecodedSize(data));
    base64::Decode(data, bytes.data());
    DetokenizeOnceBase64(bytes);
  }

  void DetokenizeOnce(uint32_t token) {
    if (auto result = detokenizer_.DatabaseLookup(token, domain());
        result.size() == 1) {
      std::string replacement =
          result.front().first.Format(span<const uint8_t>()).value();
      output_.replace(message_start_, output_.size(), replacement);
      output_changed_ = true;
    }
    ResetMessage();
  }

  void DetokenizeOnceBase64(span<const std::byte> bytes) {
    if (auto result = detokenizer_.Detokenize(bytes, domain()); result.ok()) {
      output_.replace(message_start_, output_.size(), result.BestString());
      output_changed_ = true;
    }
    ResetMessage();
  }

  void ResetMessage() {
    message_start_ = 0;
    domain_size_ = 0;
    data_start_ = 0;
    state_ = kPassthrough;
  }

  const Detokenizer& detokenizer_;
  std::string output_;
  size_t message_start_;  // Index of the message prefix ($)
  size_t domain_size_;
  size_t data_start_;  // Index of the token data

  enum : uint8_t {
    kPassthrough,  // not parsing a nested message
    kMessageStart,
    kDomain,
    kRadixOrData,
    kRadix10Or16,
    kRadix64,
    kRadixEnd,
    kData10,
    kData16,
    kData64,
    kData64Padding,
  } state_ = kPassthrough;
  bool output_changed_ = false;
};

std::string UnknownTokenMessage(uint32_t value) {
  std::string output(PW_TOKENIZER_ARG_DECODING_ERROR_PREFIX "unknown token ");

  // Output a hexadecimal version of the token.
  for (int shift = 28; shift >= 0; shift -= 4) {
    output.push_back("0123456789abcdef"[(value >> shift) & 0xF]);
  }

  output.append(PW_TOKENIZER_ARG_DECODING_ERROR_SUFFIX);
  return output;
}

// Decoding result with the date removed, for sorting.
using DecodingResult = std::pair<DecodedFormatString, uint32_t>;

// Determines if one result is better than the other if collisions occurred.
// Returns true if lhs is preferred over rhs. This logic should match the
// collision resolution logic in detokenize.py.
bool IsBetterResult(const DecodingResult& lhs, const DecodingResult& rhs) {
  // Favor the result for which decoding succeeded.
  if (lhs.first.ok() != rhs.first.ok()) {
    return lhs.first.ok();
  }

  // Favor the result for which all bytes were decoded.
  if ((lhs.first.remaining_bytes() == 0u) !=
      (rhs.first.remaining_bytes() == 0u)) {
    return lhs.first.remaining_bytes() == 0u;
  }

  // Favor the result with fewer decoding errors.
  if (lhs.first.decoding_errors() != rhs.first.decoding_errors()) {
    return lhs.first.decoding_errors() < rhs.first.decoding_errors();
  }

  // Favor the result that successfully decoded the most arguments.
  if (lhs.first.argument_count() != rhs.first.argument_count()) {
    return lhs.first.argument_count() > rhs.first.argument_count();
  }

  // Favor the result that was removed from the database most recently.
  return lhs.second > rhs.second;
}

// Returns true if all characters in data are printable, space, or if the string
// is empty.
constexpr bool IsPrintableAscii(std::string_view data) {
  // This follows the logic in pw_tokenizer.decode_optionally_tokenized below:
  //
  //   if ''.join(text.split()).isprintable():
  //     return text
  //
  for (int letter : data) {
    if (std::isprint(letter) == 0 && std::isspace(letter) == 0) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

void AddEntryIfUnique(std::vector<TokenizedStringEntry>& entries,
                      std::string_view new_entry) {
  // TODO(b/326365218): Construct FormatString with string_view to avoid
  // creating a copy here.
  FormatString format_string(std::string(new_entry).c_str());
  for (const TokenizedStringEntry& entry : entries) {
    if (format_string == entry.first) {
      return;  // An identical string is already present
    }
  }

  entries.emplace_back(std::move(format_string),
                       TokenDatabase::kDateRemovedNever);
}

}  // namespace

DetokenizedString::DetokenizedString(
    const Detokenizer& detokenizer,
    bool recursion,
    uint32_t token,
    const span<const TokenizedStringEntry>& entries,
    const span<const std::byte>& arguments)
    : token_(token), has_token_(true) {
  std::vector<DecodingResult> results;

  for (const auto& [format, date_removed] : entries) {
    results.push_back(DecodingResult{
        format.Format(span(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(arguments.data()),
                           arguments.size())),
        date_removed});
  }

  std::sort(results.begin(), results.end(), IsBetterResult);
  for (auto& result : results) {
    matches_.push_back(std::move(result.first));
  }

  if (recursion && !matches_.empty()) {
    best_string_ = detokenizer.DetokenizeText(matches_[0].value());
  } else if (!matches_.empty()) {
    best_string_ = matches_[0].value();
  } else {
    best_string_ = std::string();
  }
}

std::string DetokenizedString::BestStringWithErrors() const {
  if (matches_.empty()) {
    return has_token_ ? UnknownTokenMessage(token_)
                      : PW_TOKENIZER_ARG_DECODING_ERROR("missing token");
  }
  return matches_[0].value_with_errors();
}

Detokenizer::Detokenizer(const TokenDatabase& database) {
  for (const auto& entry : database) {
    database_[kDefaultDomain][entry.token].emplace_back(entry.string,
                                                        entry.date_removed);
  }
}

Result<Detokenizer> Detokenizer::FromElfSection(
    span<const std::byte> elf_section) {
  size_t index = 0;
  DomainTokenEntriesMap database;

  while (index + sizeof(_pw_tokenizer_EntryHeader) < elf_section.size()) {
    _pw_tokenizer_EntryHeader header;
    std::memcpy(
        &header, elf_section.data() + index, sizeof(_pw_tokenizer_EntryHeader));
    index += sizeof(_pw_tokenizer_EntryHeader);

    if (header.magic != _PW_TOKENIZER_ENTRY_MAGIC) {
      return Status::DataLoss();
    }

    if (index + header.domain_length + header.string_length <=
        elf_section.size()) {
      std::string domain(
          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(elf_section.data() + index),
          header.domain_length - 1);
      index += header.domain_length;

      std::string_view entry(
          reinterpret_cast<const char*>(elf_section.data() + index),
          header.string_length - 1);
      index += header.string_length;

      AddEntryIfUnique(database[std::move(domain)][header.token], entry);
    }
  }
  return Detokenizer(std::move(database));
}

Result<Detokenizer> Detokenizer::FromElfFile(stream::SeekableReader& stream) {
  PW_TRY_ASSIGN(auto reader, pw::elf::ElfReader::FromStream(stream));

  constexpr auto kTokenSectionName = ".pw_tokenizer.entries";
  PW_TRY_ASSIGN(std::vector<std::byte> section_data,
                reader.ReadSection(kTokenSectionName));

  return Detokenizer::FromElfSection(section_data);
}

Result<Detokenizer> Detokenizer::FromCsv(std::string_view csv) {
  std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> parsed_csv = ParseCsv(csv);
  DomainTokenEntriesMap database;

  // CSV databases are in the format -> token, date, domain, string.
  int invalid_row_count = 0;
  for (const auto& row : parsed_csv) {
    if (row.size() != 4) {
      invalid_row_count++;
      continue;
    }
    // Ignore whitespace in the domain.
    std::string domain = "";
    for (char c : row[2]) {
      if (!std::isspace(c)) {
        domain += c;
      }
    }

    const std::string& token = row[0];
    const std::string& date_removed = row[1];

    // Validate length of token.
    if (token.empty()) {
      PW_LOG_ERROR("Corrupt database due to missing token");
      return Status::DataLoss();
    }

    // Validate token contents.
    for (char c : token) {
      if (!std::isxdigit(c)) {
        PW_LOG_ERROR("Corrupt database due to token format");
        return Status::DataLoss();
      }
    }

    // Validate date contents.
    uint32_t date = TokenDatabase::kDateRemovedNever;
    if (!date_removed.empty() &&
        date_removed.find_first_not_of(' ') != std::string::npos) {
      size_t first_dash = date_removed.find('-');
      if (first_dash == std::string::npos || first_dash != 4) {
        PW_LOG_ERROR("Wrong date format in database");
        return Status::DataLoss();
      }

      size_t second_dash = date_removed.find('-', first_dash + 1);
      if (second_dash == std::string::npos || second_dash != 7) {
        PW_LOG_ERROR("Wrong date format in database");
        return Status::DataLoss();
      }

      size_t pos;
      int year = std::stoi(date_removed.substr(0, first_dash), &pos);
      if (pos != first_dash) {
        PW_LOG_ERROR("Wrong date format in database");
        return Status::DataLoss();
      }

      int month = std::stoi(
          date_removed.substr(first_dash + 1, second_dash - first_dash - 1),
          &pos);
      if (pos != second_dash - first_dash - 1) {
        PW_LOG_ERROR("Wrong date format in database");
        return Status::DataLoss();
      }

      int day = std::stoi(date_removed.substr(second_dash + 1), &pos);
      if (pos != date_removed.size() - second_dash - 1) {
        PW_LOG_ERROR("Wrong date format in database");
        return Status::DataLoss();
      }

      date = static_cast<uint32_t>(year << 16) |
             static_cast<uint32_t>(month << 8) | static_cast<uint32_t>(day);
    }

    // Add to database.
    database[std::move(domain)]
            [static_cast<uint32_t>(std::stoul(token, nullptr, 16))]
                .emplace_back(row[3].c_str(), date);
  }

  // Log warning if any data lines were skipped.
  if (invalid_row_count > 0) {
    PW_LOG_WARN(
        "Skipped %d of %zu lines because they did not have 4 columns as "
        "expected.",
        invalid_row_count,
        parsed_csv.size());
  }

  return Detokenizer(std::move(database));
}

DetokenizedString Detokenizer::Detokenize(const span<const std::byte>& encoded,
                                          std::string_view domain,
                                          bool recursion) const {
  // The token is missing from the encoded data; there is nothing to do.
  if (encoded.empty()) {
    return DetokenizedString();
  }

  uint32_t token = bytes::ReadInOrder<uint32_t>(
      endian::little, encoded.data(), encoded.size());

  const auto result = DatabaseLookup(token, domain);

  return DetokenizedString(*this,
                           recursion,
                           token,
                           result,
                           encoded.size() < sizeof(token)
                               ? span<const std::byte>()
                               : encoded.subspan(sizeof(token)));
}

DetokenizedString Detokenizer::DetokenizeBase64Message(
    std::string_view text) const {
  std::string buffer(text);
  buffer.resize(PrefixedBase64DecodeInPlace(buffer));
  return Detokenize(buffer);
}

span<const TokenizedStringEntry> Detokenizer::DatabaseLookup(
    uint32_t token, std::string_view domain) const {
  std::string canonical_domain;
  for (char ch : domain) {
    if (!std::isspace(ch)) {
      canonical_domain.push_back(ch);
    }
  }

  auto domain_it = database_.find(canonical_domain);
  if (domain_it == database_.end()) {
    return span<TokenizedStringEntry>();
  }
  auto token_it = domain_it->second.find(token);
  if (token_it == domain_it->second.end()) {
    return span<TokenizedStringEntry>();
  }

  return span(token_it->second);
}

std::string Detokenizer::DetokenizeTextRecursive(std::string_view text,
                                                 unsigned max_passes) const {
  NestedMessageDetokenizer detokenizer(*this);
  detokenizer.Detokenize(text);

  std::string result;
  unsigned pass = 1;

  while (true) {
    result = detokenizer.Flush();
    if (pass >= max_passes || !detokenizer.OutputChangedSinceLastCheck()) {
      break;
    }
    detokenizer.Detokenize(result);
    pass += 1;
  }
  return result;
}

std::string Detokenizer::DecodeOptionallyTokenizedData(
    const ConstByteSpan& optionally_tokenized_data) {
  // Try detokenizing as binary using the best result if available, else use
  // the input data as a string.
  const auto result = Detokenize(optionally_tokenized_data);
  const bool found_matches = !result.matches().empty();
  // Note: unlike pw_tokenizer.proto.decode_optionally_tokenized, this decoding
  // process does not encode and decode UTF8 format, it is sufficient to check
  // if the data is printable ASCII.
  const std::string data =
      found_matches
          ? result.BestString()
          : std::string(
                reinterpret_cast<const char*>(optionally_tokenized_data.data()),
                optionally_tokenized_data.size());

  const bool is_data_printable = IsPrintableAscii(data);
  if (!found_matches && !is_data_printable) {
    // Assume the token is unknown or the data is corrupt.
    std::vector<char> base64_encoding_buffer(
        Base64EncodedBufferSize(optionally_tokenized_data.size()));
    const size_t encoded_length = PrefixedBase64Encode(
        optionally_tokenized_data, span(base64_encoding_buffer));
    return std::string{base64_encoding_buffer.data(), encoded_length};
  }

  // Successfully detokenized, check if the field has more prefixed
  // base64-encoded tokens.
  const std::string field = DetokenizeText(data);
  // If anything detokenized successfully, use that.
  if (field != data) {
    return field;
  }

  // Attempt to determine whether this is an unknown token or plain text.
  // Any string with only printable or whitespace characters is plain text.
  if (found_matches || is_data_printable) {
    return data;
  }

  // Assume this field is tokenized data that could not be decoded.
  std::vector<char> base64_encoding_buffer(
      Base64EncodedBufferSize(optionally_tokenized_data.size()));
  const size_t encoded_length = PrefixedBase64Encode(
      optionally_tokenized_data, span(base64_encoding_buffer));
  return std::string{base64_encoding_buffer.data(), encoded_length};
}

}  // namespace pw::tokenizer

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Created: 2025-06-13 06:31