/src/postgres/src/backend/access/spgist/spgutils.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * spgutils.c
 *    various support functions for SP-GiST
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2025, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *      src/backend/access/spgist/spgutils.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/amvalidate.h"
#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "access/reloptions.h"
#include "access/spgist_private.h"
#include "access/toast_compression.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "catalog/pg_amop.h"
#include "commands/vacuum.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/indexfsm.h"
#include "utils/catcache.h"
#include "utils/fmgrprotos.h"
#include "utils/index_selfuncs.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"


/*
 * SP-GiST handler function: return IndexAmRoutine with access method parameters
 * and callbacks.
 */
Datum
spghandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
  IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);

  amroutine->amstrategies = 0;
  amroutine->amsupport = SPGISTNProc;
  amroutine->amoptsprocnum = SPGIST_OPTIONS_PROC;
  amroutine->amcanorder = false;
  amroutine->amcanorderbyop = true;
  amroutine->amcanhash = false;
  amroutine->amconsistentequality = false;
  amroutine->amconsistentordering = false;
  amroutine->amcanbackward = false;
  amroutine->amcanunique = false;
  amroutine->amcanmulticol = false;
  amroutine->amoptionalkey = true;
  amroutine->amsearcharray = false;
  amroutine->amsearchnulls = true;
  amroutine->amstorage = true;
  amroutine->amclusterable = false;
  amroutine->ampredlocks = false;
  amroutine->amcanparallel = false;
  amroutine->amcanbuildparallel = false;
  amroutine->amcaninclude = true;
  amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false;
  amroutine->amsummarizing = false;
  amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions =
    VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL | VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP;
  amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;

  amroutine->ambuild = spgbuild;
  amroutine->ambuildempty = spgbuildempty;
  amroutine->aminsert = spginsert;
  amroutine->aminsertcleanup = NULL;
  amroutine->ambulkdelete = spgbulkdelete;
  amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = spgvacuumcleanup;
  amroutine->amcanreturn = spgcanreturn;
  amroutine->amcostestimate = spgcostestimate;
  amroutine->amgettreeheight = NULL;
  amroutine->amoptions = spgoptions;
  amroutine->amproperty = spgproperty;
  amroutine->ambuildphasename = NULL;
  amroutine->amvalidate = spgvalidate;
  amroutine->amadjustmembers = spgadjustmembers;
  amroutine->ambeginscan = spgbeginscan;
  amroutine->amrescan = spgrescan;
  amroutine->amgettuple = spggettuple;
  amroutine->amgetbitmap = spggetbitmap;
  amroutine->amendscan = spgendscan;
  amroutine->ammarkpos = NULL;
  amroutine->amrestrpos = NULL;
  amroutine->amestimateparallelscan = NULL;
  amroutine->aminitparallelscan = NULL;
  amroutine->amparallelrescan = NULL;
  amroutine->amtranslatestrategy = NULL;
  amroutine->amtranslatecmptype = NULL;

  PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
}

/*
 * GetIndexInputType
 *    Determine the nominal input data type for an index column
 *
 * We define the "nominal" input type as the associated opclass's opcintype,
 * or if that is a polymorphic type, the base type of the heap column or
 * expression that is the index's input.  The reason for preferring the
 * opcintype is that non-polymorphic opclasses probably don't want to hear
 * about binary-compatible input types.  For instance, if a text opclass
 * is being used with a varchar heap column, we want to report "text" not
 * "varchar".  Likewise, opclasses don't want to hear about domain types,
 * so if we do consult the actual input type, we make sure to flatten domains.
 *
 * At some point maybe this should go somewhere else, but it's not clear
 * if any other index AMs have a use for it.
 */
static Oid
GetIndexInputType(Relation index, AttrNumber indexcol)
{
  Oid     opcintype;
  AttrNumber  heapcol;
  List     *indexprs;
  ListCell   *indexpr_item;

  Assert(index->rd_index != NULL);
  Assert(indexcol > 0 && indexcol <= index->rd_index->indnkeyatts);
  opcintype = index->rd_opcintype[indexcol - 1];
  if (!IsPolymorphicType(opcintype))
    return opcintype;
  heapcol = index->rd_index->indkey.values[indexcol - 1];
  if (heapcol != 0)     /* Simple index column? */
    return getBaseType(get_atttype(index->rd_index->indrelid, heapcol));

  /*
   * If the index expressions are already cached, skip calling
   * RelationGetIndexExpressions, as it will make a copy which is overkill.
   * We're not going to modify the trees, and we're not going to do anything
   * that would invalidate the relcache entry before we're done.
   */
  if (index->rd_indexprs)
    indexprs = index->rd_indexprs;
  else
    indexprs = RelationGetIndexExpressions(index);
  indexpr_item = list_head(indexprs);
  for (int i = 1; i <= index->rd_index->indnkeyatts; i++)
  {
    if (index->rd_index->indkey.values[i - 1] == 0)
    {
      /* expression column */
      if (indexpr_item == NULL)
        elog(ERROR, "wrong number of index expressions");
      if (i == indexcol)
        return getBaseType(exprType((Node *) lfirst(indexpr_item)));
      indexpr_item = lnext(indexprs, indexpr_item);
    }
  }
  elog(ERROR, "wrong number of index expressions");
  return InvalidOid;     /* keep compiler quiet */
}

/* Fill in a SpGistTypeDesc struct with info about the specified data type */
static void
fillTypeDesc(SpGistTypeDesc *desc, Oid type)
{
  HeapTuple tp;
  Form_pg_type typtup;

  desc->type = type;
  tp = SearchSysCache1(TYPEOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(type));
  if (!HeapTupleIsValid(tp))
    elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for type %u", type);
  typtup = (Form_pg_type) GETSTRUCT(tp);
  desc->attlen = typtup->typlen;
  desc->attbyval = typtup->typbyval;
  desc->attalign = typtup->typalign;
  desc->attstorage = typtup->typstorage;
  ReleaseSysCache(tp);
}

/*
 * Fetch local cache of AM-specific info about the index, initializing it
 * if necessary
 */
SpGistCache *
spgGetCache(Relation index)
{
  SpGistCache *cache;

  if (index->rd_amcache == NULL)
  {
    Oid     atttype;
    spgConfigIn in;
    FmgrInfo   *procinfo;

    cache = MemoryContextAllocZero(index->rd_indexcxt,
                     sizeof(SpGistCache));

    /* SPGiST must have one key column and can also have INCLUDE columns */
    Assert(IndexRelationGetNumberOfKeyAttributes(index) == 1);
    Assert(IndexRelationGetNumberOfAttributes(index) <= INDEX_MAX_KEYS);

    /*
     * Get the actual (well, nominal) data type of the key column.  We
     * pass this to the opclass config function so that polymorphic
     * opclasses are possible.
     */
    atttype = GetIndexInputType(index, spgKeyColumn + 1);

    /* Call the config function to get config info for the opclass */
    in.attType = atttype;

    procinfo = index_getprocinfo(index, 1, SPGIST_CONFIG_PROC);
    FunctionCall2Coll(procinfo,
              index->rd_indcollation[spgKeyColumn],
              PointerGetDatum(&in),
              PointerGetDatum(&cache->config));

    /*
     * If leafType isn't specified, use the declared index column type,
     * which index.c will have derived from the opclass's opcintype.
     * (Although we now make spgvalidate.c warn if these aren't the same,
     * old user-defined opclasses may not set the STORAGE parameter
     * correctly, so believe leafType if it's given.)
     */
    if (!OidIsValid(cache->config.leafType))
    {
      cache->config.leafType =
        TupleDescAttr(RelationGetDescr(index), spgKeyColumn)->atttypid;

      /*
       * If index column type is binary-coercible to atttype (for
       * example, it's a domain over atttype), treat it as plain atttype
       * to avoid thinking we need to compress.
       */
      if (cache->config.leafType != atttype &&
        IsBinaryCoercible(cache->config.leafType, atttype))
        cache->config.leafType = atttype;
    }

    /* Get the information we need about each relevant datatype */
    fillTypeDesc(&cache->attType, atttype);

    if (cache->config.leafType != atttype)
    {
      if (!OidIsValid(index_getprocid(index, 1, SPGIST_COMPRESS_PROC)))
        ereport(ERROR,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
             errmsg("compress method must be defined when leaf type is different from input type")));

      fillTypeDesc(&cache->attLeafType, cache->config.leafType);
    }
    else
    {
      /* Save lookups in this common case */
      cache->attLeafType = cache->attType;
    }

    fillTypeDesc(&cache->attPrefixType, cache->config.prefixType);
    fillTypeDesc(&cache->attLabelType, cache->config.labelType);

    /*
     * Finally, if it's a real index (not a partitioned one), get the
     * lastUsedPages data from the metapage
     */
    if (index->rd_rel->relkind != RELKIND_PARTITIONED_INDEX)
    {
      Buffer    metabuffer;
      SpGistMetaPageData *metadata;

      metabuffer = ReadBuffer(index, SPGIST_METAPAGE_BLKNO);
      LockBuffer(metabuffer, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE);

      metadata = SpGistPageGetMeta(BufferGetPage(metabuffer));

      if (metadata->magicNumber != SPGIST_MAGIC_NUMBER)
        elog(ERROR, "index \"%s\" is not an SP-GiST index",
           RelationGetRelationName(index));

      cache->lastUsedPages = metadata->lastUsedPages;

      UnlockReleaseBuffer(metabuffer);
    }

    index->rd_amcache = cache;
  }
  else
  {
    /* assume it's up to date */
    cache = (SpGistCache *) index->rd_amcache;
  }

  return cache;
}

/*
 * Compute a tuple descriptor for leaf tuples or index-only-scan result tuples.
 *
 * We can use the relcache's tupdesc as-is in many cases, and it's always
 * OK so far as any INCLUDE columns are concerned.  However, the entry for
 * the key column has to match leafType in the first case or attType in the
 * second case.  While the relcache's tupdesc *should* show leafType, this
 * might not hold for legacy user-defined opclasses, since before v14 they
 * were not allowed to declare their true storage type in CREATE OPCLASS.
 * Also, attType can be different from what is in the relcache.
 *
 * This function gives back either a pointer to the relcache's tupdesc
 * if that is suitable, or a palloc'd copy that's been adjusted to match
 * the specified key column type.  We can avoid doing any catalog lookups
 * here by insisting that the caller pass an SpGistTypeDesc not just an OID.
 */
TupleDesc
getSpGistTupleDesc(Relation index, SpGistTypeDesc *keyType)
{
  TupleDesc outTupDesc;
  Form_pg_attribute att;

  if (keyType->type ==
    TupleDescAttr(RelationGetDescr(index), spgKeyColumn)->atttypid)
    outTupDesc = RelationGetDescr(index);
  else
  {
    outTupDesc = CreateTupleDescCopy(RelationGetDescr(index));
    att = TupleDescAttr(outTupDesc, spgKeyColumn);
    /* It's sufficient to update the type-dependent fields of the column */
    att->atttypid = keyType->type;
    att->atttypmod = -1;
    att->attlen = keyType->attlen;
    att->attbyval = keyType->attbyval;
    att->attalign = keyType->attalign;
    att->attstorage = keyType->attstorage;
    /* We shouldn't need to bother with making these valid: */
    att->attcompression = InvalidCompressionMethod;
    att->attcollation = InvalidOid;
    /* In case we changed typlen, we'd better reset following offsets */
    for (int i = spgFirstIncludeColumn; i < outTupDesc->natts; i++)
      TupleDescCompactAttr(outTupDesc, i)->attcacheoff = -1;

    populate_compact_attribute(outTupDesc, spgKeyColumn);
  }
  return outTupDesc;
}

/* Initialize SpGistState for working with the given index */
void
initSpGistState(SpGistState *state, Relation index)
{
  SpGistCache *cache;

  state->index = index;

  /* Get cached static information about index */
  cache = spgGetCache(index);

  state->config = cache->config;
  state->attType = cache->attType;
  state->attLeafType = cache->attLeafType;
  state->attPrefixType = cache->attPrefixType;
  state->attLabelType = cache->attLabelType;

  /* Ensure we have a valid descriptor for leaf tuples */
  state->leafTupDesc = getSpGistTupleDesc(state->index, &state->attLeafType);

  /* Make workspace for constructing dead tuples */
  state->deadTupleStorage = palloc0(SGDTSIZE);

  /*
   * Set horizon XID to use in redirection tuples.  Use our own XID if we
   * have one, else use InvalidTransactionId.  The latter case can happen in
   * VACUUM or REINDEX CONCURRENTLY, and in neither case would it be okay to
   * force an XID to be assigned.  VACUUM won't create any redirection
   * tuples anyway, but REINDEX CONCURRENTLY can.  Fortunately, REINDEX
   * CONCURRENTLY doesn't mark the index valid until the end, so there could
   * never be any concurrent scans "in flight" to a redirection tuple it has
   * inserted.  And it locks out VACUUM until the end, too.  So it's okay
   * for VACUUM to immediately expire a redirection tuple that contains an
   * invalid xid.
   */
  state->redirectXid = GetTopTransactionIdIfAny();

  /* Assume we're not in an index build (spgbuild will override) */
  state->isBuild = false;
}

/*
 * Allocate a new page (either by recycling, or by extending the index file).
 *
 * The returned buffer is already pinned and exclusive-locked.
 * Caller is responsible for initializing the page by calling SpGistInitBuffer.
 */
Buffer
SpGistNewBuffer(Relation index)
{
  Buffer    buffer;

  /* First, try to get a page from FSM */
  for (;;)
  {
    BlockNumber blkno = GetFreeIndexPage(index);

    if (blkno == InvalidBlockNumber)
      break;       /* nothing known to FSM */

    /*
     * The fixed pages shouldn't ever be listed in FSM, but just in case
     * one is, ignore it.
     */
    if (SpGistBlockIsFixed(blkno))
      continue;

    buffer = ReadBuffer(index, blkno);

    /*
     * We have to guard against the possibility that someone else already
     * recycled this page; the buffer may be locked if so.
     */
    if (ConditionalLockBuffer(buffer))
    {
      Page    page = BufferGetPage(buffer);

      if (PageIsNew(page))
        return buffer; /* OK to use, if never initialized */

      if (SpGistPageIsDeleted(page) || PageIsEmpty(page))
        return buffer; /* OK to use */

      LockBuffer(buffer, BUFFER_LOCK_UNLOCK);
    }

    /* Can't use it, so release buffer and try again */
    ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
  }

  buffer = ExtendBufferedRel(BMR_REL(index), MAIN_FORKNUM, NULL,
                 EB_LOCK_FIRST);

  return buffer;
}

/*
 * Update index metapage's lastUsedPages info from local cache, if possible
 *
 * Updating meta page isn't critical for index working, so
 * 1 use ConditionalLockBuffer to improve concurrency
 * 2 don't WAL-log metabuffer changes to decrease WAL traffic
 */
void
SpGistUpdateMetaPage(Relation index)
{
  SpGistCache *cache = (SpGistCache *) index->rd_amcache;

  if (cache != NULL)
  {
    Buffer    metabuffer;

    metabuffer = ReadBuffer(index, SPGIST_METAPAGE_BLKNO);

    if (ConditionalLockBuffer(metabuffer))
    {
      Page    metapage = BufferGetPage(metabuffer);
      SpGistMetaPageData *metadata = SpGistPageGetMeta(metapage);

      metadata->lastUsedPages = cache->lastUsedPages;

      /*
       * Set pd_lower just past the end of the metadata.  This is
       * essential, because without doing so, metadata will be lost if
       * xlog.c compresses the page.  (We must do this here because
       * pre-v11 versions of PG did not set the metapage's pd_lower
       * correctly, so a pg_upgraded index might contain the wrong
       * value.)
       */
      ((PageHeader) metapage)->pd_lower =
        ((char *) metadata + sizeof(SpGistMetaPageData)) - (char *) metapage;

      MarkBufferDirty(metabuffer);
      UnlockReleaseBuffer(metabuffer);
    }
    else
    {
      ReleaseBuffer(metabuffer);
    }
  }
}

/* Macro to select proper element of lastUsedPages cache depending on flags */
/* Masking flags with SPGIST_CACHED_PAGES is just for paranoia's sake */
#define GET_LUP(c, f)  (&(c)->lastUsedPages.cachedPage[((unsigned int) (f)) % SPGIST_CACHED_PAGES])

/*
 * Allocate and initialize a new buffer of the type and parity specified by
 * flags.  The returned buffer is already pinned and exclusive-locked.
 *
 * When requesting an inner page, if we get one with the wrong parity,
 * we just release the buffer and try again.  We will get a different page
 * because GetFreeIndexPage will have marked the page used in FSM.  The page
 * is entered in our local lastUsedPages cache, so there's some hope of
 * making use of it later in this session, but otherwise we rely on VACUUM
 * to eventually re-enter the page in FSM, making it available for recycling.
 * Note that such a page does not get marked dirty here, so unless it's used
 * fairly soon, the buffer will just get discarded and the page will remain
 * as it was on disk.
 *
 * When we return a buffer to the caller, the page is *not* entered into
 * the lastUsedPages cache; we expect the caller will do so after it's taken
 * whatever space it will use.  This is because after the caller has used up
 * some space, the page might have less space than whatever was cached already
 * so we'd rather not trash the old cache entry.
 */
static Buffer
allocNewBuffer(Relation index, int flags)
{
  SpGistCache *cache = spgGetCache(index);
  uint16    pageflags = 0;

  if (GBUF_REQ_LEAF(flags))
    pageflags |= SPGIST_LEAF;
  if (GBUF_REQ_NULLS(flags))
    pageflags |= SPGIST_NULLS;

  for (;;)
  {
    Buffer    buffer;

    buffer = SpGistNewBuffer(index);
    SpGistInitBuffer(buffer, pageflags);

    if (pageflags & SPGIST_LEAF)
    {
      /* Leaf pages have no parity concerns, so just use it */
      return buffer;
    }
    else
    {
      BlockNumber blkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(buffer);
      int     blkFlags = GBUF_INNER_PARITY(blkno);

      if ((flags & GBUF_PARITY_MASK) == blkFlags)
      {
        /* Page has right parity, use it */
        return buffer;
      }
      else
      {
        /* Page has wrong parity, record it in cache and try again */
        if (pageflags & SPGIST_NULLS)
          blkFlags |= GBUF_NULLS;
        cache->lastUsedPages.cachedPage[blkFlags].blkno = blkno;
        cache->lastUsedPages.cachedPage[blkFlags].freeSpace =
          PageGetExactFreeSpace(BufferGetPage(buffer));
        UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
      }
    }
  }
}

/*
 * Get a buffer of the type and parity specified by flags, having at least
 * as much free space as indicated by needSpace.  We use the lastUsedPages
 * cache to assign the same buffer previously requested when possible.
 * The returned buffer is already pinned and exclusive-locked.
 *
 * *isNew is set true if the page was initialized here, false if it was
 * already valid.
 */
Buffer
SpGistGetBuffer(Relation index, int flags, int needSpace, bool *isNew)
{
  SpGistCache *cache = spgGetCache(index);
  SpGistLastUsedPage *lup;

  /* Bail out if even an empty page wouldn't meet the demand */
  if (needSpace > SPGIST_PAGE_CAPACITY)
    elog(ERROR, "desired SPGiST tuple size is too big");

  /*
   * If possible, increase the space request to include relation's
   * fillfactor.  This ensures that when we add unrelated tuples to a page,
   * we try to keep 100-fillfactor% available for adding tuples that are
   * related to the ones already on it.  But fillfactor mustn't cause an
   * error for requests that would otherwise be legal.
   */
  needSpace += SpGistGetTargetPageFreeSpace(index);
  needSpace = Min(needSpace, SPGIST_PAGE_CAPACITY);

  /* Get the cache entry for this flags setting */
  lup = GET_LUP(cache, flags);

  /* If we have nothing cached, just turn it over to allocNewBuffer */
  if (lup->blkno == InvalidBlockNumber)
  {
    *isNew = true;
    return allocNewBuffer(index, flags);
  }

  /* fixed pages should never be in cache */
  Assert(!SpGistBlockIsFixed(lup->blkno));

  /* If cached freeSpace isn't enough, don't bother looking at the page */
  if (lup->freeSpace >= needSpace)
  {
    Buffer    buffer;
    Page    page;

    buffer = ReadBuffer(index, lup->blkno);

    if (!ConditionalLockBuffer(buffer))
    {
      /*
       * buffer is locked by another process, so return a new buffer
       */
      ReleaseBuffer(buffer);
      *isNew = true;
      return allocNewBuffer(index, flags);
    }

    page = BufferGetPage(buffer);

    if (PageIsNew(page) || SpGistPageIsDeleted(page) || PageIsEmpty(page))
    {
      /* OK to initialize the page */
      uint16    pageflags = 0;

      if (GBUF_REQ_LEAF(flags))
        pageflags |= SPGIST_LEAF;
      if (GBUF_REQ_NULLS(flags))
        pageflags |= SPGIST_NULLS;
      SpGistInitBuffer(buffer, pageflags);
      lup->freeSpace = PageGetExactFreeSpace(page) - needSpace;
      *isNew = true;
      return buffer;
    }

    /*
     * Check that page is of right type and has enough space.  We must
     * recheck this since our cache isn't necessarily up to date.
     */
    if ((GBUF_REQ_LEAF(flags) ? SpGistPageIsLeaf(page) : !SpGistPageIsLeaf(page)) &&
      (GBUF_REQ_NULLS(flags) ? SpGistPageStoresNulls(page) : !SpGistPageStoresNulls(page)))
    {
      int     freeSpace = PageGetExactFreeSpace(page);

      if (freeSpace >= needSpace)
      {
        /* Success, update freespace info and return the buffer */
        lup->freeSpace = freeSpace - needSpace;
        *isNew = false;
        return buffer;
      }
    }

    /*
     * fallback to allocation of new buffer
     */
    UnlockReleaseBuffer(buffer);
  }

  /* No success with cache, so return a new buffer */
  *isNew = true;
  return allocNewBuffer(index, flags);
}

/*
 * Update lastUsedPages cache when done modifying a page.
 *
 * We update the appropriate cache entry if it already contained this page
 * (its freeSpace is likely obsolete), or if this page has more space than
 * whatever we had cached.
 */
void
SpGistSetLastUsedPage(Relation index, Buffer buffer)
{
  SpGistCache *cache = spgGetCache(index);
  SpGistLastUsedPage *lup;
  int     freeSpace;
  Page    page = BufferGetPage(buffer);
  BlockNumber blkno = BufferGetBlockNumber(buffer);
  int     flags;

  /* Never enter fixed pages (root pages) in cache, though */
  if (SpGistBlockIsFixed(blkno))
    return;

  if (SpGistPageIsLeaf(page))
    flags = GBUF_LEAF;
  else
    flags = GBUF_INNER_PARITY(blkno);
  if (SpGistPageStoresNulls(page))
    flags |= GBUF_NULLS;

  lup = GET_LUP(cache, flags);

  freeSpace = PageGetExactFreeSpace(page);
  if (lup->blkno == InvalidBlockNumber || lup->blkno == blkno ||
    lup->freeSpace < freeSpace)
  {
    lup->blkno = blkno;
    lup->freeSpace = freeSpace;
  }
}

/*
 * Initialize an SPGiST page to empty, with specified flags
 */
void
SpGistInitPage(Page page, uint16 f)
{
  SpGistPageOpaque opaque;

  PageInit(page, BLCKSZ, sizeof(SpGistPageOpaqueData));
  opaque = SpGistPageGetOpaque(page);
  opaque->flags = f;
  opaque->spgist_page_id = SPGIST_PAGE_ID;
}

/*
 * Initialize a buffer's page to empty, with specified flags
 */
void
SpGistInitBuffer(Buffer b, uint16 f)
{
  Assert(BufferGetPageSize(b) == BLCKSZ);
  SpGistInitPage(BufferGetPage(b), f);
}

/*
 * Initialize metadata page
 */
void
SpGistInitMetapage(Page page)
{
  SpGistMetaPageData *metadata;
  int     i;

  SpGistInitPage(page, SPGIST_META);
  metadata = SpGistPageGetMeta(page);
  memset(metadata, 0, sizeof(SpGistMetaPageData));
  metadata->magicNumber = SPGIST_MAGIC_NUMBER;

  /* initialize last-used-page cache to empty */
  for (i = 0; i < SPGIST_CACHED_PAGES; i++)
    metadata->lastUsedPages.cachedPage[i].blkno = InvalidBlockNumber;

  /*
   * Set pd_lower just past the end of the metadata.  This is essential,
   * because without doing so, metadata will be lost if xlog.c compresses
   * the page.
   */
  ((PageHeader) page)->pd_lower =
    ((char *) metadata + sizeof(SpGistMetaPageData)) - (char *) page;
}

/*
 * reloptions processing for SPGiST
 */
bytea *
spgoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate)
{
  static const relopt_parse_elt tab[] = {
    {"fillfactor", RELOPT_TYPE_INT, offsetof(SpGistOptions, fillfactor)},
  };

  return (bytea *) build_reloptions(reloptions, validate,
                    RELOPT_KIND_SPGIST,
                    sizeof(SpGistOptions),
                    tab, lengthof(tab));
}

/*
 * Get the space needed to store a non-null datum of the indicated type
 * in an inner tuple (that is, as a prefix or node label).
 * Note the result is already rounded up to a MAXALIGN boundary.
 * Here we follow the convention that pass-by-val types are just stored
 * in their Datum representation (compare memcpyInnerDatum).
 */
unsigned int
SpGistGetInnerTypeSize(SpGistTypeDesc *att, Datum datum)
{
  unsigned int size;

  if (att->attbyval)
    size = sizeof(Datum);
  else if (att->attlen > 0)
    size = att->attlen;
  else
    size = VARSIZE_ANY(datum);

  return MAXALIGN(size);
}

/*
 * Copy the given non-null datum to *target, in the inner-tuple case
 */
static void
memcpyInnerDatum(void *target, SpGistTypeDesc *att, Datum datum)
{
  unsigned int size;

  if (att->attbyval)
  {
    memcpy(target, &datum, sizeof(Datum));
  }
  else
  {
    size = (att->attlen > 0) ? att->attlen : VARSIZE_ANY(datum);
    memcpy(target, DatumGetPointer(datum), size);
  }
}

/*
 * Compute space required for a leaf tuple holding the given data.
 *
 * This must match the size-calculation portion of spgFormLeafTuple.
 */
Size
SpGistGetLeafTupleSize(TupleDesc tupleDescriptor,
             const Datum *datums, const bool *isnulls)
{
  Size    size;
  Size    data_size;
  bool    needs_null_mask = false;
  int     natts = tupleDescriptor->natts;

  /*
   * Decide whether we need a nulls bitmask.
   *
   * If there is only a key attribute (natts == 1), never use a bitmask, for
   * compatibility with the pre-v14 layout of leaf tuples.  Otherwise, we
   * need one if any attribute is null.
   */
  if (natts > 1)
  {
    for (int i = 0; i < natts; i++)
    {
      if (isnulls[i])
      {
        needs_null_mask = true;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  /*
   * Calculate size of the data part; same as for heap tuples.
   */
  data_size = heap_compute_data_size(tupleDescriptor, datums, isnulls);

  /*
   * Compute total size.
   */
  size = SGLTHDRSZ(needs_null_mask);
  size += data_size;
  size = MAXALIGN(size);

  /*
   * Ensure that we can replace the tuple with a dead tuple later. This test
   * is unnecessary when there are any non-null attributes, but be safe.
   */
  if (size < SGDTSIZE)
    size = SGDTSIZE;

  return size;
}

/*
 * Construct a leaf tuple containing the given heap TID and datum values
 */
SpGistLeafTuple
spgFormLeafTuple(SpGistState *state, ItemPointer heapPtr,
         const Datum *datums, const bool *isnulls)
{
  SpGistLeafTuple tup;
  TupleDesc tupleDescriptor = state->leafTupDesc;
  Size    size;
  Size    hoff;
  Size    data_size;
  bool    needs_null_mask = false;
  int     natts = tupleDescriptor->natts;
  char     *tp;       /* ptr to tuple data */
  uint16    tupmask = 0;  /* unused heap_fill_tuple output */

  /*
   * Decide whether we need a nulls bitmask.
   *
   * If there is only a key attribute (natts == 1), never use a bitmask, for
   * compatibility with the pre-v14 layout of leaf tuples.  Otherwise, we
   * need one if any attribute is null.
   */
  if (natts > 1)
  {
    for (int i = 0; i < natts; i++)
    {
      if (isnulls[i])
      {
        needs_null_mask = true;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  /*
   * Calculate size of the data part; same as for heap tuples.
   */
  data_size = heap_compute_data_size(tupleDescriptor, datums, isnulls);

  /*
   * Compute total size.
   */
  hoff = SGLTHDRSZ(needs_null_mask);
  size = hoff + data_size;
  size = MAXALIGN(size);

  /*
   * Ensure that we can replace the tuple with a dead tuple later. This test
   * is unnecessary when there are any non-null attributes, but be safe.
   */
  if (size < SGDTSIZE)
    size = SGDTSIZE;

  /* OK, form the tuple */
  tup = (SpGistLeafTuple) palloc0(size);

  tup->size = size;
  SGLT_SET_NEXTOFFSET(tup, InvalidOffsetNumber);
  tup->heapPtr = *heapPtr;

  tp = (char *) tup + hoff;

  if (needs_null_mask)
  {
    bits8    *bp;     /* ptr to null bitmap in tuple */

    /* Set nullmask presence bit in SpGistLeafTuple header */
    SGLT_SET_HASNULLMASK(tup, true);
    /* Fill the data area and null mask */
    bp = (bits8 *) ((char *) tup + sizeof(SpGistLeafTupleData));
    heap_fill_tuple(tupleDescriptor, datums, isnulls, tp, data_size,
            &tupmask, bp);
  }
  else if (natts > 1 || !isnulls[spgKeyColumn])
  {
    /* Fill data area only */
    heap_fill_tuple(tupleDescriptor, datums, isnulls, tp, data_size,
            &tupmask, (bits8 *) NULL);
  }
  /* otherwise we have no data, nor a bitmap, to fill */

  return tup;
}

/*
 * Construct a node (to go into an inner tuple) containing the given label
 *
 * Note that the node's downlink is just set invalid here.  Caller will fill
 * it in later.
 */
SpGistNodeTuple
spgFormNodeTuple(SpGistState *state, Datum label, bool isnull)
{
  SpGistNodeTuple tup;
  unsigned int size;
  unsigned short infomask = 0;

  /* compute space needed (note result is already maxaligned) */
  size = SGNTHDRSZ;
  if (!isnull)
    size += SpGistGetInnerTypeSize(&state->attLabelType, label);

  /*
   * Here we make sure that the size will fit in the field reserved for it
   * in t_info.
   */
  if ((size & INDEX_SIZE_MASK) != size)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
         errmsg("index row requires %zu bytes, maximum size is %zu",
            (Size) size, (Size) INDEX_SIZE_MASK)));

  tup = (SpGistNodeTuple) palloc0(size);

  if (isnull)
    infomask |= INDEX_NULL_MASK;
  /* we don't bother setting the INDEX_VAR_MASK bit */
  infomask |= size;
  tup->t_info = infomask;

  /* The TID field will be filled in later */
  ItemPointerSetInvalid(&tup->t_tid);

  if (!isnull)
    memcpyInnerDatum(SGNTDATAPTR(tup), &state->attLabelType, label);

  return tup;
}

/*
 * Construct an inner tuple containing the given prefix and node array
 */
SpGistInnerTuple
spgFormInnerTuple(SpGistState *state, bool hasPrefix, Datum prefix,
          int nNodes, SpGistNodeTuple *nodes)
{
  SpGistInnerTuple tup;
  unsigned int size;
  unsigned int prefixSize;
  int     i;
  char     *ptr;

  /* Compute size needed */
  if (hasPrefix)
    prefixSize = SpGistGetInnerTypeSize(&state->attPrefixType, prefix);
  else
    prefixSize = 0;

  size = SGITHDRSZ + prefixSize;

  /* Note: we rely on node tuple sizes to be maxaligned already */
  for (i = 0; i < nNodes; i++)
    size += IndexTupleSize(nodes[i]);

  /*
   * Ensure that we can replace the tuple with a dead tuple later.  This
   * test is unnecessary given current tuple layouts, but let's be safe.
   */
  if (size < SGDTSIZE)
    size = SGDTSIZE;

  /*
   * Inner tuple should be small enough to fit on a page
   */
  if (size > SPGIST_PAGE_CAPACITY - sizeof(ItemIdData))
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
         errmsg("SP-GiST inner tuple size %zu exceeds maximum %zu",
            (Size) size,
            SPGIST_PAGE_CAPACITY - sizeof(ItemIdData)),
         errhint("Values larger than a buffer page cannot be indexed.")));

  /*
   * Check for overflow of header fields --- probably can't fail if the
   * above succeeded, but let's be paranoid
   */
  if (size > SGITMAXSIZE ||
    prefixSize > SGITMAXPREFIXSIZE ||
    nNodes > SGITMAXNNODES)
    elog(ERROR, "SPGiST inner tuple header field is too small");

  /* OK, form the tuple */
  tup = (SpGistInnerTuple) palloc0(size);

  tup->nNodes = nNodes;
  tup->prefixSize = prefixSize;
  tup->size = size;

  if (hasPrefix)
    memcpyInnerDatum(SGITDATAPTR(tup), &state->attPrefixType, prefix);

  ptr = (char *) SGITNODEPTR(tup);

  for (i = 0; i < nNodes; i++)
  {
    SpGistNodeTuple node = nodes[i];

    memcpy(ptr, node, IndexTupleSize(node));
    ptr += IndexTupleSize(node);
  }

  return tup;
}

/*
 * Construct a "dead" tuple to replace a tuple being deleted.
 *
 * The state can be SPGIST_REDIRECT, SPGIST_DEAD, or SPGIST_PLACEHOLDER.
 * For a REDIRECT tuple, a pointer (blkno+offset) must be supplied, and
 * the xid field is filled in automatically.
 *
 * This is called in critical sections, so we don't use palloc; the tuple
 * is built in preallocated storage.  It should be copied before another
 * call with different parameters can occur.
 */
SpGistDeadTuple
spgFormDeadTuple(SpGistState *state, int tupstate,
         BlockNumber blkno, OffsetNumber offnum)
{
  SpGistDeadTuple tuple = (SpGistDeadTuple) state->deadTupleStorage;

  tuple->tupstate = tupstate;
  tuple->size = SGDTSIZE;
  SGLT_SET_NEXTOFFSET(tuple, InvalidOffsetNumber);

  if (tupstate == SPGIST_REDIRECT)
  {
    ItemPointerSet(&tuple->pointer, blkno, offnum);
    tuple->xid = state->redirectXid;
  }
  else
  {
    ItemPointerSetInvalid(&tuple->pointer);
    tuple->xid = InvalidTransactionId;
  }

  return tuple;
}

/*
 * Convert an SPGiST leaf tuple into Datum/isnull arrays.
 *
 * The caller must allocate sufficient storage for the output arrays.
 * (INDEX_MAX_KEYS entries should be enough.)
 */
void
spgDeformLeafTuple(SpGistLeafTuple tup, TupleDesc tupleDescriptor,
           Datum *datums, bool *isnulls, bool keyColumnIsNull)
{
  bool    hasNullsMask = SGLT_GET_HASNULLMASK(tup);
  char     *tp;       /* ptr to tuple data */
  bits8    *bp;       /* ptr to null bitmap in tuple */

  if (keyColumnIsNull && tupleDescriptor->natts == 1)
  {
    /*
     * Trivial case: there is only the key attribute and we're in a nulls
     * tree.  The hasNullsMask bit in the tuple header should not be set
     * (and thus we can't use index_deform_tuple_internal), but
     * nonetheless the result is NULL.
     *
     * Note: currently this is dead code, because noplace calls this when
     * there is only the key attribute.  But we should cover the case.
     */
    Assert(!hasNullsMask);

    datums[spgKeyColumn] = (Datum) 0;
    isnulls[spgKeyColumn] = true;
    return;
  }

  tp = (char *) tup + SGLTHDRSZ(hasNullsMask);
  bp = (bits8 *) ((char *) tup + sizeof(SpGistLeafTupleData));

  index_deform_tuple_internal(tupleDescriptor,
                datums, isnulls,
                tp, bp, hasNullsMask);

  /*
   * Key column isnull value from the tuple should be consistent with
   * keyColumnIsNull flag from the caller.
   */
  Assert(keyColumnIsNull == isnulls[spgKeyColumn]);
}

/*
 * Extract the label datums of the nodes within innerTuple
 *
 * Returns NULL if label datums are NULLs
 */
Datum *
spgExtractNodeLabels(SpGistState *state, SpGistInnerTuple innerTuple)
{
  Datum    *nodeLabels;
  int     i;
  SpGistNodeTuple node;

  /* Either all the labels must be NULL, or none. */
  node = SGITNODEPTR(innerTuple);
  if (IndexTupleHasNulls(node))
  {
    SGITITERATE(innerTuple, i, node)
    {
      if (!IndexTupleHasNulls(node))
        elog(ERROR, "some but not all node labels are null in SPGiST inner tuple");
    }
    /* They're all null, so just return NULL */
    return NULL;
  }
  else
  {
    nodeLabels = (Datum *) palloc(sizeof(Datum) * innerTuple->nNodes);
    SGITITERATE(innerTuple, i, node)
    {
      if (IndexTupleHasNulls(node))
        elog(ERROR, "some but not all node labels are null in SPGiST inner tuple");
      nodeLabels[i] = SGNTDATUM(node, state);
    }
    return nodeLabels;
  }
}

/*
 * Add a new item to the page, replacing a PLACEHOLDER item if possible.
 * Return the location it's inserted at, or InvalidOffsetNumber on failure.
 *
 * If startOffset isn't NULL, we start searching for placeholders at
 * *startOffset, and update that to the next place to search.  This is just
 * an optimization for repeated insertions.
 *
 * If errorOK is false, we throw error when there's not enough room,
 * rather than returning InvalidOffsetNumber.
 */
OffsetNumber
SpGistPageAddNewItem(SpGistState *state, Page page, Item item, Size size,
           OffsetNumber *startOffset, bool errorOK)
{
  SpGistPageOpaque opaque = SpGistPageGetOpaque(page);
  OffsetNumber i,
        maxoff,
        offnum;

  if (opaque->nPlaceholder > 0 &&
    PageGetExactFreeSpace(page) + SGDTSIZE >= MAXALIGN(size))
  {
    /* Try to replace a placeholder */
    maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page);
    offnum = InvalidOffsetNumber;

    for (;;)
    {
      if (startOffset && *startOffset != InvalidOffsetNumber)
        i = *startOffset;
      else
        i = FirstOffsetNumber;
      for (; i <= maxoff; i++)
      {
        SpGistDeadTuple it = (SpGistDeadTuple) PageGetItem(page,
                                   PageGetItemId(page, i));

        if (it->tupstate == SPGIST_PLACEHOLDER)
        {
          offnum = i;
          break;
        }
      }

      /* Done if we found a placeholder */
      if (offnum != InvalidOffsetNumber)
        break;

      if (startOffset && *startOffset != InvalidOffsetNumber)
      {
        /* Hint was no good, re-search from beginning */
        *startOffset = InvalidOffsetNumber;
        continue;
      }

      /* Hmm, no placeholder found? */
      opaque->nPlaceholder = 0;
      break;
    }

    if (offnum != InvalidOffsetNumber)
    {
      /* Replace the placeholder tuple */
      PageIndexTupleDelete(page, offnum);

      offnum = PageAddItem(page, item, size, offnum, false, false);

      /*
       * We should not have failed given the size check at the top of
       * the function, but test anyway.  If we did fail, we must PANIC
       * because we've already deleted the placeholder tuple, and
       * there's no other way to keep the damage from getting to disk.
       */
      if (offnum != InvalidOffsetNumber)
      {
        Assert(opaque->nPlaceholder > 0);
        opaque->nPlaceholder--;
        if (startOffset)
          *startOffset = offnum + 1;
      }
      else
        elog(PANIC, "failed to add item of size %zu to SPGiST index page",
           size);

      return offnum;
    }
  }

  /* No luck in replacing a placeholder, so just add it to the page */
  offnum = PageAddItem(page, item, size,
             InvalidOffsetNumber, false, false);

  if (offnum == InvalidOffsetNumber && !errorOK)
    elog(ERROR, "failed to add item of size %zu to SPGiST index page",
       size);

  return offnum;
}

/*
 *  spgproperty() -- Check boolean properties of indexes.
 *
 * This is optional for most AMs, but is required for SP-GiST because the core
 * property code doesn't support AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE.
 */
bool
spgproperty(Oid index_oid, int attno,
      IndexAMProperty prop, const char *propname,
      bool *res, bool *isnull)
{
  Oid     opclass,
        opfamily,
        opcintype;
  CatCList   *catlist;
  int     i;

  /* Only answer column-level inquiries */
  if (attno == 0)
    return false;

  switch (prop)
  {
    case AMPROP_DISTANCE_ORDERABLE:
      break;
    default:
      return false;
  }

  /*
   * Currently, SP-GiST distance-ordered scans require that there be a
   * distance operator in the opclass with the default types. So we assume
   * that if such an operator exists, then there's a reason for it.
   */

  /* First we need to know the column's opclass. */
  opclass = get_index_column_opclass(index_oid, attno);
  if (!OidIsValid(opclass))
  {
    *isnull = true;
    return true;
  }

  /* Now look up the opclass family and input datatype. */
  if (!get_opclass_opfamily_and_input_type(opclass, &opfamily, &opcintype))
  {
    *isnull = true;
    return true;
  }

  /* And now we can check whether the operator is provided. */
  catlist = SearchSysCacheList1(AMOPSTRATEGY,
                  ObjectIdGetDatum(opfamily));

  *res = false;

  for (i = 0; i < catlist->n_members; i++)
  {
    HeapTuple amoptup = &catlist->members[i]->tuple;
    Form_pg_amop amopform = (Form_pg_amop) GETSTRUCT(amoptup);

    if (amopform->amoppurpose == AMOP_ORDER &&
      (amopform->amoplefttype == opcintype ||
       amopform->amoprighttype == opcintype) &&
      opfamily_can_sort_type(amopform->amopsortfamily,
                   get_op_rettype(amopform->amopopr)))
    {
      *res = true;
      break;
    }
  }

  ReleaseSysCacheList(catlist);

  *isnull = false;

  return true;
}

Coverage Report

Created: 2025-06-15 06:31