/src/postgres/src/backend/access/transam/xact.c

Source
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * xact.c
 *    top level transaction system support routines
 *
 * See src/backend/access/transam/README for more information.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/access/transam/xact.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "access/commit_ts.h"
#include "access/multixact.h"
#include "access/parallel.h"
#include "access/subtrans.h"
#include "access/transam.h"
#include "access/twophase.h"
#include "access/xact.h"
#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "access/xloginsert.h"
#include "access/xlogrecovery.h"
#include "access/xlogutils.h"
#include "access/xlogwait.h"
#include "catalog/index.h"
#include "catalog/namespace.h"
#include "catalog/pg_enum.h"
#include "catalog/storage.h"
#include "commands/async.h"
#include "commands/tablecmds.h"
#include "commands/trigger.h"
#include "common/pg_prng.h"
#include "executor/spi.h"
#include "libpq/be-fsstubs.h"
#include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pg_trace.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "replication/logical.h"
#include "replication/logicallauncher.h"
#include "replication/logicalworker.h"
#include "replication/origin.h"
#include "replication/snapbuild.h"
#include "replication/syncrep.h"
#include "storage/aio_subsys.h"
#include "storage/condition_variable.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/lmgr.h"
#include "storage/md.h"
#include "storage/predicate.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "storage/procarray.h"
#include "storage/sinvaladt.h"
#include "storage/smgr.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/combocid.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/inval.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/relmapper.h"
#include "utils/snapmgr.h"
#include "utils/timeout.h"
#include "utils/timestamp.h"
#include "utils/typcache.h"
#include "utils/wait_event.h"

/*
 *  User-tweakable parameters
 */
int     DefaultXactIsoLevel = XACT_READ_COMMITTED;
int     XactIsoLevel = XACT_READ_COMMITTED;

bool    DefaultXactReadOnly = false;
bool    XactReadOnly;

bool    DefaultXactDeferrable = false;
bool    XactDeferrable;

int     synchronous_commit = SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_ON;

/*
 * CheckXidAlive is a xid value pointing to a possibly ongoing (sub)
 * transaction.  Currently, it is used in logical decoding.  It's possible
 * that such transactions can get aborted while the decoding is ongoing in
 * which case we skip decoding that particular transaction.  To ensure that we
 * check whether the CheckXidAlive is aborted after fetching the tuple from
 * system tables.  We also ensure that during logical decoding we never
 * directly access the tableam or heap APIs because we are checking for the
 * concurrent aborts only in systable_* APIs.
 */
TransactionId CheckXidAlive = InvalidTransactionId;
bool    bsysscan = false;

/*
 * When running as a parallel worker, we place only a single
 * TransactionStateData on the parallel worker's state stack, and the XID
 * reflected there will be that of the *innermost* currently-active
 * subtransaction in the backend that initiated parallelism.  However,
 * GetTopTransactionId() and TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId()
 * need to return the same answers in the parallel worker as they would have
 * in the user backend, so we need some additional bookkeeping.
 *
 * XactTopFullTransactionId stores the XID of our toplevel transaction, which
 * will be the same as TopTransactionStateData.fullTransactionId in an
 * ordinary backend; but in a parallel backend, which does not have the entire
 * transaction state, it will instead be copied from the backend that started
 * the parallel operation.
 *
 * nParallelCurrentXids will be 0 and ParallelCurrentXids NULL in an ordinary
 * backend, but in a parallel backend, nParallelCurrentXids will contain the
 * number of XIDs that need to be considered current, and ParallelCurrentXids
 * will contain the XIDs themselves.  This includes all XIDs that were current
 * or sub-committed in the parent at the time the parallel operation began.
 * The XIDs are stored sorted in numerical order (not logical order) to make
 * lookups as fast as possible.
 */
static FullTransactionId XactTopFullTransactionId = {InvalidTransactionId};
static int  nParallelCurrentXids = 0;
static TransactionId *ParallelCurrentXids;

/*
 * Miscellaneous flag bits to record events which occur on the top level
 * transaction. These flags are only persisted in MyXactFlags and are intended
 * so we remember to do certain things later on in the transaction. This is
 * globally accessible, so can be set from anywhere in the code that requires
 * recording flags.
 */
int     MyXactFlags;

/*
 *  transaction states - transaction state from server perspective
 */
typedef enum TransState
{
  TRANS_DEFAULT,        /* idle */
  TRANS_START,        /* transaction starting */
  TRANS_INPROGRESS,     /* inside a valid transaction */
  TRANS_COMMIT,       /* commit in progress */
  TRANS_ABORT,        /* abort in progress */
  TRANS_PREPARE,        /* prepare in progress */
} TransState;

/*
 *  transaction block states - transaction state of client queries
 *
 * Note: the subtransaction states are used only for non-topmost
 * transactions; the others appear only in the topmost transaction.
 */
typedef enum TBlockState
{
  /* not-in-transaction-block states */
  TBLOCK_DEFAULT,       /* idle */
  TBLOCK_STARTED,       /* running single-query transaction */

  /* transaction block states */
  TBLOCK_BEGIN,       /* starting transaction block */
  TBLOCK_INPROGRESS,      /* live transaction */
  TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS, /* live transaction after implicit BEGIN */
  TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS, /* live transaction inside parallel worker */
  TBLOCK_END,         /* COMMIT received */
  TBLOCK_ABORT,       /* failed xact, awaiting ROLLBACK */
  TBLOCK_ABORT_END,     /* failed xact, ROLLBACK received */
  TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING,   /* live xact, ROLLBACK received */
  TBLOCK_PREPARE,       /* live xact, PREPARE received */

  /* subtransaction states */
  TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN,      /* starting a subtransaction */
  TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS,   /* live subtransaction */
  TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE,      /* RELEASE received */
  TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT,     /* COMMIT received while TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS */
  TBLOCK_SUBABORT,      /* failed subxact, awaiting ROLLBACK */
  TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END,    /* failed subxact, ROLLBACK received */
  TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING,  /* live subxact, ROLLBACK received */
  TBLOCK_SUBRESTART,      /* live subxact, ROLLBACK TO received */
  TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART,  /* failed subxact, ROLLBACK TO received */
} TBlockState;

/*
 *  transaction state structure
 *
 * Note: parallelModeLevel counts the number of unmatched EnterParallelMode
 * calls done at this transaction level.  parallelChildXact is true if any
 * upper transaction level has nonzero parallelModeLevel.
 */
typedef struct TransactionStateData
{
  FullTransactionId fullTransactionId;  /* my FullTransactionId */
  SubTransactionId subTransactionId;  /* my subxact ID */
  char     *name;     /* savepoint name, if any */
  int     savepointLevel; /* savepoint level */
  TransState  state;      /* low-level state */
  TBlockState blockState;   /* high-level state */
  int     nestingLevel; /* transaction nesting depth */
  int     gucNestLevel; /* GUC context nesting depth */
  MemoryContext curTransactionContext;  /* my xact-lifetime context */
  ResourceOwner curTransactionOwner;  /* my query resources */
  MemoryContext priorContext; /* CurrentMemoryContext before xact started */
  TransactionId *childXids; /* subcommitted child XIDs, in XID order */
  int     nChildXids;   /* # of subcommitted child XIDs */
  int     maxChildXids; /* allocated size of childXids[] */
  Oid     prevUser;   /* previous CurrentUserId setting */
  int     prevSecContext; /* previous SecurityRestrictionContext */
  bool    prevXactReadOnly; /* entry-time xact r/o state */
  bool    startedInRecovery;  /* did we start in recovery? */
  bool    didLogXid;    /* has xid been included in WAL record? */
  int     parallelModeLevel;  /* Enter/ExitParallelMode counter */
  bool    parallelChildXact;  /* is any parent transaction parallel? */
  bool    chain;      /* start a new block after this one */
  bool    topXidLogged; /* for a subxact: is top-level XID logged? */
  struct TransactionStateData *parent;  /* back link to parent */
} TransactionStateData;

typedef TransactionStateData *TransactionState;

/*
 * Serialized representation used to transmit transaction state to parallel
 * workers through shared memory.
 */
typedef struct SerializedTransactionState
{
  int     xactIsoLevel;
  bool    xactDeferrable;
  FullTransactionId topFullTransactionId;
  FullTransactionId currentFullTransactionId;
  CommandId currentCommandId;
  int     nParallelCurrentXids;
  TransactionId parallelCurrentXids[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
} SerializedTransactionState;

/* The size of SerializedTransactionState, not including the final array. */
#define SerializedTransactionStateHeaderSize \
  offsetof(SerializedTransactionState, parallelCurrentXids)

/*
 * CurrentTransactionState always points to the current transaction state
 * block.  It will point to TopTransactionStateData when not in a
 * transaction at all, or when in a top-level transaction.
 */
static TransactionStateData TopTransactionStateData = {
  .state = TRANS_DEFAULT,
  .blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT,
  .topXidLogged = false,
};

/*
 * unreportedXids holds XIDs of all subtransactions that have not yet been
 * reported in an XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT record.
 */
static int  nUnreportedXids;
static TransactionId unreportedXids[PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS];

static TransactionState CurrentTransactionState = &TopTransactionStateData;

/*
 * The subtransaction ID and command ID assignment counters are global
 * to a whole transaction, so we do not keep them in the state stack.
 */
static SubTransactionId currentSubTransactionId;
static CommandId currentCommandId;
static bool currentCommandIdUsed;

/*
 * xactStartTimestamp is the value of transaction_timestamp().
 * stmtStartTimestamp is the value of statement_timestamp().
 * xactStopTimestamp is the time at which we log a commit / abort WAL record,
 * or if that was skipped, the time of the first subsequent
 * GetCurrentTransactionStopTimestamp() call.
 *
 * These do not change as we enter and exit subtransactions, so we don't
 * keep them inside the TransactionState stack.
 */
static TimestampTz xactStartTimestamp;
static TimestampTz stmtStartTimestamp;
static TimestampTz xactStopTimestamp;

/*
 * GID to be used for preparing the current transaction.  This is also
 * global to a whole transaction, so we don't keep it in the state stack.
 */
static char *prepareGID;

/*
 * Some commands want to force synchronous commit.
 */
static bool forceSyncCommit = false;

/* Flag for logging statements in a transaction. */
bool    xact_is_sampled = false;

/*
 * Private context for transaction-abort work --- we reserve space for this
 * at startup to ensure that AbortTransaction and AbortSubTransaction can work
 * when we've run out of memory.
 */
static MemoryContext TransactionAbortContext = NULL;

/*
 * List of add-on start- and end-of-xact callbacks
 */
typedef struct XactCallbackItem
{
  struct XactCallbackItem *next;
  XactCallback callback;
  void     *arg;
} XactCallbackItem;

static XactCallbackItem *Xact_callbacks = NULL;

/*
 * List of add-on start- and end-of-subxact callbacks
 */
typedef struct SubXactCallbackItem
{
  struct SubXactCallbackItem *next;
  SubXactCallback callback;
  void     *arg;
} SubXactCallbackItem;

static SubXactCallbackItem *SubXact_callbacks = NULL;


/* local function prototypes */
static void AssignTransactionId(TransactionState s);
static void AbortTransaction(void);
static void AtAbort_Memory(void);
static void AtCleanup_Memory(void);
static void AtAbort_ResourceOwner(void);
static void AtCCI_LocalCache(void);
static void AtCommit_Memory(void);
static void AtStart_Cache(void);
static void AtStart_Memory(void);
static void AtStart_ResourceOwner(void);
static void CallXactCallbacks(XactEvent event);
static void CallSubXactCallbacks(SubXactEvent event,
                 SubTransactionId mySubid,
                 SubTransactionId parentSubid);
static void CleanupTransaction(void);
static void CheckTransactionBlock(bool isTopLevel, bool throwError,
                  const char *stmtType);
static void CommitTransaction(void);
static TransactionId RecordTransactionAbort(bool isSubXact);
static void StartTransaction(void);

static bool CommitTransactionCommandInternal(void);
static bool AbortCurrentTransactionInternal(void);

static void StartSubTransaction(void);
static void CommitSubTransaction(void);
static void AbortSubTransaction(void);
static void CleanupSubTransaction(void);
static void PushTransaction(void);
static void PopTransaction(void);

static void AtSubAbort_Memory(void);
static void AtSubCleanup_Memory(void);
static void AtSubAbort_ResourceOwner(void);
static void AtSubCommit_Memory(void);
static void AtSubStart_Memory(void);
static void AtSubStart_ResourceOwner(void);

static void ShowTransactionState(const char *str);
static void ShowTransactionStateRec(const char *str, TransactionState s);
static const char *BlockStateAsString(TBlockState blockState);
static const char *TransStateAsString(TransState state);


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *  transaction state accessors
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 *  IsTransactionState
 *
 *  This returns true if we are inside a valid transaction; that is,
 *  it is safe to initiate database access, take heavyweight locks, etc.
 */
bool
IsTransactionState(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * TRANS_DEFAULT and TRANS_ABORT are obviously unsafe states.  However, we
   * also reject the startup/shutdown states TRANS_START, TRANS_COMMIT,
   * TRANS_PREPARE since it might be too soon or too late within those
   * transition states to do anything interesting.  Hence, the only "valid"
   * state is TRANS_INPROGRESS.
   */
  return (s->state == TRANS_INPROGRESS);
}

/*
 *  IsAbortedTransactionBlockState
 *
 *  This returns true if we are within an aborted transaction block.
 */
bool
IsAbortedTransactionBlockState(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_ABORT ||
    s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBABORT)
    return true;

  return false;
}


/*
 *  GetTopTransactionId
 *
 * This will return the XID of the main transaction, assigning one if
 * it's not yet set.  Be careful to call this only inside a valid xact.
 */
TransactionId
GetTopTransactionId(void)
{
  if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(XactTopFullTransactionId))
    AssignTransactionId(&TopTransactionStateData);
  return XidFromFullTransactionId(XactTopFullTransactionId);
}

/*
 *  GetTopTransactionIdIfAny
 *
 * This will return the XID of the main transaction, if one is assigned.
 * It will return InvalidTransactionId if we are not currently inside a
 * transaction, or inside a transaction that hasn't yet been assigned an XID.
 */
TransactionId
GetTopTransactionIdIfAny(void)
{
  return XidFromFullTransactionId(XactTopFullTransactionId);
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentTransactionId
 *
 * This will return the XID of the current transaction (main or sub
 * transaction), assigning one if it's not yet set.  Be careful to call this
 * only inside a valid xact.
 */
TransactionId
GetCurrentTransactionId(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
    AssignTransactionId(s);
  return XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId);
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentTransactionIdIfAny
 *
 * This will return the XID of the current sub xact, if one is assigned.
 * It will return InvalidTransactionId if we are not currently inside a
 * transaction, or inside a transaction that hasn't been assigned an XID yet.
 */
TransactionId
GetCurrentTransactionIdIfAny(void)
{
  return XidFromFullTransactionId(CurrentTransactionState->fullTransactionId);
}

/*
 *  GetTopFullTransactionId
 *
 * This will return the FullTransactionId of the main transaction, assigning
 * one if it's not yet set.  Be careful to call this only inside a valid xact.
 */
FullTransactionId
GetTopFullTransactionId(void)
{
  if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(XactTopFullTransactionId))
    AssignTransactionId(&TopTransactionStateData);
  return XactTopFullTransactionId;
}

/*
 *  GetTopFullTransactionIdIfAny
 *
 * This will return the FullTransactionId of the main transaction, if one is
 * assigned.  It will return InvalidFullTransactionId if we are not currently
 * inside a transaction, or inside a transaction that hasn't yet been assigned
 * one.
 */
FullTransactionId
GetTopFullTransactionIdIfAny(void)
{
  return XactTopFullTransactionId;
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentFullTransactionId
 *
 * This will return the FullTransactionId of the current transaction (main or
 * sub transaction), assigning one if it's not yet set.  Be careful to call
 * this only inside a valid xact.
 */
FullTransactionId
GetCurrentFullTransactionId(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
    AssignTransactionId(s);
  return s->fullTransactionId;
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentFullTransactionIdIfAny
 *
 * This will return the FullTransactionId of the current sub xact, if one is
 * assigned.  It will return InvalidFullTransactionId if we are not currently
 * inside a transaction, or inside a transaction that hasn't been assigned one
 * yet.
 */
FullTransactionId
GetCurrentFullTransactionIdIfAny(void)
{
  return CurrentTransactionState->fullTransactionId;
}

/*
 *  MarkCurrentTransactionIdLoggedIfAny
 *
 * Remember that the current xid - if it is assigned - now has been wal logged.
 */
void
MarkCurrentTransactionIdLoggedIfAny(void)
{
  if (FullTransactionIdIsValid(CurrentTransactionState->fullTransactionId))
    CurrentTransactionState->didLogXid = true;
}

/*
 * IsSubxactTopXidLogPending
 *
 * This is used to decide whether we need to WAL log the top-level XID for
 * operation in a subtransaction.  We require that for logical decoding, see
 * LogicalDecodingProcessRecord.
 *
 * This returns true if effective_wal_level is logical and we are inside
 * a valid subtransaction, for which the assignment was not yet written to
 * any WAL record.
 */
bool
IsSubxactTopXidLogPending(void)
{
  /* check whether it is already logged */
  if (CurrentTransactionState->topXidLogged)
    return false;

  /* effective_wal_level has to be logical */
  if (!XLogLogicalInfoActive())
    return false;

  /* we need to be in a transaction state */
  if (!IsTransactionState())
    return false;

  /* it has to be a subtransaction */
  if (!IsSubTransaction())
    return false;

  /* the subtransaction has to have a XID assigned */
  if (!TransactionIdIsValid(GetCurrentTransactionIdIfAny()))
    return false;

  return true;
}

/*
 * MarkSubxactTopXidLogged
 *
 * Remember that the top transaction id for the current subtransaction is WAL
 * logged now.
 */
void
MarkSubxactTopXidLogged(void)
{
  Assert(IsSubxactTopXidLogPending());

  CurrentTransactionState->topXidLogged = true;
}

/*
 *  GetStableLatestTransactionId
 *
 * Get the transaction's XID if it has one, else read the next-to-be-assigned
 * XID.  Once we have a value, return that same value for the remainder of the
 * current transaction.  This is meant to provide the reference point for the
 * age(xid) function, but might be useful for other maintenance tasks as well.
 */
TransactionId
GetStableLatestTransactionId(void)
{
  static LocalTransactionId lxid = InvalidLocalTransactionId;
  static TransactionId stablexid = InvalidTransactionId;

  if (lxid != MyProc->vxid.lxid)
  {
    lxid = MyProc->vxid.lxid;
    stablexid = GetTopTransactionIdIfAny();
    if (!TransactionIdIsValid(stablexid))
      stablexid = ReadNextTransactionId();
  }

  Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(stablexid));

  return stablexid;
}

/*
 * AssignTransactionId
 *
 * Assigns a new permanent FullTransactionId to the given TransactionState.
 * We do not assign XIDs to transactions until/unless this is called.
 * Also, any parent TransactionStates that don't yet have XIDs are assigned
 * one; this maintains the invariant that a child transaction has an XID
 * following its parent's.
 */
static void
AssignTransactionId(TransactionState s)
{
  bool    isSubXact = (s->parent != NULL);
  ResourceOwner currentOwner;
  bool    log_unknown_top = false;

  /* Assert that caller didn't screw up */
  Assert(!FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId));
  Assert(s->state == TRANS_INPROGRESS);

  /*
   * Workers synchronize transaction state at the beginning of each parallel
   * operation, so we can't account for new XIDs at this point.
   */
  if (IsInParallelMode() || IsParallelWorker())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
         errmsg("cannot assign transaction IDs during a parallel operation")));

  /*
   * Ensure parent(s) have XIDs, so that a child always has an XID later
   * than its parent.  Mustn't recurse here, or we might get a stack
   * overflow if we're at the bottom of a huge stack of subtransactions none
   * of which have XIDs yet.
   */
  if (isSubXact && !FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->parent->fullTransactionId))
  {
    TransactionState p = s->parent;
    TransactionState *parents;
    size_t    parentOffset = 0;

    parents = palloc_array(TransactionState, s->nestingLevel);
    while (p != NULL && !FullTransactionIdIsValid(p->fullTransactionId))
    {
      parents[parentOffset++] = p;
      p = p->parent;
    }

    /*
     * This is technically a recursive call, but the recursion will never
     * be more than one layer deep.
     */
    while (parentOffset != 0)
      AssignTransactionId(parents[--parentOffset]);

    pfree(parents);
  }

  /*
   * When effective_wal_level is logical, guarantee that a subtransaction's
   * xid can only be seen in the WAL stream if its toplevel xid has been
   * logged before. If necessary we log an xact_assignment record with fewer
   * than PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS. Note that it is fine if didLogXid isn't
   * set for a transaction even though it appears in a WAL record, we just
   * might superfluously log something. That can happen when an xid is
   * included somewhere inside a wal record, but not in XLogRecord->xl_xid,
   * like in xl_standby_locks.
   */
  if (isSubXact && XLogLogicalInfoActive() &&
    !TopTransactionStateData.didLogXid)
    log_unknown_top = true;

  /*
   * Generate a new FullTransactionId and record its xid in PGPROC and
   * pg_subtrans.
   *
   * NB: we must make the subtrans entry BEFORE the Xid appears anywhere in
   * shared storage other than PGPROC; because if there's no room for it in
   * PGPROC, the subtrans entry is needed to ensure that other backends see
   * the Xid as "running".  See GetNewTransactionId.
   */
  s->fullTransactionId = GetNewTransactionId(isSubXact);
  if (!isSubXact)
    XactTopFullTransactionId = s->fullTransactionId;

  if (isSubXact)
    SubTransSetParent(XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId),
              XidFromFullTransactionId(s->parent->fullTransactionId));

  /*
   * If it's a top-level transaction, the predicate locking system needs to
   * be told about it too.
   */
  if (!isSubXact)
    RegisterPredicateLockingXid(XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId));

  /*
   * Acquire lock on the transaction XID.  (We assume this cannot block.) We
   * have to ensure that the lock is assigned to the transaction's own
   * ResourceOwner.
   */
  currentOwner = CurrentResourceOwner;
  CurrentResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;

  XactLockTableInsert(XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId));

  CurrentResourceOwner = currentOwner;

  /*
   * Every PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS assigned transaction ids within each
   * top-level transaction we issue a WAL record for the assignment. We
   * include the top-level xid and all the subxids that have not yet been
   * reported using XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT records.
   *
   * This is required to limit the amount of shared memory required in a hot
   * standby server to keep track of in-progress XIDs. See notes for
   * RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds().
   *
   * We don't keep track of the immediate parent of each subxid, only the
   * top-level transaction that each subxact belongs to. This is correct in
   * recovery only because aborted subtransactions are separately WAL
   * logged.
   *
   * This is correct even for the case where several levels above us didn't
   * have an xid assigned as we recursed up to them beforehand.
   */
  if (isSubXact && XLogStandbyInfoActive())
  {
    unreportedXids[nUnreportedXids] = XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId);
    nUnreportedXids++;

    /*
     * ensure this test matches similar one in
     * RecoverPreparedTransactions()
     */
    if (nUnreportedXids >= PGPROC_MAX_CACHED_SUBXIDS ||
      log_unknown_top)
    {
      xl_xact_assignment xlrec;

      /*
       * xtop is always set by now because we recurse up transaction
       * stack to the highest unassigned xid and then come back down
       */
      xlrec.xtop = GetTopTransactionId();
      Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xlrec.xtop));
      xlrec.nsubxacts = nUnreportedXids;

      XLogBeginInsert();
      XLogRegisterData(&xlrec, MinSizeOfXactAssignment);
      XLogRegisterData(unreportedXids,
               nUnreportedXids * sizeof(TransactionId));

      (void) XLogInsert(RM_XACT_ID, XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT);

      nUnreportedXids = 0;
      /* mark top, not current xact as having been logged */
      TopTransactionStateData.didLogXid = true;
    }
  }
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentSubTransactionId
 */
SubTransactionId
GetCurrentSubTransactionId(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  return s->subTransactionId;
}

/*
 *  SubTransactionIsActive
 *
 * Test if the specified subxact ID is still active.  Note caller is
 * responsible for checking whether this ID is relevant to the current xact.
 */
bool
SubTransactionIsActive(SubTransactionId subxid)
{
  TransactionState s;

  for (s = CurrentTransactionState; s != NULL; s = s->parent)
  {
    if (s->state == TRANS_ABORT)
      continue;
    if (s->subTransactionId == subxid)
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}


/*
 *  GetCurrentCommandId
 *
 * "used" must be true if the caller intends to use the command ID to mark
 * inserted/updated/deleted tuples.  false means the ID is being fetched
 * for read-only purposes (ie, as a snapshot validity cutoff).  See
 * CommandCounterIncrement() for discussion.
 */
CommandId
GetCurrentCommandId(bool used)
{
  /* this is global to a transaction, not subtransaction-local */
  if (used)
  {
    /*
     * Forbid setting currentCommandIdUsed in a parallel worker, because
     * we have no provision for communicating this back to the leader.  We
     * could relax this restriction when currentCommandIdUsed was already
     * true at the start of the parallel operation.
     */
    if (IsParallelWorker())
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
           errmsg("cannot modify data in a parallel worker")));

    currentCommandIdUsed = true;
  }
  return currentCommandId;
}

/*
 *  SetParallelStartTimestamps
 *
 * In a parallel worker, we should inherit the parent transaction's
 * timestamps rather than setting our own.  The parallel worker
 * infrastructure must call this to provide those values before
 * calling StartTransaction() or SetCurrentStatementStartTimestamp().
 */
void
SetParallelStartTimestamps(TimestampTz xact_ts, TimestampTz stmt_ts)
{
  Assert(IsParallelWorker());
  xactStartTimestamp = xact_ts;
  stmtStartTimestamp = stmt_ts;
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentTransactionStartTimestamp
 */
TimestampTz
GetCurrentTransactionStartTimestamp(void)
{
  return xactStartTimestamp;
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentStatementStartTimestamp
 */
TimestampTz
GetCurrentStatementStartTimestamp(void)
{
  return stmtStartTimestamp;
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentTransactionStopTimestamp
 *
 * If the transaction stop time hasn't already been set, which can happen if
 * we decided we don't need to log an XLOG record, set xactStopTimestamp.
 */
TimestampTz
GetCurrentTransactionStopTimestamp(void)
{
  TransactionState s PG_USED_FOR_ASSERTS_ONLY = CurrentTransactionState;

  /* should only be called after commit / abort processing */
  Assert(s->state == TRANS_DEFAULT ||
       s->state == TRANS_COMMIT ||
       s->state == TRANS_ABORT ||
       s->state == TRANS_PREPARE);

  if (xactStopTimestamp == 0)
    xactStopTimestamp = GetCurrentTimestamp();

  return xactStopTimestamp;
}

/*
 *  SetCurrentStatementStartTimestamp
 *
 * In a parallel worker, this should already have been provided by a call
 * to SetParallelStartTimestamps().
 */
void
SetCurrentStatementStartTimestamp(void)
{
  if (!IsParallelWorker())
    stmtStartTimestamp = GetCurrentTimestamp();
  else
    Assert(stmtStartTimestamp != 0);
}

/*
 *  GetCurrentTransactionNestLevel
 *
 * Note: this will return zero when not inside any transaction, one when
 * inside a top-level transaction, etc.
 */
int
GetCurrentTransactionNestLevel(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  return s->nestingLevel;
}


/*
 *  TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId
 */
bool
TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId(TransactionId xid)
{
  TransactionState s;

  /*
   * We always say that BootstrapTransactionId is "not my transaction ID"
   * even when it is (ie, during bootstrap).  Along with the fact that
   * transam.c always treats BootstrapTransactionId as already committed,
   * this causes the heapam_visibility.c routines to see all tuples as
   * committed, which is what we need during bootstrap.  (Bootstrap mode
   * only inserts tuples, it never updates or deletes them, so all tuples
   * can be presumed good immediately.)
   *
   * Likewise, InvalidTransactionId and FrozenTransactionId are certainly
   * not my transaction ID, so we can just return "false" immediately for
   * any non-normal XID.
   */
  if (!TransactionIdIsNormal(xid))
    return false;

  if (TransactionIdEquals(xid, GetTopTransactionIdIfAny()))
    return true;

  /*
   * In parallel workers, the XIDs we must consider as current are stored in
   * ParallelCurrentXids rather than the transaction-state stack.  Note that
   * the XIDs in this array are sorted numerically rather than according to
   * transactionIdPrecedes order.
   */
  if (nParallelCurrentXids > 0)
  {
    int     low,
          high;

    low = 0;
    high = nParallelCurrentXids - 1;
    while (low <= high)
    {
      int     middle;
      TransactionId probe;

      middle = low + (high - low) / 2;
      probe = ParallelCurrentXids[middle];
      if (probe == xid)
        return true;
      else if (probe < xid)
        low = middle + 1;
      else
        high = middle - 1;
    }
    return false;
  }

  /*
   * We will return true for the Xid of the current subtransaction, any of
   * its subcommitted children, any of its parents, or any of their
   * previously subcommitted children.  However, a transaction being aborted
   * is no longer "current", even though it may still have an entry on the
   * state stack.
   */
  for (s = CurrentTransactionState; s != NULL; s = s->parent)
  {
    int     low,
          high;

    if (s->state == TRANS_ABORT)
      continue;
    if (!FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
      continue;     /* it can't have any child XIDs either */
    if (TransactionIdEquals(xid, XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId)))
      return true;
    /* As the childXids array is ordered, we can use binary search */
    low = 0;
    high = s->nChildXids - 1;
    while (low <= high)
    {
      int     middle;
      TransactionId probe;

      middle = low + (high - low) / 2;
      probe = s->childXids[middle];
      if (TransactionIdEquals(probe, xid))
        return true;
      else if (TransactionIdPrecedes(probe, xid))
        low = middle + 1;
      else
        high = middle - 1;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/*
 *  TransactionStartedDuringRecovery
 *
 * Returns true if the current transaction started while recovery was still
 * in progress. Recovery might have ended since so RecoveryInProgress() might
 * return false already.
 */
bool
TransactionStartedDuringRecovery(void)
{
  return CurrentTransactionState->startedInRecovery;
}

/*
 *  GetTopReadOnlyTransactionNestLevel
 *
 * Note: this will return zero when not inside any transaction or when neither
 * a top-level transaction nor subtransactions are read-only, one when the
 * top-level transaction is read-only, two when one level of subtransaction is
 * read-only, etc.
 *
 * Note: subtransactions of the topmost read-only transaction are also
 * read-only, because they inherit read-only mode from the transaction, and
 * thus can't change to read-write mode (see check_transaction_read_only).
 */
int
GetTopReadOnlyTransactionNestLevel(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (!XactReadOnly)
    return 0;
  while (s->nestingLevel > 1)
  {
    if (!s->prevXactReadOnly)
      return s->nestingLevel;
    s = s->parent;
  }
  return s->nestingLevel;
}

/*
 *  EnterParallelMode
 */
void
EnterParallelMode(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  Assert(s->parallelModeLevel >= 0);

  ++s->parallelModeLevel;
}

/*
 *  ExitParallelMode
 */
void
ExitParallelMode(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  Assert(s->parallelModeLevel > 0);
  Assert(s->parallelModeLevel > 1 || s->parallelChildXact ||
       !ParallelContextActive());

  --s->parallelModeLevel;
}

/*
 *  IsInParallelMode
 *
 * Are we in a parallel operation, as either the leader or a worker?  Check
 * this to prohibit operations that change backend-local state expected to
 * match across all workers.  Mere caches usually don't require such a
 * restriction.  State modified in a strict push/pop fashion, such as the
 * active snapshot stack, is often fine.
 *
 * We say we are in parallel mode if we are in a subxact of a transaction
 * that's initiated a parallel operation; for most purposes that context
 * has all the same restrictions.
 */
bool
IsInParallelMode(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  return s->parallelModeLevel != 0 || s->parallelChildXact;
}

/*
 *  CommandCounterIncrement
 */
void
CommandCounterIncrement(void)
{
  /*
   * If the current value of the command counter hasn't been "used" to mark
   * tuples, we need not increment it, since there's no need to distinguish
   * a read-only command from others.  This helps postpone command counter
   * overflow, and keeps no-op CommandCounterIncrement operations cheap.
   */
  if (currentCommandIdUsed)
  {
    /*
     * Workers synchronize transaction state at the beginning of each
     * parallel operation, so we can't account for new commands after that
     * point.
     */
    if (IsInParallelMode() || IsParallelWorker())
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
           errmsg("cannot start commands during a parallel operation")));

    currentCommandId += 1;
    if (currentCommandId == InvalidCommandId)
    {
      currentCommandId -= 1;
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
           errmsg("cannot have more than 2^32-2 commands in a transaction")));
    }
    currentCommandIdUsed = false;

    /* Propagate new command ID into static snapshots */
    SnapshotSetCommandId(currentCommandId);

    /*
     * Make any catalog changes done by the just-completed command visible
     * in the local syscache.  We obviously don't need to do this after a
     * read-only command.  (But see hacks in inval.c to make real sure we
     * don't think a command that queued inval messages was read-only.)
     */
    AtCCI_LocalCache();
  }
}

/*
 * ForceSyncCommit
 *
 * Interface routine to allow commands to force a synchronous commit of the
 * current top-level transaction.  Currently, two-phase commit does not
 * persist and restore this variable.  So long as all callers use
 * PreventInTransactionBlock(), that omission has no consequences.
 */
void
ForceSyncCommit(void)
{
  forceSyncCommit = true;
}


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            StartTransaction stuff
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 *  AtStart_Cache
 */
static void
AtStart_Cache(void)
{
  AcceptInvalidationMessages();
}

/*
 *  AtStart_Memory
 */
static void
AtStart_Memory(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * Remember the memory context that was active prior to transaction start.
   */
  s->priorContext = CurrentMemoryContext;

  /*
   * If this is the first time through, create a private context for
   * AbortTransaction to work in.  By reserving some space now, we can
   * insulate AbortTransaction from out-of-memory scenarios.  Like
   * ErrorContext, we set it up with slow growth rate and a nonzero minimum
   * size, so that space will be reserved immediately.
   */
  if (TransactionAbortContext == NULL)
    TransactionAbortContext =
      AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
                  "TransactionAbortContext",
                  32 * 1024,
                  32 * 1024,
                  32 * 1024);

  /*
   * Likewise, if this is the first time through, create a top-level context
   * for transaction-local data.  This context will be reset at transaction
   * end, and then re-used in later transactions.
   */
  if (TopTransactionContext == NULL)
    TopTransactionContext =
      AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
                  "TopTransactionContext",
                  ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);

  /*
   * In a top-level transaction, CurTransactionContext is the same as
   * TopTransactionContext.
   */
  CurTransactionContext = TopTransactionContext;
  s->curTransactionContext = CurTransactionContext;

  /* Make the CurTransactionContext active. */
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
}

/*
 *  AtStart_ResourceOwner
 */
static void
AtStart_ResourceOwner(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * We shouldn't have a transaction resource owner already.
   */
  Assert(TopTransactionResourceOwner == NULL);

  /*
   * Create a toplevel resource owner for the transaction.
   */
  s->curTransactionOwner = ResourceOwnerCreate(NULL, "TopTransaction");

  TopTransactionResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;
  CurTransactionResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;
  CurrentResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            StartSubTransaction stuff
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * AtSubStart_Memory
 */
static void
AtSubStart_Memory(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  Assert(CurTransactionContext != NULL);

  /*
   * Remember the context that was active prior to subtransaction start.
   */
  s->priorContext = CurrentMemoryContext;

  /*
   * Create a CurTransactionContext, which will be used to hold data that
   * survives subtransaction commit but disappears on subtransaction abort.
   * We make it a child of the immediate parent's CurTransactionContext.
   */
  CurTransactionContext = AllocSetContextCreate(CurTransactionContext,
                          "CurTransactionContext",
                          ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
  s->curTransactionContext = CurTransactionContext;

  /* Make the CurTransactionContext active. */
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
}

/*
 * AtSubStart_ResourceOwner
 */
static void
AtSubStart_ResourceOwner(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  Assert(s->parent != NULL);

  /*
   * Create a resource owner for the subtransaction.  We make it a child of
   * the immediate parent's resource owner.
   */
  s->curTransactionOwner =
    ResourceOwnerCreate(s->parent->curTransactionOwner,
              "SubTransaction");

  CurTransactionResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;
  CurrentResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            CommitTransaction stuff
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 *  RecordTransactionCommit
 *
 * Returns latest XID among xact and its children, or InvalidTransactionId
 * if the xact has no XID.  (We compute that here just because it's easier.)
 *
 * If you change this function, see RecordTransactionCommitPrepared also.
 */
static TransactionId
RecordTransactionCommit(void)
{
  TransactionId xid = GetTopTransactionIdIfAny();
  bool    markXidCommitted = TransactionIdIsValid(xid);
  TransactionId latestXid = InvalidTransactionId;
  int     nrels;
  RelFileLocator *rels;
  int     nchildren;
  TransactionId *children;
  int     ndroppedstats = 0;
  xl_xact_stats_item *droppedstats = NULL;
  int     nmsgs = 0;
  SharedInvalidationMessage *invalMessages = NULL;
  bool    RelcacheInitFileInval = false;
  bool    wrote_xlog;

  /*
   * Log pending invalidations for logical decoding of in-progress
   * transactions.  Normally for DDLs, we log this at each command end,
   * however, for certain cases where we directly update the system table
   * without a transaction block, the invalidations are not logged till this
   * time.
   */
  if (XLogLogicalInfoActive())
    LogLogicalInvalidations();

  /* Get data needed for commit record */
  nrels = smgrGetPendingDeletes(true, &rels);
  nchildren = xactGetCommittedChildren(&children);
  ndroppedstats = pgstat_get_transactional_drops(true, &droppedstats);
  if (XLogStandbyInfoActive())
    nmsgs = xactGetCommittedInvalidationMessages(&invalMessages,
                           &RelcacheInitFileInval);
  wrote_xlog = (XactLastRecEnd != 0);

  /*
   * If we haven't been assigned an XID yet, we neither can, nor do we want
   * to write a COMMIT record.
   */
  if (!markXidCommitted)
  {
    /*
     * We expect that every RelationDropStorage is followed by a catalog
     * update, and hence XID assignment, so we shouldn't get here with any
     * pending deletes. Same is true for dropping stats.
     *
     * Use a real test not just an Assert to check this, since it's a bit
     * fragile.
     */
    if (nrels != 0 || ndroppedstats != 0)
      elog(ERROR, "cannot commit a transaction that deleted files but has no xid");

    /* Can't have child XIDs either; AssignTransactionId enforces this */
    Assert(nchildren == 0);

    /*
     * Transactions without an assigned xid can contain invalidation
     * messages.  While inplace updates do this, this is not known to be
     * necessary; see comment at inplace CacheInvalidateHeapTuple().
     * Extensions might still rely on this capability, and standbys may
     * need to process those invals.  We can't emit a commit record
     * without an xid, and we don't want to force assigning an xid,
     * because that'd be problematic for e.g. vacuum.  Hence we emit a
     * bespoke record for the invalidations. We don't want to use that in
     * case a commit record is emitted, so they happen synchronously with
     * commits (besides not wanting to emit more WAL records).
     *
     * XXX Every known use of this capability is a defect.  Since an XID
     * isn't controlling visibility of the change that prompted invals,
     * other sessions need the inval even if this transactions aborts.
     *
     * ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS does a nontransactional index_build(), which
     * queues a relcache inval, including in transactions without an xid
     * that had read the (empty) table.  Standbys don't need any ON COMMIT
     * DELETE ROWS invals, but we've not done the work to withhold them.
     */
    if (nmsgs != 0)
    {
      LogStandbyInvalidations(nmsgs, invalMessages,
                  RelcacheInitFileInval);
      wrote_xlog = true; /* not strictly necessary */
    }

    /*
     * If we didn't create XLOG entries, we're done here; otherwise we
     * should trigger flushing those entries the same as a commit record
     * would.  This will primarily happen for HOT pruning and the like; we
     * want these to be flushed to disk in due time.
     */
    if (!wrote_xlog)
      goto cleanup;
  }
  else
  {
    bool    replorigin;

    /*
     * Are we using the replication origins feature?  Or, in other words,
     * are we replaying remote actions?
     */
    replorigin = (replorigin_xact_state.origin != InvalidReplOriginId &&
            replorigin_xact_state.origin != DoNotReplicateId);

    /*
     * Mark ourselves as within our "commit critical section".  This
     * forces any concurrent checkpoint to wait until we've updated
     * pg_xact.  Without this, it is possible for the checkpoint to set
     * REDO after the XLOG record but fail to flush the pg_xact update to
     * disk, leading to loss of the transaction commit if the system
     * crashes a little later.
     *
     * Note: we could, but don't bother to, set this flag in
     * RecordTransactionAbort.  That's because loss of a transaction abort
     * is noncritical; the presumption would be that it aborted, anyway.
     *
     * It's safe to change the delayChkptFlags flag of our own backend
     * without holding the ProcArrayLock, since we're the only one
     * modifying it.  This makes checkpoint's determination of which xacts
     * are delaying the checkpoint a bit fuzzy, but it doesn't matter.
     *
     * Note, it is important to get the commit timestamp after marking the
     * transaction in the commit critical section. See
     * RecordTransactionCommitPrepared.
     */
    Assert((MyProc->delayChkptFlags & DELAY_CHKPT_IN_COMMIT) == 0);
    START_CRIT_SECTION();
    MyProc->delayChkptFlags |= DELAY_CHKPT_IN_COMMIT;

    Assert(xactStopTimestamp == 0);

    /*
     * Ensures the DELAY_CHKPT_IN_COMMIT flag write is globally visible
     * before commit time is written.
     */
    pg_write_barrier();

    /*
     * Insert the commit XLOG record.
     */
    XactLogCommitRecord(GetCurrentTransactionStopTimestamp(),
              nchildren, children, nrels, rels,
              ndroppedstats, droppedstats,
              nmsgs, invalMessages,
              RelcacheInitFileInval,
              MyXactFlags,
              InvalidTransactionId, NULL /* plain commit */ );

    if (replorigin)
      /* Move LSNs forward for this replication origin */
      replorigin_session_advance(replorigin_xact_state.origin_lsn,
                     XactLastRecEnd);

    /*
     * Record commit timestamp.  The value comes from plain commit
     * timestamp if there's no replication origin; otherwise, the
     * timestamp was already set in replorigin_xact_state.origin_timestamp
     * by replication.
     *
     * We don't need to WAL-log anything here, as the commit record
     * written above already contains the data.
     */

    if (!replorigin || replorigin_xact_state.origin_timestamp == 0)
      replorigin_xact_state.origin_timestamp = GetCurrentTransactionStopTimestamp();

    TransactionTreeSetCommitTsData(xid, nchildren, children,
                     replorigin_xact_state.origin_timestamp,
                     replorigin_xact_state.origin);
  }

  /*
   * Check if we want to commit asynchronously.  We can allow the XLOG flush
   * to happen asynchronously if synchronous_commit=off, or if the current
   * transaction has not performed any WAL-logged operation or didn't assign
   * an xid.  The transaction can end up not writing any WAL, even if it has
   * an xid, if it only wrote to temporary and/or unlogged tables.  It can
   * end up having written WAL without an xid if it did HOT pruning.  In
   * case of a crash, the loss of such a transaction will be irrelevant;
   * temp tables will be lost anyway, unlogged tables will be truncated and
   * HOT pruning will be done again later. (Given the foregoing, you might
   * think that it would be unnecessary to emit the XLOG record at all in
   * this case, but we don't currently try to do that.  It would certainly
   * cause problems at least in Hot Standby mode, where the
   * KnownAssignedXids machinery requires tracking every XID assignment.  It
   * might be OK to skip it only when wal_level < replica, but for now we
   * don't.)
   *
   * However, if we're doing cleanup of any non-temp rels or committing any
   * command that wanted to force sync commit, then we must flush XLOG
   * immediately.  (We must not allow asynchronous commit if there are any
   * non-temp tables to be deleted, because we might delete the files before
   * the COMMIT record is flushed to disk.  We do allow asynchronous commit
   * if all to-be-deleted tables are temporary though, since they are lost
   * anyway if we crash.)
   */
  if ((wrote_xlog && markXidCommitted &&
     synchronous_commit > SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_OFF) ||
    forceSyncCommit || nrels > 0)
  {
    XLogFlush(XactLastRecEnd);

    /*
     * Now we may update the CLOG, if we wrote a COMMIT record above
     */
    if (markXidCommitted)
      TransactionIdCommitTree(xid, nchildren, children);
  }
  else
  {
    /*
     * Asynchronous commit case:
     *
     * This enables possible committed transaction loss in the case of a
     * postmaster crash because WAL buffers are left unwritten. Ideally we
     * could issue the WAL write without the fsync, but some
     * wal_sync_methods do not allow separate write/fsync.
     *
     * Report the latest async commit LSN, so that the WAL writer knows to
     * flush this commit.
     */
    XLogSetAsyncXactLSN(XactLastRecEnd);

    /*
     * We must not immediately update the CLOG, since we didn't flush the
     * XLOG. Instead, we store the LSN up to which the XLOG must be
     * flushed before the CLOG may be updated.
     */
    if (markXidCommitted)
      TransactionIdAsyncCommitTree(xid, nchildren, children, XactLastRecEnd);
  }

  /*
   * If we entered a commit critical section, leave it now, and let
   * checkpoints proceed.
   */
  if (markXidCommitted)
  {
    MyProc->delayChkptFlags &= ~DELAY_CHKPT_IN_COMMIT;
    END_CRIT_SECTION();
  }

  /* Compute latestXid while we have the child XIDs handy */
  latestXid = TransactionIdLatest(xid, nchildren, children);

  /*
   * Wait for synchronous replication, if required. Similar to the decision
   * above about using committing asynchronously we only want to wait if
   * this backend assigned an xid and wrote WAL.  No need to wait if an xid
   * was assigned due to temporary/unlogged tables or due to HOT pruning.
   *
   * Note that at this stage we have marked clog, but still show as running
   * in the procarray and continue to hold locks.
   */
  if (wrote_xlog && markXidCommitted)
    SyncRepWaitForLSN(XactLastRecEnd, true);

  /* remember end of last commit record */
  XactLastCommitEnd = XactLastRecEnd;

  /* Reset XactLastRecEnd until the next transaction writes something */
  XactLastRecEnd = 0;
cleanup:
  /* Clean up local data */
  if (rels)
    pfree(rels);
  if (ndroppedstats)
    pfree(droppedstats);

  return latestXid;
}


/*
 *  AtCCI_LocalCache
 */
static void
AtCCI_LocalCache(void)
{
  /*
   * Make any pending relation map changes visible.  We must do this before
   * processing local sinval messages, so that the map changes will get
   * reflected into the relcache when relcache invals are processed.
   */
  AtCCI_RelationMap();

  /*
   * Make catalog changes visible to me for the next command.
   */
  CommandEndInvalidationMessages();
}

/*
 *  AtCommit_Memory
 */
static void
AtCommit_Memory(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * Return to the memory context that was current before we started the
   * transaction.  (In principle, this could not be any of the contexts we
   * are about to delete.  If it somehow is, assertions in mcxt.c will
   * complain.)
   */
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(s->priorContext);

  /*
   * Release all transaction-local memory.  TopTransactionContext survives
   * but becomes empty; any sub-contexts go away.
   */
  Assert(TopTransactionContext != NULL);
  MemoryContextReset(TopTransactionContext);

  /*
   * Clear these pointers as a pro-forma matter.  (Notionally, while
   * TopTransactionContext still exists, it's currently not associated with
   * this TransactionState struct.)
   */
  CurTransactionContext = NULL;
  s->curTransactionContext = NULL;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            CommitSubTransaction stuff
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * AtSubCommit_Memory
 */
static void
AtSubCommit_Memory(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  Assert(s->parent != NULL);

  /* Return to parent transaction level's memory context. */
  CurTransactionContext = s->parent->curTransactionContext;
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);

  /*
   * Ordinarily we cannot throw away the child's CurTransactionContext,
   * since the data it contains will be needed at upper commit.  However, if
   * there isn't actually anything in it, we can throw it away.  This avoids
   * a small memory leak in the common case of "trivial" subxacts.
   */
  if (MemoryContextIsEmpty(s->curTransactionContext))
  {
    MemoryContextDelete(s->curTransactionContext);
    s->curTransactionContext = NULL;
  }
}

/*
 * AtSubCommit_childXids
 *
 * Pass my own XID and my child XIDs up to my parent as committed children.
 */
static void
AtSubCommit_childXids(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  int     new_nChildXids;

  Assert(s->parent != NULL);

  /*
   * The parent childXids array will need to hold my XID and all my
   * childXids, in addition to the XIDs already there.
   */
  new_nChildXids = s->parent->nChildXids + s->nChildXids + 1;

  /* Allocate or enlarge the parent array if necessary */
  if (s->parent->maxChildXids < new_nChildXids)
  {
    int     new_maxChildXids;
    TransactionId *new_childXids;

    /*
     * Make it 2x what's needed right now, to avoid having to enlarge it
     * repeatedly. But we can't go above MaxAllocSize.  (The latter limit
     * is what ensures that we don't need to worry about integer overflow
     * here or in the calculation of new_nChildXids.)
     */
    new_maxChildXids = Min(new_nChildXids * 2,
                 (int) (MaxAllocSize / sizeof(TransactionId)));

    if (new_maxChildXids < new_nChildXids)
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
           errmsg("maximum number of committed subtransactions (%d) exceeded",
              (int) (MaxAllocSize / sizeof(TransactionId)))));

    /*
     * We keep the child-XID arrays in TopTransactionContext; this avoids
     * setting up child-transaction contexts for what might be just a few
     * bytes of grandchild XIDs.
     */
    if (s->parent->childXids == NULL)
      new_childXids =
        MemoryContextAlloc(TopTransactionContext,
                   new_maxChildXids * sizeof(TransactionId));
    else
      new_childXids = repalloc(s->parent->childXids,
                   new_maxChildXids * sizeof(TransactionId));

    s->parent->childXids = new_childXids;
    s->parent->maxChildXids = new_maxChildXids;
  }

  /*
   * Copy all my XIDs to parent's array.
   *
   * Note: We rely on the fact that the XID of a child always follows that
   * of its parent.  By copying the XID of this subtransaction before the
   * XIDs of its children, we ensure that the array stays ordered. Likewise,
   * all XIDs already in the array belong to subtransactions started and
   * subcommitted before us, so their XIDs must precede ours.
   */
  s->parent->childXids[s->parent->nChildXids] = XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId);

  if (s->nChildXids > 0)
    memcpy(&s->parent->childXids[s->parent->nChildXids + 1],
         s->childXids,
         s->nChildXids * sizeof(TransactionId));

  s->parent->nChildXids = new_nChildXids;

  /* Release child's array to avoid leakage */
  if (s->childXids != NULL)
    pfree(s->childXids);
  /* We must reset these to avoid double-free if fail later in commit */
  s->childXids = NULL;
  s->nChildXids = 0;
  s->maxChildXids = 0;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            AbortTransaction stuff
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 *  RecordTransactionAbort
 *
 * Returns latest XID among xact and its children, or InvalidTransactionId
 * if the xact has no XID.  (We compute that here just because it's easier.)
 */
static TransactionId
RecordTransactionAbort(bool isSubXact)
{
  TransactionId xid = GetCurrentTransactionIdIfAny();
  TransactionId latestXid;
  int     nrels;
  RelFileLocator *rels;
  int     ndroppedstats = 0;
  xl_xact_stats_item *droppedstats = NULL;
  int     nchildren;
  TransactionId *children;
  TimestampTz xact_time;
  bool    replorigin;

  /*
   * If we haven't been assigned an XID, nobody will care whether we aborted
   * or not.  Hence, we're done in that case.  It does not matter if we have
   * rels to delete (note that this routine is not responsible for actually
   * deleting 'em).  We cannot have any child XIDs, either.
   */
  if (!TransactionIdIsValid(xid))
  {
    /* Reset XactLastRecEnd until the next transaction writes something */
    if (!isSubXact)
      XactLastRecEnd = 0;
    return InvalidTransactionId;
  }

  /*
   * We have a valid XID, so we should write an ABORT record for it.
   *
   * We do not flush XLOG to disk here, since the default assumption after a
   * crash would be that we aborted, anyway.  For the same reason, we don't
   * need to worry about interlocking against checkpoint start.
   */

  /*
   * Check that we haven't aborted halfway through RecordTransactionCommit.
   */
  if (TransactionIdDidCommit(xid))
    elog(PANIC, "cannot abort transaction %u, it was already committed",
       xid);

  /*
   * Are we using the replication origins feature?  Or, in other words, are
   * we replaying remote actions?
   */
  replorigin = (replorigin_xact_state.origin != InvalidReplOriginId &&
          replorigin_xact_state.origin != DoNotReplicateId);

  /* Fetch the data we need for the abort record */
  nrels = smgrGetPendingDeletes(false, &rels);
  nchildren = xactGetCommittedChildren(&children);
  ndroppedstats = pgstat_get_transactional_drops(false, &droppedstats);

  /* XXX do we really need a critical section here? */
  START_CRIT_SECTION();

  /* Write the ABORT record */
  if (isSubXact)
    xact_time = GetCurrentTimestamp();
  else
  {
    xact_time = GetCurrentTransactionStopTimestamp();
  }

  XactLogAbortRecord(xact_time,
             nchildren, children,
             nrels, rels,
             ndroppedstats, droppedstats,
             MyXactFlags, InvalidTransactionId,
             NULL);

  if (replorigin)
    /* Move LSNs forward for this replication origin */
    replorigin_session_advance(replorigin_xact_state.origin_lsn,
                   XactLastRecEnd);

  /*
   * Report the latest async abort LSN, so that the WAL writer knows to
   * flush this abort. There's nothing to be gained by delaying this, since
   * WALWriter may as well do this when it can. This is important with
   * streaming replication because if we don't flush WAL regularly we will
   * find that large aborts leave us with a long backlog for when commits
   * occur after the abort, increasing our window of data loss should
   * problems occur at that point.
   */
  if (!isSubXact)
    XLogSetAsyncXactLSN(XactLastRecEnd);

  /*
   * Mark the transaction aborted in clog.  This is not absolutely necessary
   * but we may as well do it while we are here; also, in the subxact case
   * it is helpful because XactLockTableWait makes use of it to avoid
   * waiting for already-aborted subtransactions.  It is OK to do it without
   * having flushed the ABORT record to disk, because in event of a crash
   * we'd be assumed to have aborted anyway.
   */
  TransactionIdAbortTree(xid, nchildren, children);

  END_CRIT_SECTION();

  /* Compute latestXid while we have the child XIDs handy */
  latestXid = TransactionIdLatest(xid, nchildren, children);

  /*
   * If we're aborting a subtransaction, we can immediately remove failed
   * XIDs from PGPROC's cache of running child XIDs.  We do that here for
   * subxacts, because we already have the child XID array at hand.  For
   * main xacts, the equivalent happens just after this function returns.
   */
  if (isSubXact)
    XidCacheRemoveRunningXids(xid, nchildren, children, latestXid);

  /* Reset XactLastRecEnd until the next transaction writes something */
  if (!isSubXact)
    XactLastRecEnd = 0;

  /* And clean up local data */
  if (rels)
    pfree(rels);
  if (ndroppedstats)
    pfree(droppedstats);

  return latestXid;
}

/*
 *  AtAbort_Memory
 */
static void
AtAbort_Memory(void)
{
  /*
   * Switch into TransactionAbortContext, which should have some free space
   * even if nothing else does.  We'll work in this context until we've
   * finished cleaning up.
   *
   * It is barely possible to get here when we've not been able to create
   * TransactionAbortContext yet; if so use TopMemoryContext.
   */
  if (TransactionAbortContext != NULL)
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(TransactionAbortContext);
  else
    MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
}

/*
 * AtSubAbort_Memory
 */
static void
AtSubAbort_Memory(void)
{
  Assert(TransactionAbortContext != NULL);

  MemoryContextSwitchTo(TransactionAbortContext);
}


/*
 *  AtAbort_ResourceOwner
 */
static void
AtAbort_ResourceOwner(void)
{
  /*
   * Make sure we have a valid ResourceOwner, if possible (else it will be
   * NULL, which is OK)
   */
  CurrentResourceOwner = TopTransactionResourceOwner;
}

/*
 * AtSubAbort_ResourceOwner
 */
static void
AtSubAbort_ResourceOwner(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /* Make sure we have a valid ResourceOwner */
  CurrentResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;
}


/*
 * AtSubAbort_childXids
 */
static void
AtSubAbort_childXids(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * We keep the child-XID arrays in TopTransactionContext (see
   * AtSubCommit_childXids).  This means we'd better free the array
   * explicitly at abort to avoid leakage.
   */
  if (s->childXids != NULL)
    pfree(s->childXids);
  s->childXids = NULL;
  s->nChildXids = 0;
  s->maxChildXids = 0;

  /*
   * We could prune the unreportedXids array here. But we don't bother. That
   * would potentially reduce number of XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT records but it
   * would likely introduce more CPU time into the more common paths, so we
   * choose not to do that.
   */
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            CleanupTransaction stuff
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 *  AtCleanup_Memory
 */
static void
AtCleanup_Memory(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /* Should be at top level */
  Assert(s->parent == NULL);

  /*
   * Return to the memory context that was current before we started the
   * transaction.  (In principle, this could not be any of the contexts we
   * are about to delete.  If it somehow is, assertions in mcxt.c will
   * complain.)
   */
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(s->priorContext);

  /*
   * Clear the special abort context for next time.
   */
  if (TransactionAbortContext != NULL)
    MemoryContextReset(TransactionAbortContext);

  /*
   * Release all transaction-local memory, the same as in AtCommit_Memory,
   * except we must cope with the possibility that we didn't get as far as
   * creating TopTransactionContext.
   */
  if (TopTransactionContext != NULL)
    MemoryContextReset(TopTransactionContext);

  /*
   * Clear these pointers as a pro-forma matter.  (Notionally, while
   * TopTransactionContext still exists, it's currently not associated with
   * this TransactionState struct.)
   */
  CurTransactionContext = NULL;
  s->curTransactionContext = NULL;
}


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            CleanupSubTransaction stuff
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * AtSubCleanup_Memory
 */
static void
AtSubCleanup_Memory(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  Assert(s->parent != NULL);

  /*
   * Return to the memory context that was current before we started the
   * subtransaction.  (In principle, this could not be any of the contexts
   * we are about to delete.  If it somehow is, assertions in mcxt.c will
   * complain.)
   */
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(s->priorContext);

  /* Update CurTransactionContext (might not be same as priorContext) */
  CurTransactionContext = s->parent->curTransactionContext;

  /*
   * Clear the special abort context for next time.
   */
  if (TransactionAbortContext != NULL)
    MemoryContextReset(TransactionAbortContext);

  /*
   * Delete the subxact local memory contexts. Its CurTransactionContext can
   * go too (note this also kills CurTransactionContexts from any children
   * of the subxact).
   */
  if (s->curTransactionContext)
    MemoryContextDelete(s->curTransactionContext);
  s->curTransactionContext = NULL;
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *            interface routines
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 *  StartTransaction
 */
static void
StartTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s;
  VirtualTransactionId vxid;

  /*
   * Let's just make sure the state stack is empty
   */
  s = &TopTransactionStateData;
  CurrentTransactionState = s;

  Assert(!FullTransactionIdIsValid(XactTopFullTransactionId));

  /* check the current transaction state */
  Assert(s->state == TRANS_DEFAULT);

  /*
   * Set the current transaction state information appropriately during
   * start processing.  Note that once the transaction status is switched
   * this process cannot fail until the user ID and the security context
   * flags are fetched below.
   */
  s->state = TRANS_START;
  s->fullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId; /* until assigned */

  /* Determine if statements are logged in this transaction */
  xact_is_sampled = log_xact_sample_rate != 0 &&
    (log_xact_sample_rate == 1 ||
     pg_prng_double(&pg_global_prng_state) <= log_xact_sample_rate);

  /*
   * initialize current transaction state fields
   *
   * note: prevXactReadOnly is not used at the outermost level
   */
  s->nestingLevel = 1;
  s->gucNestLevel = 1;
  s->childXids = NULL;
  s->nChildXids = 0;
  s->maxChildXids = 0;

  /*
   * Once the current user ID and the security context flags are fetched,
   * both will be properly reset even if transaction startup fails.
   */
  GetUserIdAndSecContext(&s->prevUser, &s->prevSecContext);

  /* SecurityRestrictionContext should never be set outside a transaction */
  Assert(s->prevSecContext == 0);

  /*
   * Make sure we've reset xact state variables
   *
   * If recovery is still in progress, mark this transaction as read-only.
   * We have lower level defences in XLogInsert and elsewhere to stop us
   * from modifying data during recovery, but this gives the normal
   * indication to the user that the transaction is read-only.
   */
  if (RecoveryInProgress())
  {
    s->startedInRecovery = true;
    XactReadOnly = true;
  }
  else
  {
    s->startedInRecovery = false;
    XactReadOnly = DefaultXactReadOnly;
  }
  XactDeferrable = DefaultXactDeferrable;
  XactIsoLevel = DefaultXactIsoLevel;
  forceSyncCommit = false;
  MyXactFlags = 0;

  /*
   * reinitialize within-transaction counters
   */
  s->subTransactionId = TopSubTransactionId;
  currentSubTransactionId = TopSubTransactionId;
  currentCommandId = FirstCommandId;
  currentCommandIdUsed = false;

  /*
   * initialize reported xid accounting
   */
  nUnreportedXids = 0;
  s->didLogXid = false;

  /*
   * must initialize resource-management stuff first
   */
  AtStart_Memory();
  AtStart_ResourceOwner();

  /*
   * Assign a new LocalTransactionId, and combine it with the proc number to
   * form a virtual transaction id.
   */
  vxid.procNumber = MyProcNumber;
  vxid.localTransactionId = GetNextLocalTransactionId();

  /*
   * Lock the virtual transaction id before we announce it in the proc array
   */
  VirtualXactLockTableInsert(vxid);

  /*
   * Advertise it in the proc array.  We assume assignment of
   * localTransactionId is atomic, and the proc number should be set
   * already.
   */
  Assert(MyProc->vxid.procNumber == vxid.procNumber);
  MyProc->vxid.lxid = vxid.localTransactionId;

  TRACE_POSTGRESQL_TRANSACTION_START(vxid.localTransactionId);

  /*
   * set transaction_timestamp() (a/k/a now()).  Normally, we want this to
   * be the same as the first command's statement_timestamp(), so don't do a
   * fresh GetCurrentTimestamp() call (which'd be expensive anyway).  But
   * for transactions started inside procedures (i.e., nonatomic SPI
   * contexts), we do need to advance the timestamp.  Also, in a parallel
   * worker, the timestamp should already have been provided by a call to
   * SetParallelStartTimestamps().
   */
  if (!IsParallelWorker())
  {
    if (!SPI_inside_nonatomic_context())
      xactStartTimestamp = stmtStartTimestamp;
    else
      xactStartTimestamp = GetCurrentTimestamp();
  }
  else
    Assert(xactStartTimestamp != 0);
  pgstat_report_xact_timestamp(xactStartTimestamp);
  /* Mark xactStopTimestamp as unset. */
  xactStopTimestamp = 0;

  /*
   * initialize other subsystems for new transaction
   */
  AtStart_GUC();
  AtStart_Cache();
  AfterTriggerBeginXact();

  /*
   * done with start processing, set current transaction state to "in
   * progress"
   */
  s->state = TRANS_INPROGRESS;

  /* Schedule transaction timeout */
  if (TransactionTimeout > 0)
    enable_timeout_after(TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT, TransactionTimeout);

  ShowTransactionState("StartTransaction");
}


/*
 *  CommitTransaction
 *
 * NB: if you change this routine, better look at PrepareTransaction too!
 */
static void
CommitTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  TransactionId latestXid;
  bool    is_parallel_worker;

  is_parallel_worker = (s->blockState == TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS);

  /* Enforce parallel mode restrictions during parallel worker commit. */
  if (is_parallel_worker)
    EnterParallelMode();

  ShowTransactionState("CommitTransaction");

  /*
   * check the current transaction state
   */
  if (s->state != TRANS_INPROGRESS)
    elog(WARNING, "CommitTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));
  Assert(s->parent == NULL);

  /*
   * Do pre-commit processing that involves calling user-defined code, such
   * as triggers.  SECURITY_RESTRICTED_OPERATION contexts must not queue an
   * action that would run here, because that would bypass the sandbox.
   * Since closing cursors could queue trigger actions, triggers could open
   * cursors, etc, we have to keep looping until there's nothing left to do.
   */
  for (;;)
  {
    /*
     * Fire all currently pending deferred triggers.
     */
    AfterTriggerFireDeferred();

    /*
     * Close open portals (converting holdable ones into static portals).
     * If there weren't any, we are done ... otherwise loop back to check
     * if they queued deferred triggers.  Lather, rinse, repeat.
     */
    if (!PreCommit_Portals(false))
      break;
  }

  /*
   * The remaining actions cannot call any user-defined code, so it's safe
   * to start shutting down within-transaction services.  But note that most
   * of this stuff could still throw an error, which would switch us into
   * the transaction-abort path.
   */

  CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_PRE_COMMIT
            : XACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT);

  /*
   * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
   * its workers, warning about leaked resources.  (But we don't actually
   * reset parallelModeLevel till entering TRANS_COMMIT, a bit below.  This
   * keeps parallel mode restrictions active as long as possible in a
   * parallel worker.)
   */
  AtEOXact_Parallel(true);
  if (is_parallel_worker)
  {
    if (s->parallelModeLevel != 1)
      elog(WARNING, "parallelModeLevel is %d not 1 at end of parallel worker transaction",
         s->parallelModeLevel);
  }
  else
  {
    if (s->parallelModeLevel != 0)
      elog(WARNING, "parallelModeLevel is %d not 0 at end of transaction",
         s->parallelModeLevel);
  }

  /* Shut down the deferred-trigger manager */
  AfterTriggerEndXact(true);

  /*
   * Let ON COMMIT management do its thing (must happen after closing
   * cursors, to avoid dangling-reference problems)
   */
  PreCommit_on_commit_actions();

  /*
   * Synchronize files that are created and not WAL-logged during this
   * transaction. This must happen before AtEOXact_RelationMap(), so that we
   * don't see committed-but-broken files after a crash.
   */
  smgrDoPendingSyncs(true, is_parallel_worker);

  /* close large objects before lower-level cleanup */
  AtEOXact_LargeObject(true);

  /*
   * Insert notifications sent by NOTIFY commands into the queue.  This
   * should be late in the pre-commit sequence to minimize time spent
   * holding the notify-insertion lock.  However, this could result in
   * creating a snapshot, so we must do it before serializable cleanup.
   */
  PreCommit_Notify();

  /*
   * Mark serializable transaction as complete for predicate locking
   * purposes.  This should be done as late as we can put it and still allow
   * errors to be raised for failure patterns found at commit.  This is not
   * appropriate in a parallel worker however, because we aren't committing
   * the leader's transaction and its serializable state will live on.
   */
  if (!is_parallel_worker)
    PreCommit_CheckForSerializationFailure();

  /* Prevent cancel/die interrupt while cleaning up */
  HOLD_INTERRUPTS();

  /* Commit updates to the relation map --- do this as late as possible */
  AtEOXact_RelationMap(true, is_parallel_worker);

  /*
   * set the current transaction state information appropriately during
   * commit processing
   */
  s->state = TRANS_COMMIT;
  s->parallelModeLevel = 0;
  s->parallelChildXact = false;  /* should be false already */

  /* Disable transaction timeout */
  if (TransactionTimeout > 0)
    disable_timeout(TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT, false);

  if (!is_parallel_worker)
  {
    /*
     * We need to mark our XIDs as committed in pg_xact.  This is where we
     * durably commit.
     */
    latestXid = RecordTransactionCommit();
  }
  else
  {
    /*
     * We must not mark our XID committed; the parallel leader is
     * responsible for that.
     */
    latestXid = InvalidTransactionId;

    /*
     * Make sure the leader will know about any WAL we wrote before it
     * commits.
     */
    ParallelWorkerReportLastRecEnd(XactLastRecEnd);
  }

  TRACE_POSTGRESQL_TRANSACTION_COMMIT(MyProc->vxid.lxid);

  /*
   * Let others know about no transaction in progress by me. Note that this
   * must be done _before_ releasing locks we hold and _after_
   * RecordTransactionCommit.
   */
  ProcArrayEndTransaction(MyProc, latestXid);

  /*
   * This is all post-commit cleanup.  Note that if an error is raised here,
   * it's too late to abort the transaction.  This should be just
   * noncritical resource releasing.
   *
   * The ordering of operations is not entirely random.  The idea is:
   * release resources visible to other backends (eg, files, buffer pins);
   * then release locks; then release backend-local resources. We want to
   * release locks at the point where any backend waiting for us will see
   * our transaction as being fully cleaned up.
   *
   * Resources that can be associated with individual queries are handled by
   * the ResourceOwner mechanism.  The other calls here are for backend-wide
   * state.
   */

  CallXactCallbacks(is_parallel_worker ? XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_COMMIT
            : XACT_EVENT_COMMIT);

  CurrentResourceOwner = NULL;
  ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_BEFORE_LOCKS,
             true, true);

  AtEOXact_Aio(true);

  /* Check we've released all buffer pins */
  AtEOXact_Buffers(true);

  /* Clean up the relation cache */
  AtEOXact_RelationCache(true);

  /* Clean up the type cache */
  AtEOXact_TypeCache();

  /*
   * Make catalog changes visible to all backends.  This has to happen after
   * relcache references are dropped (see comments for
   * AtEOXact_RelationCache), but before locks are released (if anyone is
   * waiting for lock on a relation we've modified, we want them to know
   * about the catalog change before they start using the relation).
   */
  AtEOXact_Inval(true);

  AtEOXact_MultiXact();

  ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_LOCKS,
             true, true);
  ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_AFTER_LOCKS,
             true, true);

  /*
   * Likewise, dropping of files deleted during the transaction is best done
   * after releasing relcache and buffer pins.  (This is not strictly
   * necessary during commit, since such pins should have been released
   * already, but this ordering is definitely critical during abort.)  Since
   * this may take many seconds, also delay until after releasing locks.
   * Other backends will observe the attendant catalog changes and not
   * attempt to access affected files.
   */
  smgrDoPendingDeletes(true);

  /*
   * Send out notification signals to other backends (and do other
   * post-commit NOTIFY cleanup).  This must not happen until after our
   * transaction is fully done from the viewpoint of other backends.
   */
  AtCommit_Notify();

  /*
   * Everything after this should be purely internal-to-this-backend
   * cleanup.
   */
  AtEOXact_GUC(true, 1);
  AtEOXact_SPI(true);
  AtEOXact_Enum();
  AtEOXact_on_commit_actions(true);
  AtEOXact_Namespace(true, is_parallel_worker);
  AtEOXact_SMgr();
  AtEOXact_Files(true);
  AtEOXact_ComboCid();
  AtEOXact_HashTables(true);
  AtEOXact_RI(true);
  AtEOXact_PgStat(true, is_parallel_worker);
  AtEOXact_Snapshot(true, false);
  AtEOXact_ApplyLauncher(true);
  AtEOXact_LogicalRepWorkers(true);
  AtEOXact_LogicalCtl();
  pgstat_report_xact_timestamp(0);

  ResourceOwnerDelete(TopTransactionResourceOwner);
  s->curTransactionOwner = NULL;
  CurTransactionResourceOwner = NULL;
  TopTransactionResourceOwner = NULL;

  AtCommit_Memory();

  s->fullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
  s->subTransactionId = InvalidSubTransactionId;
  s->nestingLevel = 0;
  s->gucNestLevel = 0;
  s->childXids = NULL;
  s->nChildXids = 0;
  s->maxChildXids = 0;

  XactTopFullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
  nParallelCurrentXids = 0;

  /*
   * done with commit processing, set current transaction state back to
   * default
   */
  s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT;

  RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}


/*
 *  PrepareTransaction
 *
 * NB: if you change this routine, better look at CommitTransaction too!
 */
static void
PrepareTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  FullTransactionId fxid = GetCurrentFullTransactionId();
  GlobalTransaction gxact;
  TimestampTz prepared_at;

  Assert(!IsInParallelMode());

  ShowTransactionState("PrepareTransaction");

  /*
   * check the current transaction state
   */
  if (s->state != TRANS_INPROGRESS)
    elog(WARNING, "PrepareTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));
  Assert(s->parent == NULL);

  /*
   * Do pre-commit processing that involves calling user-defined code, such
   * as triggers.  Since closing cursors could queue trigger actions,
   * triggers could open cursors, etc, we have to keep looping until there's
   * nothing left to do.
   */
  for (;;)
  {
    /*
     * Fire all currently pending deferred triggers.
     */
    AfterTriggerFireDeferred();

    /*
     * Close open portals (converting holdable ones into static portals).
     * If there weren't any, we are done ... otherwise loop back to check
     * if they queued deferred triggers.  Lather, rinse, repeat.
     */
    if (!PreCommit_Portals(true))
      break;
  }

  CallXactCallbacks(XACT_EVENT_PRE_PREPARE);

  /*
   * The remaining actions cannot call any user-defined code, so it's safe
   * to start shutting down within-transaction services.  But note that most
   * of this stuff could still throw an error, which would switch us into
   * the transaction-abort path.
   */

  /* Shut down the deferred-trigger manager */
  AfterTriggerEndXact(true);

  /*
   * Let ON COMMIT management do its thing (must happen after closing
   * cursors, to avoid dangling-reference problems)
   */
  PreCommit_on_commit_actions();

  /*
   * Synchronize files that are created and not WAL-logged during this
   * transaction. This must happen before EndPrepare(), so that we don't see
   * committed-but-broken files after a crash and COMMIT PREPARED.
   */
  smgrDoPendingSyncs(true, false);

  /* close large objects before lower-level cleanup */
  AtEOXact_LargeObject(true);

  /* NOTIFY requires no work at this point */

  /*
   * Mark serializable transaction as complete for predicate locking
   * purposes.  This should be done as late as we can put it and still allow
   * errors to be raised for failure patterns found at commit.
   */
  PreCommit_CheckForSerializationFailure();

  /*
   * Don't allow PREPARE TRANSACTION if we've accessed a temporary table in
   * this transaction.  Having the prepared xact hold locks on another
   * backend's temp table seems a bad idea --- for instance it would prevent
   * the backend from exiting.  There are other problems too, such as how to
   * clean up the source backend's local buffers and ON COMMIT state if the
   * prepared xact includes a DROP of a temp table.
   *
   * Other objects types, like functions, operators or extensions, share the
   * same restriction as they should not be created, locked or dropped as
   * this can mess up with this session or even a follow-up session trying
   * to use the same temporary namespace.
   *
   * We must check this after executing any ON COMMIT actions, because they
   * might still access a temp relation.
   *
   * XXX In principle this could be relaxed to allow some useful special
   * cases, such as a temp table created and dropped all within the
   * transaction.  That seems to require much more bookkeeping though.
   */
  if ((MyXactFlags & XACT_FLAGS_ACCESSEDTEMPNAMESPACE))
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
         errmsg("cannot PREPARE a transaction that has operated on temporary objects")));

  /*
   * Likewise, don't allow PREPARE after pg_export_snapshot.  This could be
   * supported if we added cleanup logic to twophase.c, but for now it
   * doesn't seem worth the trouble.
   */
  if (XactHasExportedSnapshots())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
         errmsg("cannot PREPARE a transaction that has exported snapshots")));

  /* Prevent cancel/die interrupt while cleaning up */
  HOLD_INTERRUPTS();

  /*
   * set the current transaction state information appropriately during
   * prepare processing
   */
  s->state = TRANS_PREPARE;

  /* Disable transaction timeout */
  if (TransactionTimeout > 0)
    disable_timeout(TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT, false);

  prepared_at = GetCurrentTimestamp();

  /*
   * Reserve the GID for this transaction. This could fail if the requested
   * GID is invalid or already in use.
   */
  gxact = MarkAsPreparing(fxid, prepareGID, prepared_at,
              GetUserId(), MyDatabaseId);
  prepareGID = NULL;

  /*
   * Collect data for the 2PC state file.  Note that in general, no actual
   * state change should happen in the called modules during this step,
   * since it's still possible to fail before commit, and in that case we
   * want transaction abort to be able to clean up.  (In particular, the
   * AtPrepare routines may error out if they find cases they cannot
   * handle.)  State cleanup should happen in the PostPrepare routines
   * below.  However, some modules can go ahead and clear state here because
   * they wouldn't do anything with it during abort anyway.
   *
   * Note: because the 2PC state file records will be replayed in the same
   * order they are made, the order of these calls has to match the order in
   * which we want things to happen during COMMIT PREPARED or ROLLBACK
   * PREPARED; in particular, pay attention to whether things should happen
   * before or after releasing the transaction's locks.
   */
  StartPrepare(gxact);

  AtPrepare_Notify();
  AtPrepare_Locks();
  AtPrepare_PredicateLocks();
  AtPrepare_PgStat();
  AtPrepare_MultiXact();
  AtPrepare_RelationMap();

  /*
   * Here is where we really truly prepare.
   *
   * We have to record transaction prepares even if we didn't make any
   * updates, because the transaction manager might get confused if we lose
   * a global transaction.
   */
  EndPrepare(gxact);

  /*
   * Now we clean up backend-internal state and release internal resources.
   */

  /* Reset XactLastRecEnd until the next transaction writes something */
  XactLastRecEnd = 0;

  /*
   * Transfer our locks to a dummy PGPROC.  This has to be done before
   * ProcArrayClearTransaction().  Otherwise, a GetLockConflicts() would
   * conclude "xact already committed or aborted" for our locks.
   */
  PostPrepare_Locks(fxid);

  /*
   * Let others know about no transaction in progress by me.  This has to be
   * done *after* the prepared transaction has been marked valid, else
   * someone may think it is unlocked and recyclable.
   */
  ProcArrayClearTransaction(MyProc);

  /*
   * In normal commit-processing, this is all non-critical post-transaction
   * cleanup.  When the transaction is prepared, however, it's important
   * that the locks and other per-backend resources are transferred to the
   * prepared transaction's PGPROC entry.  Note that if an error is raised
   * here, it's too late to abort the transaction. XXX: This probably should
   * be in a critical section, to force a PANIC if any of this fails, but
   * that cure could be worse than the disease.
   */

  CallXactCallbacks(XACT_EVENT_PREPARE);

  ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_BEFORE_LOCKS,
             true, true);

  AtEOXact_Aio(true);

  /* Check we've released all buffer pins */
  AtEOXact_Buffers(true);

  /* Clean up the relation cache */
  AtEOXact_RelationCache(true);

  /* Clean up the type cache */
  AtEOXact_TypeCache();

  /* notify doesn't need a postprepare call */

  PostPrepare_PgStat();

  PostPrepare_Inval();

  PostPrepare_smgr();

  PostPrepare_MultiXact(fxid);

  PostPrepare_PredicateLocks(fxid);

  ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_LOCKS,
             true, true);
  ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_AFTER_LOCKS,
             true, true);

  /*
   * Allow another backend to finish the transaction.  After
   * PostPrepare_Twophase(), the transaction is completely detached from our
   * backend.  The rest is just non-critical cleanup of backend-local state.
   */
  PostPrepare_Twophase();

  /* PREPARE acts the same as COMMIT as far as GUC is concerned */
  AtEOXact_GUC(true, 1);
  AtEOXact_SPI(true);
  AtEOXact_Enum();
  AtEOXact_on_commit_actions(true);
  AtEOXact_Namespace(true, false);
  AtEOXact_SMgr();
  AtEOXact_Files(true);
  AtEOXact_ComboCid();
  AtEOXact_HashTables(true);
  AtEOXact_RI(true);
  /* don't call AtEOXact_PgStat here; we fixed pgstat state above */
  AtEOXact_Snapshot(true, true);
  /* we treat PREPARE as ROLLBACK so far as waking workers goes */
  AtEOXact_ApplyLauncher(false);
  AtEOXact_LogicalRepWorkers(false);
  AtEOXact_LogicalCtl();
  pgstat_report_xact_timestamp(0);

  CurrentResourceOwner = NULL;
  ResourceOwnerDelete(TopTransactionResourceOwner);
  s->curTransactionOwner = NULL;
  CurTransactionResourceOwner = NULL;
  TopTransactionResourceOwner = NULL;

  AtCommit_Memory();

  s->fullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
  s->subTransactionId = InvalidSubTransactionId;
  s->nestingLevel = 0;
  s->gucNestLevel = 0;
  s->childXids = NULL;
  s->nChildXids = 0;
  s->maxChildXids = 0;

  XactTopFullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
  nParallelCurrentXids = 0;

  /*
   * done with 1st phase commit processing, set current transaction state
   * back to default
   */
  s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT;

  RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}


/*
 *  AbortTransaction
 */
static void
AbortTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  TransactionId latestXid;
  bool    is_parallel_worker;

  /* Prevent cancel/die interrupt while cleaning up */
  HOLD_INTERRUPTS();

  /* Disable transaction timeout */
  if (TransactionTimeout > 0)
    disable_timeout(TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT, false);

  /* Make sure we have a valid memory context and resource owner */
  AtAbort_Memory();
  AtAbort_ResourceOwner();

  /*
   * Release any LW locks we might be holding as quickly as possible.
   * (Regular locks, however, must be held till we finish aborting.)
   * Releasing LW locks is critical since we might try to grab them again
   * while cleaning up!
   */
  LWLockReleaseAll();

  /*
   * Cleanup waiting for LSN if any.
   */
  WaitLSNCleanup();

  /* Clear wait information and command progress indicator */
  pgstat_report_wait_end();
  pgstat_progress_end_command();

  pgaio_error_cleanup();

  /* Clean up buffer content locks, too */
  UnlockBuffers();

  /* Reset WAL record construction state */
  XLogResetInsertion();

  /* Cancel condition variable sleep */
  ConditionVariableCancelSleep();

  /*
   * Also clean up any open wait for lock, since the lock manager will choke
   * if we try to wait for another lock before doing this.
   */
  LockErrorCleanup();

  /*
   * If any timeout events are still active, make sure the timeout interrupt
   * is scheduled.  This covers possible loss of a timeout interrupt due to
   * longjmp'ing out of the SIGINT handler (see notes in handle_sig_alarm).
   * We delay this till after LockErrorCleanup so that we don't uselessly
   * reschedule lock or deadlock check timeouts.
   */
  reschedule_timeouts();

  /*
   * Re-enable signals, in case we got here by longjmp'ing out of a signal
   * handler.  We do this fairly early in the sequence so that the timeout
   * infrastructure will be functional if needed while aborting.
   */
  sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &UnBlockSig, NULL);

  /*
   * check the current transaction state
   */
  is_parallel_worker = (s->blockState == TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS);
  if (s->state != TRANS_INPROGRESS && s->state != TRANS_PREPARE)
    elog(WARNING, "AbortTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));
  Assert(s->parent == NULL);

  /*
   * set the current transaction state information appropriately during the
   * abort processing
   */
  s->state = TRANS_ABORT;

  /*
   * Reset user ID which might have been changed transiently.  We need this
   * to clean up in case control escaped out of a SECURITY DEFINER function
   * or other local change of CurrentUserId; therefore, the prior value of
   * SecurityRestrictionContext also needs to be restored.
   *
   * (Note: it is not necessary to restore session authorization or role
   * settings here because those can only be changed via GUC, and GUC will
   * take care of rolling them back if need be.)
   */
  SetUserIdAndSecContext(s->prevUser, s->prevSecContext);

  /* Forget about any active REINDEX. */
  ResetReindexState(s->nestingLevel);

  /* Reset logical streaming state. */
  ResetLogicalStreamingState();

  /* Reset snapshot export state. */
  SnapBuildResetExportedSnapshotState();

  /*
   * If this xact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
   * its workers and exit parallel mode.  Don't warn about leaked resources.
   */
  AtEOXact_Parallel(false);
  s->parallelModeLevel = 0;
  s->parallelChildXact = false;  /* should be false already */

  /*
   * do abort processing
   */
  AfterTriggerEndXact(false); /* 'false' means it's abort */
  AtAbort_Portals();
  smgrDoPendingSyncs(false, is_parallel_worker);
  AtEOXact_LargeObject(false);
  AtAbort_Notify();
  AtEOXact_RelationMap(false, is_parallel_worker);
  AtAbort_Twophase();

  /*
   * Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact (assuming that we got as
   * far as assigning an XID to advertise).  But if we're inside a parallel
   * worker, skip this; the user backend must be the one to write the abort
   * record.
   */
  if (!is_parallel_worker)
    latestXid = RecordTransactionAbort(false);
  else
  {
    latestXid = InvalidTransactionId;

    /*
     * Since the parallel leader won't get our value of XactLastRecEnd in
     * this case, we nudge WAL-writer ourselves in this case.  See related
     * comments in RecordTransactionAbort for why this matters.
     */
    XLogSetAsyncXactLSN(XactLastRecEnd);
  }

  TRACE_POSTGRESQL_TRANSACTION_ABORT(MyProc->vxid.lxid);

  /*
   * Let others know about no transaction in progress by me. Note that this
   * must be done _before_ releasing locks we hold and _after_
   * RecordTransactionAbort.
   */
  ProcArrayEndTransaction(MyProc, latestXid);

  /*
   * Post-abort cleanup.  See notes in CommitTransaction() concerning
   * ordering.  We can skip all of it if the transaction failed before
   * creating a resource owner.
   */
  if (TopTransactionResourceOwner != NULL)
  {
    if (is_parallel_worker)
      CallXactCallbacks(XACT_EVENT_PARALLEL_ABORT);
    else
      CallXactCallbacks(XACT_EVENT_ABORT);

    ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
               RESOURCE_RELEASE_BEFORE_LOCKS,
               false, true);
    AtEOXact_Aio(false);
    AtEOXact_Buffers(false);
    AtEOXact_RelationCache(false);
    AtEOXact_TypeCache();
    AtEOXact_Inval(false);
    AtEOXact_MultiXact();
    ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
               RESOURCE_RELEASE_LOCKS,
               false, true);
    ResourceOwnerRelease(TopTransactionResourceOwner,
               RESOURCE_RELEASE_AFTER_LOCKS,
               false, true);
    smgrDoPendingDeletes(false);

    AtEOXact_GUC(false, 1);
    AtEOXact_SPI(false);
    AtEOXact_Enum();
    AtEOXact_on_commit_actions(false);
    AtEOXact_Namespace(false, is_parallel_worker);
    AtEOXact_SMgr();
    AtEOXact_Files(false);
    AtEOXact_ComboCid();
    AtEOXact_HashTables(false);
    AtEOXact_RI(false);
    AtEOXact_PgStat(false, is_parallel_worker);
    AtEOXact_ApplyLauncher(false);
    AtEOXact_LogicalRepWorkers(false);
    AtEOXact_LogicalCtl();
    pgstat_report_xact_timestamp(0);
  }

  /*
   * State remains TRANS_ABORT until CleanupTransaction().
   */
  RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}

/*
 *  CleanupTransaction
 */
static void
CleanupTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * State should still be TRANS_ABORT from AbortTransaction().
   */
  if (s->state != TRANS_ABORT)
    elog(FATAL, "CleanupTransaction: unexpected state %s",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));

  /*
   * do abort cleanup processing
   */
  AtCleanup_Portals();    /* now safe to release portal memory */
  AtEOXact_Snapshot(false, true); /* and release the transaction's snapshots */

  CurrentResourceOwner = NULL; /* and resource owner */
  if (TopTransactionResourceOwner)
    ResourceOwnerDelete(TopTransactionResourceOwner);
  s->curTransactionOwner = NULL;
  CurTransactionResourceOwner = NULL;
  TopTransactionResourceOwner = NULL;

  AtCleanup_Memory();     /* and transaction memory */

  s->fullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
  s->subTransactionId = InvalidSubTransactionId;
  s->nestingLevel = 0;
  s->gucNestLevel = 0;
  s->childXids = NULL;
  s->nChildXids = 0;
  s->maxChildXids = 0;
  s->parallelModeLevel = 0;
  s->parallelChildXact = false;

  XactTopFullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId;
  nParallelCurrentXids = 0;

  /*
   * done with abort processing, set current transaction state back to
   * default
   */
  s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT;
}

/*
 *  StartTransactionCommand
 */
void
StartTransactionCommand(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /*
       * if we aren't in a transaction block, we just do our usual start
       * transaction.
       */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
      StartTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_STARTED;
      break;

      /*
       * We are somewhere in a transaction block or subtransaction and
       * about to start a new command.  For now we do nothing, but
       * someday we may do command-local resource initialization. (Note
       * that any needed CommandCounterIncrement was done by the
       * previous CommitTransactionCommand.)
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      break;

      /*
       * Here we are in a failed transaction block (one of the commands
       * caused an abort) so we do nothing but remain in the abort
       * state.  Eventually we will get a ROLLBACK command which will
       * get us out of this state.  (It is up to other code to ensure
       * that no commands other than ROLLBACK will be processed in these
       * states.)
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(ERROR, "StartTransactionCommand: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }

  /*
   * We must switch to CurTransactionContext before returning. This is
   * already done if we called StartTransaction, otherwise not.
   */
  Assert(CurTransactionContext != NULL);
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
}


/*
 * Simple system for saving and restoring transaction characteristics
 * (isolation level, read only, deferrable).  We need this for transaction
 * chaining, so that we can set the characteristics of the new transaction to
 * be the same as the previous one.  (We need something like this because the
 * GUC system resets the characteristics at transaction end, so for example
 * just skipping the reset in StartTransaction() won't work.)
 */
void
SaveTransactionCharacteristics(SavedTransactionCharacteristics *s)
{
  s->save_XactIsoLevel = XactIsoLevel;
  s->save_XactReadOnly = XactReadOnly;
  s->save_XactDeferrable = XactDeferrable;
}

void
RestoreTransactionCharacteristics(const SavedTransactionCharacteristics *s)
{
  XactIsoLevel = s->save_XactIsoLevel;
  XactReadOnly = s->save_XactReadOnly;
  XactDeferrable = s->save_XactDeferrable;
}

/*
 *  CommitTransactionCommand -- a wrapper function handling the
 *    loop over subtransactions to avoid a potentially dangerous recursion
 *    in CommitTransactionCommandInternal().
 */
void
CommitTransactionCommand(void)
{
  /*
   * Repeatedly call CommitTransactionCommandInternal() until all the work
   * is done.
   */
  while (!CommitTransactionCommandInternal())
  {
  }
}

/*
 *  CommitTransactionCommandInternal - a function doing an iteration of work
 *    regarding handling the commit transaction command.  In the case of
 *    subtransactions more than one iterations could be required.  Returns
 *    true when no more iterations required, false otherwise.
 */
static bool
CommitTransactionCommandInternal(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  SavedTransactionCharacteristics savetc;

  /* Must save in case we need to restore below */
  SaveTransactionCharacteristics(&savetc);

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /*
       * These shouldn't happen.  TBLOCK_DEFAULT means the previous
       * StartTransactionCommand didn't set the STARTED state
       * appropriately, while TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS should be ended
       * by EndParallelWorkerTransaction(), not this function.
       */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
      elog(FATAL, "CommitTransactionCommand: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;

      /*
       * If we aren't in a transaction block, just do our usual
       * transaction commit, and return to the idle state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
      CommitTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * We are completing a "BEGIN TRANSACTION" command, so we change
       * to the "transaction block in progress" state and return.  (We
       * assume the BEGIN did nothing to the database, so we need no
       * CommandCounterIncrement.)
       */
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_INPROGRESS;
      break;

      /*
       * This is the case when we have finished executing a command
       * someplace within a transaction block.  We increment the command
       * counter and return.
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      CommandCounterIncrement();
      break;

      /*
       * We are completing a "COMMIT" command.  Do it and return to the
       * idle state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_END:
      CommitTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      if (s->chain)
      {
        StartTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_INPROGRESS;
        s->chain = false;
        RestoreTransactionCharacteristics(&savetc);
      }
      break;

      /*
       * Here we are in the middle of a transaction block but one of the
       * commands caused an abort so we do nothing but remain in the
       * abort state.  Eventually we will get a ROLLBACK command.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      break;

      /*
       * Here we were in an aborted transaction block and we just got
       * the ROLLBACK command from the user, so clean up the
       * already-aborted transaction and return to the idle state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      if (s->chain)
      {
        StartTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_INPROGRESS;
        s->chain = false;
        RestoreTransactionCharacteristics(&savetc);
      }
      break;

      /*
       * Here we were in a perfectly good transaction block but the user
       * told us to ROLLBACK anyway.  We have to abort the transaction
       * and then clean up.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
      AbortTransaction();
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      if (s->chain)
      {
        StartTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_INPROGRESS;
        s->chain = false;
        RestoreTransactionCharacteristics(&savetc);
      }
      break;

      /*
       * We are completing a "PREPARE TRANSACTION" command.  Do it and
       * return to the idle state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      PrepareTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * The user issued a SAVEPOINT inside a transaction block. Start a
       * subtransaction.  (DefineSavepoint already did PushTransaction,
       * so as to have someplace to put the SUBBEGIN state.)
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
      StartSubTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS;
      break;

      /*
       * The user issued a RELEASE command, so we end the current
       * subtransaction and return to the parent transaction. The parent
       * might be ended too, so repeat till we find an INPROGRESS
       * transaction or subtransaction.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
      do
      {
        CommitSubTransaction();
        s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by pop */
      } while (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE);

      Assert(s->blockState == TBLOCK_INPROGRESS ||
           s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS);
      break;

      /*
       * The user issued a COMMIT, so we end the current subtransaction
       * hierarchy and perform final commit. We do this by rolling up
       * any subtransactions into their parent, which leads to O(N^2)
       * operations with respect to resource owners - this isn't that
       * bad until we approach a thousands of savepoints but is
       * necessary for correctness should after triggers create new
       * resource owners.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
      do
      {
        CommitSubTransaction();
        s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by pop */
      } while (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT);
      /* If we had a COMMIT command, finish off the main xact too */
      if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_END)
      {
        Assert(s->parent == NULL);
        CommitTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
        if (s->chain)
        {
          StartTransaction();
          s->blockState = TBLOCK_INPROGRESS;
          s->chain = false;
          RestoreTransactionCharacteristics(&savetc);
        }
      }
      else if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_PREPARE)
      {
        Assert(s->parent == NULL);
        PrepareTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      }
      else
        elog(ERROR, "CommitTransactionCommand: unexpected state %s",
           BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;

      /*
       * The current already-failed subtransaction is ending due to a
       * ROLLBACK or ROLLBACK TO command, so pop it and recursively
       * examine the parent (which could be in any of several states).
       * As we need to examine the parent, return false to request the
       * caller to do the next iteration.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
      CleanupSubTransaction();
      return false;

      /*
       * As above, but it's not dead yet, so abort first.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
      AbortSubTransaction();
      CleanupSubTransaction();
      return false;

      /*
       * The current subtransaction is the target of a ROLLBACK TO
       * command.  Abort and pop it, then start a new subtransaction
       * with the same name.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
      {
        char     *name;
        int     savepointLevel;

        /* save name and keep Cleanup from freeing it */
        name = s->name;
        s->name = NULL;
        savepointLevel = s->savepointLevel;

        AbortSubTransaction();
        CleanupSubTransaction();

        DefineSavepoint(NULL);
        s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by push */
        s->name = name;
        s->savepointLevel = savepointLevel;

        /* This is the same as TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN case */
        Assert(s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN);
        StartSubTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS;
      }
      break;

      /*
       * Same as above, but the subtransaction had already failed, so we
       * don't need AbortSubTransaction.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
      {
        char     *name;
        int     savepointLevel;

        /* save name and keep Cleanup from freeing it */
        name = s->name;
        s->name = NULL;
        savepointLevel = s->savepointLevel;

        CleanupSubTransaction();

        DefineSavepoint(NULL);
        s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by push */
        s->name = name;
        s->savepointLevel = savepointLevel;

        /* This is the same as TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN case */
        Assert(s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN);
        StartSubTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS;
      }
      break;
  }

  /* Done, no more iterations required */
  return true;
}

/*
 *  AbortCurrentTransaction -- a wrapper function handling the
 *    loop over subtransactions to avoid potentially dangerous recursion in
 *    AbortCurrentTransactionInternal().
 */
void
AbortCurrentTransaction(void)
{
  /*
   * Repeatedly call AbortCurrentTransactionInternal() until all the work is
   * done.
   */
  while (!AbortCurrentTransactionInternal())
  {
  }
}

/*
 *  AbortCurrentTransactionInternal - a function doing an iteration of work
 *    regarding handling the current transaction abort.  In the case of
 *    subtransactions more than one iterations could be required.  Returns
 *    true when no more iterations required, false otherwise.
 */
static bool
AbortCurrentTransactionInternal(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
      if (s->state == TRANS_DEFAULT)
      {
        /* we are idle, so nothing to do */
      }
      else
      {
        /*
         * We can get here after an error during transaction start
         * (state will be TRANS_START).  Need to clean up the
         * incompletely started transaction.  First, adjust the
         * low-level state to suppress warning message from
         * AbortTransaction.
         */
        if (s->state == TRANS_START)
          s->state = TRANS_INPROGRESS;
        AbortTransaction();
        CleanupTransaction();
      }
      break;

      /*
       * If we aren't in a transaction block, we just do the basic abort
       * & cleanup transaction.  For this purpose, we treat an implicit
       * transaction block as if it were a simple statement.
       */
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      AbortTransaction();
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * If we are in TBLOCK_BEGIN it means something screwed up right
       * after reading "BEGIN TRANSACTION".  We assume that the user
       * will interpret the error as meaning the BEGIN failed to get him
       * into a transaction block, so we should abort and return to idle
       * state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
      AbortTransaction();
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * We are somewhere in a transaction block and we've gotten a
       * failure, so we abort the transaction and set up the persistent
       * ABORT state.  We will stay in ABORT until we get a ROLLBACK.
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
      AbortTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT;
      /* CleanupTransaction happens when we exit TBLOCK_ABORT_END */
      break;

      /*
       * Here, we failed while trying to COMMIT.  Clean up the
       * transaction and return to idle state (we do not want to stay in
       * the transaction).
       */
    case TBLOCK_END:
      AbortTransaction();
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * Here, we are already in an aborted transaction state and are
       * waiting for a ROLLBACK, but for some reason we failed again! So
       * we just remain in the abort state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      break;

      /*
       * We are in a failed transaction and we got the ROLLBACK command.
       * We have already aborted, we just need to cleanup and go to idle
       * state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * We are in a live transaction and we got a ROLLBACK command.
       * Abort, cleanup, go to idle state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
      AbortTransaction();
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * Here, we failed while trying to PREPARE.  Clean up the
       * transaction and return to idle state (we do not want to stay in
       * the transaction).
       */
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      AbortTransaction();
      CleanupTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
      break;

      /*
       * We got an error inside a subtransaction.  Abort just the
       * subtransaction, and go to the persistent SUBABORT state until
       * we get ROLLBACK.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      AbortSubTransaction();
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT;
      break;

      /*
       * If we failed while trying to create a subtransaction, clean up
       * the broken subtransaction and abort the parent.  The same
       * applies if we get a failure while ending a subtransaction.  As
       * we need to abort the parent, return false to request the caller
       * to do the next iteration.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
      AbortSubTransaction();
      CleanupSubTransaction();
      return false;

      /*
       * Same as above, except the Abort() was already done.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
      CleanupSubTransaction();
      return false;
  }

  /* Done, no more iterations required */
  return true;
}

/*
 *  PreventInTransactionBlock
 *
 *  This routine is to be called by statements that must not run inside
 *  a transaction block, typically because they have non-rollback-able
 *  side effects or do internal commits.
 *
 *  If this routine completes successfully, then the calling statement is
 *  guaranteed that if it completes without error, its results will be
 *  committed immediately.
 *
 *  If we have already started a transaction block, issue an error; also issue
 *  an error if we appear to be running inside a user-defined function (which
 *  could issue more commands and possibly cause a failure after the statement
 *  completes).  Subtransactions are verboten too.
 *
 *  We must also set XACT_FLAGS_NEEDIMMEDIATECOMMIT in MyXactFlags, to ensure
 *  that postgres.c follows through by committing after the statement is done.
 *
 *  isTopLevel: passed down from ProcessUtility to determine whether we are
 *  inside a function.  (We will always fail if this is false, but it's
 *  convenient to centralize the check here instead of making callers do it.)
 *  stmtType: statement type name, for error messages.
 */
void
PreventInTransactionBlock(bool isTopLevel, const char *stmtType)
{
  /*
   * xact block already started?
   */
  if (IsTransactionBlock())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
    /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
         errmsg("%s cannot run inside a transaction block",
            stmtType)));

  /*
   * subtransaction?
   */
  if (IsSubTransaction())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
    /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
         errmsg("%s cannot run inside a subtransaction",
            stmtType)));

  /*
   * inside a function call?
   */
  if (!isTopLevel)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
    /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
         errmsg("%s cannot be executed from a function or procedure",
            stmtType)));

  /* If we got past IsTransactionBlock test, should be in default state */
  if (CurrentTransactionState->blockState != TBLOCK_DEFAULT &&
    CurrentTransactionState->blockState != TBLOCK_STARTED)
    elog(FATAL, "cannot prevent transaction chain");

  /* All okay.  Set the flag to make sure the right thing happens later. */
  MyXactFlags |= XACT_FLAGS_NEEDIMMEDIATECOMMIT;
}

/*
 *  WarnNoTransactionBlock
 *  RequireTransactionBlock
 *
 *  These two functions allow for warnings or errors if a command is executed
 *  outside of a transaction block.  This is useful for commands that have no
 *  effects that persist past transaction end (and so calling them outside a
 *  transaction block is presumably an error).  DECLARE CURSOR is an example.
 *  While top-level transaction control commands (BEGIN/COMMIT/ABORT) and SET
 *  that have no effect issue warnings, all other no-effect commands generate
 *  errors.
 *
 *  If we appear to be running inside a user-defined function, we do not
 *  issue anything, since the function could issue more commands that make
 *  use of the current statement's results.  Likewise subtransactions.
 *  Thus these are inverses for PreventInTransactionBlock.
 *
 *  isTopLevel: passed down from ProcessUtility to determine whether we are
 *  inside a function.
 *  stmtType: statement type name, for warning or error messages.
 */
void
WarnNoTransactionBlock(bool isTopLevel, const char *stmtType)
{
  CheckTransactionBlock(isTopLevel, false, stmtType);
}

void
RequireTransactionBlock(bool isTopLevel, const char *stmtType)
{
  CheckTransactionBlock(isTopLevel, true, stmtType);
}

/*
 * This is the implementation of the above two.
 */
static void
CheckTransactionBlock(bool isTopLevel, bool throwError, const char *stmtType)
{
  /*
   * xact block already started?
   */
  if (IsTransactionBlock())
    return;

  /*
   * subtransaction?
   */
  if (IsSubTransaction())
    return;

  /*
   * inside a function call?
   */
  if (!isTopLevel)
    return;

  ereport(throwError ? ERROR : WARNING,
      (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
  /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
       errmsg("%s can only be used in transaction blocks",
          stmtType)));
}

/*
 *  IsInTransactionBlock
 *
 *  This routine is for statements that need to behave differently inside
 *  a transaction block than when running as single commands.  ANALYZE is
 *  currently the only example.
 *
 *  If this routine returns "false", then the calling statement is allowed
 *  to perform internal transaction-commit-and-start cycles; there is not a
 *  risk of messing up any transaction already in progress.  (Note that this
 *  is not the identical guarantee provided by PreventInTransactionBlock,
 *  since we will not force a post-statement commit.)
 *
 *  isTopLevel: passed down from ProcessUtility to determine whether we are
 *  inside a function.
 */
bool
IsInTransactionBlock(bool isTopLevel)
{
  /*
   * Return true on same conditions that would make
   * PreventInTransactionBlock error out
   */
  if (IsTransactionBlock())
    return true;

  if (IsSubTransaction())
    return true;

  if (!isTopLevel)
    return true;

  if (CurrentTransactionState->blockState != TBLOCK_DEFAULT &&
    CurrentTransactionState->blockState != TBLOCK_STARTED)
    return true;

  return false;
}


/*
 * Register or deregister callback functions for start- and end-of-xact
 * operations.
 *
 * These functions are intended for use by dynamically loaded modules.
 * For built-in modules we generally just hardwire the appropriate calls
 * (mainly because it's easier to control the order that way, where needed).
 *
 * At transaction end, the callback occurs post-commit or post-abort, so the
 * callback functions can only do noncritical cleanup.
 */
void
RegisterXactCallback(XactCallback callback, void *arg)
{
  XactCallbackItem *item;

  item = (XactCallbackItem *)
    MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, sizeof(XactCallbackItem));
  item->callback = callback;
  item->arg = arg;
  item->next = Xact_callbacks;
  Xact_callbacks = item;
}

void
UnregisterXactCallback(XactCallback callback, void *arg)
{
  XactCallbackItem *item;
  XactCallbackItem *prev;

  prev = NULL;
  for (item = Xact_callbacks; item; prev = item, item = item->next)
  {
    if (item->callback == callback && item->arg == arg)
    {
      if (prev)
        prev->next = item->next;
      else
        Xact_callbacks = item->next;
      pfree(item);
      break;
    }
  }
}

static void
CallXactCallbacks(XactEvent event)
{
  XactCallbackItem *item;
  XactCallbackItem *next;

  for (item = Xact_callbacks; item; item = next)
  {
    /* allow callbacks to unregister themselves when called */
    next = item->next;
    item->callback(event, item->arg);
  }
}


/*
 * Register or deregister callback functions for start- and end-of-subxact
 * operations.
 *
 * Pretty much same as above, but for subtransaction events.
 *
 * At subtransaction end, the callback occurs post-subcommit or post-subabort,
 * so the callback functions can only do noncritical cleanup.  At
 * subtransaction start, the callback is called when the subtransaction has
 * finished initializing.
 */
void
RegisterSubXactCallback(SubXactCallback callback, void *arg)
{
  SubXactCallbackItem *item;

  item = (SubXactCallbackItem *)
    MemoryContextAlloc(TopMemoryContext, sizeof(SubXactCallbackItem));
  item->callback = callback;
  item->arg = arg;
  item->next = SubXact_callbacks;
  SubXact_callbacks = item;
}

void
UnregisterSubXactCallback(SubXactCallback callback, void *arg)
{
  SubXactCallbackItem *item;
  SubXactCallbackItem *prev;

  prev = NULL;
  for (item = SubXact_callbacks; item; prev = item, item = item->next)
  {
    if (item->callback == callback && item->arg == arg)
    {
      if (prev)
        prev->next = item->next;
      else
        SubXact_callbacks = item->next;
      pfree(item);
      break;
    }
  }
}

static void
CallSubXactCallbacks(SubXactEvent event,
           SubTransactionId mySubid,
           SubTransactionId parentSubid)
{
  SubXactCallbackItem *item;
  SubXactCallbackItem *next;

  for (item = SubXact_callbacks; item; item = next)
  {
    /* allow callbacks to unregister themselves when called */
    next = item->next;
    item->callback(event, mySubid, parentSubid, item->arg);
  }
}


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *             transaction block support
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 *  BeginTransactionBlock
 *    This executes a BEGIN command.
 */
void
BeginTransactionBlock(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /*
       * We are not inside a transaction block, so allow one to begin.
       */
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_BEGIN;
      break;

      /*
       * BEGIN converts an implicit transaction block to a regular one.
       * (Note that we allow this even if we've already done some
       * commands, which is a bit odd but matches historical practice.)
       */
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_BEGIN;
      break;

      /*
       * Already a transaction block in progress.
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      ereport(WARNING,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
           errmsg("there is already a transaction in progress")));
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(FATAL, "BeginTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }
}

/*
 *  PrepareTransactionBlock
 *    This executes a PREPARE command.
 *
 * Since PREPARE may actually do a ROLLBACK, the result indicates what
 * happened: true for PREPARE, false for ROLLBACK.
 *
 * Note that we don't actually do anything here except change blockState.
 * The real work will be done in the upcoming PrepareTransaction().
 * We do it this way because it's not convenient to change memory context,
 * resource owner, etc while executing inside a Portal.
 */
bool
PrepareTransactionBlock(const char *gid)
{
  TransactionState s;
  bool    result;

  /* Set up to commit the current transaction */
  result = EndTransactionBlock(false);

  /* If successful, change outer tblock state to PREPARE */
  if (result)
  {
    s = CurrentTransactionState;

    while (s->parent != NULL)
      s = s->parent;

    if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_END)
    {
      /* Save GID where PrepareTransaction can find it again */
      prepareGID = MemoryContextStrdup(TopTransactionContext, gid);

      s->blockState = TBLOCK_PREPARE;
    }
    else
    {
      /*
       * ignore case where we are not in a transaction;
       * EndTransactionBlock already issued a warning.
       */
      Assert(s->blockState == TBLOCK_STARTED ||
           s->blockState == TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS);
      /* Don't send back a PREPARE result tag... */
      result = false;
    }
  }

  return result;
}

/*
 *  EndTransactionBlock
 *    This executes a COMMIT command.
 *
 * Since COMMIT may actually do a ROLLBACK, the result indicates what
 * happened: true for COMMIT, false for ROLLBACK.
 *
 * Note that we don't actually do anything here except change blockState.
 * The real work will be done in the upcoming CommitTransactionCommand().
 * We do it this way because it's not convenient to change memory context,
 * resource owner, etc while executing inside a Portal.
 */
bool
EndTransactionBlock(bool chain)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  bool    result = false;

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /*
       * We are in a transaction block, so tell CommitTransactionCommand
       * to COMMIT.
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_END;
      result = true;
      break;

      /*
       * We are in an implicit transaction block.  If AND CHAIN was
       * specified, error.  Otherwise commit, but issue a warning
       * because there was no explicit BEGIN before this.
       */
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      if (chain)
        ereport(ERROR,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
        /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
             errmsg("%s can only be used in transaction blocks",
                "COMMIT AND CHAIN")));
      else
        ereport(WARNING,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
             errmsg("there is no transaction in progress")));
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_END;
      result = true;
      break;

      /*
       * We are in a failed transaction block.  Tell
       * CommitTransactionCommand it's time to exit the block.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_END;
      break;

      /*
       * We are in a live subtransaction block.  Set up to subcommit all
       * open subtransactions and then commit the main transaction.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      while (s->parent != NULL)
      {
        if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS)
          s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT;
        else
          elog(FATAL, "EndTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
             BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
        s = s->parent;
      }
      if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_INPROGRESS)
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_END;
      else
        elog(FATAL, "EndTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
           BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      result = true;
      break;

      /*
       * Here we are inside an aborted subtransaction.  Treat the COMMIT
       * as ROLLBACK: set up to abort everything and exit the main
       * transaction.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      while (s->parent != NULL)
      {
        if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS)
          s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING;
        else if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBABORT)
          s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END;
        else
          elog(FATAL, "EndTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
             BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
        s = s->parent;
      }
      if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_INPROGRESS)
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING;
      else if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_ABORT)
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_END;
      else
        elog(FATAL, "EndTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
           BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;

      /*
       * The user issued COMMIT when not inside a transaction.  For
       * COMMIT without CHAIN, issue a WARNING, staying in
       * TBLOCK_STARTED state.  The upcoming call to
       * CommitTransactionCommand() will then close the transaction and
       * put us back into the default state.  For COMMIT AND CHAIN,
       * error.
       */
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
      if (chain)
        ereport(ERROR,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
        /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
             errmsg("%s can only be used in transaction blocks",
                "COMMIT AND CHAIN")));
      else
        ereport(WARNING,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
             errmsg("there is no transaction in progress")));
      result = true;
      break;

      /*
       * The user issued a COMMIT that somehow ran inside a parallel
       * worker.  We can't cope with that.
       */
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
      ereport(FATAL,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
           errmsg("cannot commit during a parallel operation")));
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(FATAL, "EndTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }

  Assert(s->blockState == TBLOCK_STARTED ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_END ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_ABORT_END ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING);

  s->chain = chain;

  return result;
}

/*
 *  UserAbortTransactionBlock
 *    This executes a ROLLBACK command.
 *
 * As above, we don't actually do anything here except change blockState.
 */
void
UserAbortTransactionBlock(bool chain)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /*
       * We are inside a transaction block and we got a ROLLBACK command
       * from the user, so tell CommitTransactionCommand to abort and
       * exit the transaction block.
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING;
      break;

      /*
       * We are inside a failed transaction block and we got a ROLLBACK
       * command from the user.  Abort processing is already done, so
       * CommitTransactionCommand just has to cleanup and go back to
       * idle state.
       */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_END;
      break;

      /*
       * We are inside a subtransaction.  Mark everything up to top
       * level as exitable.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      while (s->parent != NULL)
      {
        if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS)
          s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING;
        else if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBABORT)
          s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END;
        else
          elog(FATAL, "UserAbortTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
             BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
        s = s->parent;
      }
      if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_INPROGRESS)
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING;
      else if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_ABORT)
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_END;
      else
        elog(FATAL, "UserAbortTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
           BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;

      /*
       * The user issued ABORT when not inside a transaction.  For
       * ROLLBACK without CHAIN, issue a WARNING and go to abort state.
       * The upcoming call to CommitTransactionCommand() will then put
       * us back into the default state.  For ROLLBACK AND CHAIN, error.
       *
       * We do the same thing with ABORT inside an implicit transaction,
       * although in this case we might be rolling back actual database
       * state changes.  (It's debatable whether we should issue a
       * WARNING in this case, but we have done so historically.)
       */
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      if (chain)
        ereport(ERROR,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
        /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
             errmsg("%s can only be used in transaction blocks",
                "ROLLBACK AND CHAIN")));
      else
        ereport(WARNING,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
             errmsg("there is no transaction in progress")));
      s->blockState = TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING;
      break;

      /*
       * The user issued an ABORT that somehow ran inside a parallel
       * worker.  We can't cope with that.
       */
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
      ereport(FATAL,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
           errmsg("cannot abort during a parallel operation")));
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(FATAL, "UserAbortTransactionBlock: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }

  Assert(s->blockState == TBLOCK_ABORT_END ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING);

  s->chain = chain;
}

/*
 * BeginImplicitTransactionBlock
 *    Start an implicit transaction block if we're not already in one.
 *
 * Unlike BeginTransactionBlock, this is called directly from the main loop
 * in postgres.c, not within a Portal.  So we can just change blockState
 * without a lot of ceremony.  We do not expect caller to do
 * CommitTransactionCommand/StartTransactionCommand.
 */
void
BeginImplicitTransactionBlock(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * If we are in STARTED state (that is, no transaction block is open),
   * switch to IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS state, creating an implicit transaction
   * block.
   *
   * For caller convenience, we consider all other transaction states as
   * legal here; otherwise the caller would need its own state check, which
   * seems rather pointless.
   */
  if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_STARTED)
    s->blockState = TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS;
}

/*
 * EndImplicitTransactionBlock
 *    End an implicit transaction block, if we're in one.
 *
 * Like EndTransactionBlock, we just make any needed blockState change here.
 * The real work will be done in the upcoming CommitTransactionCommand().
 */
void
EndImplicitTransactionBlock(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * If we are in IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS state, switch back to STARTED state,
   * allowing CommitTransactionCommand to commit whatever happened during
   * the implicit transaction block as though it were a single statement.
   *
   * For caller convenience, we consider all other transaction states as
   * legal here; otherwise the caller would need its own state check, which
   * seems rather pointless.
   */
  if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS)
    s->blockState = TBLOCK_STARTED;
}

/*
 * DefineSavepoint
 *    This executes a SAVEPOINT command.
 */
void
DefineSavepoint(const char *name)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * Workers synchronize transaction state at the beginning of each parallel
   * operation, so we can't account for new subtransactions after that
   * point.  (Note that this check will certainly error out if s->blockState
   * is TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS, so we can treat that as an invalid case
   * below.)
   */
  if (IsInParallelMode() || IsParallelWorker())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
         errmsg("cannot define savepoints during a parallel operation")));

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      /* Normal subtransaction start */
      PushTransaction();
      s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by push */

      /*
       * Savepoint names, like the TransactionState block itself, live
       * in TopTransactionContext.
       */
      if (name)
        s->name = MemoryContextStrdup(TopTransactionContext, name);
      break;

      /*
       * We disallow savepoint commands in implicit transaction blocks.
       * There would be no great difficulty in allowing them so far as
       * this module is concerned, but a savepoint seems inconsistent
       * with exec_simple_query's behavior of abandoning the whole query
       * string upon error.  Also, the point of an implicit transaction
       * block (as opposed to a regular one) is to automatically close
       * after an error, so it's hard to see how a savepoint would fit
       * into that.
       *
       * The error messages for this are phrased as if there were no
       * active transaction block at all, which is historical but
       * perhaps could be improved.
       */
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
      /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
           errmsg("%s can only be used in transaction blocks",
              "SAVEPOINT")));
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(FATAL, "DefineSavepoint: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }
}

/*
 * ReleaseSavepoint
 *    This executes a RELEASE command.
 *
 * As above, we don't actually do anything here except change blockState.
 */
void
ReleaseSavepoint(const char *name)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  TransactionState target,
        xact;

  /*
   * Workers synchronize transaction state at the beginning of each parallel
   * operation, so we can't account for transaction state change after that
   * point.  (Note that this check will certainly error out if s->blockState
   * is TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS, so we can treat that as an invalid case
   * below.)
   */
  if (IsInParallelMode() || IsParallelWorker())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
         errmsg("cannot release savepoints during a parallel operation")));

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /*
       * We can't release a savepoint if there is no savepoint defined.
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_S_E_INVALID_SPECIFICATION),
           errmsg("savepoint \"%s\" does not exist", name)));
      break;

    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      /* See comment about implicit transactions in DefineSavepoint */
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
      /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
           errmsg("%s can only be used in transaction blocks",
              "RELEASE SAVEPOINT")));
      break;

      /*
       * We are in a non-aborted subtransaction.  This is the only valid
       * case.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(FATAL, "ReleaseSavepoint: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }

  for (target = s; target; target = target->parent)
  {
    if (target->name && strcmp(target->name, name) == 0)
      break;
  }

  if (!target)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_S_E_INVALID_SPECIFICATION),
         errmsg("savepoint \"%s\" does not exist", name)));

  /* disallow crossing savepoint level boundaries */
  if (target->savepointLevel != s->savepointLevel)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_S_E_INVALID_SPECIFICATION),
         errmsg("savepoint \"%s\" does not exist within current savepoint level", name)));

  /*
   * Mark "commit pending" all subtransactions up to the target
   * subtransaction.  The actual commits will happen when control gets to
   * CommitTransactionCommand.
   */
  xact = CurrentTransactionState;
  for (;;)
  {
    Assert(xact->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS);
    xact->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE;
    if (xact == target)
      break;
    xact = xact->parent;
    Assert(xact);
  }
}

/*
 * RollbackToSavepoint
 *    This executes a ROLLBACK TO <savepoint> command.
 *
 * As above, we don't actually do anything here except change blockState.
 */
void
RollbackToSavepoint(const char *name)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  TransactionState target,
        xact;

  /*
   * Workers synchronize transaction state at the beginning of each parallel
   * operation, so we can't account for transaction state change after that
   * point.  (Note that this check will certainly error out if s->blockState
   * is TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS, so we can treat that as an invalid case
   * below.)
   */
  if (IsInParallelMode() || IsParallelWorker())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_TRANSACTION_STATE),
         errmsg("cannot rollback to savepoints during a parallel operation")));

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /*
       * We can't rollback to a savepoint if there is no savepoint
       * defined.
       */
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_S_E_INVALID_SPECIFICATION),
           errmsg("savepoint \"%s\" does not exist", name)));
      break;

    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      /* See comment about implicit transactions in DefineSavepoint */
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_NO_ACTIVE_SQL_TRANSACTION),
      /* translator: %s represents an SQL statement name */
           errmsg("%s can only be used in transaction blocks",
              "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT")));
      break;

      /*
       * There is at least one savepoint, so proceed.
       */
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(FATAL, "RollbackToSavepoint: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }

  for (target = s; target; target = target->parent)
  {
    if (target->name && strcmp(target->name, name) == 0)
      break;
  }

  if (!target)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_S_E_INVALID_SPECIFICATION),
         errmsg("savepoint \"%s\" does not exist", name)));

  /* disallow crossing savepoint level boundaries */
  if (target->savepointLevel != s->savepointLevel)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_S_E_INVALID_SPECIFICATION),
         errmsg("savepoint \"%s\" does not exist within current savepoint level", name)));

  /*
   * Mark "abort pending" all subtransactions up to the target
   * subtransaction.  The actual aborts will happen when control gets to
   * CommitTransactionCommand.
   */
  xact = CurrentTransactionState;
  for (;;)
  {
    if (xact == target)
      break;
    if (xact->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS)
      xact->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING;
    else if (xact->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBABORT)
      xact->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END;
    else
      elog(FATAL, "RollbackToSavepoint: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(xact->blockState));
    xact = xact->parent;
    Assert(xact);
  }

  /* And mark the target as "restart pending" */
  if (xact->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS)
    xact->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBRESTART;
  else if (xact->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBABORT)
    xact->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART;
  else
    elog(FATAL, "RollbackToSavepoint: unexpected state %s",
       BlockStateAsString(xact->blockState));
}

/*
 * BeginInternalSubTransaction
 *    This is the same as DefineSavepoint except it allows TBLOCK_STARTED,
 *    TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS, TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS, TBLOCK_END,
 *    and TBLOCK_PREPARE states, and therefore it can safely be used in
 *    functions that might be called when not inside a BEGIN block or when
 *    running deferred triggers at COMMIT/PREPARE time.  Also, it
 *    automatically does CommitTransactionCommand/StartTransactionCommand
 *    instead of expecting the caller to do it.
 */
void
BeginInternalSubTransaction(const char *name)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;
  bool    save_ExitOnAnyError = ExitOnAnyError;

  /*
   * Errors within this function are improbable, but if one does happen we
   * force a FATAL exit.  Callers generally aren't prepared to handle losing
   * control, and moreover our transaction state is probably corrupted if we
   * fail partway through; so an ordinary ERROR longjmp isn't okay.
   */
  ExitOnAnyError = true;

  /*
   * We do not check for parallel mode here.  It's permissible to start and
   * end "internal" subtransactions while in parallel mode, so long as no
   * new XIDs or command IDs are assigned.  Enforcement of that occurs in
   * AssignTransactionId() and CommandCounterIncrement().
   */

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      /* Normal subtransaction start */
      PushTransaction();
      s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by push */

      /*
       * Savepoint names, like the TransactionState block itself, live
       * in TopTransactionContext.
       */
      if (name)
        s->name = MemoryContextStrdup(TopTransactionContext, name);
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
      elog(FATAL, "BeginInternalSubTransaction: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }

  CommitTransactionCommand();
  StartTransactionCommand();

  ExitOnAnyError = save_ExitOnAnyError;
}

/*
 * ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction
 *
 * RELEASE (ie, commit) the innermost subtransaction, regardless of its
 * savepoint name (if any).
 * NB: do NOT use CommitTransactionCommand/StartTransactionCommand with this.
 */
void
ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * We do not check for parallel mode here.  It's permissible to start and
   * end "internal" subtransactions while in parallel mode, so long as no
   * new XIDs or command IDs are assigned.
   */

  if (s->blockState != TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS)
    elog(ERROR, "ReleaseCurrentSubTransaction: unexpected state %s",
       BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
  Assert(s->state == TRANS_INPROGRESS);
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);
  CommitSubTransaction();
  s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by pop */
  Assert(s->state == TRANS_INPROGRESS);
}

/*
 * RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction
 *
 * ROLLBACK and RELEASE (ie, abort) the innermost subtransaction, regardless
 * of its savepoint name (if any).
 * NB: do NOT use CommitTransactionCommand/StartTransactionCommand with this.
 */
void
RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /*
   * We do not check for parallel mode here.  It's permissible to start and
   * end "internal" subtransactions while in parallel mode, so long as no
   * new XIDs or command IDs are assigned.
   */

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
      /* Must be in a subtransaction */
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      break;

      /* These cases are invalid. */
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      elog(FATAL, "RollbackAndReleaseCurrentSubTransaction: unexpected state %s",
         BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
      break;
  }

  /*
   * Abort the current subtransaction, if needed.
   */
  if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS)
    AbortSubTransaction();

  /* And clean it up, too */
  CleanupSubTransaction();

  s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by pop */
  Assert(s->blockState == TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_INPROGRESS ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS ||
       s->blockState == TBLOCK_STARTED);
}

/*
 *  AbortOutOfAnyTransaction
 *
 *  This routine is provided for error recovery purposes.  It aborts any
 *  active transaction or transaction block, leaving the system in a known
 *  idle state.
 */
void
AbortOutOfAnyTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /* Ensure we're not running in a doomed memory context */
  AtAbort_Memory();

  /*
   * Get out of any transaction or nested transaction
   */
  do
  {
    switch (s->blockState)
    {
      case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
        if (s->state == TRANS_DEFAULT)
        {
          /* Not in a transaction, do nothing */
        }
        else
        {
          /*
           * We can get here after an error during transaction start
           * (state will be TRANS_START).  Need to clean up the
           * incompletely started transaction.  First, adjust the
           * low-level state to suppress warning message from
           * AbortTransaction.
           */
          if (s->state == TRANS_START)
            s->state = TRANS_INPROGRESS;
          AbortTransaction();
          CleanupTransaction();
        }
        break;
      case TBLOCK_STARTED:
      case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
      case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
      case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
      case TBLOCK_END:
      case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
      case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
        /* In a transaction, so clean up */
        AbortTransaction();
        CleanupTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
        break;
      case TBLOCK_ABORT:
      case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:

        /*
         * AbortTransaction is already done, still need Cleanup.
         * However, if we failed partway through running ROLLBACK,
         * there will be an active portal running that command, which
         * we need to shut down before doing CleanupTransaction.
         */
        AtAbort_Portals();
        CleanupTransaction();
        s->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
        break;

        /*
         * In a subtransaction, so clean it up and abort parent too
         */
      case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
      case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
      case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
      case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
      case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
        AbortSubTransaction();
        CleanupSubTransaction();
        s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by pop */
        break;

      case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
      case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
        /* As above, but AbortSubTransaction already done */
        if (s->curTransactionOwner)
        {
          /* As in TBLOCK_ABORT, might have a live portal to zap */
          AtSubAbort_Portals(s->subTransactionId,
                     s->parent->subTransactionId,
                     s->curTransactionOwner,
                     s->parent->curTransactionOwner);
        }
        CleanupSubTransaction();
        s = CurrentTransactionState;  /* changed by pop */
        break;
    }
  } while (s->blockState != TBLOCK_DEFAULT);

  /* Should be out of all subxacts now */
  Assert(s->parent == NULL);

  /*
   * Revert to TopMemoryContext, to ensure we exit in a well-defined state
   * whether there were any transactions to close or not.  (Callers that
   * don't intend to exit soon should switch to some other context to avoid
   * long-term memory leaks.)
   */
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
}

/*
 * IsTransactionBlock --- are we within a transaction block?
 */
bool
IsTransactionBlock(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_DEFAULT || s->blockState == TBLOCK_STARTED)
    return false;

  return true;
}

/*
 * IsTransactionOrTransactionBlock --- are we within either a transaction
 * or a transaction block?  (The backend is only really "idle" when this
 * returns false.)
 *
 * This should match up with IsTransactionBlock and IsTransactionState.
 */
bool
IsTransactionOrTransactionBlock(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (s->blockState == TBLOCK_DEFAULT)
    return false;

  return true;
}

/*
 * TransactionBlockStatusCode - return status code to send in ReadyForQuery
 */
char
TransactionBlockStatusCode(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  switch (s->blockState)
  {
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
      return 'I';     /* idle --- not in transaction */
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
    case TBLOCK_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      return 'T';     /* in transaction */
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
      return 'E';     /* in failed transaction */
  }

  /* should never get here */
  elog(FATAL, "invalid transaction block state: %s",
     BlockStateAsString(s->blockState));
  return 0;         /* keep compiler quiet */
}

/*
 * IsSubTransaction
 */
bool
IsSubTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (s->nestingLevel >= 2)
    return true;

  return false;
}

/*
 * StartSubTransaction
 *
 * If you're wondering why this is separate from PushTransaction: it's because
 * we can't conveniently do this stuff right inside DefineSavepoint.  The
 * SAVEPOINT utility command will be executed inside a Portal, and if we
 * muck with CurrentMemoryContext or CurrentResourceOwner then exit from
 * the Portal will undo those settings.  So we make DefineSavepoint just
 * push a dummy transaction block, and when control returns to the main
 * idle loop, CommitTransactionCommand will be called, and we'll come here
 * to finish starting the subtransaction.
 */
static void
StartSubTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (s->state != TRANS_DEFAULT)
    elog(WARNING, "StartSubTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));

  s->state = TRANS_START;

  /*
   * Initialize subsystems for new subtransaction
   *
   * must initialize resource-management stuff first
   */
  AtSubStart_Memory();
  AtSubStart_ResourceOwner();
  AfterTriggerBeginSubXact();

  s->state = TRANS_INPROGRESS;

  /*
   * Call start-of-subxact callbacks
   */
  CallSubXactCallbacks(SUBXACT_EVENT_START_SUB, s->subTransactionId,
             s->parent->subTransactionId);

  ShowTransactionState("StartSubTransaction");
}

/*
 * CommitSubTransaction
 *
 *  The caller has to make sure to always reassign CurrentTransactionState
 *  if it has a local pointer to it after calling this function.
 */
static void
CommitSubTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  ShowTransactionState("CommitSubTransaction");

  if (s->state != TRANS_INPROGRESS)
    elog(WARNING, "CommitSubTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));

  /* Pre-commit processing goes here */

  CallSubXactCallbacks(SUBXACT_EVENT_PRE_COMMIT_SUB, s->subTransactionId,
             s->parent->subTransactionId);

  /*
   * If this subxact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
   * its workers and exit parallel mode.  Warn about leaked resources.
   */
  AtEOSubXact_Parallel(true, s->subTransactionId);
  if (s->parallelModeLevel != 0)
  {
    elog(WARNING, "parallelModeLevel is %d not 0 at end of subtransaction",
       s->parallelModeLevel);
    s->parallelModeLevel = 0;
  }

  /* Do the actual "commit", such as it is */
  s->state = TRANS_COMMIT;

  /* Must CCI to ensure commands of subtransaction are seen as done */
  CommandCounterIncrement();

  /*
   * Prior to 8.4 we marked subcommit in clog at this point.  We now only
   * perform that step, if required, as part of the atomic update of the
   * whole transaction tree at top level commit or abort.
   */

  /* Post-commit cleanup */
  if (FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
    AtSubCommit_childXids();
  AfterTriggerEndSubXact(true);
  AtSubCommit_Portals(s->subTransactionId,
            s->parent->subTransactionId,
            s->parent->nestingLevel,
            s->parent->curTransactionOwner);
  AtEOSubXact_LargeObject(true, s->subTransactionId,
              s->parent->subTransactionId);
  AtSubCommit_Notify();

  CallSubXactCallbacks(SUBXACT_EVENT_COMMIT_SUB, s->subTransactionId,
             s->parent->subTransactionId);

  ResourceOwnerRelease(s->curTransactionOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_BEFORE_LOCKS,
             true, false);
  AtEOSubXact_RelationCache(true, s->subTransactionId,
                s->parent->subTransactionId);
  AtEOSubXact_TypeCache();
  AtEOSubXact_Inval(true);
  AtSubCommit_smgr();

  /*
   * The only lock we actually release here is the subtransaction XID lock.
   */
  CurrentResourceOwner = s->curTransactionOwner;
  if (FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
    XactLockTableDelete(XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId));

  /*
   * Other locks should get transferred to their parent resource owner.
   */
  ResourceOwnerRelease(s->curTransactionOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_LOCKS,
             true, false);
  ResourceOwnerRelease(s->curTransactionOwner,
             RESOURCE_RELEASE_AFTER_LOCKS,
             true, false);

  AtEOXact_GUC(true, s->gucNestLevel);
  AtEOSubXact_SPI(true, s->subTransactionId);
  AtEOSubXact_on_commit_actions(true, s->subTransactionId,
                  s->parent->subTransactionId);
  AtEOSubXact_Namespace(true, s->subTransactionId,
              s->parent->subTransactionId);
  AtEOSubXact_Files(true, s->subTransactionId,
            s->parent->subTransactionId);
  AtEOSubXact_HashTables(true, s->nestingLevel);
  AtEOSubXact_PgStat(true, s->nestingLevel);
  AtSubCommit_Snapshot(s->nestingLevel);

  /*
   * We need to restore the upper transaction's read-only state, in case the
   * upper is read-write while the child is read-only; GUC will incorrectly
   * think it should leave the child state in place.
   */
  XactReadOnly = s->prevXactReadOnly;

  CurrentResourceOwner = s->parent->curTransactionOwner;
  CurTransactionResourceOwner = s->parent->curTransactionOwner;
  ResourceOwnerDelete(s->curTransactionOwner);
  s->curTransactionOwner = NULL;

  AtSubCommit_Memory();

  s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT;

  PopTransaction();
}

/*
 * AbortSubTransaction
 */
static void
AbortSubTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  /* Prevent cancel/die interrupt while cleaning up */
  HOLD_INTERRUPTS();

  /* Make sure we have a valid memory context and resource owner */
  AtSubAbort_Memory();
  AtSubAbort_ResourceOwner();

  /*
   * Release any LW locks we might be holding as quickly as possible.
   * (Regular locks, however, must be held till we finish aborting.)
   * Releasing LW locks is critical since we might try to grab them again
   * while cleaning up!
   *
   * FIXME This may be incorrect --- Are there some locks we should keep?
   * Buffer locks, for example?  I don't think so but I'm not sure.
   */
  LWLockReleaseAll();

  /*
   * Cleanup waiting for LSN if any.
   */
  WaitLSNCleanup();

  pgstat_report_wait_end();
  pgstat_progress_end_command();

  pgaio_error_cleanup();

  UnlockBuffers();

  /* Reset WAL record construction state */
  XLogResetInsertion();

  /* Cancel condition variable sleep */
  ConditionVariableCancelSleep();

  /*
   * Also clean up any open wait for lock, since the lock manager will choke
   * if we try to wait for another lock before doing this.
   */
  LockErrorCleanup();

  /*
   * If any timeout events are still active, make sure the timeout interrupt
   * is scheduled.  This covers possible loss of a timeout interrupt due to
   * longjmp'ing out of the SIGINT handler (see notes in handle_sig_alarm).
   * We delay this till after LockErrorCleanup so that we don't uselessly
   * reschedule lock or deadlock check timeouts.
   */
  reschedule_timeouts();

  /*
   * Re-enable signals, in case we got here by longjmp'ing out of a signal
   * handler.  We do this fairly early in the sequence so that the timeout
   * infrastructure will be functional if needed while aborting.
   */
  sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &UnBlockSig, NULL);

  /*
   * check the current transaction state
   */
  ShowTransactionState("AbortSubTransaction");

  if (s->state != TRANS_INPROGRESS)
    elog(WARNING, "AbortSubTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));

  s->state = TRANS_ABORT;

  /*
   * Reset user ID which might have been changed transiently.  (See notes in
   * AbortTransaction.)
   */
  SetUserIdAndSecContext(s->prevUser, s->prevSecContext);

  /* Forget about any active REINDEX. */
  ResetReindexState(s->nestingLevel);

  /* Reset logical streaming state. */
  ResetLogicalStreamingState();

  /*
   * No need for SnapBuildResetExportedSnapshotState() here, snapshot
   * exports are not supported in subtransactions.
   */

  /*
   * If this subxact has started any unfinished parallel operation, clean up
   * its workers and exit parallel mode.  Don't warn about leaked resources.
   */
  AtEOSubXact_Parallel(false, s->subTransactionId);
  s->parallelModeLevel = 0;

  /*
   * We can skip all this stuff if the subxact failed before creating a
   * ResourceOwner...
   */
  if (s->curTransactionOwner)
  {
    AfterTriggerEndSubXact(false);
    AtSubAbort_Portals(s->subTransactionId,
               s->parent->subTransactionId,
               s->curTransactionOwner,
               s->parent->curTransactionOwner);
    AtEOSubXact_LargeObject(false, s->subTransactionId,
                s->parent->subTransactionId);
    AtSubAbort_Notify();

    /* Advertise the fact that we aborted in pg_xact. */
    (void) RecordTransactionAbort(true);

    /* Post-abort cleanup */
    if (FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
      AtSubAbort_childXids();

    CallSubXactCallbacks(SUBXACT_EVENT_ABORT_SUB, s->subTransactionId,
               s->parent->subTransactionId);

    ResourceOwnerRelease(s->curTransactionOwner,
               RESOURCE_RELEASE_BEFORE_LOCKS,
               false, false);

    AtEOXact_Aio(false);
    AtEOSubXact_RelationCache(false, s->subTransactionId,
                  s->parent->subTransactionId);
    AtEOSubXact_TypeCache();
    AtEOSubXact_Inval(false);
    ResourceOwnerRelease(s->curTransactionOwner,
               RESOURCE_RELEASE_LOCKS,
               false, false);
    ResourceOwnerRelease(s->curTransactionOwner,
               RESOURCE_RELEASE_AFTER_LOCKS,
               false, false);
    AtSubAbort_smgr();

    AtEOXact_GUC(false, s->gucNestLevel);
    AtEOSubXact_SPI(false, s->subTransactionId);
    AtEOSubXact_on_commit_actions(false, s->subTransactionId,
                    s->parent->subTransactionId);
    AtEOSubXact_Namespace(false, s->subTransactionId,
                s->parent->subTransactionId);
    AtEOSubXact_Files(false, s->subTransactionId,
              s->parent->subTransactionId);
    AtEOSubXact_HashTables(false, s->nestingLevel);
    AtEOSubXact_PgStat(false, s->nestingLevel);
    AtSubAbort_Snapshot(s->nestingLevel);
  }

  /*
   * Restore the upper transaction's read-only state, too.  This should be
   * redundant with GUC's cleanup but we may as well do it for consistency
   * with the commit case.
   */
  XactReadOnly = s->prevXactReadOnly;

  RESUME_INTERRUPTS();
}

/*
 * CleanupSubTransaction
 *
 *  The caller has to make sure to always reassign CurrentTransactionState
 *  if it has a local pointer to it after calling this function.
 */
static void
CleanupSubTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  ShowTransactionState("CleanupSubTransaction");

  if (s->state != TRANS_ABORT)
    elog(WARNING, "CleanupSubTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));

  AtSubCleanup_Portals(s->subTransactionId);

  CurrentResourceOwner = s->parent->curTransactionOwner;
  CurTransactionResourceOwner = s->parent->curTransactionOwner;
  if (s->curTransactionOwner)
    ResourceOwnerDelete(s->curTransactionOwner);
  s->curTransactionOwner = NULL;

  AtSubCleanup_Memory();

  s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT;

  PopTransaction();
}

/*
 * PushTransaction
 *    Create transaction state stack entry for a subtransaction
 *
 *  The caller has to make sure to always reassign CurrentTransactionState
 *  if it has a local pointer to it after calling this function.
 */
static void
PushTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState p = CurrentTransactionState;
  TransactionState s;

  /*
   * We keep subtransaction state nodes in TopTransactionContext.
   */
  s = (TransactionState)
    MemoryContextAllocZero(TopTransactionContext,
                 sizeof(TransactionStateData));

  /*
   * Assign a subtransaction ID, watching out for counter wraparound.
   */
  currentSubTransactionId += 1;
  if (currentSubTransactionId == InvalidSubTransactionId)
  {
    currentSubTransactionId -= 1;
    pfree(s);
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_PROGRAM_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
         errmsg("cannot have more than 2^32-1 subtransactions in a transaction")));
  }

  /*
   * We can now stack a minimally valid subtransaction without fear of
   * failure.
   */
  s->fullTransactionId = InvalidFullTransactionId; /* until assigned */
  s->subTransactionId = currentSubTransactionId;
  s->parent = p;
  s->nestingLevel = p->nestingLevel + 1;
  s->gucNestLevel = NewGUCNestLevel();
  s->savepointLevel = p->savepointLevel;
  s->state = TRANS_DEFAULT;
  s->blockState = TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN;
  GetUserIdAndSecContext(&s->prevUser, &s->prevSecContext);
  s->prevXactReadOnly = XactReadOnly;
  s->startedInRecovery = p->startedInRecovery;
  s->parallelModeLevel = 0;
  s->parallelChildXact = (p->parallelModeLevel != 0 || p->parallelChildXact);
  s->topXidLogged = false;

  CurrentTransactionState = s;

  /*
   * AbortSubTransaction and CleanupSubTransaction have to be able to cope
   * with the subtransaction from here on out; in particular they should not
   * assume that it necessarily has a transaction context, resource owner,
   * or XID.
   */
}

/*
 * PopTransaction
 *    Pop back to parent transaction state
 *
 *  The caller has to make sure to always reassign CurrentTransactionState
 *  if it has a local pointer to it after calling this function.
 */
static void
PopTransaction(void)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (s->state != TRANS_DEFAULT)
    elog(WARNING, "PopTransaction while in %s state",
       TransStateAsString(s->state));

  if (s->parent == NULL)
    elog(FATAL, "PopTransaction with no parent");

  CurrentTransactionState = s->parent;

  /* Let's just make sure CurTransactionContext is good */
  CurTransactionContext = s->parent->curTransactionContext;
  MemoryContextSwitchTo(CurTransactionContext);

  /* Ditto for ResourceOwner links */
  CurTransactionResourceOwner = s->parent->curTransactionOwner;
  CurrentResourceOwner = s->parent->curTransactionOwner;

  /* Free the old child structure */
  if (s->name)
    pfree(s->name);
  pfree(s);
}

/*
 * EstimateTransactionStateSpace
 *    Estimate the amount of space that will be needed by
 *    SerializeTransactionState.  It would be OK to overestimate slightly,
 *    but it's simple for us to work out the precise value, so we do.
 */
Size
EstimateTransactionStateSpace(void)
{
  TransactionState s;
  Size    nxids = 0;
  Size    size = SerializedTransactionStateHeaderSize;

  for (s = CurrentTransactionState; s != NULL; s = s->parent)
  {
    if (FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
      nxids = add_size(nxids, 1);
    nxids = add_size(nxids, s->nChildXids);
  }

  return add_size(size, mul_size(sizeof(TransactionId), nxids));
}

/*
 * SerializeTransactionState
 *    Write out relevant details of our transaction state that will be
 *    needed by a parallel worker.
 *
 * We need to save and restore XactDeferrable, XactIsoLevel, and the XIDs
 * associated with this transaction.  These are serialized into a
 * caller-supplied buffer big enough to hold the number of bytes reported by
 * EstimateTransactionStateSpace().  We emit the XIDs in sorted order for the
 * convenience of the receiving process.
 */
void
SerializeTransactionState(Size maxsize, char *start_address)
{
  TransactionState s;
  Size    nxids = 0;
  Size    i = 0;
  TransactionId *workspace;
  SerializedTransactionState *result;

  result = (SerializedTransactionState *) start_address;

  result->xactIsoLevel = XactIsoLevel;
  result->xactDeferrable = XactDeferrable;
  result->topFullTransactionId = XactTopFullTransactionId;
  result->currentFullTransactionId =
    CurrentTransactionState->fullTransactionId;
  result->currentCommandId = currentCommandId;

  /*
   * If we're running in a parallel worker and launching a parallel worker
   * of our own, we can just pass along the information that was passed to
   * us.
   */
  if (nParallelCurrentXids > 0)
  {
    result->nParallelCurrentXids = nParallelCurrentXids;
    memcpy(&result->parallelCurrentXids[0], ParallelCurrentXids,
         nParallelCurrentXids * sizeof(TransactionId));
    return;
  }

  /*
   * OK, we need to generate a sorted list of XIDs that our workers should
   * view as current.  First, figure out how many there are.
   */
  for (s = CurrentTransactionState; s != NULL; s = s->parent)
  {
    if (FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
      nxids = add_size(nxids, 1);
    nxids = add_size(nxids, s->nChildXids);
  }
  Assert(SerializedTransactionStateHeaderSize + nxids * sizeof(TransactionId)
       <= maxsize);

  /* Copy them to our scratch space. */
  workspace = palloc(nxids * sizeof(TransactionId));
  for (s = CurrentTransactionState; s != NULL; s = s->parent)
  {
    if (FullTransactionIdIsValid(s->fullTransactionId))
      workspace[i++] = XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId);
    if (s->nChildXids > 0)
      memcpy(&workspace[i], s->childXids,
           s->nChildXids * sizeof(TransactionId));
    i += s->nChildXids;
  }
  Assert(i == nxids);

  /* Sort them. */
  qsort(workspace, nxids, sizeof(TransactionId), xidComparator);

  /* Copy data into output area. */
  result->nParallelCurrentXids = nxids;
  memcpy(&result->parallelCurrentXids[0], workspace,
       nxids * sizeof(TransactionId));
}

/*
 * StartParallelWorkerTransaction
 *    Start a parallel worker transaction, restoring the relevant
 *    transaction state serialized by SerializeTransactionState.
 */
void
StartParallelWorkerTransaction(char *tstatespace)
{
  SerializedTransactionState *tstate;

  Assert(CurrentTransactionState->blockState == TBLOCK_DEFAULT);
  StartTransaction();

  tstate = (SerializedTransactionState *) tstatespace;
  XactIsoLevel = tstate->xactIsoLevel;
  XactDeferrable = tstate->xactDeferrable;
  XactTopFullTransactionId = tstate->topFullTransactionId;
  CurrentTransactionState->fullTransactionId =
    tstate->currentFullTransactionId;
  currentCommandId = tstate->currentCommandId;
  nParallelCurrentXids = tstate->nParallelCurrentXids;
  ParallelCurrentXids = &tstate->parallelCurrentXids[0];

  CurrentTransactionState->blockState = TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS;
}

/*
 * EndParallelWorkerTransaction
 *    End a parallel worker transaction.
 */
void
EndParallelWorkerTransaction(void)
{
  Assert(CurrentTransactionState->blockState == TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS);
  CommitTransaction();
  CurrentTransactionState->blockState = TBLOCK_DEFAULT;
}

/*
 * ShowTransactionState
 *    Debug support
 */
static void
ShowTransactionState(const char *str)
{
  /* skip work if message will definitely not be printed */
  if (message_level_is_interesting(DEBUG5))
    ShowTransactionStateRec(str, CurrentTransactionState);
}

/*
 * ShowTransactionStateRec
 *    Recursive subroutine for ShowTransactionState
 */
static void
ShowTransactionStateRec(const char *str, TransactionState s)
{
  StringInfoData buf;

  if (s->parent)
  {
    /*
     * Since this function recurses, it could be driven to stack overflow.
     * This is just a debugging aid, so we can leave out some details
     * instead of erroring out with check_stack_depth().
     */
    if (stack_is_too_deep())
      ereport(DEBUG5,
          (errmsg_internal("%s(%d): parent omitted to avoid stack overflow",
                   str, s->nestingLevel)));
    else
      ShowTransactionStateRec(str, s->parent);
  }

  initStringInfo(&buf);
  if (s->nChildXids > 0)
  {
    int     i;

    appendStringInfo(&buf, ", children: %u", s->childXids[0]);
    for (i = 1; i < s->nChildXids; i++)
      appendStringInfo(&buf, " %u", s->childXids[i]);
  }
  ereport(DEBUG5,
      (errmsg_internal("%s(%d) name: %s; blockState: %s; state: %s, xid/subid/cid: %u/%u/%u%s%s",
               str, s->nestingLevel,
               s->name ? s->name : "unnamed",
               BlockStateAsString(s->blockState),
               TransStateAsString(s->state),
               XidFromFullTransactionId(s->fullTransactionId),
               s->subTransactionId,
               currentCommandId,
               currentCommandIdUsed ? " (used)" : "",
               buf.data)));
  pfree(buf.data);
}

/*
 * BlockStateAsString
 *    Debug support
 */
static const char *
BlockStateAsString(TBlockState blockState)
{
  switch (blockState)
  {
    case TBLOCK_DEFAULT:
      return "DEFAULT";
    case TBLOCK_STARTED:
      return "STARTED";
    case TBLOCK_BEGIN:
      return "BEGIN";
    case TBLOCK_INPROGRESS:
      return "INPROGRESS";
    case TBLOCK_IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS:
      return "IMPLICIT_INPROGRESS";
    case TBLOCK_PARALLEL_INPROGRESS:
      return "PARALLEL_INPROGRESS";
    case TBLOCK_END:
      return "END";
    case TBLOCK_ABORT:
      return "ABORT";
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_END:
      return "ABORT_END";
    case TBLOCK_ABORT_PENDING:
      return "ABORT_PENDING";
    case TBLOCK_PREPARE:
      return "PREPARE";
    case TBLOCK_SUBBEGIN:
      return "SUBBEGIN";
    case TBLOCK_SUBINPROGRESS:
      return "SUBINPROGRESS";
    case TBLOCK_SUBRELEASE:
      return "SUBRELEASE";
    case TBLOCK_SUBCOMMIT:
      return "SUBCOMMIT";
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT:
      return "SUBABORT";
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_END:
      return "SUBABORT_END";
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_PENDING:
      return "SUBABORT_PENDING";
    case TBLOCK_SUBRESTART:
      return "SUBRESTART";
    case TBLOCK_SUBABORT_RESTART:
      return "SUBABORT_RESTART";
  }
  return "UNRECOGNIZED";
}

/*
 * TransStateAsString
 *    Debug support
 */
static const char *
TransStateAsString(TransState state)
{
  switch (state)
  {
    case TRANS_DEFAULT:
      return "DEFAULT";
    case TRANS_START:
      return "START";
    case TRANS_INPROGRESS:
      return "INPROGRESS";
    case TRANS_COMMIT:
      return "COMMIT";
    case TRANS_ABORT:
      return "ABORT";
    case TRANS_PREPARE:
      return "PREPARE";
  }
  return "UNRECOGNIZED";
}

/*
 * xactGetCommittedChildren
 *
 * Gets the list of committed children of the current transaction.  The return
 * value is the number of child transactions.  *ptr is set to point to an
 * array of TransactionIds.  The array is allocated in TopTransactionContext;
 * the caller should *not* pfree() it (this is a change from pre-8.4 code!).
 * If there are no subxacts, *ptr is set to NULL.
 */
int
xactGetCommittedChildren(TransactionId **ptr)
{
  TransactionState s = CurrentTransactionState;

  if (s->nChildXids == 0)
    *ptr = NULL;
  else
    *ptr = s->childXids;

  return s->nChildXids;
}

/*
 *  XLOG support routines
 */


/*
 * Log the commit record for a plain or twophase transaction commit.
 *
 * A 2pc commit will be emitted when twophase_xid is valid, a plain one
 * otherwise.
 */
XLogRecPtr
XactLogCommitRecord(TimestampTz commit_time,
          int nsubxacts, TransactionId *subxacts,
          int nrels, RelFileLocator *rels,
          int ndroppedstats, xl_xact_stats_item *droppedstats,
          int nmsgs, SharedInvalidationMessage *msgs,
          bool relcacheInval,
          int xactflags, TransactionId twophase_xid,
          const char *twophase_gid)
{
  xl_xact_commit xlrec;
  xl_xact_xinfo xl_xinfo;
  xl_xact_dbinfo xl_dbinfo;
  xl_xact_subxacts xl_subxacts;
  xl_xact_relfilelocators xl_relfilelocators;
  xl_xact_stats_items xl_dropped_stats;
  xl_xact_invals xl_invals;
  xl_xact_twophase xl_twophase;
  xl_xact_origin xl_origin;
  uint8   info;

  Assert(CritSectionCount > 0);

  xl_xinfo.xinfo = 0;

  /* decide between a plain and 2pc commit */
  if (!TransactionIdIsValid(twophase_xid))
    info = XLOG_XACT_COMMIT;
  else
    info = XLOG_XACT_COMMIT_PREPARED;

  /* First figure out and collect all the information needed */

  xlrec.xact_time = commit_time;

  if (relcacheInval)
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_COMPLETION_UPDATE_RELCACHE_FILE;
  if (forceSyncCommit)
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_COMPLETION_FORCE_SYNC_COMMIT;
  if ((xactflags & XACT_FLAGS_ACQUIREDACCESSEXCLUSIVELOCK))
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_AE_LOCKS;

  /*
   * Check if the caller would like to ask standbys for immediate feedback
   * once this commit is applied.
   */
  if (synchronous_commit >= SYNCHRONOUS_COMMIT_REMOTE_APPLY)
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_COMPLETION_APPLY_FEEDBACK;

  /*
   * Relcache invalidations requires information about the current database
   * and so does logical decoding.
   */
  if (nmsgs > 0 || XLogLogicalInfoActive())
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_DBINFO;
    xl_dbinfo.dbId = MyDatabaseId;
    xl_dbinfo.tsId = MyDatabaseTableSpace;
  }

  if (nsubxacts > 0)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_SUBXACTS;
    xl_subxacts.nsubxacts = nsubxacts;
  }

  if (nrels > 0)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_RELFILELOCATORS;
    xl_relfilelocators.nrels = nrels;
    info |= XLR_SPECIAL_REL_UPDATE;
  }

  if (ndroppedstats > 0)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_DROPPED_STATS;
    xl_dropped_stats.nitems = ndroppedstats;
  }

  if (nmsgs > 0)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_INVALS;
    xl_invals.nmsgs = nmsgs;
  }

  if (TransactionIdIsValid(twophase_xid))
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_TWOPHASE;
    xl_twophase.xid = twophase_xid;
    Assert(twophase_gid != NULL);

    if (XLogLogicalInfoActive())
      xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_GID;
  }

  /* dump transaction origin information */
  if (replorigin_xact_state.origin != InvalidReplOriginId)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN;

    xl_origin.origin_lsn = replorigin_xact_state.origin_lsn;
    xl_origin.origin_timestamp = replorigin_xact_state.origin_timestamp;
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo != 0)
    info |= XLOG_XACT_HAS_INFO;

  /* Then include all the collected data into the commit record. */

  XLogBeginInsert();

  XLogRegisterData(&xlrec, sizeof(xl_xact_commit));

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo != 0)
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_xinfo.xinfo, sizeof(xl_xinfo.xinfo));

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_DBINFO)
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_dbinfo, sizeof(xl_dbinfo));

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_SUBXACTS)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_subxacts,
             MinSizeOfXactSubxacts);
    XLogRegisterData(subxacts,
             nsubxacts * sizeof(TransactionId));
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_RELFILELOCATORS)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_relfilelocators,
             MinSizeOfXactRelfileLocators);
    XLogRegisterData(rels,
             nrels * sizeof(RelFileLocator));
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_DROPPED_STATS)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_dropped_stats,
             MinSizeOfXactStatsItems);
    XLogRegisterData(droppedstats,
             ndroppedstats * sizeof(xl_xact_stats_item));
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_INVALS)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_invals, MinSizeOfXactInvals);
    XLogRegisterData(msgs,
             nmsgs * sizeof(SharedInvalidationMessage));
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_TWOPHASE)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_twophase, sizeof(xl_xact_twophase));
    if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_GID)
      XLogRegisterData(twophase_gid, strlen(twophase_gid) + 1);
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN)
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_origin, sizeof(xl_xact_origin));

  /* we allow filtering by xacts */
  XLogSetRecordFlags(XLOG_INCLUDE_ORIGIN);

  return XLogInsert(RM_XACT_ID, info);
}

/*
 * Log the commit record for a plain or twophase transaction abort.
 *
 * A 2pc abort will be emitted when twophase_xid is valid, a plain one
 * otherwise.
 */
XLogRecPtr
XactLogAbortRecord(TimestampTz abort_time,
           int nsubxacts, TransactionId *subxacts,
           int nrels, RelFileLocator *rels,
           int ndroppedstats, xl_xact_stats_item *droppedstats,
           int xactflags, TransactionId twophase_xid,
           const char *twophase_gid)
{
  xl_xact_abort xlrec;
  xl_xact_xinfo xl_xinfo;
  xl_xact_subxacts xl_subxacts;
  xl_xact_relfilelocators xl_relfilelocators;
  xl_xact_stats_items xl_dropped_stats;
  xl_xact_twophase xl_twophase;
  xl_xact_dbinfo xl_dbinfo;
  xl_xact_origin xl_origin;

  uint8   info;

  Assert(CritSectionCount > 0);

  xl_xinfo.xinfo = 0;

  /* decide between a plain and 2pc abort */
  if (!TransactionIdIsValid(twophase_xid))
    info = XLOG_XACT_ABORT;
  else
    info = XLOG_XACT_ABORT_PREPARED;


  /* First figure out and collect all the information needed */

  xlrec.xact_time = abort_time;

  if ((xactflags & XACT_FLAGS_ACQUIREDACCESSEXCLUSIVELOCK))
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_AE_LOCKS;

  if (nsubxacts > 0)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_SUBXACTS;
    xl_subxacts.nsubxacts = nsubxacts;
  }

  if (nrels > 0)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_RELFILELOCATORS;
    xl_relfilelocators.nrels = nrels;
    info |= XLR_SPECIAL_REL_UPDATE;
  }

  if (ndroppedstats > 0)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_DROPPED_STATS;
    xl_dropped_stats.nitems = ndroppedstats;
  }

  if (TransactionIdIsValid(twophase_xid))
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_TWOPHASE;
    xl_twophase.xid = twophase_xid;
    Assert(twophase_gid != NULL);

    if (XLogLogicalInfoActive())
      xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_GID;
  }

  if (TransactionIdIsValid(twophase_xid) && XLogLogicalInfoActive())
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_DBINFO;
    xl_dbinfo.dbId = MyDatabaseId;
    xl_dbinfo.tsId = MyDatabaseTableSpace;
  }

  /*
   * Dump transaction origin information. We need this during recovery to
   * update the replication origin progress.
   */
  if (replorigin_xact_state.origin != InvalidReplOriginId)
  {
    xl_xinfo.xinfo |= XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN;

    xl_origin.origin_lsn = replorigin_xact_state.origin_lsn;
    xl_origin.origin_timestamp = replorigin_xact_state.origin_timestamp;
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo != 0)
    info |= XLOG_XACT_HAS_INFO;

  /* Then include all the collected data into the abort record. */

  XLogBeginInsert();

  XLogRegisterData(&xlrec, MinSizeOfXactAbort);

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo != 0)
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_xinfo, sizeof(xl_xinfo));

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_DBINFO)
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_dbinfo, sizeof(xl_dbinfo));

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_SUBXACTS)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_subxacts,
             MinSizeOfXactSubxacts);
    XLogRegisterData(subxacts,
             nsubxacts * sizeof(TransactionId));
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_RELFILELOCATORS)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_relfilelocators,
             MinSizeOfXactRelfileLocators);
    XLogRegisterData(rels,
             nrels * sizeof(RelFileLocator));
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_DROPPED_STATS)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_dropped_stats,
             MinSizeOfXactStatsItems);
    XLogRegisterData(droppedstats,
             ndroppedstats * sizeof(xl_xact_stats_item));
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_TWOPHASE)
  {
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_twophase, sizeof(xl_xact_twophase));
    if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_GID)
      XLogRegisterData(twophase_gid, strlen(twophase_gid) + 1);
  }

  if (xl_xinfo.xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN)
    XLogRegisterData(&xl_origin, sizeof(xl_xact_origin));

  /* Include the replication origin */
  XLogSetRecordFlags(XLOG_INCLUDE_ORIGIN);

  return XLogInsert(RM_XACT_ID, info);
}

/*
 * Before 9.0 this was a fairly short function, but now it performs many
 * actions for which the order of execution is critical.
 */
static void
xact_redo_commit(xl_xact_parsed_commit *parsed,
         TransactionId xid,
         XLogRecPtr lsn,
         ReplOriginId origin_id)
{
  TransactionId max_xid;
  TimestampTz commit_time;

  Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));

  max_xid = TransactionIdLatest(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts);

  /* Make sure nextXid is beyond any XID mentioned in the record. */
  AdvanceNextFullTransactionIdPastXid(max_xid);

  Assert(((parsed->xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN) == 0) ==
       (origin_id == InvalidReplOriginId));

  if (parsed->xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN)
    commit_time = parsed->origin_timestamp;
  else
    commit_time = parsed->xact_time;

  /* Set the transaction commit timestamp and metadata */
  TransactionTreeSetCommitTsData(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts,
                   commit_time, origin_id);

  if (standbyState == STANDBY_DISABLED)
  {
    /*
     * Mark the transaction committed in pg_xact.
     */
    TransactionIdCommitTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts);
  }
  else
  {
    /*
     * If a transaction completion record arrives that has as-yet
     * unobserved subtransactions then this will not have been fully
     * handled by the call to RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds() in the
     * main recovery loop in PerformWalRecovery(). So we need to do
     * bookkeeping again to cover that case. This is confusing and it is
     * easy to think this call is irrelevant, which has happened three
     * times in development already. Leave it in.
     */
    RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds(max_xid);

    /*
     * Mark the transaction committed in pg_xact. We use async commit
     * protocol during recovery to provide information on database
     * consistency for when users try to set hint bits. It is important
     * that we do not set hint bits until the minRecoveryPoint is past
     * this commit record. This ensures that if we crash we don't see hint
     * bits set on changes made by transactions that haven't yet
     * recovered. It's unlikely but it's good to be safe.
     */
    TransactionIdAsyncCommitTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts, lsn);

    /*
     * We must mark clog before we update the ProcArray.
     */
    ExpireTreeKnownAssignedTransactionIds(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts, max_xid);

    /*
     * Send any cache invalidations attached to the commit. We must
     * maintain the same order of invalidation then release locks as
     * occurs in CommitTransaction().
     */
    ProcessCommittedInvalidationMessages(parsed->msgs, parsed->nmsgs,
                       XactCompletionRelcacheInitFileInval(parsed->xinfo),
                       parsed->dbId, parsed->tsId);

    /*
     * Release locks, if any. We do this for both two phase and normal one
     * phase transactions. In effect we are ignoring the prepare phase and
     * just going straight to lock release.
     */
    if (parsed->xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_AE_LOCKS)
      StandbyReleaseLockTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts);
  }

  if (parsed->xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN)
  {
    /* recover apply progress */
    replorigin_advance(origin_id, parsed->origin_lsn, lsn,
               false /* backward */ , false /* WAL */ );
  }

  /* Make sure files supposed to be dropped are dropped */
  if (parsed->nrels > 0)
  {
    /*
     * First update minimum recovery point to cover this WAL record. Once
     * a relation is deleted, there's no going back. The buffer manager
     * enforces the WAL-first rule for normal updates to relation files,
     * so that the minimum recovery point is always updated before the
     * corresponding change in the data file is flushed to disk, but we
     * have to do the same here since we're bypassing the buffer manager.
     *
     * Doing this before deleting the files means that if a deletion fails
     * for some reason, you cannot start up the system even after restart,
     * until you fix the underlying situation so that the deletion will
     * succeed. Alternatively, we could update the minimum recovery point
     * after deletion, but that would leave a small window where the
     * WAL-first rule would be violated.
     */
    XLogFlush(lsn);

    /* Make sure files supposed to be dropped are dropped */
    DropRelationFiles(parsed->xlocators, parsed->nrels, true);
  }

  if (parsed->nstats > 0)
  {
    /* see equivalent call for relations above */
    XLogFlush(lsn);

    pgstat_execute_transactional_drops(parsed->nstats, parsed->stats, true);
  }

  /*
   * We issue an XLogFlush() for the same reason we emit ForceSyncCommit()
   * in normal operation. For example, in CREATE DATABASE, we copy all files
   * from the template database, and then commit the transaction. If we
   * crash after all the files have been copied but before the commit, you
   * have files in the data directory without an entry in pg_database. To
   * minimize the window for that, we use ForceSyncCommit() to rush the
   * commit record to disk as quick as possible. We have the same window
   * during recovery, and forcing an XLogFlush() (which updates
   * minRecoveryPoint during recovery) helps to reduce that problem window,
   * for any user that requested ForceSyncCommit().
   */
  if (XactCompletionForceSyncCommit(parsed->xinfo))
    XLogFlush(lsn);

  /*
   * If asked by the primary (because someone is waiting for a synchronous
   * commit = remote_apply), we will need to ask walreceiver to send a reply
   * immediately.
   */
  if (XactCompletionApplyFeedback(parsed->xinfo))
    XLogRequestWalReceiverReply();
}

/*
 * Be careful with the order of execution, as with xact_redo_commit().
 * The two functions are similar but differ in key places.
 *
 * Note also that an abort can be for a subtransaction and its children,
 * not just for a top level abort. That means we have to consider
 * topxid != xid, whereas in commit we would find topxid == xid always
 * because subtransaction commit is never WAL logged.
 */
static void
xact_redo_abort(xl_xact_parsed_abort *parsed, TransactionId xid,
        XLogRecPtr lsn, ReplOriginId origin_id)
{
  TransactionId max_xid;

  Assert(TransactionIdIsValid(xid));

  /* Make sure nextXid is beyond any XID mentioned in the record. */
  max_xid = TransactionIdLatest(xid,
                  parsed->nsubxacts,
                  parsed->subxacts);
  AdvanceNextFullTransactionIdPastXid(max_xid);

  if (standbyState == STANDBY_DISABLED)
  {
    /* Mark the transaction aborted in pg_xact, no need for async stuff */
    TransactionIdAbortTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts);
  }
  else
  {
    /*
     * If a transaction completion record arrives that has as-yet
     * unobserved subtransactions then this will not have been fully
     * handled by the call to RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds() in the
     * main recovery loop in PerformWalRecovery(). So we need to do
     * bookkeeping again to cover that case. This is confusing and it is
     * easy to think this call is irrelevant, which has happened three
     * times in development already. Leave it in.
     */
    RecordKnownAssignedTransactionIds(max_xid);

    /* Mark the transaction aborted in pg_xact, no need for async stuff */
    TransactionIdAbortTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts);

    /*
     * We must update the ProcArray after we have marked clog.
     */
    ExpireTreeKnownAssignedTransactionIds(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts, max_xid);

    /*
     * There are no invalidation messages to send or undo.
     */

    /*
     * Release locks, if any. There are no invalidations to send.
     */
    if (parsed->xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_AE_LOCKS)
      StandbyReleaseLockTree(xid, parsed->nsubxacts, parsed->subxacts);
  }

  if (parsed->xinfo & XACT_XINFO_HAS_ORIGIN)
  {
    /* recover apply progress */
    replorigin_advance(origin_id, parsed->origin_lsn, lsn,
               false /* backward */ , false /* WAL */ );
  }

  /* Make sure files supposed to be dropped are dropped */
  if (parsed->nrels > 0)
  {
    /*
     * See comments about update of minimum recovery point on truncation,
     * in xact_redo_commit().
     */
    XLogFlush(lsn);

    DropRelationFiles(parsed->xlocators, parsed->nrels, true);
  }

  if (parsed->nstats > 0)
  {
    /* see equivalent call for relations above */
    XLogFlush(lsn);

    pgstat_execute_transactional_drops(parsed->nstats, parsed->stats, true);
  }
}

void
xact_redo(XLogReaderState *record)
{
  uint8   info = XLogRecGetInfo(record) & XLOG_XACT_OPMASK;

  /* Backup blocks are not used in xact records */
  Assert(!XLogRecHasAnyBlockRefs(record));

  if (info == XLOG_XACT_COMMIT)
  {
    xl_xact_commit *xlrec = (xl_xact_commit *) XLogRecGetData(record);
    xl_xact_parsed_commit parsed;

    ParseCommitRecord(XLogRecGetInfo(record), xlrec, &parsed);
    xact_redo_commit(&parsed, XLogRecGetXid(record),
             record->EndRecPtr, XLogRecGetOrigin(record));
  }
  else if (info == XLOG_XACT_COMMIT_PREPARED)
  {
    xl_xact_commit *xlrec = (xl_xact_commit *) XLogRecGetData(record);
    xl_xact_parsed_commit parsed;

    ParseCommitRecord(XLogRecGetInfo(record), xlrec, &parsed);
    xact_redo_commit(&parsed, parsed.twophase_xid,
             record->EndRecPtr, XLogRecGetOrigin(record));

    /* Delete TwoPhaseState gxact entry and/or 2PC file. */
    LWLockAcquire(TwoPhaseStateLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    PrepareRedoRemove(parsed.twophase_xid, false);
    LWLockRelease(TwoPhaseStateLock);
  }
  else if (info == XLOG_XACT_ABORT)
  {
    xl_xact_abort *xlrec = (xl_xact_abort *) XLogRecGetData(record);
    xl_xact_parsed_abort parsed;

    ParseAbortRecord(XLogRecGetInfo(record), xlrec, &parsed);
    xact_redo_abort(&parsed, XLogRecGetXid(record),
            record->EndRecPtr, XLogRecGetOrigin(record));
  }
  else if (info == XLOG_XACT_ABORT_PREPARED)
  {
    xl_xact_abort *xlrec = (xl_xact_abort *) XLogRecGetData(record);
    xl_xact_parsed_abort parsed;

    ParseAbortRecord(XLogRecGetInfo(record), xlrec, &parsed);
    xact_redo_abort(&parsed, parsed.twophase_xid,
            record->EndRecPtr, XLogRecGetOrigin(record));

    /* Delete TwoPhaseState gxact entry and/or 2PC file. */
    LWLockAcquire(TwoPhaseStateLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    PrepareRedoRemove(parsed.twophase_xid, false);
    LWLockRelease(TwoPhaseStateLock);
  }
  else if (info == XLOG_XACT_PREPARE)
  {
    /*
     * Store xid and start/end pointers of the WAL record in TwoPhaseState
     * gxact entry.
     */
    LWLockAcquire(TwoPhaseStateLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
    PrepareRedoAdd(InvalidFullTransactionId,
             XLogRecGetData(record),
             record->ReadRecPtr,
             record->EndRecPtr,
             XLogRecGetOrigin(record));
    LWLockRelease(TwoPhaseStateLock);
  }
  else if (info == XLOG_XACT_ASSIGNMENT)
  {
    xl_xact_assignment *xlrec = (xl_xact_assignment *) XLogRecGetData(record);

    if (standbyState >= STANDBY_INITIALIZED)
      ProcArrayApplyXidAssignment(xlrec->xtop,
                    xlrec->nsubxacts, xlrec->xsub);
  }
  else if (info == XLOG_XACT_INVALIDATIONS)
  {
    /*
     * XXX we do ignore this for now, what matters are invalidations
     * written into the commit record.
     */
  }
  else
    elog(PANIC, "xact_redo: unknown op code %u", info);
}

Coverage Report

Created: 2026-08-13 07:12