/src/postgres/src/backend/storage/file/fd.c

Source
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * fd.c
 *    Virtual file descriptor code.
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2026, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/storage/file/fd.c
 *
 * NOTES:
 *
 * This code manages a cache of 'virtual' file descriptors (VFDs).
 * The server opens many file descriptors for a variety of reasons,
 * including base tables, scratch files (e.g., sort and hash spool
 * files), and random calls to C library routines like system(3); it
 * is quite easy to exceed system limits on the number of open files a
 * single process can have.  (This is around 1024 on many modern
 * operating systems, but may be lower on others.)
 *
 * VFDs are managed as an LRU pool, with actual OS file descriptors
 * being opened and closed as needed.  Obviously, if a routine is
 * opened using these interfaces, all subsequent operations must also
 * be through these interfaces (the File type is not a real file
 * descriptor).
 *
 * For this scheme to work, most (if not all) routines throughout the
 * server should use these interfaces instead of calling the C library
 * routines (e.g., open(2) and fopen(3)) themselves.  Otherwise, we
 * may find ourselves short of real file descriptors anyway.
 *
 * INTERFACE ROUTINES
 *
 * PathNameOpenFile and OpenTemporaryFile are used to open virtual files.
 * A File opened with OpenTemporaryFile is automatically deleted when the
 * File is closed, either explicitly or implicitly at end of transaction or
 * process exit. PathNameOpenFile is intended for files that are held open
 * for a long time, like relation files. It is the caller's responsibility
 * to close them, there is no automatic mechanism in fd.c for that.
 *
 * PathName(Create|Open|Delete)Temporary(File|Dir) are used to manage
 * temporary files that have names so that they can be shared between
 * backends.  Such files are automatically closed and count against the
 * temporary file limit of the backend that creates them, but unlike anonymous
 * files they are not automatically deleted.  See sharedfileset.c for a shared
 * ownership mechanism that provides automatic cleanup for shared files when
 * the last of a group of backends detaches.
 *
 * AllocateFile, AllocateDir, OpenPipeStream and OpenTransientFile are
 * wrappers around fopen(3), opendir(3), popen(3) and open(2), respectively.
 * They behave like the corresponding native functions, except that the handle
 * is registered with the current subtransaction, and will be automatically
 * closed at abort. These are intended mainly for short operations like
 * reading a configuration file; there is a limit on the number of files that
 * can be opened using these functions at any one time.
 *
 * Finally, BasicOpenFile is just a thin wrapper around open() that can
 * release file descriptors in use by the virtual file descriptors if
 * necessary. There is no automatic cleanup of file descriptors returned by
 * BasicOpenFile, it is solely the caller's responsibility to close the file
 * descriptor by calling close(2).
 *
 * If a non-virtual file descriptor needs to be held open for any length of
 * time, report it to fd.c by calling AcquireExternalFD or ReserveExternalFD
 * (and eventually ReleaseExternalFD), so that we can take it into account
 * while deciding how many VFDs can be open.  This applies to FDs obtained
 * with BasicOpenFile as well as those obtained without use of any fd.c API.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include <dirent.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>   /* for getrlimit */
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#ifndef WIN32
#include <sys/mman.h>
#endif
#include <limits.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

#include "access/xact.h"
#include "access/xlog.h"
#include "catalog/pg_tablespace.h"
#include "common/file_perm.h"
#include "common/file_utils.h"
#include "common/pg_prng.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "pgstat.h"
#include "postmaster/startup.h"
#include "storage/aio.h"
#include "storage/fd.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/guc_hooks.h"
#include "utils/resowner.h"
#include "utils/varlena.h"
#include "utils/wait_event.h"

/* Define PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS if we have an implementation for pg_flush_data */
#if defined(HAVE_SYNC_FILE_RANGE)
#define PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS 1
#elif !defined(WIN32) && defined(MS_ASYNC)
#define PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS 1
#elif defined(USE_POSIX_FADVISE) && defined(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED)
#define PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS 1
#endif

/*
 * We must leave some file descriptors free for system(), the dynamic loader,
 * and other code that tries to open files without consulting fd.c.  This
 * is the number left free.  (While we try fairly hard to prevent EMFILE
 * errors, there's never any guarantee that we won't get ENFILE due to
 * other processes chewing up FDs.  So it's a bad idea to try to open files
 * without consulting fd.c.  Nonetheless we cannot control all code.)
 *
 * Because this is just a fixed setting, we are effectively assuming that
 * no such code will leave FDs open over the long term; otherwise the slop
 * is likely to be insufficient.  Note in particular that we expect that
 * loading a shared library does not result in any permanent increase in
 * the number of open files.  (This appears to be true on most if not
 * all platforms as of Feb 2004.)
 */
#define NUM_RESERVED_FDS    10

/*
 * If we have fewer than this many usable FDs after allowing for the reserved
 * ones, choke.  (This value is chosen to work with "ulimit -n 64", but not
 * much less than that.  Note that this value ensures numExternalFDs can be
 * at least 16; as of this writing, the contrib/postgres_fdw regression tests
 * will not pass unless that can grow to at least 14.)
 */
#define FD_MINFREE        48

/*
 * A number of platforms allow individual processes to open many more files
 * than they can really support when *many* processes do the same thing.
 * This GUC parameter lets the DBA limit max_safe_fds to something less than
 * what the postmaster's initial probe suggests will work.
 */
int     max_files_per_process = 1000;

/*
 * Maximum number of file descriptors to open for operations that fd.c knows
 * about (VFDs, AllocateFile etc, or "external" FDs).  This is initialized
 * to a conservative value, and remains that way indefinitely in bootstrap or
 * standalone-backend cases.  In normal postmaster operation, the postmaster
 * calls set_max_safe_fds() late in initialization to update the value, and
 * that value is then inherited by forked subprocesses.
 *
 * Note: the value of max_files_per_process is taken into account while
 * setting this variable, and so need not be tested separately.
 */
int     max_safe_fds = FD_MINFREE;  /* default if not changed */

/* Whether it is safe to continue running after fsync() fails. */
bool    data_sync_retry = false;

/* How SyncDataDirectory() should do its job. */
int     recovery_init_sync_method = DATA_DIR_SYNC_METHOD_FSYNC;

/* How data files should be bulk-extended with zeros. */
int     file_extend_method = DEFAULT_FILE_EXTEND_METHOD;

/* Which kinds of files should be opened with PG_O_DIRECT. */
int     io_direct_flags;

/* Debugging.... */

#ifdef FDDEBUG
#define DO_DB(A) \
  do { \
    int     _do_db_save_errno = errno; \
    A; \
    errno = _do_db_save_errno; \
  } while (0)
#else
#define DO_DB(A) \
  ((void) 0)
#endif

#define VFD_CLOSED (-1)

#define FileIsValid(file) \
  ((file) > 0 && (file) < (int) SizeVfdCache && VfdCache[file].fileName != NULL)

#define FileIsNotOpen(file) (VfdCache[file].fd == VFD_CLOSED)

/* these are the assigned bits in fdstate below: */
#define FD_DELETE_AT_CLOSE  (1 << 0)  /* T = delete when closed */
#define FD_CLOSE_AT_EOXACT  (1 << 1)  /* T = close at eoXact */
#define FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT  (1 << 2)  /* T = respect temp_file_limit */

typedef struct vfd
{
  int     fd;       /* current FD, or VFD_CLOSED if none */
  unsigned short fdstate;   /* bitflags for VFD's state */
  ResourceOwner resowner;   /* owner, for automatic cleanup */
  File    nextFree;   /* link to next free VFD, if in freelist */
  File    lruMoreRecently;  /* doubly linked recency-of-use list */
  File    lruLessRecently;
  pgoff_t   fileSize;   /* current size of file (0 if not temporary) */
  char     *fileName;   /* name of file, or NULL for unused VFD */
  /* NB: fileName is malloc'd, and must be free'd when closing the VFD */
  int     fileFlags;    /* open(2) flags for (re)opening the file */
  mode_t    fileMode;   /* mode to pass to open(2) */
} Vfd;

/*
 * Virtual File Descriptor array pointer and size.  This grows as
 * needed.  'File' values are indexes into this array.
 * Note that VfdCache[0] is not a usable VFD, just a list header.
 */
static Vfd *VfdCache;
static Size SizeVfdCache = 0;

/*
 * Number of file descriptors known to be in use by VFD entries.
 */
static int  nfile = 0;

/*
 * Flag to tell whether it's worth scanning VfdCache looking for temp files
 * to close
 */
static bool have_xact_temporary_files = false;

/*
 * Tracks the total size of all temporary files.  Note: when temp_file_limit
 * is being enforced, this cannot overflow since the limit cannot be more
 * than INT_MAX kilobytes.  When not enforcing, it could theoretically
 * overflow, but we don't care.
 */
static uint64 temporary_files_size = 0;

/* Temporary file access initialized and not yet shut down? */
#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
static bool temporary_files_allowed = false;
#endif

/*
 * List of OS handles opened with AllocateFile, AllocateDir and
 * OpenTransientFile.
 */
typedef enum
{
  AllocateDescFile,
  AllocateDescPipe,
  AllocateDescDir,
  AllocateDescRawFD,
} AllocateDescKind;

typedef struct
{
  AllocateDescKind kind;
  SubTransactionId create_subid;
  union
  {
    FILE     *file;
    DIR      *dir;
    int     fd;
  }     desc;
} AllocateDesc;

static int  numAllocatedDescs = 0;
static int  maxAllocatedDescs = 0;
static AllocateDesc *allocatedDescs = NULL;

/*
 * Number of open "external" FDs reported to Reserve/ReleaseExternalFD.
 */
static int  numExternalFDs = 0;

/*
 * Number of temporary files opened during the current session;
 * this is used in generation of tempfile names.
 */
static long tempFileCounter = 0;

/*
 * Array of OIDs of temp tablespaces.  (Some entries may be InvalidOid,
 * indicating that the current database's default tablespace should be used.)
 * When numTempTableSpaces is -1, this has not been set in the current
 * transaction.
 */
static Oid *tempTableSpaces = NULL;
static int  numTempTableSpaces = -1;
static int  nextTempTableSpace = 0;


/*--------------------
 *
 * Private Routines
 *
 * Delete      - delete a file from the Lru ring
 * LruDelete     - remove a file from the Lru ring and close its FD
 * Insert      - put a file at the front of the Lru ring
 * LruInsert     - put a file at the front of the Lru ring and open it
 * ReleaseLruFile  - Release an fd by closing the last entry in the Lru ring
 * ReleaseLruFiles - Release fd(s) until we're under the max_safe_fds limit
 * AllocateVfd     - grab a free (or new) file record (from VfdCache)
 * FreeVfd       - free a file record
 *
 * The Least Recently Used ring is a doubly linked list that begins and
 * ends on element zero.  Element zero is special -- it doesn't represent
 * a file and its "fd" field always == VFD_CLOSED.  Element zero is just an
 * anchor that shows us the beginning/end of the ring.
 * Only VFD elements that are currently really open (have an FD assigned) are
 * in the Lru ring.  Elements that are "virtually" open can be recognized
 * by having a non-null fileName field.
 *
 * example:
 *
 *     /--less----\          /---------\
 *     v       \        v       \
 *   #0 --more---> LeastRecentlyUsed --more-\ \
 *    ^\                  | |
 *     \\less--> MostRecentlyUsedFile <---/ |
 *    \more---/          \--less--/
 *
 *--------------------
 */
static void Delete(File file);
static void LruDelete(File file);
static void Insert(File file);
static int  LruInsert(File file);
static bool ReleaseLruFile(void);
static void ReleaseLruFiles(void);
static File AllocateVfd(void);
static void FreeVfd(File file);

static int  FileAccess(File file);
static File OpenTemporaryFileInTablespace(Oid tblspcOid, bool rejectError);
static bool reserveAllocatedDesc(void);
static int  FreeDesc(AllocateDesc *desc);

static void BeforeShmemExit_Files(int code, Datum arg);
static void CleanupTempFiles(bool isCommit, bool isProcExit);
static void RemovePgTempRelationFiles(const char *tsdirname);
static void RemovePgTempRelationFilesInDbspace(const char *dbspacedirname);

static void walkdir(const char *path,
          void (*action) (const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel),
          bool process_symlinks,
          int elevel);
#ifdef PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS
static void pre_sync_fname(const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel);
#endif
static void datadir_fsync_fname(const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel);
static void unlink_if_exists_fname(const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel);

static int  fsync_parent_path(const char *fname, int elevel);


/* ResourceOwner callbacks to hold virtual file descriptors */
static void ResOwnerReleaseFile(Datum res);
static char *ResOwnerPrintFile(Datum res);

static const ResourceOwnerDesc file_resowner_desc =
{
  .name = "File",
  .release_phase = RESOURCE_RELEASE_AFTER_LOCKS,
  .release_priority = RELEASE_PRIO_FILES,
  .ReleaseResource = ResOwnerReleaseFile,
  .DebugPrint = ResOwnerPrintFile
};

/* Convenience wrappers over ResourceOwnerRemember/Forget */
static inline void
ResourceOwnerRememberFile(ResourceOwner owner, File file)
{
  ResourceOwnerRemember(owner, Int32GetDatum(file), &file_resowner_desc);
}
static inline void
ResourceOwnerForgetFile(ResourceOwner owner, File file)
{
  ResourceOwnerForget(owner, Int32GetDatum(file), &file_resowner_desc);
}

/*
 * pg_fsync --- do fsync with or without writethrough
 */
int
pg_fsync(int fd)
{
#if !defined(WIN32) && defined(USE_ASSERT_CHECKING)
  struct stat st;

  /*
   * Some operating system implementations of fsync() have requirements
   * about the file access modes that were used when their file descriptor
   * argument was opened, and these requirements differ depending on whether
   * the file descriptor is for a directory.
   *
   * For any file descriptor that may eventually be handed to fsync(), we
   * should have opened it with access modes that are compatible with
   * fsync() on all supported systems, otherwise the code may not be
   * portable, even if it runs ok on the current system.
   *
   * We assert here that a descriptor for a file was opened with write
   * permissions (i.e., not O_RDONLY) and for a directory without write
   * permissions (O_RDONLY).  Notice that the assertion check is made even
   * if fsync() is disabled.
   *
   * If fstat() fails, ignore it and let the follow-up fsync() complain.
   */
  if (fstat(fd, &st) == 0)
  {
    int     desc_flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);

    desc_flags &= O_ACCMODE;

    if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
      Assert(desc_flags == O_RDONLY);
    else
      Assert(desc_flags != O_RDONLY);
  }
  errno = 0;
#endif

  /* #if is to skip the wal_sync_method test if there's no need for it */
#if defined(HAVE_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH)
  if (wal_sync_method == WAL_SYNC_METHOD_FSYNC_WRITETHROUGH)
    return pg_fsync_writethrough(fd);
  else
#endif
    return pg_fsync_no_writethrough(fd);
}


/*
 * pg_fsync_no_writethrough --- same as fsync except does nothing if
 *  enableFsync is off
 */
int
pg_fsync_no_writethrough(int fd)
{
  int     rc;

  if (!enableFsync)
    return 0;

retry:
  rc = fsync(fd);

  if (rc == -1 && errno == EINTR)
    goto retry;

  return rc;
}

/*
 * pg_fsync_writethrough
 */
int
pg_fsync_writethrough(int fd)
{
  if (enableFsync)
  {
#if defined(F_FULLFSYNC)
    return (fcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC, 0) == -1) ? -1 : 0;
#else
    errno = ENOSYS;
    return -1;
#endif
  }
  else
    return 0;
}

/*
 * pg_fdatasync --- same as fdatasync except does nothing if enableFsync is off
 */
int
pg_fdatasync(int fd)
{
  int     rc;

  if (!enableFsync)
    return 0;

retry:
  rc = fdatasync(fd);

  if (rc == -1 && errno == EINTR)
    goto retry;

  return rc;
}

/*
 * pg_file_exists -- check that a file exists.
 *
 * This requires an absolute path to the file.  Returns true if the file is
 * not a directory, false otherwise.
 */
bool
pg_file_exists(const char *name)
{
  struct stat st;

  Assert(name != NULL);

  if (stat(name, &st) == 0)
    return !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode);
  else if (!(errno == ENOENT || errno == ENOTDIR || errno == EACCES))
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not access file \"%s\": %m", name)));

  return false;
}

/*
 * pg_flush_data --- advise OS that the described dirty data should be flushed
 *
 * offset of 0 with nbytes 0 means that the entire file should be flushed
 */
void
pg_flush_data(int fd, pgoff_t offset, pgoff_t nbytes)
{
  /*
   * Right now file flushing is primarily used to avoid making later
   * fsync()/fdatasync() calls have less impact. Thus don't trigger flushes
   * if fsyncs are disabled - that's a decision we might want to make
   * configurable at some point.
   */
  if (!enableFsync)
    return;

  /*
   * We compile all alternatives that are supported on the current platform,
   * to find portability problems more easily.
   */
#if defined(HAVE_SYNC_FILE_RANGE)
  {
    int     rc;
    static bool not_implemented_by_kernel = false;

    if (not_implemented_by_kernel)
      return;

retry:

    /*
     * sync_file_range(SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE), currently linux specific,
     * tells the OS that writeback for the specified blocks should be
     * started, but that we don't want to wait for completion.  Note that
     * this call might block if too much dirty data exists in the range.
     * This is the preferable method on OSs supporting it, as it works
     * reliably when available (contrast to msync()) and doesn't flush out
     * clean data (like FADV_DONTNEED).
     */
    rc = sync_file_range(fd, offset, nbytes,
               SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE);
    if (rc != 0)
    {
      int     elevel;

      if (errno == EINTR)
        goto retry;

      /*
       * For systems that don't have an implementation of
       * sync_file_range() such as Windows WSL, generate only one
       * warning and then suppress all further attempts by this process.
       */
      if (errno == ENOSYS)
      {
        elevel = WARNING;
        not_implemented_by_kernel = true;
      }
      else
        elevel = data_sync_elevel(WARNING);

      ereport(elevel,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not flush dirty data: %m")));
    }

    return;
  }
#endif
#if !defined(WIN32) && defined(MS_ASYNC)
  {
    void     *p;
    static int  pagesize = 0;

    /*
     * On several OSs msync(MS_ASYNC) on a mmap'ed file triggers
     * writeback. On linux it only does so if MS_SYNC is specified, but
     * then it does the writeback synchronously. Luckily all common linux
     * systems have sync_file_range().  This is preferable over
     * FADV_DONTNEED because it doesn't flush out clean data.
     *
     * We map the file (mmap()), tell the kernel to sync back the contents
     * (msync()), and then remove the mapping again (munmap()).
     */

    /* mmap() needs actual length if we want to map whole file */
    if (offset == 0 && nbytes == 0)
    {
      nbytes = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_END);
      if (nbytes < 0)
      {
        ereport(WARNING,
            (errcode_for_file_access(),
             errmsg("could not determine dirty data size: %m")));
        return;
      }
    }

    /*
     * Some platforms reject partial-page mmap() attempts.  To deal with
     * that, just truncate the request to a page boundary.  If any extra
     * bytes don't get flushed, well, it's only a hint anyway.
     */

    /* fetch pagesize only once */
    if (pagesize == 0)
      pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);

    /* align length to pagesize, dropping any fractional page */
    if (pagesize > 0)
      nbytes = (nbytes / pagesize) * pagesize;

    /* fractional-page request is a no-op */
    if (nbytes <= 0)
      return;

    /*
     * mmap could well fail, particularly on 32-bit platforms where there
     * may simply not be enough address space.  If so, silently fall
     * through to the next implementation.
     */
    if (nbytes <= (pgoff_t) SSIZE_MAX)
      p = mmap(NULL, nbytes, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, offset);
    else
      p = MAP_FAILED;

    if (p != MAP_FAILED)
    {
      int     rc;

      rc = msync(p, (size_t) nbytes, MS_ASYNC);
      if (rc != 0)
      {
        ereport(data_sync_elevel(WARNING),
            (errcode_for_file_access(),
             errmsg("could not flush dirty data: %m")));
        /* NB: need to fall through to munmap()! */
      }

      rc = munmap(p, (size_t) nbytes);
      if (rc != 0)
      {
        /* FATAL error because mapping would remain */
        ereport(FATAL,
            (errcode_for_file_access(),
             errmsg("could not munmap() while flushing data: %m")));
      }

      return;
    }
  }
#endif
#if defined(USE_POSIX_FADVISE) && defined(POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED)
  {
    int     rc;

    /*
     * Signal the kernel that the passed in range should not be cached
     * anymore. This has the, desired, side effect of writing out dirty
     * data, and the, undesired, side effect of likely discarding useful
     * clean cached blocks.  For the latter reason this is the least
     * preferable method.
     */

    rc = posix_fadvise(fd, offset, nbytes, POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED);

    if (rc != 0)
    {
      /* update errno for %m et al */
      errno = rc;

      /* don't error out, this is just a performance optimization */
      ereport(WARNING,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not flush dirty data: %m")));
    }

    return;
  }
#endif
}

/*
 * Truncate an open file to a given length.
 */
static int
pg_ftruncate(int fd, pgoff_t length)
{
  int     ret;

retry:
  ret = ftruncate(fd, length);

  if (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR)
    goto retry;

  return ret;
}

/*
 * Truncate a file to a given length by name.
 */
int
pg_truncate(const char *path, pgoff_t length)
{
  int     ret;
#ifdef WIN32
  int     save_errno;
  int     fd;

  fd = OpenTransientFile(path, O_RDWR | PG_BINARY);
  if (fd >= 0)
  {
    ret = pg_ftruncate(fd, length);
    save_errno = errno;
    CloseTransientFile(fd);
    errno = save_errno;
  }
  else
    ret = -1;
#else

retry:
  ret = truncate(path, length);

  if (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR)
    goto retry;
#endif

  return ret;
}

/*
 * fsync_fname -- fsync a file or directory, handling errors properly
 *
 * Try to fsync a file or directory. When doing the latter, ignore errors that
 * indicate the OS just doesn't allow/require fsyncing directories.
 */
void
fsync_fname(const char *fname, bool isdir)
{
  fsync_fname_ext(fname, isdir, false, data_sync_elevel(ERROR));
}

/*
 * durable_rename -- rename(2) wrapper, issuing fsyncs required for durability
 *
 * This routine ensures that, after returning, the effect of renaming file
 * persists in case of a crash. A crash while this routine is running will
 * leave you with either the pre-existing or the moved file in place of the
 * new file; no mixed state or truncated files are possible.
 *
 * It does so by using fsync on the old filename and the possibly existing
 * target filename before the rename, and the target file and directory after.
 *
 * Note that rename() cannot be used across arbitrary directories, as they
 * might not be on the same filesystem. Therefore this routine does not
 * support renaming across directories.
 *
 * Log errors with the caller specified severity.
 *
 * Returns 0 if the operation succeeded, -1 otherwise. Note that errno is not
 * valid upon return.
 */
int
durable_rename(const char *oldfile, const char *newfile, int elevel)
{
  int     fd;

  /*
   * First fsync the old and target path (if it exists), to ensure that they
   * are properly persistent on disk. Syncing the target file is not
   * strictly necessary, but it makes it easier to reason about crashes;
   * because it's then guaranteed that either source or target file exists
   * after a crash.
   */
  if (fsync_fname_ext(oldfile, false, false, elevel) != 0)
    return -1;

  fd = OpenTransientFile(newfile, PG_BINARY | O_RDWR);
  if (fd < 0)
  {
    if (errno != ENOENT)
    {
      ereport(elevel,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not open file \"%s\": %m", newfile)));
      return -1;
    }
  }
  else
  {
    if (pg_fsync(fd) != 0)
    {
      int     save_errno;

      /* close file upon error, might not be in transaction context */
      save_errno = errno;
      CloseTransientFile(fd);
      errno = save_errno;

      ereport(elevel,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not fsync file \"%s\": %m", newfile)));
      return -1;
    }

    if (CloseTransientFile(fd) != 0)
    {
      ereport(elevel,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not close file \"%s\": %m", newfile)));
      return -1;
    }
  }

  /* Time to do the real deal... */
  if (rename(oldfile, newfile) < 0)
  {
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not rename file \"%s\" to \"%s\": %m",
            oldfile, newfile)));
    return -1;
  }

  /*
   * To guarantee renaming the file is persistent, fsync the file with its
   * new name, and its containing directory.
   */
  if (fsync_fname_ext(newfile, false, false, elevel) != 0)
    return -1;

  if (fsync_parent_path(newfile, elevel) != 0)
    return -1;

  return 0;
}

/*
 * durable_unlink -- remove a file in a durable manner
 *
 * This routine ensures that, after returning, the effect of removing file
 * persists in case of a crash. A crash while this routine is running will
 * leave the system in no mixed state.
 *
 * It does so by using fsync on the parent directory of the file after the
 * actual removal is done.
 *
 * Log errors with the severity specified by caller.
 *
 * Returns 0 if the operation succeeded, -1 otherwise. Note that errno is not
 * valid upon return.
 */
int
durable_unlink(const char *fname, int elevel)
{
  if (unlink(fname) < 0)
  {
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not remove file \"%s\": %m",
            fname)));
    return -1;
  }

  /*
   * To guarantee that the removal of the file is persistent, fsync its
   * parent directory.
   */
  if (fsync_parent_path(fname, elevel) != 0)
    return -1;

  return 0;
}

/*
 * InitFileAccess --- initialize this module during backend startup
 *
 * This is called during either normal or standalone backend start.
 * It is *not* called in the postmaster.
 *
 * Note that this does not initialize temporary file access, that is
 * separately initialized via InitTemporaryFileAccess().
 */
void
InitFileAccess(void)
{
  Assert(SizeVfdCache == 0);  /* call me only once */

  /* initialize cache header entry */
  VfdCache = (Vfd *) malloc(sizeof(Vfd));
  if (VfdCache == NULL)
    ereport(FATAL,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
         errmsg("out of memory")));

  MemSet(&(VfdCache[0]), 0, sizeof(Vfd));
  VfdCache->fd = VFD_CLOSED;

  SizeVfdCache = 1;
}

/*
 * InitTemporaryFileAccess --- initialize temporary file access during startup
 *
 * This is called during either normal or standalone backend start.
 * It is *not* called in the postmaster.
 *
 * This is separate from InitFileAccess() because temporary file cleanup can
 * cause pgstat reporting. As pgstat is shut down during before_shmem_exit(),
 * our reporting has to happen before that. Low level file access should be
 * available for longer, hence the separate initialization / shutdown of
 * temporary file handling.
 */
void
InitTemporaryFileAccess(void)
{
  Assert(SizeVfdCache != 0);  /* InitFileAccess() needs to have run */
  Assert(!temporary_files_allowed); /* call me only once */

  /*
   * Register before-shmem-exit hook to ensure temp files are dropped while
   * we can still report stats.
   */
  before_shmem_exit(BeforeShmemExit_Files, 0);

#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
  temporary_files_allowed = true;
#endif
}

/*
 * count_usable_fds --- count how many FDs the system will let us open,
 *    and estimate how many are already open.
 *
 * We stop counting if usable_fds reaches max_to_probe.  Note: a small
 * value of max_to_probe might result in an underestimate of already_open;
 * we must fill in any "gaps" in the set of used FDs before the calculation
 * of already_open will give the right answer.  In practice, max_to_probe
 * of a couple of dozen should be enough to ensure good results.
 *
 * We assume stderr (FD 2) is available for dup'ing.  While the calling
 * script could theoretically close that, it would be a really bad idea,
 * since then one risks loss of error messages from, e.g., libc.
 */
static void
count_usable_fds(int max_to_probe, int *usable_fds, int *already_open)
{
  int      *fd;
  int     size;
  int     used = 0;
  int     highestfd = 0;
  int     j;

#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
  struct rlimit rlim;
  int     getrlimit_status;
#endif

  size = 1024;
  fd = palloc_array(int, size);

#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT
  getrlimit_status = getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rlim);
  if (getrlimit_status != 0)
    ereport(WARNING, (errmsg("getrlimit failed: %m")));
#endif              /* HAVE_GETRLIMIT */

  /* dup until failure or probe limit reached */
  for (;;)
  {
    int     thisfd;

#ifdef HAVE_GETRLIMIT

    /*
     * don't go beyond RLIMIT_NOFILE; causes irritating kernel logs on
     * some platforms
     */
    if (getrlimit_status == 0 && highestfd >= rlim.rlim_cur - 1)
      break;
#endif

    thisfd = dup(2);
    if (thisfd < 0)
    {
      /* Expect EMFILE or ENFILE, else it's fishy */
      if (errno != EMFILE && errno != ENFILE)
        elog(WARNING, "duplicating stderr file descriptor failed after %d successes: %m", used);
      break;
    }

    if (used >= size)
    {
      size *= 2;
      fd = repalloc_array(fd, int, size);
    }
    fd[used++] = thisfd;

    if (highestfd < thisfd)
      highestfd = thisfd;

    if (used >= max_to_probe)
      break;
  }

  /* release the files we opened */
  for (j = 0; j < used; j++)
    close(fd[j]);

  pfree(fd);

  /*
   * Return results.  usable_fds is just the number of successful dups. We
   * assume that the system limit is highestfd+1 (remember 0 is a legal FD
   * number) and so already_open is highestfd+1 - usable_fds.
   */
  *usable_fds = used;
  *already_open = highestfd + 1 - used;
}

/*
 * set_max_safe_fds
 *    Determine number of file descriptors that fd.c is allowed to use
 */
void
set_max_safe_fds(void)
{
  int     usable_fds;
  int     already_open;

  /*----------
   * We want to set max_safe_fds to
   *      MIN(usable_fds, max_files_per_process)
   * less the slop factor for files that are opened without consulting
   * fd.c.  This ensures that we won't allow to open more than
   * max_files_per_process, or the experimentally-determined EMFILE limit,
   * additional files.
   *----------
   */
  count_usable_fds(max_files_per_process,
           &usable_fds, &already_open);

  max_safe_fds = Min(usable_fds, max_files_per_process);

  /*
   * Take off the FDs reserved for system() etc.
   */
  max_safe_fds -= NUM_RESERVED_FDS;

  /*
   * Make sure we still have enough to get by.
   */
  if (max_safe_fds < FD_MINFREE)
    ereport(FATAL,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("insufficient file descriptors available to start server process"),
         errdetail("System allows %d, server needs at least %d, %d files are already open.",
               max_safe_fds + NUM_RESERVED_FDS,
               FD_MINFREE + NUM_RESERVED_FDS,
               already_open)));

  elog(DEBUG2, "max_safe_fds = %d, usable_fds = %d, already_open = %d",
     max_safe_fds, usable_fds, already_open);
}

/*
 * Open a file with BasicOpenFilePerm() and pass default file mode for the
 * fileMode parameter.
 */
int
BasicOpenFile(const char *fileName, int fileFlags)
{
  return BasicOpenFilePerm(fileName, fileFlags, pg_file_create_mode);
}

/*
 * BasicOpenFilePerm --- same as open(2) except can free other FDs if needed
 *
 * This is exported for use by places that really want a plain kernel FD,
 * but need to be proof against running out of FDs.  Once an FD has been
 * successfully returned, it is the caller's responsibility to ensure that
 * it will not be leaked on ereport()!  Most users should *not* call this
 * routine directly, but instead use the VFD abstraction level, which
 * provides protection against descriptor leaks as well as management of
 * files that need to be open for more than a short period of time.
 *
 * Ideally this should be the *only* direct call of open() in the backend.
 * In practice, the postmaster calls open() directly, and there are some
 * direct open() calls done early in backend startup.  Those are OK since
 * this module wouldn't have any open files to close at that point anyway.
 */
int
BasicOpenFilePerm(const char *fileName, int fileFlags, mode_t fileMode)
{
  int     fd;

tryAgain:
#ifdef PG_O_DIRECT_USE_F_NOCACHE
  fd = open(fileName, fileFlags & ~PG_O_DIRECT, fileMode);
#else
  fd = open(fileName, fileFlags, fileMode);
#endif

  if (fd >= 0)
  {
#ifdef PG_O_DIRECT_USE_F_NOCACHE
    if (fileFlags & PG_O_DIRECT)
    {
      if (fcntl(fd, F_NOCACHE, 1) < 0)
      {
        int     save_errno = errno;

        close(fd);
        errno = save_errno;
        return -1;
      }
    }
#endif

    return fd;        /* success! */
  }

  if (errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE)
  {
    int     save_errno = errno;

    ereport(LOG,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("out of file descriptors: %m; release and retry")));
    errno = 0;
    if (ReleaseLruFile())
      goto tryAgain;
    errno = save_errno;
  }

  return -1;         /* failure */
}

/*
 * AcquireExternalFD - attempt to reserve an external file descriptor
 *
 * This should be used by callers that need to hold a file descriptor open
 * over more than a short interval, but cannot use any of the other facilities
 * provided by this module.
 *
 * The difference between this and the underlying ReserveExternalFD function
 * is that this will report failure (by setting errno and returning false)
 * if "too many" external FDs are already reserved.  This should be used in
 * any code where the total number of FDs to be reserved is not predictable
 * and small.
 */
bool
AcquireExternalFD(void)
{
  /*
   * We don't want more than max_safe_fds / 3 FDs to be consumed for
   * "external" FDs.
   */
  if (numExternalFDs < max_safe_fds / 3)
  {
    ReserveExternalFD();
    return true;
  }
  errno = EMFILE;
  return false;
}

/*
 * ReserveExternalFD - report external consumption of a file descriptor
 *
 * This should be used by callers that need to hold a file descriptor open
 * over more than a short interval, but cannot use any of the other facilities
 * provided by this module.  This just tracks the use of the FD and closes
 * VFDs if needed to ensure we keep NUM_RESERVED_FDS FDs available.
 *
 * Call this directly only in code where failure to reserve the FD would be
 * fatal; for example, the WAL-writing code does so, since the alternative is
 * session failure.  Also, it's very unwise to do so in code that could
 * consume more than one FD per process.
 *
 * Note: as long as everybody plays nice so that NUM_RESERVED_FDS FDs remain
 * available, it doesn't matter too much whether this is called before or
 * after actually opening the FD; but doing so beforehand reduces the risk of
 * an EMFILE failure if not everybody played nice.  In any case, it's solely
 * caller's responsibility to keep the external-FD count in sync with reality.
 */
void
ReserveExternalFD(void)
{
  /*
   * Release VFDs if needed to stay safe.  Because we do this before
   * incrementing numExternalFDs, the final state will be as desired, i.e.,
   * nfile + numAllocatedDescs + numExternalFDs <= max_safe_fds.
   */
  ReleaseLruFiles();

  numExternalFDs++;
}

/*
 * ReleaseExternalFD - report release of an external file descriptor
 *
 * This is guaranteed not to change errno, so it can be used in failure paths.
 */
void
ReleaseExternalFD(void)
{
  Assert(numExternalFDs > 0);
  numExternalFDs--;
}


#if defined(FDDEBUG)

static void
_dump_lru(void)
{
  int     mru = VfdCache[0].lruLessRecently;
  Vfd      *vfdP = &VfdCache[mru];
  char    buf[2048];

  snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "LRU: MOST %d ", mru);
  while (mru != 0)
  {
    mru = vfdP->lruLessRecently;
    vfdP = &VfdCache[mru];
    snprintf(buf + strlen(buf), sizeof(buf) - strlen(buf), "%d ", mru);
  }
  snprintf(buf + strlen(buf), sizeof(buf) - strlen(buf), "LEAST");
  elog(LOG, "%s", buf);
}
#endif              /* FDDEBUG */

static void
Delete(File file)
{
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(file != 0);

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "Delete %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));
  DO_DB(_dump_lru());

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  VfdCache[vfdP->lruLessRecently].lruMoreRecently = vfdP->lruMoreRecently;
  VfdCache[vfdP->lruMoreRecently].lruLessRecently = vfdP->lruLessRecently;

  DO_DB(_dump_lru());
}

static void
LruDelete(File file)
{
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(file != 0);

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "LruDelete %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  pgaio_closing_fd(vfdP->fd);

  /*
   * Close the file.  We aren't expecting this to fail; if it does, better
   * to leak the FD than to mess up our internal state.
   */
  if (close(vfdP->fd) != 0)
    elog(vfdP->fdstate & FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT ? LOG : data_sync_elevel(LOG),
       "could not close file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName);
  vfdP->fd = VFD_CLOSED;
  --nfile;

  /* delete the vfd record from the LRU ring */
  Delete(file);
}

static void
Insert(File file)
{
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(file != 0);

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "Insert %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));
  DO_DB(_dump_lru());

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  vfdP->lruMoreRecently = 0;
  vfdP->lruLessRecently = VfdCache[0].lruLessRecently;
  VfdCache[0].lruLessRecently = file;
  VfdCache[vfdP->lruLessRecently].lruMoreRecently = file;

  DO_DB(_dump_lru());
}

/* returns 0 on success, -1 on re-open failure (with errno set) */
static int
LruInsert(File file)
{
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(file != 0);

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "LruInsert %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  if (FileIsNotOpen(file))
  {
    /* Close excess kernel FDs. */
    ReleaseLruFiles();

    /*
     * The open could still fail for lack of file descriptors, eg due to
     * overall system file table being full.  So, be prepared to release
     * another FD if necessary...
     */
    vfdP->fd = BasicOpenFilePerm(vfdP->fileName, vfdP->fileFlags,
                   vfdP->fileMode);
    if (vfdP->fd < 0)
    {
      DO_DB(elog(LOG, "re-open failed: %m"));
      return -1;
    }
    else
    {
      ++nfile;
    }
  }

  /*
   * put it at the head of the Lru ring
   */

  Insert(file);

  return 0;
}

/*
 * Release one kernel FD by closing the least-recently-used VFD.
 */
static bool
ReleaseLruFile(void)
{
  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "ReleaseLruFile. Opened %d", nfile));

  if (nfile > 0)
  {
    /*
     * There are opened files and so there should be at least one used vfd
     * in the ring.
     */
    Assert(VfdCache[0].lruMoreRecently != 0);
    LruDelete(VfdCache[0].lruMoreRecently);
    return true;     /* freed a file */
  }
  return false;       /* no files available to free */
}

/*
 * Release kernel FDs as needed to get under the max_safe_fds limit.
 * After calling this, it's OK to try to open another file.
 */
static void
ReleaseLruFiles(void)
{
  while (nfile + numAllocatedDescs + numExternalFDs >= max_safe_fds)
  {
    if (!ReleaseLruFile())
      break;
  }
}

static File
AllocateVfd(void)
{
  Index   i;
  File    file;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "AllocateVfd. Size %zu", SizeVfdCache));

  Assert(SizeVfdCache > 0); /* InitFileAccess not called? */

  if (VfdCache[0].nextFree == 0)
  {
    /*
     * The free list is empty so it is time to increase the size of the
     * array.  We choose to double it each time this happens. However,
     * there's not much point in starting *real* small.
     */
    Size    newCacheSize = SizeVfdCache * 2;
    Vfd      *newVfdCache;

    if (newCacheSize < 32)
      newCacheSize = 32;

    /*
     * Be careful not to clobber VfdCache ptr if realloc fails.
     */
    newVfdCache = (Vfd *) realloc(VfdCache, sizeof(Vfd) * newCacheSize);
    if (newVfdCache == NULL)
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
           errmsg("out of memory")));
    VfdCache = newVfdCache;

    /*
     * Initialize the new entries and link them into the free list.
     */
    for (i = SizeVfdCache; i < newCacheSize; i++)
    {
      MemSet(&(VfdCache[i]), 0, sizeof(Vfd));
      VfdCache[i].nextFree = i + 1;
      VfdCache[i].fd = VFD_CLOSED;
    }
    VfdCache[newCacheSize - 1].nextFree = 0;
    VfdCache[0].nextFree = SizeVfdCache;

    /*
     * Record the new size
     */
    SizeVfdCache = newCacheSize;
  }

  file = VfdCache[0].nextFree;

  VfdCache[0].nextFree = VfdCache[file].nextFree;

  return file;
}

static void
FreeVfd(File file)
{
  Vfd      *vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FreeVfd: %d (%s)",
         file, vfdP->fileName ? vfdP->fileName : ""));

  if (vfdP->fileName != NULL)
  {
    free(vfdP->fileName);
    vfdP->fileName = NULL;
  }
  vfdP->fdstate = 0x0;

  vfdP->nextFree = VfdCache[0].nextFree;
  VfdCache[0].nextFree = file;
}

/* returns 0 on success, -1 on re-open failure (with errno set) */
static int
FileAccess(File file)
{
  int     returnValue;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileAccess %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));

  /*
   * Is the file open?  If not, open it and put it at the head of the LRU
   * ring (possibly closing the least recently used file to get an FD).
   */

  if (FileIsNotOpen(file))
  {
    returnValue = LruInsert(file);
    if (returnValue != 0)
      return returnValue;
  }
  else if (VfdCache[0].lruLessRecently != file)
  {
    /*
     * We now know that the file is open and that it is not the last one
     * accessed, so we need to move it to the head of the Lru ring.
     */

    Delete(file);
    Insert(file);
  }

  return 0;
}

/*
 * Called whenever a temporary file is deleted to report its size.
 */
static void
ReportTemporaryFileUsage(const char *path, pgoff_t size)
{
  pgstat_report_tempfile(size);

  if (log_temp_files >= 0)
  {
    if ((size / 1024) >= log_temp_files)
      ereport(LOG,
          (errmsg("temporary file: path \"%s\", size %lld",
              path, (long long) size)));
  }
}

/*
 * Called to register a temporary file for automatic close.
 * ResourceOwnerEnlarge(CurrentResourceOwner) must have been called
 * before the file was opened.
 */
static void
RegisterTemporaryFile(File file)
{
  ResourceOwnerRememberFile(CurrentResourceOwner, file);
  VfdCache[file].resowner = CurrentResourceOwner;

  /* Backup mechanism for closing at end of xact. */
  VfdCache[file].fdstate |= FD_CLOSE_AT_EOXACT;
  have_xact_temporary_files = true;
}

/*
 *  Called when we get a shared invalidation message on some relation.
 */
#ifdef NOT_USED
void
FileInvalidate(File file)
{
  Assert(FileIsValid(file));
  if (!FileIsNotOpen(file))
    LruDelete(file);
}
#endif

/*
 * Open a file with PathNameOpenFilePerm() and pass default file mode for the
 * fileMode parameter.
 */
File
PathNameOpenFile(const char *fileName, int fileFlags)
{
  return PathNameOpenFilePerm(fileName, fileFlags, pg_file_create_mode);
}

/*
 * open a file in an arbitrary directory
 *
 * NB: if the passed pathname is relative (which it usually is),
 * it will be interpreted relative to the process' working directory
 * (which should always be $PGDATA when this code is running).
 */
File
PathNameOpenFilePerm(const char *fileName, int fileFlags, mode_t fileMode)
{
  char     *fnamecopy;
  File    file;
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "PathNameOpenFilePerm: %s %x %o",
         fileName, fileFlags, fileMode));

  /*
   * We need a malloc'd copy of the file name; fail cleanly if no room.
   */
  fnamecopy = strdup(fileName);
  if (fnamecopy == NULL)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
         errmsg("out of memory")));

  file = AllocateVfd();
  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  /* Close excess kernel FDs. */
  ReleaseLruFiles();

  /*
   * Descriptors managed by VFDs are implicitly marked O_CLOEXEC.  The
   * client shouldn't be expected to know which kernel descriptors are
   * currently open, so it wouldn't make sense for them to be inherited by
   * executed subprograms.
   */
  fileFlags |= O_CLOEXEC;

  vfdP->fd = BasicOpenFilePerm(fileName, fileFlags, fileMode);

  if (vfdP->fd < 0)
  {
    int     save_errno = errno;

    FreeVfd(file);
    free(fnamecopy);
    errno = save_errno;
    return -1;
  }
  ++nfile;
  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "PathNameOpenFile: success %d",
         vfdP->fd));

  vfdP->fileName = fnamecopy;
  /* Saved flags are adjusted to be OK for re-opening file */
  vfdP->fileFlags = fileFlags & ~(O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_EXCL);
  vfdP->fileMode = fileMode;
  vfdP->fileSize = 0;
  vfdP->fdstate = 0x0;
  vfdP->resowner = NULL;

  Insert(file);

  return file;
}

/*
 * Create directory 'directory'.  If necessary, create 'basedir', which must
 * be the directory above it.  This is designed for creating the top-level
 * temporary directory on demand before creating a directory underneath it.
 * Do nothing if the directory already exists.
 *
 * Directories created within the top-level temporary directory should begin
 * with PG_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, so that they can be identified as temporary and
 * deleted at startup by RemovePgTempFiles().  Further subdirectories below
 * that do not need any particular prefix.
 */
void
PathNameCreateTemporaryDir(const char *basedir, const char *directory)
{
  if (MakePGDirectory(directory) < 0)
  {
    if (errno == EEXIST)
      return;

    /*
     * Failed.  Try to create basedir first in case it's missing. Tolerate
     * EEXIST to close a race against another process following the same
     * algorithm.
     */
    if (MakePGDirectory(basedir) < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("cannot create temporary directory \"%s\": %m",
              basedir)));

    /* Try again. */
    if (MakePGDirectory(directory) < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("cannot create temporary subdirectory \"%s\": %m",
              directory)));
  }
}

/*
 * Delete a directory and everything in it, if it exists.
 */
void
PathNameDeleteTemporaryDir(const char *dirname)
{
  struct stat statbuf;

  /* Silently ignore missing directory. */
  if (stat(dirname, &statbuf) != 0 && errno == ENOENT)
    return;

  /*
   * Currently, walkdir doesn't offer a way for our passed in function to
   * maintain state.  Perhaps it should, so that we could tell the caller
   * whether this operation succeeded or failed.  Since this operation is
   * used in a cleanup path, we wouldn't actually behave differently: we'll
   * just log failures.
   */
  walkdir(dirname, unlink_if_exists_fname, false, LOG);
}

/*
 * Open a temporary file that will disappear when we close it.
 *
 * This routine takes care of generating an appropriate tempfile name.
 * There's no need to pass in fileFlags or fileMode either, since only
 * one setting makes any sense for a temp file.
 *
 * Unless interXact is true, the file is remembered by CurrentResourceOwner
 * to ensure it's closed and deleted when it's no longer needed, typically at
 * the end-of-transaction. In most cases, you don't want temporary files to
 * outlive the transaction that created them, so this should be false -- but
 * if you need "somewhat" temporary storage, this might be useful. In either
 * case, the file is removed when the File is explicitly closed.
 */
File
OpenTemporaryFile(bool interXact)
{
  File    file = 0;

  Assert(temporary_files_allowed);  /* check temp file access is up */

  /*
   * Make sure the current resource owner has space for this File before we
   * open it, if we'll be registering it below.
   */
  if (!interXact)
    ResourceOwnerEnlarge(CurrentResourceOwner);

  /*
   * If some temp tablespace(s) have been given to us, try to use the next
   * one.  If a given tablespace can't be found, we silently fall back to
   * the database's default tablespace.
   *
   * BUT: if the temp file is slated to outlive the current transaction,
   * force it into the database's default tablespace, so that it will not
   * pose a threat to possible tablespace drop attempts.
   */
  if (numTempTableSpaces > 0 && !interXact)
  {
    Oid     tblspcOid = GetNextTempTableSpace();

    if (OidIsValid(tblspcOid))
      file = OpenTemporaryFileInTablespace(tblspcOid, false);
  }

  /*
   * If not, or if tablespace is bad, create in database's default
   * tablespace.  MyDatabaseTableSpace should normally be set before we get
   * here, but just in case it isn't, fall back to pg_default tablespace.
   */
  if (file <= 0)
    file = OpenTemporaryFileInTablespace(MyDatabaseTableSpace ?
                       MyDatabaseTableSpace :
                       DEFAULTTABLESPACE_OID,
                       true);

  /* Mark it for deletion at close and temporary file size limit */
  VfdCache[file].fdstate |= FD_DELETE_AT_CLOSE | FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT;

  /* Register it with the current resource owner */
  if (!interXact)
    RegisterTemporaryFile(file);

  return file;
}

/*
 * Return the path of the temp directory in a given tablespace.
 */
void
TempTablespacePath(char *path, Oid tablespace)
{
  /*
   * Identify the tempfile directory for this tablespace.
   *
   * If someone tries to specify pg_global, use pg_default instead.
   */
  if (tablespace == InvalidOid ||
    tablespace == DEFAULTTABLESPACE_OID ||
    tablespace == GLOBALTABLESPACE_OID)
    snprintf(path, MAXPGPATH, "base/%s", PG_TEMP_FILES_DIR);
  else
  {
    /* All other tablespaces are accessed via symlinks */
    snprintf(path, MAXPGPATH, "%s/%u/%s/%s",
         PG_TBLSPC_DIR, tablespace, TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY,
         PG_TEMP_FILES_DIR);
  }
}

/*
 * Open a temporary file in a specific tablespace.
 * Subroutine for OpenTemporaryFile, which see for details.
 */
static File
OpenTemporaryFileInTablespace(Oid tblspcOid, bool rejectError)
{
  char    tempdirpath[MAXPGPATH];
  char    tempfilepath[MAXPGPATH];
  File    file;

  TempTablespacePath(tempdirpath, tblspcOid);

  /*
   * Generate a tempfile name that should be unique within the current
   * database instance.
   */
  snprintf(tempfilepath, sizeof(tempfilepath), "%s/%s%d.%ld",
       tempdirpath, PG_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, MyProcPid, tempFileCounter++);

  /*
   * Open the file.  Note: we don't use O_EXCL, in case there is an orphaned
   * temp file that can be reused.
   */
  file = PathNameOpenFile(tempfilepath,
              O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | PG_BINARY);
  if (file <= 0)
  {
    /*
     * We might need to create the tablespace's tempfile directory, if no
     * one has yet done so.
     *
     * Don't check for an error from MakePGDirectory; it could fail if
     * someone else just did the same thing.  If it doesn't work then
     * we'll bomb out on the second create attempt, instead.
     */
    (void) MakePGDirectory(tempdirpath);

    file = PathNameOpenFile(tempfilepath,
                O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | PG_BINARY);
    if (file <= 0 && rejectError)
      elog(ERROR, "could not create temporary file \"%s\": %m",
         tempfilepath);
  }

  return file;
}


/*
 * Create a new file.  The directory containing it must already exist.  Files
 * created this way are subject to temp_file_limit and are automatically
 * closed at end of transaction, but are not automatically deleted on close
 * because they are intended to be shared between cooperating backends.
 *
 * If the file is inside the top-level temporary directory, its name should
 * begin with PG_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX so that it can be identified as temporary
 * and deleted at startup by RemovePgTempFiles().  Alternatively, it can be
 * inside a directory created with PathNameCreateTemporaryDir(), in which case
 * the prefix isn't needed.
 */
File
PathNameCreateTemporaryFile(const char *path, bool error_on_failure)
{
  File    file;

  Assert(temporary_files_allowed);  /* check temp file access is up */

  ResourceOwnerEnlarge(CurrentResourceOwner);

  /*
   * Open the file.  Note: we don't use O_EXCL, in case there is an orphaned
   * temp file that can be reused.
   */
  file = PathNameOpenFile(path, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | PG_BINARY);
  if (file <= 0)
  {
    if (error_on_failure)
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not create temporary file \"%s\": %m",
              path)));
    else
      return file;
  }

  /* Mark it for temp_file_limit accounting. */
  VfdCache[file].fdstate |= FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT;

  /* Register it for automatic close. */
  RegisterTemporaryFile(file);

  return file;
}

/*
 * Open a file that was created with PathNameCreateTemporaryFile, possibly in
 * another backend.  Files opened this way don't count against the
 * temp_file_limit of the caller, are automatically closed at the end of the
 * transaction but are not deleted on close.
 */
File
PathNameOpenTemporaryFile(const char *path, int mode)
{
  File    file;

  Assert(temporary_files_allowed);  /* check temp file access is up */

  ResourceOwnerEnlarge(CurrentResourceOwner);

  file = PathNameOpenFile(path, mode | PG_BINARY);

  /* If no such file, then we don't raise an error. */
  if (file <= 0 && errno != ENOENT)
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not open temporary file \"%s\": %m",
            path)));

  if (file > 0)
  {
    /* Register it for automatic close. */
    RegisterTemporaryFile(file);
  }

  return file;
}

/*
 * Delete a file by pathname.  Return true if the file existed, false if
 * didn't.
 */
bool
PathNameDeleteTemporaryFile(const char *path, bool error_on_failure)
{
  struct stat filestats;
  int     stat_errno;

  /* Get the final size for pgstat reporting. */
  if (stat(path, &filestats) != 0)
    stat_errno = errno;
  else
    stat_errno = 0;

  /*
   * Unlike FileClose's automatic file deletion code, we tolerate
   * non-existence to support BufFileDeleteFileSet which doesn't know how
   * many segments it has to delete until it runs out.
   */
  if (stat_errno == ENOENT)
    return false;

  if (unlink(path) < 0)
  {
    if (errno != ENOENT)
      ereport(error_on_failure ? ERROR : LOG,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not unlink temporary file \"%s\": %m",
              path)));
    return false;
  }

  if (stat_errno == 0)
    ReportTemporaryFileUsage(path, filestats.st_size);
  else
  {
    errno = stat_errno;
    ereport(LOG,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not stat file \"%s\": %m", path)));
  }

  return true;
}

/*
 * close a file when done with it
 */
void
FileClose(File file)
{
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileClose: %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  if (!FileIsNotOpen(file))
  {
    pgaio_closing_fd(vfdP->fd);

    /* close the file */
    if (close(vfdP->fd) != 0)
    {
      /*
       * We may need to panic on failure to close non-temporary files;
       * see LruDelete.
       */
      elog(vfdP->fdstate & FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT ? LOG : data_sync_elevel(LOG),
         "could not close file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName);
    }

    --nfile;
    vfdP->fd = VFD_CLOSED;

    /* remove the file from the lru ring */
    Delete(file);
  }

  if (vfdP->fdstate & FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT)
  {
    /* Subtract its size from current usage (do first in case of error) */
    temporary_files_size -= vfdP->fileSize;
    vfdP->fileSize = 0;
  }

  /*
   * Delete the file if it was temporary, and make a log entry if wanted
   */
  if (vfdP->fdstate & FD_DELETE_AT_CLOSE)
  {
    struct stat filestats;
    int     stat_errno;

    /*
     * If we get an error, as could happen within the ereport/elog calls,
     * we'll come right back here during transaction abort.  Reset the
     * flag to ensure that we can't get into an infinite loop.  This code
     * is arranged to ensure that the worst-case consequence is failing to
     * emit log message(s), not failing to attempt the unlink.
     */
    vfdP->fdstate &= ~FD_DELETE_AT_CLOSE;


    /* first try the stat() */
    if (stat(vfdP->fileName, &filestats))
      stat_errno = errno;
    else
      stat_errno = 0;

    /* in any case do the unlink */
    if (unlink(vfdP->fileName))
      ereport(LOG,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not delete file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName)));

    /* and last report the stat results */
    if (stat_errno == 0)
      ReportTemporaryFileUsage(vfdP->fileName, filestats.st_size);
    else
    {
      errno = stat_errno;
      ereport(LOG,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not stat file \"%s\": %m", vfdP->fileName)));
    }
  }

  /* Unregister it from the resource owner */
  if (vfdP->resowner)
    ResourceOwnerForgetFile(vfdP->resowner, file);

  /*
   * Return the Vfd slot to the free list
   */
  FreeVfd(file);
}

/*
 * FilePrefetch - initiate asynchronous read of a given range of the file.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, otherwise an errno error code (like posix_fadvise()).
 *
 * posix_fadvise() is the simplest standardized interface that accomplishes
 * this.
 */
int
FilePrefetch(File file, pgoff_t offset, pgoff_t amount, uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FilePrefetch: %d (%s) " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT,
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName,
         (int64) offset, (int64) amount));

#if defined(USE_POSIX_FADVISE) && defined(POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED)
  {
    int     returnCode;

    returnCode = FileAccess(file);
    if (returnCode < 0)
      return errno;

retry:
    pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
    returnCode = posix_fadvise(VfdCache[file].fd, offset, amount,
                   POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED);
    pgstat_report_wait_end();

    if (returnCode == EINTR)
      goto retry;

    return returnCode;
  }
#elif defined(__darwin__)
  {
    struct radvisory
    {
      off_t   ra_offset;  /* offset into the file */
      int     ra_count; /* size of the read     */
    }     ra;
    int     returnCode;

    returnCode = FileAccess(file);
    if (returnCode < 0)
      return errno;

    ra.ra_offset = offset;
    ra.ra_count = amount;
    pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
    returnCode = fcntl(VfdCache[file].fd, F_RDADVISE, &ra);
    pgstat_report_wait_end();
    if (returnCode != -1)
      return 0;
    else
      return errno;
  }
#else
  return 0;
#endif
}

void
FileWriteback(File file, pgoff_t offset, pgoff_t nbytes, uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  int     returnCode;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileWriteback: %d (%s) " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT,
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName,
         (int64) offset, (int64) nbytes));

  if (nbytes <= 0)
    return;

  if (VfdCache[file].fileFlags & PG_O_DIRECT)
    return;

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return;

  pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
  pg_flush_data(VfdCache[file].fd, offset, nbytes);
  pgstat_report_wait_end();
}

ssize_t
FileReadV(File file, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, pgoff_t offset,
      uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  ssize_t   returnCode;
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileReadV: %d (%s) " INT64_FORMAT " %d",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName,
         (int64) offset,
         iovcnt));

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return returnCode;

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

retry:
  pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
  returnCode = pg_preadv(vfdP->fd, iov, iovcnt, offset);
  pgstat_report_wait_end();

  if (returnCode < 0)
  {
    /*
     * Windows may run out of kernel buffers and return "Insufficient
     * system resources" error.  Wait a bit and retry to solve it.
     *
     * It is rumored that EINTR is also possible on some Unix filesystems,
     * in which case immediate retry is indicated.
     */
#ifdef WIN32
    DWORD   error = GetLastError();

    switch (error)
    {
      case ERROR_NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES:
        pg_usleep(1000L);
        errno = EINTR;
        break;
      default:
        _dosmaperr(error);
        break;
    }
#endif
    /* OK to retry if interrupted */
    if (errno == EINTR)
      goto retry;
  }

  return returnCode;
}

int
FileStartReadV(PgAioHandle *ioh, File file,
         int iovcnt, pgoff_t offset,
         uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  int     returnCode;
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileStartReadV: %d (%s) " INT64_FORMAT " %d",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName,
         (int64) offset,
         iovcnt));

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return returnCode;

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  pgaio_io_start_readv(ioh, vfdP->fd, iovcnt, offset);

  return 0;
}

ssize_t
FileWriteV(File file, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, pgoff_t offset,
       uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  ssize_t   returnCode;
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileWriteV: %d (%s) " INT64_FORMAT " %d",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName,
         (int64) offset,
         iovcnt));

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return returnCode;

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];

  /*
   * If enforcing temp_file_limit and it's a temp file, check to see if the
   * write would overrun temp_file_limit, and throw error if so.  Note: it's
   * really a modularity violation to throw error here; we should set errno
   * and return -1.  However, there's no way to report a suitable error
   * message if we do that.  All current callers would just throw error
   * immediately anyway, so this is safe at present.
   */
  if (temp_file_limit >= 0 && (vfdP->fdstate & FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT))
  {
    pgoff_t   past_write = offset;

    for (int i = 0; i < iovcnt; ++i)
      past_write += iov[i].iov_len;

    if (past_write > vfdP->fileSize)
    {
      uint64    newTotal = temporary_files_size;

      newTotal += past_write - vfdP->fileSize;
      if (newTotal > (uint64) temp_file_limit * (uint64) 1024)
        ereport(ERROR,
            (errcode(ERRCODE_CONFIGURATION_LIMIT_EXCEEDED),
             errmsg("temporary file size exceeds \"temp_file_limit\" (%dkB)",
                temp_file_limit)));
    }
  }

retry:
  pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
  returnCode = pg_pwritev(vfdP->fd, iov, iovcnt, offset);
  pgstat_report_wait_end();

  if (returnCode >= 0)
  {
    /*
     * Some callers expect short writes to set errno, and traditionally we
     * have assumed that they imply disk space shortage.  We don't want to
     * waste CPU cycles adding up the total size here, so we'll just set
     * it for all successful writes in case such a caller determines that
     * the write was short and ereports "%m".
     */
    errno = ENOSPC;

    /*
     * Maintain fileSize and temporary_files_size if it's a temp file.
     */
    if (vfdP->fdstate & FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT)
    {
      pgoff_t   past_write = offset + returnCode;

      if (past_write > vfdP->fileSize)
      {
        temporary_files_size += past_write - vfdP->fileSize;
        vfdP->fileSize = past_write;
      }
    }
  }
  else
  {
    /*
     * See comments in FileReadV()
     */
#ifdef WIN32
    DWORD   error = GetLastError();

    switch (error)
    {
      case ERROR_NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES:
        pg_usleep(1000L);
        errno = EINTR;
        break;
      default:
        _dosmaperr(error);
        break;
    }
#endif
    /* OK to retry if interrupted */
    if (errno == EINTR)
      goto retry;
  }

  return returnCode;
}

int
FileSync(File file, uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  int     returnCode;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileSync: %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return returnCode;

  pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
  returnCode = pg_fsync(VfdCache[file].fd);
  pgstat_report_wait_end();

  return returnCode;
}

/*
 * Zero a region of the file.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 otherwise. In the latter case errno is set to the
 * appropriate error.
 */
int
FileZero(File file, pgoff_t offset, pgoff_t amount, uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  int     returnCode;
  ssize_t   written;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileZero: %d (%s) " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT,
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName,
         (int64) offset, (int64) amount));

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return returnCode;

  pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
  written = pg_pwrite_zeros(VfdCache[file].fd, amount, offset);
  pgstat_report_wait_end();

  if (written < 0)
    return -1;
  else if (written != amount)
  {
    /* if errno is unset, assume problem is no disk space */
    if (errno == 0)
      errno = ENOSPC;
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

/*
 * Try to reserve file space with posix_fallocate(). If posix_fallocate() is
 * not implemented on the operating system or fails with EINVAL / EOPNOTSUPP,
 * use FileZero() instead.
 *
 * Note that at least glibc() implements posix_fallocate() in userspace if not
 * implemented by the filesystem. That's not the case for all environments
 * though.
 *
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 otherwise. In the latter case errno is set to the
 * appropriate error.
 */
int
FileFallocate(File file, pgoff_t offset, pgoff_t amount, uint32 wait_event_info)
{
#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
  int     returnCode;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileFallocate: %d (%s) " INT64_FORMAT " " INT64_FORMAT,
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName,
         (int64) offset, (int64) amount));

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return -1;

retry:
  pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
  returnCode = posix_fallocate(VfdCache[file].fd, offset, amount);
  pgstat_report_wait_end();

  if (returnCode == 0)
    return 0;
  else if (returnCode == EINTR)
    goto retry;

  /* for compatibility with %m printing etc */
  errno = returnCode;

  /*
   * Return in cases of a "real" failure, if fallocate is not supported,
   * fall through to the FileZero() backed implementation.
   */
  if (returnCode != EINVAL && returnCode != EOPNOTSUPP)
    return -1;
#endif

  return FileZero(file, offset, amount, wait_event_info);
}

pgoff_t
FileSize(File file)
{
  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileSize %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));

  if (FileIsNotOpen(file))
  {
    if (FileAccess(file) < 0)
      return (pgoff_t) -1;
  }

  return lseek(VfdCache[file].fd, 0, SEEK_END);
}

int
FileTruncate(File file, pgoff_t offset, uint32 wait_event_info)
{
  int     returnCode;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FileTruncate %d (%s)",
         file, VfdCache[file].fileName));

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return returnCode;

  pgstat_report_wait_start(wait_event_info);
  returnCode = pg_ftruncate(VfdCache[file].fd, offset);
  pgstat_report_wait_end();

  if (returnCode == 0 && VfdCache[file].fileSize > offset)
  {
    /* adjust our state for truncation of a temp file */
    Assert(VfdCache[file].fdstate & FD_TEMP_FILE_LIMIT);
    temporary_files_size -= VfdCache[file].fileSize - offset;
    VfdCache[file].fileSize = offset;
  }

  return returnCode;
}

/*
 * Return the pathname associated with an open file.
 *
 * The returned string points to an internal buffer, which is valid until
 * the file is closed.
 */
char *
FilePathName(File file)
{
  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  return VfdCache[file].fileName;
}

/*
 * Return the raw file descriptor of an opened file.
 *
 * The returned file descriptor will be valid until the file is closed, but
 * there are a lot of things that can make that happen.  So the caller should
 * be careful not to do much of anything else before it finishes using the
 * returned file descriptor.
 */
int
FileGetRawDesc(File file)
{
  int     returnCode;

  returnCode = FileAccess(file);
  if (returnCode < 0)
    return returnCode;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));
  return VfdCache[file].fd;
}

/*
 * FileGetRawFlags - returns the file flags on open(2)
 */
int
FileGetRawFlags(File file)
{
  Assert(FileIsValid(file));
  return VfdCache[file].fileFlags;
}

/*
 * FileGetRawMode - returns the mode bitmask passed to open(2)
 */
mode_t
FileGetRawMode(File file)
{
  Assert(FileIsValid(file));
  return VfdCache[file].fileMode;
}

/*
 * Make room for another allocatedDescs[] array entry if needed and possible.
 * Returns true if an array element is available.
 */
static bool
reserveAllocatedDesc(void)
{
  AllocateDesc *newDescs;
  int     newMax;

  /* Quick out if array already has a free slot. */
  if (numAllocatedDescs < maxAllocatedDescs)
    return true;

  /*
   * If the array hasn't yet been created in the current process, initialize
   * it with FD_MINFREE / 3 elements.  In many scenarios this is as many as
   * we will ever need, anyway.  We don't want to look at max_safe_fds
   * immediately because set_max_safe_fds() may not have run yet.
   */
  if (allocatedDescs == NULL)
  {
    newMax = FD_MINFREE / 3;
    newDescs = (AllocateDesc *) malloc(newMax * sizeof(AllocateDesc));
    /* Out of memory already?  Treat as fatal error. */
    if (newDescs == NULL)
      ereport(ERROR,
          (errcode(ERRCODE_OUT_OF_MEMORY),
           errmsg("out of memory")));
    allocatedDescs = newDescs;
    maxAllocatedDescs = newMax;
    return true;
  }

  /*
   * Consider enlarging the array beyond the initial allocation used above.
   * By the time this happens, max_safe_fds should be known accurately.
   *
   * We mustn't let allocated descriptors hog all the available FDs, and in
   * practice we'd better leave a reasonable number of FDs for VFD use.  So
   * set the maximum to max_safe_fds / 3.  (This should certainly be at
   * least as large as the initial size, FD_MINFREE / 3, so we aren't
   * tightening the restriction here.)  Recall that "external" FDs are
   * allowed to consume another third of max_safe_fds.
   */
  newMax = max_safe_fds / 3;
  if (newMax > maxAllocatedDescs)
  {
    newDescs = (AllocateDesc *) realloc(allocatedDescs,
                      newMax * sizeof(AllocateDesc));
    /* Treat out-of-memory as a non-fatal error. */
    if (newDescs == NULL)
      return false;
    allocatedDescs = newDescs;
    maxAllocatedDescs = newMax;
    return true;
  }

  /* Can't enlarge allocatedDescs[] any more. */
  return false;
}

/*
 * Routines that want to use stdio (ie, FILE*) should use AllocateFile
 * rather than plain fopen().  This lets fd.c deal with freeing FDs if
 * necessary to open the file.  When done, call FreeFile rather than fclose.
 *
 * Note that files that will be open for any significant length of time
 * should NOT be handled this way, since they cannot share kernel file
 * descriptors with other files; there is grave risk of running out of FDs
 * if anyone locks down too many FDs.  Most callers of this routine are
 * simply reading a config file that they will read and close immediately.
 *
 * fd.c will automatically close all files opened with AllocateFile at
 * transaction commit or abort; this prevents FD leakage if a routine
 * that calls AllocateFile is terminated prematurely by ereport(ERROR).
 *
 * Ideally this should be the *only* direct call of fopen() in the backend.
 */
FILE *
AllocateFile(const char *name, const char *mode)
{
  FILE     *file;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "AllocateFile: Allocated %d (%s)",
         numAllocatedDescs, name));

  /* Can we allocate another non-virtual FD? */
  if (!reserveAllocatedDesc())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("exceeded maxAllocatedDescs (%d) while trying to open file \"%s\"",
            maxAllocatedDescs, name)));

  /* Close excess kernel FDs. */
  ReleaseLruFiles();

TryAgain:
  if ((file = fopen(name, mode)) != NULL)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[numAllocatedDescs];

    desc->kind = AllocateDescFile;
    desc->desc.file = file;
    desc->create_subid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
    numAllocatedDescs++;
    return desc->desc.file;
  }

  if (errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE)
  {
    int     save_errno = errno;

    ereport(LOG,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("out of file descriptors: %m; release and retry")));
    errno = 0;
    if (ReleaseLruFile())
      goto TryAgain;
    errno = save_errno;
  }

  return NULL;
}

/*
 * Open a file with OpenTransientFilePerm() and pass default file mode for
 * the fileMode parameter.
 */
int
OpenTransientFile(const char *fileName, int fileFlags)
{
  return OpenTransientFilePerm(fileName, fileFlags, pg_file_create_mode);
}

/*
 * Like AllocateFile, but returns an unbuffered fd like open(2)
 */
int
OpenTransientFilePerm(const char *fileName, int fileFlags, mode_t fileMode)
{
  int     fd;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "OpenTransientFile: Allocated %d (%s)",
         numAllocatedDescs, fileName));

  /* Can we allocate another non-virtual FD? */
  if (!reserveAllocatedDesc())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("exceeded maxAllocatedDescs (%d) while trying to open file \"%s\"",
            maxAllocatedDescs, fileName)));

  /* Close excess kernel FDs. */
  ReleaseLruFiles();

  fd = BasicOpenFilePerm(fileName, fileFlags, fileMode);

  if (fd >= 0)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[numAllocatedDescs];

    desc->kind = AllocateDescRawFD;
    desc->desc.fd = fd;
    desc->create_subid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
    numAllocatedDescs++;

    return fd;
  }

  return -1;         /* failure */
}

/*
 * Routines that want to initiate a pipe stream should use OpenPipeStream
 * rather than plain popen().  This lets fd.c deal with freeing FDs if
 * necessary.  When done, call ClosePipeStream rather than pclose.
 *
 * This function also ensures that the popen'd program is run with default
 * SIGPIPE processing, rather than the SIG_IGN setting the backend normally
 * uses.  This ensures desirable response to, eg, closing a read pipe early.
 */
FILE *
OpenPipeStream(const char *command, const char *mode)
{
  FILE     *file;
  int     save_errno;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "OpenPipeStream: Allocated %d (%s)",
         numAllocatedDescs, command));

  /* Can we allocate another non-virtual FD? */
  if (!reserveAllocatedDesc())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("exceeded maxAllocatedDescs (%d) while trying to execute command \"%s\"",
            maxAllocatedDescs, command)));

  /* Close excess kernel FDs. */
  ReleaseLruFiles();

TryAgain:
  fflush(NULL);
  pqsignal(SIGPIPE, PG_SIG_DFL);
  errno = 0;
  file = popen(command, mode);
  save_errno = errno;
  pqsignal(SIGPIPE, PG_SIG_IGN);
  errno = save_errno;
  if (file != NULL)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[numAllocatedDescs];

    desc->kind = AllocateDescPipe;
    desc->desc.file = file;
    desc->create_subid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
    numAllocatedDescs++;
    return desc->desc.file;
  }

  if (errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE)
  {
    ereport(LOG,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("out of file descriptors: %m; release and retry")));
    if (ReleaseLruFile())
      goto TryAgain;
    errno = save_errno;
  }

  return NULL;
}

/*
 * Free an AllocateDesc of any type.
 *
 * The argument *must* point into the allocatedDescs[] array.
 */
static int
FreeDesc(AllocateDesc *desc)
{
  int     result;

  /* Close the underlying object */
  switch (desc->kind)
  {
    case AllocateDescFile:
      result = fclose(desc->desc.file);
      break;
    case AllocateDescPipe:
      result = pclose(desc->desc.file);
      break;
    case AllocateDescDir:
      result = closedir(desc->desc.dir);
      break;
    case AllocateDescRawFD:
      pgaio_closing_fd(desc->desc.fd);
      result = close(desc->desc.fd);
      break;
    default:
      elog(ERROR, "AllocateDesc kind not recognized");
      result = 0;     /* keep compiler quiet */
      break;
  }

  /* Compact storage in the allocatedDescs array */
  numAllocatedDescs--;
  *desc = allocatedDescs[numAllocatedDescs];

  return result;
}

/*
 * Close a file returned by AllocateFile.
 *
 * Note we do not check fclose's return value --- it is up to the caller
 * to handle close errors.
 */
int
FreeFile(FILE *file)
{
  int     i;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FreeFile: Allocated %d", numAllocatedDescs));

  /* Remove file from list of allocated files, if it's present */
  for (i = numAllocatedDescs; --i >= 0;)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[i];

    if (desc->kind == AllocateDescFile && desc->desc.file == file)
      return FreeDesc(desc);
  }

  /* Only get here if someone passes us a file not in allocatedDescs */
  elog(WARNING, "file passed to FreeFile was not obtained from AllocateFile");

  return fclose(file);
}

/*
 * Close a file returned by OpenTransientFile.
 *
 * Note we do not check close's return value --- it is up to the caller
 * to handle close errors.
 */
int
CloseTransientFile(int fd)
{
  int     i;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "CloseTransientFile: Allocated %d", numAllocatedDescs));

  /* Remove fd from list of allocated files, if it's present */
  for (i = numAllocatedDescs; --i >= 0;)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[i];

    if (desc->kind == AllocateDescRawFD && desc->desc.fd == fd)
      return FreeDesc(desc);
  }

  /* Only get here if someone passes us a file not in allocatedDescs */
  elog(WARNING, "fd passed to CloseTransientFile was not obtained from OpenTransientFile");

  pgaio_closing_fd(fd);

  return close(fd);
}

/*
 * Routines that want to use <dirent.h> (ie, DIR*) should use AllocateDir
 * rather than plain opendir().  This lets fd.c deal with freeing FDs if
 * necessary to open the directory, and with closing it after an elog.
 * When done, call FreeDir rather than closedir.
 *
 * Returns NULL, with errno set, on failure.  Note that failure detection
 * is commonly left to the following call of ReadDir or ReadDirExtended;
 * see the comments for ReadDir.
 *
 * Ideally this should be the *only* direct call of opendir() in the backend.
 */
DIR *
AllocateDir(const char *dirname)
{
  DIR      *dir;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "AllocateDir: Allocated %d (%s)",
         numAllocatedDescs, dirname));

  /* Can we allocate another non-virtual FD? */
  if (!reserveAllocatedDesc())
    ereport(ERROR,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("exceeded maxAllocatedDescs (%d) while trying to open directory \"%s\"",
            maxAllocatedDescs, dirname)));

  /* Close excess kernel FDs. */
  ReleaseLruFiles();

TryAgain:
  if ((dir = opendir(dirname)) != NULL)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[numAllocatedDescs];

    desc->kind = AllocateDescDir;
    desc->desc.dir = dir;
    desc->create_subid = GetCurrentSubTransactionId();
    numAllocatedDescs++;
    return desc->desc.dir;
  }

  if (errno == EMFILE || errno == ENFILE)
  {
    int     save_errno = errno;

    ereport(LOG,
        (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES),
         errmsg("out of file descriptors: %m; release and retry")));
    errno = 0;
    if (ReleaseLruFile())
      goto TryAgain;
    errno = save_errno;
  }

  return NULL;
}

/*
 * Read a directory opened with AllocateDir, ereport'ing any error.
 *
 * This is easier to use than raw readdir() since it takes care of some
 * otherwise rather tedious and error-prone manipulation of errno.  Also,
 * if you are happy with a generic error message for AllocateDir failure,
 * you can just do
 *
 *    dir = AllocateDir(path);
 *    while ((dirent = ReadDir(dir, path)) != NULL)
 *      process dirent;
 *    FreeDir(dir);
 *
 * since a NULL dir parameter is taken as indicating AllocateDir failed.
 * (Make sure errno isn't changed between AllocateDir and ReadDir if you
 * use this shortcut.)
 *
 * The pathname passed to AllocateDir must be passed to this routine too,
 * but it is only used for error reporting.
 */
struct dirent *
ReadDir(DIR *dir, const char *dirname)
{
  return ReadDirExtended(dir, dirname, ERROR);
}

/*
 * Alternate version of ReadDir that allows caller to specify the elevel
 * for any error report (whether it's reporting an initial failure of
 * AllocateDir or a subsequent directory read failure).
 *
 * If elevel < ERROR, returns NULL after any error.  With the normal coding
 * pattern, this will result in falling out of the loop immediately as
 * though the directory contained no (more) entries.
 */
struct dirent *
ReadDirExtended(DIR *dir, const char *dirname, int elevel)
{
  struct dirent *dent;

  /* Give a generic message for AllocateDir failure, if caller didn't */
  if (dir == NULL)
  {
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not open directory \"%s\": %m",
            dirname)));
    return NULL;
  }

  errno = 0;
  if ((dent = readdir(dir)) != NULL)
    return dent;

  if (errno)
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not read directory \"%s\": %m",
            dirname)));
  return NULL;
}

/*
 * Close a directory opened with AllocateDir.
 *
 * Returns closedir's return value (with errno set if it's not 0).
 * Note we do not check the return value --- it is up to the caller
 * to handle close errors if wanted.
 *
 * Does nothing if dir == NULL; we assume that directory open failure was
 * already reported if desired.
 */
int
FreeDir(DIR *dir)
{
  int     i;

  /* Nothing to do if AllocateDir failed */
  if (dir == NULL)
    return 0;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "FreeDir: Allocated %d", numAllocatedDescs));

  /* Remove dir from list of allocated dirs, if it's present */
  for (i = numAllocatedDescs; --i >= 0;)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[i];

    if (desc->kind == AllocateDescDir && desc->desc.dir == dir)
      return FreeDesc(desc);
  }

  /* Only get here if someone passes us a dir not in allocatedDescs */
  elog(WARNING, "dir passed to FreeDir was not obtained from AllocateDir");

  return closedir(dir);
}


/*
 * Close a pipe stream returned by OpenPipeStream.
 */
int
ClosePipeStream(FILE *file)
{
  int     i;

  DO_DB(elog(LOG, "ClosePipeStream: Allocated %d", numAllocatedDescs));

  /* Remove file from list of allocated files, if it's present */
  for (i = numAllocatedDescs; --i >= 0;)
  {
    AllocateDesc *desc = &allocatedDescs[i];

    if (desc->kind == AllocateDescPipe && desc->desc.file == file)
      return FreeDesc(desc);
  }

  /* Only get here if someone passes us a file not in allocatedDescs */
  elog(WARNING, "file passed to ClosePipeStream was not obtained from OpenPipeStream");

  return pclose(file);
}

/*
 * closeAllVfds
 *
 * Force all VFDs into the physically-closed state, so that the fewest
 * possible number of kernel file descriptors are in use.  There is no
 * change in the logical state of the VFDs.
 */
void
closeAllVfds(void)
{
  Index   i;

  if (SizeVfdCache > 0)
  {
    Assert(FileIsNotOpen(0)); /* Make sure ring not corrupted */
    for (i = 1; i < SizeVfdCache; i++)
    {
      if (!FileIsNotOpen(i))
        LruDelete(i);
    }
  }
}


/*
 * SetTempTablespaces
 *
 * Define a list (actually an array) of OIDs of tablespaces to use for
 * temporary files.  This list will be used until end of transaction,
 * unless this function is called again before then.  It is caller's
 * responsibility that the passed-in array has adequate lifespan (typically
 * it'd be allocated in TopTransactionContext).
 *
 * Some entries of the array may be InvalidOid, indicating that the current
 * database's default tablespace should be used.
 */
void
SetTempTablespaces(Oid *tableSpaces, int numSpaces)
{
  Assert(numSpaces >= 0);
  tempTableSpaces = tableSpaces;
  numTempTableSpaces = numSpaces;

  /*
   * Select a random starting point in the list.  This is to minimize
   * conflicts between backends that are most likely sharing the same list
   * of temp tablespaces.  Note that if we create multiple temp files in the
   * same transaction, we'll advance circularly through the list --- this
   * ensures that large temporary sort files are nicely spread across all
   * available tablespaces.
   */
  if (numSpaces > 1)
    nextTempTableSpace = pg_prng_uint64_range(&pg_global_prng_state,
                          0, numSpaces - 1);
  else
    nextTempTableSpace = 0;
}

/*
 * TempTablespacesAreSet
 *
 * Returns true if SetTempTablespaces has been called in current transaction.
 * (This is just so that tablespaces.c doesn't need its own per-transaction
 * state.)
 */
bool
TempTablespacesAreSet(void)
{
  return (numTempTableSpaces >= 0);
}

/*
 * GetTempTablespaces
 *
 * Populate an array with the OIDs of the tablespaces that should be used for
 * temporary files.  (Some entries may be InvalidOid, indicating that the
 * current database's default tablespace should be used.)  At most numSpaces
 * entries will be filled.
 * Returns the number of OIDs that were copied into the output array.
 */
int
GetTempTablespaces(Oid *tableSpaces, int numSpaces)
{
  int     i;

  Assert(TempTablespacesAreSet());
  for (i = 0; i < numTempTableSpaces && i < numSpaces; ++i)
    tableSpaces[i] = tempTableSpaces[i];

  return i;
}

/*
 * GetNextTempTableSpace
 *
 * Select the next temp tablespace to use.  A result of InvalidOid means
 * to use the current database's default tablespace.
 */
Oid
GetNextTempTableSpace(void)
{
  if (numTempTableSpaces > 0)
  {
    /* Advance nextTempTableSpace counter with wraparound */
    if (++nextTempTableSpace >= numTempTableSpaces)
      nextTempTableSpace = 0;
    return tempTableSpaces[nextTempTableSpace];
  }
  return InvalidOid;
}


/*
 * AtEOSubXact_Files
 *
 * Take care of subtransaction commit/abort.  At abort, we close AllocateDescs
 * that the subtransaction may have opened.  At commit, we reassign them to
 * the parent subtransaction.  (Temporary files are tracked by ResourceOwners
 * instead.)
 */
void
AtEOSubXact_Files(bool isCommit, SubTransactionId mySubid,
          SubTransactionId parentSubid)
{
  for (int i = 0; i < numAllocatedDescs; i++)
  {
    if (allocatedDescs[i].create_subid == mySubid)
    {
      if (isCommit)
        allocatedDescs[i].create_subid = parentSubid;
      else
      {
        /* have to recheck the item after FreeDesc (ugly) */
        FreeDesc(&allocatedDescs[i--]);
      }
    }
  }
}

/*
 * AtEOXact_Files
 *
 * This routine is called during transaction commit or abort.  All still-open
 * per-transaction temporary file VFDs are closed, which also causes the
 * underlying files to be deleted (although they should've been closed already
 * by the ResourceOwner cleanup). Furthermore, all "allocated" stdio files are
 * closed. We also forget any transaction-local temp tablespace list.
 *
 * The isCommit flag is used only to decide whether to emit warnings about
 * unclosed files.
 */
void
AtEOXact_Files(bool isCommit)
{
  CleanupTempFiles(isCommit, false);
  tempTableSpaces = NULL;
  numTempTableSpaces = -1;
}

/*
 * BeforeShmemExit_Files
 *
 * before_shmem_exit hook to clean up temp files during backend shutdown.
 * Here, we want to clean up *all* temp files including interXact ones.
 */
static void
BeforeShmemExit_Files(int code, Datum arg)
{
  CleanupTempFiles(false, true);

  /* prevent further temp files from being created */
#ifdef USE_ASSERT_CHECKING
  temporary_files_allowed = false;
#endif
}

/*
 * Close temporary files and delete their underlying files.
 *
 * isCommit: if true, this is normal transaction commit, and we don't
 * expect any remaining files; warn if there are some.
 *
 * isProcExit: if true, this is being called as the backend process is
 * exiting. If that's the case, we should remove all temporary files; if
 * that's not the case, we are being called for transaction commit/abort
 * and should only remove transaction-local temp files.  In either case,
 * also clean up "allocated" stdio files, dirs and fds.
 */
static void
CleanupTempFiles(bool isCommit, bool isProcExit)
{
  Index   i;

  /*
   * Careful here: at proc_exit we need extra cleanup, not just
   * xact_temporary files.
   */
  if (isProcExit || have_xact_temporary_files)
  {
    Assert(FileIsNotOpen(0)); /* Make sure ring not corrupted */
    for (i = 1; i < SizeVfdCache; i++)
    {
      unsigned short fdstate = VfdCache[i].fdstate;

      if (((fdstate & FD_DELETE_AT_CLOSE) || (fdstate & FD_CLOSE_AT_EOXACT)) &&
        VfdCache[i].fileName != NULL)
      {
        /*
         * If we're in the process of exiting a backend process, close
         * all temporary files. Otherwise, only close temporary files
         * local to the current transaction. They should be closed by
         * the ResourceOwner mechanism already, so this is just a
         * debugging cross-check.
         */
        if (isProcExit)
          FileClose(i);
        else if (fdstate & FD_CLOSE_AT_EOXACT)
        {
          elog(WARNING,
             "temporary file %s not closed at end-of-transaction",
             VfdCache[i].fileName);
          FileClose(i);
        }
      }
    }

    have_xact_temporary_files = false;
  }

  /* Complain if any allocated files remain open at commit. */
  if (isCommit && numAllocatedDescs > 0)
    elog(WARNING, "%d temporary files and directories not closed at end-of-transaction",
       numAllocatedDescs);

  /* Clean up "allocated" stdio files, dirs and fds. */
  while (numAllocatedDescs > 0)
    FreeDesc(&allocatedDescs[0]);
}


/*
 * Remove temporary and temporary relation files left over from a prior
 * postmaster session
 *
 * This should be called during postmaster startup.  It will forcibly
 * remove any leftover files created by OpenTemporaryFile and any leftover
 * temporary relation files created by mdcreate.
 *
 * During post-backend-crash restart cycle, this routine is called when
 * remove_temp_files_after_crash GUC is enabled. Multiple crashes while
 * queries are using temp files could result in useless storage usage that can
 * only be reclaimed by a service restart. The argument against enabling it is
 * that someone might want to examine the temporary files for debugging
 * purposes. This does however mean that OpenTemporaryFile had better allow for
 * collision with an existing temp file name.
 *
 * NOTE: this function and its subroutines generally report syscall failures
 * with ereport(LOG) and keep going.  Removing temp files is not so critical
 * that we should fail to start the database when we can't do it.
 */
void
RemovePgTempFiles(void)
{
  char    temp_path[MAXPGPATH + sizeof(PG_TBLSPC_DIR) + sizeof(TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY) + sizeof(PG_TEMP_FILES_DIR)];
  DIR      *spc_dir;
  struct dirent *spc_de;

  /*
   * First process temp files in pg_default ($PGDATA/base)
   */
  snprintf(temp_path, sizeof(temp_path), "base/%s", PG_TEMP_FILES_DIR);
  RemovePgTempFilesInDir(temp_path, true, false);
  RemovePgTempRelationFiles("base");

  /*
   * Cycle through temp directories for all non-default tablespaces.
   */
  spc_dir = AllocateDir(PG_TBLSPC_DIR);

  while ((spc_de = ReadDirExtended(spc_dir, PG_TBLSPC_DIR, LOG)) != NULL)
  {
    if (strcmp(spc_de->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
      strcmp(spc_de->d_name, "..") == 0)
      continue;

    snprintf(temp_path, sizeof(temp_path), "%s/%s/%s/%s",
         PG_TBLSPC_DIR, spc_de->d_name, TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY,
         PG_TEMP_FILES_DIR);
    RemovePgTempFilesInDir(temp_path, true, false);

    snprintf(temp_path, sizeof(temp_path), "%s/%s/%s",
         PG_TBLSPC_DIR, spc_de->d_name, TABLESPACE_VERSION_DIRECTORY);
    RemovePgTempRelationFiles(temp_path);
  }

  FreeDir(spc_dir);

  /*
   * In EXEC_BACKEND case there is a pgsql_tmp directory at the top level of
   * DataDir as well.  However, that is *not* cleaned here because doing so
   * would create a race condition.  It's done separately, earlier in
   * postmaster startup.
   */
}

/*
 * Process one pgsql_tmp directory for RemovePgTempFiles.
 *
 * If missing_ok is true, it's all right for the named directory to not exist.
 * Any other problem results in a LOG message.  (missing_ok should be true at
 * the top level, since pgsql_tmp directories are not created until needed.)
 *
 * At the top level, this should be called with unlink_all = false, so that
 * only files matching the temporary name prefix will be unlinked.  When
 * recursing it will be called with unlink_all = true to unlink everything
 * under a top-level temporary directory.
 *
 * (These two flags could be replaced by one, but it seems clearer to keep
 * them separate.)
 */
void
RemovePgTempFilesInDir(const char *tmpdirname, bool missing_ok, bool unlink_all)
{
  DIR      *temp_dir;
  struct dirent *temp_de;
  char    rm_path[MAXPGPATH * 2];

  temp_dir = AllocateDir(tmpdirname);

  if (temp_dir == NULL && errno == ENOENT && missing_ok)
    return;

  while ((temp_de = ReadDirExtended(temp_dir, tmpdirname, LOG)) != NULL)
  {
    if (strcmp(temp_de->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
      strcmp(temp_de->d_name, "..") == 0)
      continue;

    snprintf(rm_path, sizeof(rm_path), "%s/%s",
         tmpdirname, temp_de->d_name);

    if (unlink_all ||
      strncmp(temp_de->d_name,
          PG_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX,
          strlen(PG_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX)) == 0)
    {
      PGFileType  type = get_dirent_type(rm_path, temp_de, false, LOG);

      if (type == PGFILETYPE_ERROR)
        continue;
      else if (type == PGFILETYPE_DIR)
      {
        /* recursively remove contents, then directory itself */
        RemovePgTempFilesInDir(rm_path, false, true);

        if (rmdir(rm_path) < 0)
          ereport(LOG,
              (errcode_for_file_access(),
               errmsg("could not remove directory \"%s\": %m",
                  rm_path)));
      }
      else
      {
        if (unlink(rm_path) < 0)
          ereport(LOG,
              (errcode_for_file_access(),
               errmsg("could not remove file \"%s\": %m",
                  rm_path)));
      }
    }
    else
      ereport(LOG,
          (errmsg("unexpected file found in temporary-files directory: \"%s\"",
              rm_path)));
  }

  FreeDir(temp_dir);
}

/* Process one tablespace directory, look for per-DB subdirectories */
static void
RemovePgTempRelationFiles(const char *tsdirname)
{
  DIR      *ts_dir;
  struct dirent *de;
  char    dbspace_path[MAXPGPATH * 2];

  ts_dir = AllocateDir(tsdirname);

  while ((de = ReadDirExtended(ts_dir, tsdirname, LOG)) != NULL)
  {
    /*
     * We're only interested in the per-database directories, which have
     * numeric names.  Note that this code will also (properly) ignore "."
     * and "..".
     */
    if (strspn(de->d_name, "0123456789") != strlen(de->d_name))
      continue;

    snprintf(dbspace_path, sizeof(dbspace_path), "%s/%s",
         tsdirname, de->d_name);
    RemovePgTempRelationFilesInDbspace(dbspace_path);
  }

  FreeDir(ts_dir);
}

/* Process one per-dbspace directory for RemovePgTempRelationFiles */
static void
RemovePgTempRelationFilesInDbspace(const char *dbspacedirname)
{
  DIR      *dbspace_dir;
  struct dirent *de;
  char    rm_path[MAXPGPATH * 2];

  dbspace_dir = AllocateDir(dbspacedirname);

  while ((de = ReadDirExtended(dbspace_dir, dbspacedirname, LOG)) != NULL)
  {
    if (!looks_like_temp_rel_name(de->d_name))
      continue;

    snprintf(rm_path, sizeof(rm_path), "%s/%s",
         dbspacedirname, de->d_name);

    if (unlink(rm_path) < 0)
      ereport(LOG,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not remove file \"%s\": %m",
              rm_path)));
  }

  FreeDir(dbspace_dir);
}

/* t<digits>_<digits>, or t<digits>_<digits>_<forkname> */
bool
looks_like_temp_rel_name(const char *name)
{
  int     pos;
  int     savepos;

  /* Must start with "t". */
  if (name[0] != 't')
    return false;

  /* Followed by a non-empty string of digits and then an underscore. */
  for (pos = 1; isdigit((unsigned char) name[pos]); ++pos)
    ;
  if (pos == 1 || name[pos] != '_')
    return false;

  /* Followed by another nonempty string of digits. */
  for (savepos = ++pos; isdigit((unsigned char) name[pos]); ++pos)
    ;
  if (savepos == pos)
    return false;

  /* We might have _forkname or .segment or both. */
  if (name[pos] == '_')
  {
    int     forkchar = forkname_chars(&name[pos + 1], NULL);

    if (forkchar <= 0)
      return false;
    pos += forkchar + 1;
  }
  if (name[pos] == '.')
  {
    int     segchar;

    for (segchar = 1; isdigit((unsigned char) name[pos + segchar]); ++segchar)
      ;
    if (segchar <= 1)
      return false;
    pos += segchar;
  }

  /* Now we should be at the end. */
  if (name[pos] != '\0')
    return false;
  return true;
}

#ifdef HAVE_SYNCFS
static void
do_syncfs(const char *path)
{
  int     fd;

  ereport_startup_progress("syncing data directory (syncfs), elapsed time: %ld.%02d s, current path: %s",
               path);

  fd = OpenTransientFile(path, O_RDONLY);
  if (fd < 0)
  {
    ereport(LOG,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not open file \"%s\": %m", path)));
    return;
  }
  if (syncfs(fd) < 0)
    ereport(LOG,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not synchronize file system for file \"%s\": %m", path)));
  CloseTransientFile(fd);
}
#endif

/*
 * Issue fsync recursively on PGDATA and all its contents, or issue syncfs for
 * all potential filesystem, depending on recovery_init_sync_method setting.
 *
 * We fsync regular files and directories wherever they are, but we
 * follow symlinks only for pg_wal and immediately under pg_tblspc.
 * Other symlinks are presumed to point at files we're not responsible
 * for fsyncing, and might not have privileges to write at all.
 *
 * Errors are logged but not considered fatal; that's because this is used
 * only during database startup, to deal with the possibility that there are
 * issued-but-unsynced writes pending against the data directory.  We want to
 * ensure that such writes reach disk before anything that's done in the new
 * run.  However, aborting on error would result in failure to start for
 * harmless cases such as read-only files in the data directory, and that's
 * not good either.
 *
 * Note that if we previously crashed due to a PANIC on fsync(), we'll be
 * rewriting all changes again during recovery.
 *
 * Note we assume we're chdir'd into PGDATA to begin with.
 */
void
SyncDataDirectory(void)
{
  bool    xlog_is_symlink;

  /* We can skip this whole thing if fsync is disabled. */
  if (!enableFsync)
    return;

  /*
   * If pg_wal is a symlink, we'll need to recurse into it separately,
   * because the first walkdir below will ignore it.
   */
  xlog_is_symlink = false;

  {
    struct stat st;

    if (lstat("pg_wal", &st) < 0)
      ereport(LOG,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not stat file \"%s\": %m",
              "pg_wal")));
    else if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
      xlog_is_symlink = true;
  }

#ifdef HAVE_SYNCFS
  if (recovery_init_sync_method == DATA_DIR_SYNC_METHOD_SYNCFS)
  {
    DIR      *dir;
    struct dirent *de;

    /*
     * On Linux, we don't have to open every single file one by one.  We
     * can use syncfs() to sync whole filesystems.  We only expect
     * filesystem boundaries to exist where we tolerate symlinks, namely
     * pg_wal and the tablespaces, so we call syncfs() for each of those
     * directories.
     */

    /* Prepare to report progress syncing the data directory via syncfs. */
    begin_startup_progress_phase();

    /* Sync the top level pgdata directory. */
    do_syncfs(".");
    /* If any tablespaces are configured, sync each of those. */
    dir = AllocateDir(PG_TBLSPC_DIR);
    while ((de = ReadDirExtended(dir, PG_TBLSPC_DIR, LOG)))
    {
      char    path[MAXPGPATH];

      if (strcmp(de->d_name, ".") == 0 || strcmp(de->d_name, "..") == 0)
        continue;

      snprintf(path, MAXPGPATH, "%s/%s", PG_TBLSPC_DIR, de->d_name);
      do_syncfs(path);
    }
    FreeDir(dir);
    /* If pg_wal is a symlink, process that too. */
    if (xlog_is_symlink)
      do_syncfs("pg_wal");
    return;
  }
#endif              /* !HAVE_SYNCFS */

#ifdef PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS
  /* Prepare to report progress of the pre-fsync phase. */
  begin_startup_progress_phase();

  /*
   * If possible, hint to the kernel that we're soon going to fsync the data
   * directory and its contents.  Errors in this step are even less
   * interesting than normal, so log them only at DEBUG1.
   */
  walkdir(".", pre_sync_fname, false, DEBUG1);
  if (xlog_is_symlink)
    walkdir("pg_wal", pre_sync_fname, false, DEBUG1);
  walkdir(PG_TBLSPC_DIR, pre_sync_fname, true, DEBUG1);
#endif

  /* Prepare to report progress syncing the data directory via fsync. */
  begin_startup_progress_phase();

  /*
   * Now we do the fsync()s in the same order.
   *
   * The main call ignores symlinks, so in addition to specially processing
   * pg_wal if it's a symlink, pg_tblspc has to be visited separately with
   * process_symlinks = true.  Note that if there are any plain directories
   * in pg_tblspc, they'll get fsync'd twice.  That's not an expected case
   * so we don't worry about optimizing it.
   */
  walkdir(".", datadir_fsync_fname, false, LOG);
  if (xlog_is_symlink)
    walkdir("pg_wal", datadir_fsync_fname, false, LOG);
  walkdir(PG_TBLSPC_DIR, datadir_fsync_fname, true, LOG);
}

/*
 * walkdir: recursively walk a directory, applying the action to each
 * regular file and directory (including the named directory itself).
 *
 * If process_symlinks is true, the action and recursion are also applied
 * to regular files and directories that are pointed to by symlinks in the
 * given directory; otherwise symlinks are ignored.  Symlinks are always
 * ignored in subdirectories, ie we intentionally don't pass down the
 * process_symlinks flag to recursive calls.
 *
 * Errors are reported at level elevel, which might be ERROR or less.
 *
 * See also walkdir in file_utils.c, which is a frontend version of this
 * logic.
 */
static void
walkdir(const char *path,
    void (*action) (const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel),
    bool process_symlinks,
    int elevel)
{
  DIR      *dir;
  struct dirent *de;

  dir = AllocateDir(path);

  while ((de = ReadDirExtended(dir, path, elevel)) != NULL)
  {
    char    subpath[MAXPGPATH * 2];

    CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();

    if (strcmp(de->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
      strcmp(de->d_name, "..") == 0)
      continue;

    snprintf(subpath, sizeof(subpath), "%s/%s", path, de->d_name);

    switch (get_dirent_type(subpath, de, process_symlinks, elevel))
    {
      case PGFILETYPE_REG:
        (*action) (subpath, false, elevel);
        break;
      case PGFILETYPE_DIR:
        walkdir(subpath, action, false, elevel);
        break;
      default:

        /*
         * Errors are already reported directly by get_dirent_type(),
         * and any remaining symlinks and unknown file types are
         * ignored.
         */
        break;
    }
  }

  FreeDir(dir);       /* we ignore any error here */

  /*
   * It's important to fsync the destination directory itself as individual
   * file fsyncs don't guarantee that the directory entry for the file is
   * synced.  However, skip this if AllocateDir failed; the action function
   * might not be robust against that.
   */
  if (dir)
    (*action) (path, true, elevel);
}


/*
 * Hint to the OS that it should get ready to fsync() this file.
 *
 * Ignores errors trying to open unreadable files, and logs other errors at a
 * caller-specified level.
 */
#ifdef PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS

static void
pre_sync_fname(const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel)
{
  int     fd;

  /* Don't try to flush directories, it'll likely just fail */
  if (isdir)
    return;

  ereport_startup_progress("syncing data directory (pre-fsync), elapsed time: %ld.%02d s, current path: %s",
               fname);

  fd = OpenTransientFile(fname, O_RDONLY | PG_BINARY);

  if (fd < 0)
  {
    if (errno == EACCES)
      return;
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not open file \"%s\": %m", fname)));
    return;
  }

  /*
   * pg_flush_data() ignores errors, which is ok because this is only a
   * hint.
   */
  pg_flush_data(fd, 0, 0);

  if (CloseTransientFile(fd) != 0)
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not close file \"%s\": %m", fname)));
}

#endif              /* PG_FLUSH_DATA_WORKS */

static void
datadir_fsync_fname(const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel)
{
  ereport_startup_progress("syncing data directory (fsync), elapsed time: %ld.%02d s, current path: %s",
               fname);

  /*
   * We want to silently ignoring errors about unreadable files.  Pass that
   * desire on to fsync_fname_ext().
   */
  fsync_fname_ext(fname, isdir, true, elevel);
}

static void
unlink_if_exists_fname(const char *fname, bool isdir, int elevel)
{
  if (isdir)
  {
    if (rmdir(fname) != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
      ereport(elevel,
          (errcode_for_file_access(),
           errmsg("could not remove directory \"%s\": %m", fname)));
  }
  else
  {
    /* Use PathNameDeleteTemporaryFile to report filesize */
    PathNameDeleteTemporaryFile(fname, false);
  }
}

/*
 * fsync_fname_ext -- Try to fsync a file or directory
 *
 * If ignore_perm is true, ignore errors upon trying to open unreadable
 * files. Logs other errors at a caller-specified level.
 *
 * Returns 0 if the operation succeeded, -1 otherwise.
 */
int
fsync_fname_ext(const char *fname, bool isdir, bool ignore_perm, int elevel)
{
  int     fd;
  int     flags;
  int     returncode;

  /*
   * Some OSs require directories to be opened read-only whereas other
   * systems don't allow us to fsync files opened read-only; so we need both
   * cases here.  Using O_RDWR will cause us to fail to fsync files that are
   * not writable by our userid, but we assume that's OK.
   */
  flags = PG_BINARY;
  if (!isdir)
    flags |= O_RDWR;
  else
    flags |= O_RDONLY;

  fd = OpenTransientFile(fname, flags);

  /*
   * Some OSs don't allow us to open directories at all (Windows returns
   * EACCES), just ignore the error in that case.  If desired also silently
   * ignoring errors about unreadable files. Log others.
   */
  if (fd < 0 && isdir && (errno == EISDIR || errno == EACCES))
    return 0;
  else if (fd < 0 && ignore_perm && errno == EACCES)
    return 0;
  else if (fd < 0)
  {
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not open file \"%s\": %m", fname)));
    return -1;
  }

  returncode = pg_fsync(fd);

  /*
   * Some OSes don't allow us to fsync directories at all, so we can ignore
   * those errors. Anything else needs to be logged.
   */
  if (returncode != 0 && !(isdir && (errno == EBADF || errno == EINVAL)))
  {
    int     save_errno;

    /* close file upon error, might not be in transaction context */
    save_errno = errno;
    (void) CloseTransientFile(fd);
    errno = save_errno;

    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not fsync file \"%s\": %m", fname)));
    return -1;
  }

  if (CloseTransientFile(fd) != 0)
  {
    ereport(elevel,
        (errcode_for_file_access(),
         errmsg("could not close file \"%s\": %m", fname)));
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}

/*
 * fsync_parent_path -- fsync the parent path of a file or directory
 *
 * This is aimed at making file operations persistent on disk in case of
 * an OS crash or power failure.
 */
static int
fsync_parent_path(const char *fname, int elevel)
{
  char    parentpath[MAXPGPATH];

  strlcpy(parentpath, fname, MAXPGPATH);
  get_parent_directory(parentpath);

  /*
   * get_parent_directory() returns an empty string if the input argument is
   * just a file name (see comments in path.c), so handle that as being the
   * current directory.
   */
  if (strlen(parentpath) == 0)
    strlcpy(parentpath, ".", MAXPGPATH);

  if (fsync_fname_ext(parentpath, true, false, elevel) != 0)
    return -1;

  return 0;
}

/*
 * Create a PostgreSQL data sub-directory
 *
 * The data directory itself, and most of its sub-directories, are created at
 * initdb time, but we do have some occasions when we create directories in
 * the backend (CREATE TABLESPACE, for example).  In those cases, we want to
 * make sure that those directories are created consistently.  Today, that means
 * making sure that the created directory has the correct permissions, which is
 * what pg_dir_create_mode tracks for us.
 *
 * Note that we also set the umask() based on what we understand the correct
 * permissions to be (see file_perm.c).
 *
 * For permissions other than the default, mkdir() can be used directly, but
 * be sure to consider carefully such cases -- a sub-directory with incorrect
 * permissions in a PostgreSQL data directory could cause backups and other
 * processes to fail.
 */
int
MakePGDirectory(const char *directoryName)
{
  return mkdir(directoryName, pg_dir_create_mode);
}

/*
 * Return the passed-in error level, or PANIC if data_sync_retry is off.
 *
 * Failure to fsync any data file is cause for immediate panic, unless
 * data_sync_retry is enabled.  Data may have been written to the operating
 * system and removed from our buffer pool already, and if we are running on
 * an operating system that forgets dirty data on write-back failure, there
 * may be only one copy of the data remaining: in the WAL.  A later attempt to
 * fsync again might falsely report success.  Therefore we must not allow any
 * further checkpoints to be attempted.  data_sync_retry can in theory be
 * enabled on systems known not to drop dirty buffered data on write-back
 * failure (with the likely outcome that checkpoints will continue to fail
 * until the underlying problem is fixed).
 *
 * Any code that reports a failure from fsync() or related functions should
 * filter the error level with this function.
 */
int
data_sync_elevel(int elevel)
{
  return data_sync_retry ? elevel : PANIC;
}

bool
check_debug_io_direct(char **newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
{
  bool    result = true;
  int     flags;

#if PG_O_DIRECT == 0
  if (strcmp(*newval, "") != 0)
  {
    GUC_check_errdetail("\"%s\" is not supported on this platform.",
              "debug_io_direct");
    result = false;
  }
  flags = 0;
#else
  List     *elemlist;
  ListCell   *l;
  char     *rawstring;

  /* Need a modifiable copy of string */
  rawstring = pstrdup(*newval);

  if (!SplitGUCList(rawstring, ',', &elemlist))
  {
    GUC_check_errdetail("Invalid list syntax in parameter \"%s\".",
              "debug_io_direct");
    pfree(rawstring);
    list_free(elemlist);
    return false;
  }

  flags = 0;
  foreach(l, elemlist)
  {
    char     *item = (char *) lfirst(l);

    if (pg_strcasecmp(item, "data") == 0)
      flags |= IO_DIRECT_DATA;
    else if (pg_strcasecmp(item, "wal") == 0)
      flags |= IO_DIRECT_WAL;
    else if (pg_strcasecmp(item, "wal_init") == 0)
      flags |= IO_DIRECT_WAL_INIT;
    else
    {
      GUC_check_errdetail("Invalid option \"%s\".", item);
      result = false;
      break;
    }
  }

  /*
   * It's possible to configure block sizes smaller than our assumed I/O
   * alignment size, which could result in invalid I/O requests.
   */
#if XLOG_BLCKSZ < PG_IO_ALIGN_SIZE
  if (result && (flags & (IO_DIRECT_WAL | IO_DIRECT_WAL_INIT)))
  {
    GUC_check_errdetail("\"%s\" is not supported for WAL because %s is too small.",
              "debug_io_direct", "XLOG_BLCKSZ");
    result = false;
  }
#endif
#if BLCKSZ < PG_IO_ALIGN_SIZE
  if (result && (flags & IO_DIRECT_DATA))
  {
    GUC_check_errdetail("\"%s\" is not supported for data because %s is too small.",
              "debug_io_direct", "BLCKSZ");
    result = false;
  }
#endif

  pfree(rawstring);
  list_free(elemlist);
#endif

  if (!result)
    return result;

  /* Save the flags in *extra, for use by assign_debug_io_direct */
  *extra = guc_malloc(LOG, sizeof(int));
  if (!*extra)
    return false;
  *((int *) *extra) = flags;

  return result;
}

void
assign_debug_io_direct(const char *newval, void *extra)
{
  int      *flags = (int *) extra;

  io_direct_flags = *flags;
}

/* ResourceOwner callbacks */

static void
ResOwnerReleaseFile(Datum res)
{
  File    file = (File) DatumGetInt32(res);
  Vfd      *vfdP;

  Assert(FileIsValid(file));

  vfdP = &VfdCache[file];
  vfdP->resowner = NULL;

  FileClose(file);
}

static char *
ResOwnerPrintFile(Datum res)
{
  return psprintf("File %d", DatumGetInt32(res));
}

Coverage Report

Created: 2026-11-12 07:20