/* Format bytes as hexadecimal */

#include "Python.h"

#include "pycore_strhex.h"        // _Py_strhex_with_sep()

#include "pycore_unicodeobject.h" // _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency()

/* Scalar hexlify: convert len bytes to 2*len hex characters.

   Uses table lookup via Py_hexdigits for the conversion. */

static inline void

_Py_hexlify_scalar(const unsigned char *src, Py_UCS1 *dst, Py_ssize_t len)

{

    /* Various optimizations like using math instead of a table lookup,

       manually unrolling the loop, storing the global table pointer locally,

       and doing wider dst writes have been tried and benchmarked; all produced

       nearly identical performance on gcc 15.  Using a 256 entry uint16_t

       table was a bit slower.  So we keep our old simple and obvious code. */

    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {

        unsigned char c = src[i];

        *dst++ = Py_hexdigits[c >> 4];

        *dst++ = Py_hexdigits[c & 0x0f];

    }

}

/* Portable SIMD optimization for hexlify using GCC/Clang vector extensions.

   Uses __builtin_shufflevector for portable interleave that compiles to

   native SIMD instructions (SSE2 punpcklbw/punpckhbw on x86-64 [always],

   NEON zip1/zip2 on ARM64 [always], & vzip on ARM32 when compiler flags

   for the target microarch allow it [try -march=native if running 32-bit

   on an RPi3 or later]).

   Performance:

   - For more common small data it varies between 1.1-3x faster.

   - Up to 11x faster on larger data than the scalar code.

   While faster is possible for big data using AVX2 or AVX512, that

   adds a ton of complication. Who ever really hexes huge data?

   The 16-64 byte boosts align nicely with md5 - sha512 hexdigests.

*/

#ifdef HAVE_EFFICIENT_BUILTIN_SHUFFLEVECTOR

/* 128-bit vector of 16 unsigned bytes */

typedef unsigned char v16u8 __attribute__((vector_size(16)));

/* 128-bit vector of 16 signed bytes - for efficient comparison.

   Using signed comparison generates pcmpgtb on x86-64 instead of

   the slower psubusb+pcmpeqb sequence from unsigned comparison.

   ARM NEON performs the same either way. */

typedef signed char v16s8 __attribute__((vector_size(16)));

/* Splat a byte value across all 16 lanes */

static inline v16u8

v16u8_splat(unsigned char x)

{

    return (v16u8){x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x};

}

static inline v16s8

v16s8_splat(signed char x)

{

    return (v16s8){x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x};

}

/* Portable SIMD hexlify: converts 16 bytes to 32 hex chars per iteration.

   Compiles to native SSE2 on x86-64, NEON on ARM64 (and some ARM32). */

static void

_Py_hexlify_simd(const unsigned char *src, Py_UCS1 *dst, Py_ssize_t len)

{

    const v16u8 mask_0f = v16u8_splat(0x0f);

    const v16u8 ascii_0 = v16u8_splat('0');

    const v16u8 offset = v16u8_splat('a' - '0' - 10);  /* 0x27 */

    const v16s8 nine = v16s8_splat(9);

    Py_ssize_t i = 0;

    /* Process 16 bytes at a time */

    for (; i + 16 <= len; i += 16, dst += 32) {

        /* Load 16 bytes (memcpy for safe unaligned access) */

        v16u8 data;

        memcpy(&data, src + i, 16);

        /* Extract high and low nibbles using vector operators */

        v16u8 hi = (data >> 4) & mask_0f;

        v16u8 lo = data & mask_0f;

        /* Compare > 9 using signed comparison for efficient codegen.

           Nibble values 0-15 are safely in signed byte range.

           This generates pcmpgtb on x86-64, avoiding the slower

           psubusb+pcmpeqb sequence from unsigned comparison. */

        v16u8 hi_gt9 = (v16u8)((v16s8)hi > nine);

        v16u8 lo_gt9 = (v16u8)((v16s8)lo > nine);

        /* Convert nibbles to hex ASCII */

        hi = hi + ascii_0 + (hi_gt9 & offset);

        lo = lo + ascii_0 + (lo_gt9 & offset);

        /* Interleave hi/lo nibbles using portable shufflevector.

           This compiles to punpcklbw/punpckhbw on x86-64, zip1/zip2 on ARM64,

           or vzip on ARM32. */

        v16u8 result0 = __builtin_shufflevector(hi, lo,

            0, 16, 1, 17, 2, 18, 3, 19, 4, 20, 5, 21, 6, 22, 7, 23);

        v16u8 result1 = __builtin_shufflevector(hi, lo,

            8, 24, 9, 25, 10, 26, 11, 27, 12, 28, 13, 29, 14, 30, 15, 31);

        /* Store 32 hex characters */

        memcpy(dst, &result0, 16);

        memcpy(dst + 16, &result1, 16);

    }

    /* Scalar fallback for remaining 0-15 bytes */

    _Py_hexlify_scalar(src + i, dst, len - i);

}

#endif /* HAVE_EFFICIENT_BUILTIN_SHUFFLEVECTOR */

static PyObject *

_Py_strhex_impl(const char* argbuf, Py_ssize_t arglen,

                PyObject* sep, Py_ssize_t bytes_per_sep_group,

                int return_bytes)

{

    assert(arglen >= 0);

    Py_UCS1 sep_char = 0;

    if (sep) {

        Py_ssize_t seplen = PyObject_Length((PyObject*)sep);

        if (seplen < 0) {

            return NULL;

        }

        if (seplen != 1) {

            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "sep must be length 1.");

            return NULL;

        }

        if (PyUnicode_Check(sep)) {

            if (PyUnicode_KIND(sep) != PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND) {

                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "sep must be ASCII.");

                return NULL;

            }

            sep_char = PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(sep, 0);

        }

        else if (PyBytes_Check(sep)) {

            sep_char = PyBytes_AS_STRING(sep)[0];

        }

        else {

            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "sep must be str or bytes.");

            return NULL;

        }

        if (sep_char > 127 && !return_bytes) {

            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "sep must be ASCII.");

            return NULL;

        }

    }

    else {

        bytes_per_sep_group = 0;

    }

    size_t abs_bytes_per_sep = _Py_ABS_CAST(size_t, bytes_per_sep_group);

    Py_ssize_t resultlen = 0;

    if (bytes_per_sep_group && arglen > 0) {

        /* How many sep characters we'll be inserting. */

        resultlen = (arglen - 1) / abs_bytes_per_sep;

    }

    /* Bounds checking for our Py_ssize_t indices. */

    if (arglen >= PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / 2 - resultlen) {

        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    }

    resultlen += arglen * 2;

    if ((size_t)abs_bytes_per_sep >= (size_t)arglen) {

        bytes_per_sep_group = 0;

        abs_bytes_per_sep = 0;

    }

    PyObject *retval;

    Py_UCS1 *retbuf;

    if (return_bytes) {

        /* If _PyBytes_FromSize() were public we could avoid malloc+copy. */

        retval = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, resultlen);

        if (!retval) {

            return NULL;

        }

        retbuf = (Py_UCS1 *)PyBytes_AS_STRING(retval);

    }

    else {

        retval = PyUnicode_New(resultlen, 127);

        if (!retval) {

            return NULL;

        }

        retbuf = PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(retval);

    }

    /* Hexlify */

    Py_ssize_t i, j;

    unsigned char c;

    if (bytes_per_sep_group == 0) {

#ifdef HAVE_EFFICIENT_BUILTIN_SHUFFLEVECTOR

        if (arglen >= 16) {

            _Py_hexlify_simd((const unsigned char *)argbuf, retbuf, arglen);

        }

        else

#endif

        {

            _Py_hexlify_scalar((const unsigned char *)argbuf, retbuf, arglen);

        }

    }

    else {

        /* The number of complete chunk+sep periods */

        Py_ssize_t chunks = (arglen - 1) / abs_bytes_per_sep;

        Py_ssize_t chunk;

        size_t k;

        if (bytes_per_sep_group < 0) {

            i = j = 0;

            for (chunk = 0; chunk < chunks; chunk++) {

                for (k = 0; k < abs_bytes_per_sep; k++) {

                    c = argbuf[i++];

                    retbuf[j++] = Py_hexdigits[c >> 4];

                    retbuf[j++] = Py_hexdigits[c & 0x0f];

                }

                retbuf[j++] = sep_char;

            }

            while (i < arglen) {

                c = argbuf[i++];

                retbuf[j++] = Py_hexdigits[c >> 4];

                retbuf[j++] = Py_hexdigits[c & 0x0f];

            }

            assert(j == resultlen);

        }

        else {

            i = arglen - 1;

            j = resultlen - 1;

            for (chunk = 0; chunk < chunks; chunk++) {

                for (k = 0; k < abs_bytes_per_sep; k++) {

                    c = argbuf[i--];

                    retbuf[j--] = Py_hexdigits[c & 0x0f];

                    retbuf[j--] = Py_hexdigits[c >> 4];

                }

                retbuf[j--] = sep_char;

            }

            while (i >= 0) {

                c = argbuf[i--];

                retbuf[j--] = Py_hexdigits[c & 0x0f];

                retbuf[j--] = Py_hexdigits[c >> 4];

            }

            assert(j == -1);

        }

    }

#ifdef Py_DEBUG

    if (!return_bytes) {

        assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(retval, 1));

    }

#endif

    return retval;

}

PyObject * _Py_strhex(const char* argbuf, Py_ssize_t arglen)

{

    return _Py_strhex_impl(argbuf, arglen, NULL, 0, 0);

}

/* Same as above but returns a bytes() instead of str() to avoid the

 * need to decode the str() when bytes are needed. */

PyObject* _Py_strhex_bytes(const char* argbuf, Py_ssize_t arglen)

{

    return _Py_strhex_impl(argbuf, arglen, NULL, 0, 1);

}

/* These variants include support for a separator between every N bytes: */

PyObject* _Py_strhex_with_sep(const char* argbuf, Py_ssize_t arglen,

                              PyObject* sep, Py_ssize_t bytes_per_group)

{

    return _Py_strhex_impl(argbuf, arglen, sep, bytes_per_group, 0);

}

/* Same as above but returns a bytes() instead of str() to avoid the

 * need to decode the str() when bytes are needed. */

PyObject* _Py_strhex_bytes_with_sep(const char* argbuf, Py_ssize_t arglen,

                                    PyObject* sep, Py_ssize_t bytes_per_group)

{

    return _Py_strhex_impl(argbuf, arglen, sep, bytes_per_group, 1);

}