// file included directly

bool validate_utf32(const char32_t *buf, size_t len) {

  if (simdutf_unlikely(len == 0)) {

    return true;

  }

  const char32_t *end = buf + len;

  const __m512i offset = _mm512_set1_epi32((uint32_t)0xffff2000);

  __m512i currentmax = _mm512_setzero_si512();

  __m512i currentoffsetmax = _mm512_setzero_si512();

  // Optimized: Process 32 values (2x 512-bit) per iteration for better

  // throughput

  while (end - buf >= 32) {

    __m512i utf32_1 = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *)buf);

    __m512i utf32_2 = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *)(buf + 16));

    buf += 32;

    // Process both blocks in parallel to maximize instruction-level parallelism

    __m512i offsetmax_1 = _mm512_add_epi32(utf32_1, offset);

    __m512i offsetmax_2 = _mm512_add_epi32(utf32_2, offset);

    currentoffsetmax = _mm512_max_epu32(offsetmax_1, currentoffsetmax);

    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32_1, currentmax);

    currentoffsetmax = _mm512_max_epu32(offsetmax_2, currentoffsetmax);

    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32_2, currentmax);

  }

  // Handle remaining 16-31 values

  if (end - buf >= 16) {

    __m512i utf32 = _mm512_loadu_si512((const __m512i *)buf);

    buf += 16;

    currentoffsetmax =

        _mm512_max_epu32(_mm512_add_epi32(utf32, offset), currentoffsetmax);

    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32, currentmax);

  }

  // Handle remaining 0-15 values with masked load

  if (buf < end) {

    __m512i utf32 =

        _mm512_maskz_loadu_epi32(__mmask16((1 << (end - buf)) - 1), buf);

    currentoffsetmax =

        _mm512_max_epu32(_mm512_add_epi32(utf32, offset), currentoffsetmax);

    currentmax = _mm512_max_epu32(utf32, currentmax);

  }

  const __m512i standardmax = _mm512_set1_epi32((uint32_t)0x10ffff);

  const __m512i standardoffsetmax = _mm512_set1_epi32((uint32_t)0xfffff7ff);

  const auto outside_range = _mm512_cmpgt_epu32_mask(currentmax, standardmax);

  if (outside_range != 0) {

    return false;

  }

  const auto surrogate =

      _mm512_cmpgt_epu32_mask(currentoffsetmax, standardoffsetmax);

  if (surrogate != 0) {

    return false;

  }

  return true;

}