/src/libpcap-1.9.1/pcap-linux.c

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/*
 *  pcap-linux.c: Packet capture interface to the Linux kernel
 *
 *  Copyright (c) 2000 Torsten Landschoff <torsten@debian.org>
 *             Sebastian Krahmer  <krahmer@cs.uni-potsdam.de>
 *
 *  License: BSD
 *
 *  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 *  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 *  are met:
 *
 *  1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *  2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *     notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *     the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *     distribution.
 *  3. The names of the authors may not be used to endorse or promote
 *     products derived from this software without specific prior
 *     written permission.
 *
 *  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
 *  IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
 *  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 *  Modifications:     Added PACKET_MMAP support
 *                     Paolo Abeni <paolo.abeni@email.it>
 *                     Added TPACKET_V3 support
 *                     Gabor Tatarka <gabor.tatarka@ericsson.com>
 *
 *                     based on previous works of:
 *                     Simon Patarin <patarin@cs.unibo.it>
 *                     Phil Wood <cpw@lanl.gov>
 *
 * Monitor-mode support for mac80211 includes code taken from the iw
 * command; the copyright notice for that code is
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2007, 2008 Johannes Berg
 * Copyright (c) 2007   Andy Lutomirski
 * Copyright (c) 2007   Mike Kershaw
 * Copyright (c) 2008   Gábor Stefanik
 *
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
 *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
 * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
 * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

/*
 * Known problems with 2.0[.x] kernels:
 *
 *   - The loopback device gives every packet twice; on 2.2[.x] kernels,
 *     if we use PF_PACKET, we can filter out the transmitted version
 *     of the packet by using data in the "sockaddr_ll" returned by
 *     "recvfrom()", but, on 2.0[.x] kernels, we have to use
 *     PF_INET/SOCK_PACKET, which means "recvfrom()" supplies a
 *     "sockaddr_pkt" which doesn't give us enough information to let
 *     us do that.
 *
 *   - We have to set the interface's IFF_PROMISC flag ourselves, if
 *     we're to run in promiscuous mode, which means we have to turn
 *     it off ourselves when we're done; the kernel doesn't keep track
 *     of how many sockets are listening promiscuously, which means
 *     it won't get turned off automatically when no sockets are
 *     listening promiscuously.  We catch "pcap_close()" and, for
 *     interfaces we put into promiscuous mode, take them out of
 *     promiscuous mode - which isn't necessarily the right thing to
 *     do, if another socket also requested promiscuous mode between
 *     the time when we opened the socket and the time when we close
 *     the socket.
 *
 *   - MSG_TRUNC isn't supported, so you can't specify that "recvfrom()"
 *     return the amount of data that you could have read, rather than
 *     the amount that was returned, so we can't just allocate a buffer
 *     whose size is the snapshot length and pass the snapshot length
 *     as the byte count, and also pass MSG_TRUNC, so that the return
 *     value tells us how long the packet was on the wire.
 *
 *     This means that, if we want to get the actual size of the packet,
 *     so we can return it in the "len" field of the packet header,
 *     we have to read the entire packet, not just the part that fits
 *     within the snapshot length, and thus waste CPU time copying data
 *     from the kernel that our caller won't see.
 *
 *     We have to get the actual size, and supply it in "len", because
 *     otherwise, the IP dissector in tcpdump, for example, will complain
 *     about "truncated-ip", as the packet will appear to have been
 *     shorter, on the wire, than the IP header said it should have been.
 */


#define _GNU_SOURCE

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif

#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <linux/if.h>
#include <linux/if_packet.h>
#include <linux/sockios.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <linux/if_ether.h>
#include <net/if_arp.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <dirent.h>

#include "pcap-int.h"
#include "pcap/sll.h"
#include "pcap/vlan.h"

/*
 * If PF_PACKET is defined, we can use {SOCK_RAW,SOCK_DGRAM}/PF_PACKET
 * sockets rather than SOCK_PACKET sockets.
 *
 * To use them, we include <linux/if_packet.h> rather than
 * <netpacket/packet.h>; we do so because
 *
 *  some Linux distributions (e.g., Slackware 4.0) have 2.2 or
 *  later kernels and libc5, and don't provide a <netpacket/packet.h>
 *  file;
 *
 *  not all versions of glibc2 have a <netpacket/packet.h> file
 *  that defines stuff needed for some of the 2.4-or-later-kernel
 *  features, so if the system has a 2.4 or later kernel, we
 *  still can't use those features.
 *
 * We're already including a number of other <linux/XXX.h> headers, and
 * this code is Linux-specific (no other OS has PF_PACKET sockets as
 * a raw packet capture mechanism), so it's not as if you gain any
 * useful portability by using <netpacket/packet.h>
 *
 * XXX - should we just include <linux/if_packet.h> even if PF_PACKET
 * isn't defined?  It only defines one data structure in 2.0.x, so
 * it shouldn't cause any problems.
 */
#ifdef PF_PACKET
# include <linux/if_packet.h>

 /*
  * On at least some Linux distributions (for example, Red Hat 5.2),
  * there's no <netpacket/packet.h> file, but PF_PACKET is defined if
  * you include <sys/socket.h>, but <linux/if_packet.h> doesn't define
  * any of the PF_PACKET stuff such as "struct sockaddr_ll" or any of
  * the PACKET_xxx stuff.
  *
  * So we check whether PACKET_HOST is defined, and assume that we have
  * PF_PACKET sockets only if it is defined.
  */
# ifdef PACKET_HOST
#  define HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
#  ifdef PACKET_AUXDATA
#   define HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA
#  endif /* PACKET_AUXDATA */
# endif /* PACKET_HOST */


 /* check for memory mapped access avaibility. We assume every needed
  * struct is defined if the macro TPACKET_HDRLEN is defined, because it
  * uses many ring related structs and macros */
# ifdef PCAP_SUPPORT_PACKET_RING
# ifdef TPACKET_HDRLEN
#  define HAVE_PACKET_RING
#  ifdef TPACKET3_HDRLEN
#   define HAVE_TPACKET3
#  endif /* TPACKET3_HDRLEN */
#  ifdef TPACKET2_HDRLEN
#   define HAVE_TPACKET2
#  else  /* TPACKET2_HDRLEN */
#   define TPACKET_V1 0    /* Old kernel with only V1, so no TPACKET_Vn defined */
#  endif /* TPACKET2_HDRLEN */
# endif /* TPACKET_HDRLEN */
# endif /* PCAP_SUPPORT_PACKET_RING */
#endif /* PF_PACKET */

#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_NET_TSTAMP_H
#include <linux/net_tstamp.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_SOCKIOS_H
#include <linux/sockios.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_IF_BONDING_H
#include <linux/if_bonding.h>

/*
 * The ioctl code to use to check whether a device is a bonding device.
 */
#if defined(SIOCBONDINFOQUERY)
  #define BOND_INFO_QUERY_IOCTL SIOCBONDINFOQUERY
#elif defined(BOND_INFO_QUERY_OLD)
  #define BOND_INFO_QUERY_IOCTL BOND_INFO_QUERY_OLD
#endif
#endif /* HAVE_LINUX_IF_BONDING_H */

/*
 * Got Wireless Extensions?
 */
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_WIRELESS_H
#include <linux/wireless.h>
#endif /* HAVE_LINUX_WIRELESS_H */

/*
 * Got libnl?
 */
#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL
#include <linux/nl80211.h>

#include <netlink/genl/genl.h>
#include <netlink/genl/family.h>
#include <netlink/genl/ctrl.h>
#include <netlink/msg.h>
#include <netlink/attr.h>
#endif /* HAVE_LIBNL */

/*
 * Got ethtool support?
 */
#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_ETHTOOL_H
#include <linux/ethtool.h>
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_SOCKLEN_T
typedef int   socklen_t;
#endif

#ifndef MSG_TRUNC
/*
 * This is being compiled on a system that lacks MSG_TRUNC; define it
 * with the value it has in the 2.2 and later kernels, so that, on
 * those kernels, when we pass it in the flags argument to "recvfrom()"
 * we're passing the right value and thus get the MSG_TRUNC behavior
 * we want.  (We don't get that behavior on 2.0[.x] kernels, because
 * they didn't support MSG_TRUNC.)
 */
#define MSG_TRUNC 0x20
#endif

#ifndef SOL_PACKET
/*
 * This is being compiled on a system that lacks SOL_PACKET; define it
 * with the value it has in the 2.2 and later kernels, so that we can
 * set promiscuous mode in the good modern way rather than the old
 * 2.0-kernel crappy way.
 */
#define SOL_PACKET  263
#endif

#define MAX_LINKHEADER_SIZE 256

/*
 * When capturing on all interfaces we use this as the buffer size.
 * Should be bigger then all MTUs that occur in real life.
 * 64kB should be enough for now.
 */
#define BIGGER_THAN_ALL_MTUS  (64*1024)

/*
 * Private data for capturing on Linux SOCK_PACKET or PF_PACKET sockets.
 */
struct pcap_linux {
  u_int packets_read; /* count of packets read with recvfrom() */
  long  proc_dropped; /* packets reported dropped by /proc/net/dev */
  struct pcap_stat stat;

  char  *device;  /* device name */
  int filter_in_userland; /* must filter in userland */
  int blocks_to_filter_in_userland;
  int must_do_on_close; /* stuff we must do when we close */
  int timeout;  /* timeout for buffering */
  int sock_packet;  /* using Linux 2.0 compatible interface */
  int cooked;   /* using SOCK_DGRAM rather than SOCK_RAW */
  int ifindex;  /* interface index of device we're bound to */
  int lo_ifindex; /* interface index of the loopback device */
  bpf_u_int32 oldmode;  /* mode to restore when turning monitor mode off */
  char  *mondevice; /* mac80211 monitor device we created */
  u_char  *mmapbuf; /* memory-mapped region pointer */
  size_t  mmapbuflen; /* size of region */
  int vlan_offset;  /* offset at which to insert vlan tags; if -1, don't insert */
  u_int tp_version; /* version of tpacket_hdr for mmaped ring */
  u_int tp_hdrlen;  /* hdrlen of tpacket_hdr for mmaped ring */
  u_char  *oneshot_buffer; /* buffer for copy of packet */
  int poll_timeout; /* timeout to use in poll() */
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  unsigned char *current_packet; /* Current packet within the TPACKET_V3 block. Move to next block if NULL. */
  int packets_left; /* Unhandled packets left within the block from previous call to pcap_read_linux_mmap_v3 in case of TPACKET_V3. */
#endif
};

/*
 * Stuff to do when we close.
 */
#define MUST_CLEAR_PROMISC  0x00000001  /* clear promiscuous mode */
#define MUST_CLEAR_RFMON  0x00000002  /* clear rfmon (monitor) mode */
#define MUST_DELETE_MONIF 0x00000004  /* delete monitor-mode interface */

/*
 * Prototypes for internal functions and methods.
 */
static int get_if_flags(const char *, bpf_u_int32 *, char *);
static int is_wifi(int, const char *);
static void map_arphrd_to_dlt(pcap_t *, int, int, const char *, int);
static int pcap_activate_linux(pcap_t *);
static int activate_old(pcap_t *);
static int activate_new(pcap_t *);
static int activate_mmap(pcap_t *, int *);
static int pcap_can_set_rfmon_linux(pcap_t *);
static int pcap_read_linux(pcap_t *, int, pcap_handler, u_char *);
static int pcap_read_packet(pcap_t *, pcap_handler, u_char *);
static int pcap_inject_linux(pcap_t *, const void *, size_t);
static int pcap_stats_linux(pcap_t *, struct pcap_stat *);
static int pcap_setfilter_linux(pcap_t *, struct bpf_program *);
static int pcap_setdirection_linux(pcap_t *, pcap_direction_t);
static int pcap_set_datalink_linux(pcap_t *, int);
static void pcap_cleanup_linux(pcap_t *);

/*
 * This is what the header structure looks like in a 64-bit kernel;
 * we use this, rather than struct tpacket_hdr, if we're using
 * TPACKET_V1 in 32-bit code running on a 64-bit kernel.
 */
struct tpacket_hdr_64 {
  uint64_t  tp_status;
  unsigned int  tp_len;
  unsigned int  tp_snaplen;
  unsigned short  tp_mac;
  unsigned short  tp_net;
  unsigned int  tp_sec;
  unsigned int  tp_usec;
};

/*
 * We use this internally as the tpacket version for TPACKET_V1 in
 * 32-bit code on a 64-bit kernel.
 */
#define TPACKET_V1_64 99

union thdr {
  struct tpacket_hdr    *h1;
  struct tpacket_hdr_64   *h1_64;
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET2
  struct tpacket2_hdr   *h2;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  struct tpacket_block_desc *h3;
#endif
  void        *raw;
};

#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_RING
#define RING_GET_FRAME_AT(h, offset) (((union thdr **)h->buffer)[(offset)])
#define RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(h) RING_GET_FRAME_AT(h, h->offset)

static void destroy_ring(pcap_t *handle);
static int create_ring(pcap_t *handle, int *status);
static int prepare_tpacket_socket(pcap_t *handle);
static void pcap_cleanup_linux_mmap(pcap_t *);
static int pcap_read_linux_mmap_v1(pcap_t *, int, pcap_handler , u_char *);
static int pcap_read_linux_mmap_v1_64(pcap_t *, int, pcap_handler , u_char *);
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET2
static int pcap_read_linux_mmap_v2(pcap_t *, int, pcap_handler , u_char *);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
static int pcap_read_linux_mmap_v3(pcap_t *, int, pcap_handler , u_char *);
#endif
static int pcap_setfilter_linux_mmap(pcap_t *, struct bpf_program *);
static int pcap_setnonblock_mmap(pcap_t *p, int nonblock);
static int pcap_getnonblock_mmap(pcap_t *p);
static void pcap_oneshot_mmap(u_char *user, const struct pcap_pkthdr *h,
    const u_char *bytes);
#endif

/*
 * In pre-3.0 kernels, the tp_vlan_tci field is set to whatever the
 * vlan_tci field in the skbuff is.  0 can either mean "not on a VLAN"
 * or "on VLAN 0".  There is no flag set in the tp_status field to
 * distinguish between them.
 *
 * In 3.0 and later kernels, if there's a VLAN tag present, the tp_vlan_tci
 * field is set to the VLAN tag, and the TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID flag is set
 * in the tp_status field, otherwise the tp_vlan_tci field is set to 0 and
 * the TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID flag isn't set in the tp_status field.
 *
 * With a pre-3.0 kernel, we cannot distinguish between packets with no
 * VLAN tag and packets on VLAN 0, so we will mishandle some packets, and
 * there's nothing we can do about that.
 *
 * So, on those systems, which never set the TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID flag, we
 * continue the behavior of earlier libpcaps, wherein we treated packets
 * with a VLAN tag of 0 as being packets without a VLAN tag rather than packets
 * on VLAN 0.  We do this by treating packets with a tp_vlan_tci of 0 and
 * with the TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID flag not set in tp_status as not having
 * VLAN tags.  This does the right thing on 3.0 and later kernels, and
 * continues the old unfixably-imperfect behavior on pre-3.0 kernels.
 *
 * If TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID isn't defined, we test it as the 0x10 bit; it
 * has that value in 3.0 and later kernels.
 */
#ifdef TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID
  #define VLAN_VALID(hdr, hv) ((hv)->tp_vlan_tci != 0 || ((hdr)->tp_status & TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID))
#else
  /*
   * This is being compiled on a system that lacks TP_STATUS_VLAN_VALID,
   * so we testwith the value it has in the 3.0 and later kernels, so
   * we can test it if we're running on a system that has it.  (If we're
   * running on a system that doesn't have it, it won't be set in the
   * tp_status field, so the tests of it will always fail; that means
   * we behave the way we did before we introduced this macro.)
   */
  #define VLAN_VALID(hdr, hv) ((hv)->tp_vlan_tci != 0 || ((hdr)->tp_status & 0x10))
#endif

#ifdef TP_STATUS_VLAN_TPID_VALID
# define VLAN_TPID(hdr, hv) (((hv)->tp_vlan_tpid || ((hdr)->tp_status & TP_STATUS_VLAN_TPID_VALID)) ? (hv)->tp_vlan_tpid : ETH_P_8021Q)
#else
# define VLAN_TPID(hdr, hv) ETH_P_8021Q
#endif

/*
 * Wrap some ioctl calls
 */
#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
static int  iface_get_id(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);
#endif /* HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS */
static int  iface_get_mtu(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);
static int  iface_get_arptype(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);
#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
static int  iface_bind(int fd, int ifindex, char *ebuf, int protocol);
#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
static int  has_wext(int sock_fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);
#endif /* IW_MODE_MONITOR */
static int  enter_rfmon_mode(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd,
    const char *device);
#endif /* HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS */
#if defined(HAVE_LINUX_NET_TSTAMP_H) && defined(PACKET_TIMESTAMP)
static int  iface_ethtool_get_ts_info(const char *device, pcap_t *handle,
    char *ebuf);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_RING
static int  iface_get_offload(pcap_t *handle);
#endif
static int  iface_bind_old(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf);

#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
static int  fix_program(pcap_t *handle, struct sock_fprog *fcode,
    int is_mapped);
static int  fix_offset(pcap_t *handle, struct bpf_insn *p);
static int  set_kernel_filter(pcap_t *handle, struct sock_fprog *fcode);
static int  reset_kernel_filter(pcap_t *handle);

static struct sock_filter total_insn
  = BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, 0);
static struct sock_fprog  total_fcode
  = { 1, &total_insn };
#endif /* SO_ATTACH_FILTER */

pcap_t *
pcap_create_interface(const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
  pcap_t *handle;

  handle = pcap_create_common(ebuf, sizeof (struct pcap_linux));
  if (handle == NULL)
    return NULL;

  handle->activate_op = pcap_activate_linux;
  handle->can_set_rfmon_op = pcap_can_set_rfmon_linux;

#if defined(HAVE_LINUX_NET_TSTAMP_H) && defined(PACKET_TIMESTAMP)
  /*
   * See what time stamp types we support.
   */
  if (iface_ethtool_get_ts_info(device, handle, ebuf) == -1) {
    pcap_close(handle);
    return NULL;
  }
#endif

#if defined(SIOCGSTAMPNS) && defined(SO_TIMESTAMPNS)
  /*
   * We claim that we support microsecond and nanosecond time
   * stamps.
   *
   * XXX - with adapter-supplied time stamps, can we choose
   * microsecond or nanosecond time stamps on arbitrary
   * adapters?
   */
  handle->tstamp_precision_count = 2;
  handle->tstamp_precision_list = malloc(2 * sizeof(u_int));
  if (handle->tstamp_precision_list == NULL) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "malloc");
    pcap_close(handle);
    return NULL;
  }
  handle->tstamp_precision_list[0] = PCAP_TSTAMP_PRECISION_MICRO;
  handle->tstamp_precision_list[1] = PCAP_TSTAMP_PRECISION_NANO;
#endif /* defined(SIOCGSTAMPNS) && defined(SO_TIMESTAMPNS) */

  return handle;
}

#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL
/*
 * If interface {if} is a mac80211 driver, the file
 * /sys/class/net/{if}/phy80211 is a symlink to
 * /sys/class/ieee80211/{phydev}, for some {phydev}.
 *
 * On Fedora 9, with a 2.6.26.3-29 kernel, my Zydas stick, at
 * least, has a "wmaster0" device and a "wlan0" device; the
 * latter is the one with the IP address.  Both show up in
 * "tcpdump -D" output.  Capturing on the wmaster0 device
 * captures with 802.11 headers.
 *
 * airmon-ng searches through /sys/class/net for devices named
 * monN, starting with mon0; as soon as one *doesn't* exist,
 * it chooses that as the monitor device name.  If the "iw"
 * command exists, it does "iw dev {if} interface add {monif}
 * type monitor", where {monif} is the monitor device.  It
 * then (sigh) sleeps .1 second, and then configures the
 * device up.  Otherwise, if /sys/class/ieee80211/{phydev}/add_iface
 * is a file, it writes {mondev}, without a newline, to that file,
 * and again (sigh) sleeps .1 second, and then iwconfig's that
 * device into monitor mode and configures it up.  Otherwise,
 * you can't do monitor mode.
 *
 * All these devices are "glued" together by having the
 * /sys/class/net/{device}/phy80211 links pointing to the same
 * place, so, given a wmaster, wlan, or mon device, you can
 * find the other devices by looking for devices with
 * the same phy80211 link.
 *
 * To turn monitor mode off, delete the monitor interface,
 * either with "iw dev {monif} interface del" or by sending
 * {monif}, with no NL, down /sys/class/ieee80211/{phydev}/remove_iface
 *
 * Note: if you try to create a monitor device named "monN", and
 * there's already a "monN" device, it fails, as least with
 * the netlink interface (which is what iw uses), with a return
 * value of -ENFILE.  (Return values are negative errnos.)  We
 * could probably use that to find an unused device.
 *
 * Yes, you can have multiple monitor devices for a given
 * physical device.
 */

/*
 * Is this a mac80211 device?  If so, fill in the physical device path and
 * return 1; if not, return 0.  On an error, fill in handle->errbuf and
 * return PCAP_ERROR.
 */
static int
get_mac80211_phydev(pcap_t *handle, const char *device, char *phydev_path,
    size_t phydev_max_pathlen)
{
  char *pathstr;
  ssize_t bytes_read;

  /*
   * Generate the path string for the symlink to the physical device.
   */
  if (asprintf(&pathstr, "/sys/class/net/%s/phy80211", device) == -1) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: Can't generate path name string for /sys/class/net device",
        device);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  bytes_read = readlink(pathstr, phydev_path, phydev_max_pathlen);
  if (bytes_read == -1) {
    if (errno == ENOENT || errno == EINVAL) {
      /*
       * Doesn't exist, or not a symlink; assume that
       * means it's not a mac80211 device.
       */
      free(pathstr);
      return 0;
    }
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "%s: Can't readlink %s", device, pathstr);
    free(pathstr);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  free(pathstr);
  phydev_path[bytes_read] = '\0';
  return 1;
}

#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL_SOCKETS
#define get_nl_errmsg nl_geterror
#else
/* libnl 2.x compatibility code */

#define nl_sock nl_handle

static inline struct nl_handle *
nl_socket_alloc(void)
{
  return nl_handle_alloc();
}

static inline void
nl_socket_free(struct nl_handle *h)
{
  nl_handle_destroy(h);
}

#define get_nl_errmsg strerror

static inline int
__genl_ctrl_alloc_cache(struct nl_handle *h, struct nl_cache **cache)
{
  struct nl_cache *tmp = genl_ctrl_alloc_cache(h);
  if (!tmp)
    return -ENOMEM;
  *cache = tmp;
  return 0;
}
#define genl_ctrl_alloc_cache __genl_ctrl_alloc_cache
#endif /* !HAVE_LIBNL_SOCKETS */

struct nl80211_state {
  struct nl_sock *nl_sock;
  struct nl_cache *nl_cache;
  struct genl_family *nl80211;
};

static int
nl80211_init(pcap_t *handle, struct nl80211_state *state, const char *device)
{
  int err;

  state->nl_sock = nl_socket_alloc();
  if (!state->nl_sock) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: failed to allocate netlink handle", device);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  if (genl_connect(state->nl_sock)) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: failed to connect to generic netlink", device);
    goto out_handle_destroy;
  }

  err = genl_ctrl_alloc_cache(state->nl_sock, &state->nl_cache);
  if (err < 0) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: failed to allocate generic netlink cache: %s",
        device, get_nl_errmsg(-err));
    goto out_handle_destroy;
  }

  state->nl80211 = genl_ctrl_search_by_name(state->nl_cache, "nl80211");
  if (!state->nl80211) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: nl80211 not found", device);
    goto out_cache_free;
  }

  return 0;

out_cache_free:
  nl_cache_free(state->nl_cache);
out_handle_destroy:
  nl_socket_free(state->nl_sock);
  return PCAP_ERROR;
}

static void
nl80211_cleanup(struct nl80211_state *state)
{
  genl_family_put(state->nl80211);
  nl_cache_free(state->nl_cache);
  nl_socket_free(state->nl_sock);
}

static int
del_mon_if(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd, struct nl80211_state *state,
    const char *device, const char *mondevice);

static int
add_mon_if(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd, struct nl80211_state *state,
    const char *device, const char *mondevice)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int ifindex;
  struct nl_msg *msg;
  int err;

  ifindex = iface_get_id(sock_fd, device, handle->errbuf);
  if (ifindex == -1)
    return PCAP_ERROR;

  msg = nlmsg_alloc();
  if (!msg) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: failed to allocate netlink msg", device);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  genlmsg_put(msg, 0, 0, genl_family_get_id(state->nl80211), 0,
        0, NL80211_CMD_NEW_INTERFACE, 0);
  NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFINDEX, ifindex);
  NLA_PUT_STRING(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFNAME, mondevice);
  NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFTYPE, NL80211_IFTYPE_MONITOR);

  err = nl_send_auto_complete(state->nl_sock, msg);
  if (err < 0) {
#if defined HAVE_LIBNL_NLE
    if (err == -NLE_FAILURE) {
#else
    if (err == -ENFILE) {
#endif
      /*
       * Device not available; our caller should just
       * keep trying.  (libnl 2.x maps ENFILE to
       * NLE_FAILURE; it can also map other errors
       * to that, but there's not much we can do
       * about that.)
       */
      nlmsg_free(msg);
      return 0;
    } else {
      /*
       * Real failure, not just "that device is not
       * available.
       */
      pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "%s: nl_send_auto_complete failed adding %s interface: %s",
          device, mondevice, get_nl_errmsg(-err));
      nlmsg_free(msg);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }
  err = nl_wait_for_ack(state->nl_sock);
  if (err < 0) {
#if defined HAVE_LIBNL_NLE
    if (err == -NLE_FAILURE) {
#else
    if (err == -ENFILE) {
#endif
      /*
       * Device not available; our caller should just
       * keep trying.  (libnl 2.x maps ENFILE to
       * NLE_FAILURE; it can also map other errors
       * to that, but there's not much we can do
       * about that.)
       */
      nlmsg_free(msg);
      return 0;
    } else {
      /*
       * Real failure, not just "that device is not
       * available.
       */
      pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "%s: nl_wait_for_ack failed adding %s interface: %s",
          device, mondevice, get_nl_errmsg(-err));
      nlmsg_free(msg);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /*
   * Success.
   */
  nlmsg_free(msg);

  /*
   * Try to remember the monitor device.
   */
  handlep->mondevice = strdup(mondevice);
  if (handlep->mondevice == NULL) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "strdup");
    /*
     * Get rid of the monitor device.
     */
    del_mon_if(handle, sock_fd, state, device, mondevice);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  return 1;

nla_put_failure:
  pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
      "%s: nl_put failed adding %s interface",
      device, mondevice);
  nlmsg_free(msg);
  return PCAP_ERROR;
}

static int
del_mon_if(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd, struct nl80211_state *state,
    const char *device, const char *mondevice)
{
  int ifindex;
  struct nl_msg *msg;
  int err;

  ifindex = iface_get_id(sock_fd, mondevice, handle->errbuf);
  if (ifindex == -1)
    return PCAP_ERROR;

  msg = nlmsg_alloc();
  if (!msg) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: failed to allocate netlink msg", device);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  genlmsg_put(msg, 0, 0, genl_family_get_id(state->nl80211), 0,
        0, NL80211_CMD_DEL_INTERFACE, 0);
  NLA_PUT_U32(msg, NL80211_ATTR_IFINDEX, ifindex);

  err = nl_send_auto_complete(state->nl_sock, msg);
  if (err < 0) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: nl_send_auto_complete failed deleting %s interface: %s",
        device, mondevice, get_nl_errmsg(-err));
    nlmsg_free(msg);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  err = nl_wait_for_ack(state->nl_sock);
  if (err < 0) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: nl_wait_for_ack failed adding %s interface: %s",
        device, mondevice, get_nl_errmsg(-err));
    nlmsg_free(msg);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  /*
   * Success.
   */
  nlmsg_free(msg);
  return 1;

nla_put_failure:
  pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
      "%s: nl_put failed deleting %s interface",
      device, mondevice);
  nlmsg_free(msg);
  return PCAP_ERROR;
}

static int
enter_rfmon_mode_mac80211(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd, const char *device)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int ret;
  char phydev_path[PATH_MAX+1];
  struct nl80211_state nlstate;
  struct ifreq ifr;
  u_int n;

  /*
   * Is this a mac80211 device?
   */
  ret = get_mac80211_phydev(handle, device, phydev_path, PATH_MAX);
  if (ret < 0)
    return ret; /* error */
  if (ret == 0)
    return 0; /* no error, but not mac80211 device */

  /*
   * XXX - is this already a monN device?
   * If so, we're done.
   * Is that determined by old Wireless Extensions ioctls?
   */

  /*
   * OK, it's apparently a mac80211 device.
   * Try to find an unused monN device for it.
   */
  ret = nl80211_init(handle, &nlstate, device);
  if (ret != 0)
    return ret;
  for (n = 0; n < UINT_MAX; n++) {
    /*
     * Try mon{n}.
     */
    char mondevice[3+10+1]; /* mon{UINT_MAX}\0 */

    pcap_snprintf(mondevice, sizeof mondevice, "mon%u", n);
    ret = add_mon_if(handle, sock_fd, &nlstate, device, mondevice);
    if (ret == 1) {
      /*
       * Success.  We don't clean up the libnl state
       * yet, as we'll be using it later.
       */
      goto added;
    }
    if (ret < 0) {
      /*
       * Hard failure.  Just return ret; handle->errbuf
       * has already been set.
       */
      nl80211_cleanup(&nlstate);
      return ret;
    }
  }

  pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
      "%s: No free monN interfaces", device);
  nl80211_cleanup(&nlstate);
  return PCAP_ERROR;

added:

#if 0
  /*
   * Sleep for .1 seconds.
   */
  delay.tv_sec = 0;
  delay.tv_nsec = 500000000;
  nanosleep(&delay, NULL);
#endif

  /*
   * If we haven't already done so, arrange to have
   * "pcap_close_all()" called when we exit.
   */
  if (!pcap_do_addexit(handle)) {
    /*
     * "atexit()" failed; don't put the interface
     * in rfmon mode, just give up.
     */
    del_mon_if(handle, sock_fd, &nlstate, device,
        handlep->mondevice);
    nl80211_cleanup(&nlstate);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  /*
   * Now configure the monitor interface up.
   */
  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, handlep->mondevice, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "%s: Can't get flags for %s", device,
        handlep->mondevice);
    del_mon_if(handle, sock_fd, &nlstate, device,
        handlep->mondevice);
    nl80211_cleanup(&nlstate);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP|IFF_RUNNING;
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "%s: Can't set flags for %s", device,
        handlep->mondevice);
    del_mon_if(handle, sock_fd, &nlstate, device,
        handlep->mondevice);
    nl80211_cleanup(&nlstate);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  /*
   * Success.  Clean up the libnl state.
   */
  nl80211_cleanup(&nlstate);

  /*
   * Note that we have to delete the monitor device when we close
   * the handle.
   */
  handlep->must_do_on_close |= MUST_DELETE_MONIF;

  /*
   * Add this to the list of pcaps to close when we exit.
   */
  pcap_add_to_pcaps_to_close(handle);

  return 1;
}
#endif /* HAVE_LIBNL */

#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
/*
 * Bonding devices mishandle unknown ioctls; they fail with ENODEV
 * rather than ENOTSUP, EOPNOTSUPP, or ENOTTY, so Wireless Extensions
 * will fail with ENODEV if we try to do them on a bonding device,
 * making us return a "no such device" indication rather than just
 * saying "no Wireless Extensions".
 *
 * So we check for bonding devices, if we can, before trying those
 * ioctls, by trying a bonding device information query ioctl to see
 * whether it succeeds.
 */
static int
is_bonding_device(int fd, const char *device)
{
#ifdef BOND_INFO_QUERY_IOCTL
  struct ifreq ifr;
  ifbond ifb;

  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof ifr);
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof ifr.ifr_name);
  memset(&ifb, 0, sizeof ifb);
  ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&ifb;
  if (ioctl(fd, BOND_INFO_QUERY_IOCTL, &ifr) == 0)
    return 1; /* success, so it's a bonding device */
#endif /* BOND_INFO_QUERY_IOCTL */

  return 0; /* no, it's not a bonding device */
}
#endif /* IW_MODE_MONITOR */

static int pcap_protocol(pcap_t *handle)
{
  int protocol;

  protocol = handle->opt.protocol;
  if (protocol == 0)
    protocol = ETH_P_ALL;

  return htons(protocol);
}

static int
pcap_can_set_rfmon_linux(pcap_t *handle)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL
  char phydev_path[PATH_MAX+1];
  int ret;
#endif
#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
  int sock_fd;
  struct iwreq ireq;
#endif

  if (strcmp(handle->opt.device, "any") == 0) {
    /*
     * Monitor mode makes no sense on the "any" device.
     */
    return 0;
  }

#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL
  /*
   * Bleah.  There doesn't seem to be a way to ask a mac80211
   * device, through libnl, whether it supports monitor mode;
   * we'll just check whether the device appears to be a
   * mac80211 device and, if so, assume the device supports
   * monitor mode.
   *
   * wmaster devices don't appear to support the Wireless
   * Extensions, but we can create a mon device for a
   * wmaster device, so we don't bother checking whether
   * a mac80211 device supports the Wireless Extensions.
   */
  ret = get_mac80211_phydev(handle, handle->opt.device, phydev_path,
      PATH_MAX);
  if (ret < 0)
    return ret; /* error */
  if (ret == 1)
    return 1; /* mac80211 device */
#endif

#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
  /*
   * Bleah.  There doesn't appear to be an ioctl to use to ask
   * whether a device supports monitor mode; we'll just do
   * SIOCGIWMODE and, if it succeeds, assume the device supports
   * monitor mode.
   *
   * Open a socket on which to attempt to get the mode.
   * (We assume that if we have Wireless Extensions support
   * we also have PF_PACKET support.)
   */
  sock_fd = socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW, pcap_protocol(handle));
  if (sock_fd == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "socket");
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  if (is_bonding_device(sock_fd, handle->opt.device)) {
    /* It's a bonding device, so don't even try. */
    close(sock_fd);
    return 0;
  }

  /*
   * Attempt to get the current mode.
   */
  pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, handle->opt.device,
      sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIWMODE, &ireq) != -1) {
    /*
     * Well, we got the mode; assume we can set it.
     */
    close(sock_fd);
    return 1;
  }
  if (errno == ENODEV) {
    /* The device doesn't even exist. */
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "SIOCGIWMODE failed");
    close(sock_fd);
    return PCAP_ERROR_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
  }
  close(sock_fd);
#endif
  return 0;
}

/*
 * Grabs the number of dropped packets by the interface from /proc/net/dev.
 *
 * XXX - what about /sys/class/net/{interface name}/rx_*?  There are
 * individual devices giving, in ASCII, various rx_ and tx_ statistics.
 *
 * Or can we get them in binary form from netlink?
 */
static long int
linux_if_drops(const char * if_name)
{
  char buffer[512];
  FILE *file;
  char *bufptr, *nameptr, *colonptr;
  int field_to_convert = 3;
  long int dropped_pkts = 0;

  file = fopen("/proc/net/dev", "r");
  if (!file)
    return 0;

  while (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), file) != NULL)
  {
    /*  search for 'bytes' -- if its in there, then
      that means we need to grab the fourth field. otherwise
      grab the third field. */
    if (field_to_convert != 4 && strstr(buffer, "bytes"))
    {
      field_to_convert = 4;
      continue;
    }

    /*
     * See whether this line corresponds to this device.
     * The line should have zero or more leading blanks,
     * followed by a device name, followed by a colon,
     * followed by the statistics.
     */
    bufptr = buffer;
    /* Skip leading blanks */
    while (*bufptr == ' ')
      bufptr++;
    nameptr = bufptr;
    /* Look for the colon */
    colonptr = strchr(nameptr, ':');
    if (colonptr == NULL)
    {
      /*
       * Not found; this could, for example, be the
       * header line.
       */
      continue;
    }
    /* Null-terminate the interface name. */
    *colonptr = '\0';
    if (strcmp(if_name, nameptr) == 0)
    {
      /*
       * OK, this line has the statistics for the interface.
       * Skip past the interface name.
       */
      bufptr = colonptr + 1;

      /* grab the nth field from it */
      while (--field_to_convert && *bufptr != '\0')
      {
        /*
         * This isn't the field we want.
         * First, skip any leading blanks before
         * the field.
         */
        while (*bufptr == ' ')
          bufptr++;

        /*
         * Now skip the non-blank characters of
         * the field.
         */
        while (*bufptr != '\0' && *bufptr != ' ')
          bufptr++;
      }

      if (field_to_convert == 0)
      {
        /*
         * We've found the field we want.
         * Skip any leading blanks before it.
         */
        while (*bufptr == ' ')
          bufptr++;

        /*
         * Now extract the value, if we have one.
         */
        if (*bufptr != '\0')
          dropped_pkts = strtol(bufptr, NULL, 10);
      }
      break;
    }
  }

  fclose(file);
  return dropped_pkts;
}


/*
 * With older kernels promiscuous mode is kind of interesting because we
 * have to reset the interface before exiting. The problem can't really
 * be solved without some daemon taking care of managing usage counts.
 * If we put the interface into promiscuous mode, we set a flag indicating
 * that we must take it out of that mode when the interface is closed,
 * and, when closing the interface, if that flag is set we take it out
 * of promiscuous mode.
 *
 * Even with newer kernels, we have the same issue with rfmon mode.
 */

static void pcap_cleanup_linux( pcap_t *handle )
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  struct ifreq  ifr;
#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL
  struct nl80211_state nlstate;
  int ret;
#endif /* HAVE_LIBNL */
#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
  int oldflags;
  struct iwreq ireq;
#endif /* IW_MODE_MONITOR */

  if (handlep->must_do_on_close != 0) {
    /*
     * There's something we have to do when closing this
     * pcap_t.
     */
    if (handlep->must_do_on_close & MUST_CLEAR_PROMISC) {
      /*
       * We put the interface into promiscuous mode;
       * take it out of promiscuous mode.
       *
       * XXX - if somebody else wants it in promiscuous
       * mode, this code cannot know that, so it'll take
       * it out of promiscuous mode.  That's not fixable
       * in 2.0[.x] kernels.
       */
      memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
      pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, handlep->device,
          sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
      if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr,
            "Can't restore interface %s flags (SIOCGIFFLAGS failed: %s).\n"
            "Please adjust manually.\n"
            "Hint: This can't happen with Linux >= 2.2.0.\n",
            handlep->device, strerror(errno));
      } else {
        if (ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_PROMISC) {
          /*
           * Promiscuous mode is currently on;
           * turn it off.
           */
          ifr.ifr_flags &= ~IFF_PROMISC;
          if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS,
              &ifr) == -1) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                "Can't restore interface %s flags (SIOCSIFFLAGS failed: %s).\n"
                "Please adjust manually.\n"
                "Hint: This can't happen with Linux >= 2.2.0.\n",
                handlep->device,
                strerror(errno));
          }
        }
      }
    }

#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL
    if (handlep->must_do_on_close & MUST_DELETE_MONIF) {
      ret = nl80211_init(handle, &nlstate, handlep->device);
      if (ret >= 0) {
        ret = del_mon_if(handle, handle->fd, &nlstate,
            handlep->device, handlep->mondevice);
        nl80211_cleanup(&nlstate);
      }
      if (ret < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr,
            "Can't delete monitor interface %s (%s).\n"
            "Please delete manually.\n",
            handlep->mondevice, handle->errbuf);
      }
    }
#endif /* HAVE_LIBNL */

#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
    if (handlep->must_do_on_close & MUST_CLEAR_RFMON) {
      /*
       * We put the interface into rfmon mode;
       * take it out of rfmon mode.
       *
       * XXX - if somebody else wants it in rfmon
       * mode, this code cannot know that, so it'll take
       * it out of rfmon mode.
       */

      /*
       * First, take the interface down if it's up;
       * otherwise, we might get EBUSY.
       * If we get errors, just drive on and print
       * a warning if we can't restore the mode.
       */
      oldflags = 0;
      memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
      pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, handlep->device,
          sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
      if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) != -1) {
        if (ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP) {
          oldflags = ifr.ifr_flags;
          ifr.ifr_flags &= ~IFF_UP;
          if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1)
            oldflags = 0; /* didn't set, don't restore */
        }
      }

      /*
       * Now restore the mode.
       */
      pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, handlep->device,
          sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
      ireq.u.mode = handlep->oldmode;
      if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCSIWMODE, &ireq) == -1) {
        /*
         * Scientist, you've failed.
         */
        fprintf(stderr,
            "Can't restore interface %s wireless mode (SIOCSIWMODE failed: %s).\n"
            "Please adjust manually.\n",
            handlep->device, strerror(errno));
      }

      /*
       * Now bring the interface back up if we brought
       * it down.
       */
      if (oldflags != 0) {
        ifr.ifr_flags = oldflags;
        if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
          fprintf(stderr,
              "Can't bring interface %s back up (SIOCSIFFLAGS failed: %s).\n"
              "Please adjust manually.\n",
              handlep->device, strerror(errno));
        }
      }
    }
#endif /* IW_MODE_MONITOR */

    /*
     * Take this pcap out of the list of pcaps for which we
     * have to take the interface out of some mode.
     */
    pcap_remove_from_pcaps_to_close(handle);
  }

  if (handlep->mondevice != NULL) {
    free(handlep->mondevice);
    handlep->mondevice = NULL;
  }
  if (handlep->device != NULL) {
    free(handlep->device);
    handlep->device = NULL;
  }
  pcap_cleanup_live_common(handle);
}

/*
 * Set the timeout to be used in poll() with memory-mapped packet capture.
 */
static void
set_poll_timeout(struct pcap_linux *handlep)
{
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  struct utsname utsname;
  char *version_component, *endp;
  int major, minor;
  int broken_tpacket_v3 = 1;

  /*
   * Some versions of TPACKET_V3 have annoying bugs/misfeatures
   * around which we have to work.  Determine if we have those
   * problems or not.
   */
  if (uname(&utsname) == 0) {
    /*
     * 3.19 is the first release with a fixed version of
     * TPACKET_V3.  We treat anything before that as
     * not haveing a fixed version; that may really mean
     * it has *no* version.
     */
    version_component = utsname.release;
    major = strtol(version_component, &endp, 10);
    if (endp != version_component && *endp == '.') {
      /*
       * OK, that was a valid major version.
       * Get the minor version.
       */
      version_component = endp + 1;
      minor = strtol(version_component, &endp, 10);
      if (endp != version_component &&
          (*endp == '.' || *endp == '\0')) {
        /*
         * OK, that was a valid minor version.
         * Is this 3.19 or newer?
         */
        if (major >= 4 || (major == 3 && minor >= 19)) {
          /* Yes. TPACKET_V3 works correctly. */
          broken_tpacket_v3 = 0;
        }
      }
    }
  }
#endif
  if (handlep->timeout == 0) {
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
    /*
     * XXX - due to a set of (mis)features in the TPACKET_V3
     * kernel code prior to the 3.19 kernel, blocking forever
     * with a TPACKET_V3 socket can, if few packets are
     * arriving and passing the socket filter, cause most
     * packets to be dropped.  See libpcap issue #335 for the
     * full painful story.
     *
     * The workaround is to have poll() time out very quickly,
     * so we grab the frames handed to us, and return them to
     * the kernel, ASAP.
     */
    if (handlep->tp_version == TPACKET_V3 && broken_tpacket_v3)
      handlep->poll_timeout = 1; /* don't block for very long */
    else
#endif
      handlep->poll_timeout = -1; /* block forever */
  } else if (handlep->timeout > 0) {
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
    /*
     * For TPACKET_V3, the timeout is handled by the kernel,
     * so block forever; that way, we don't get extra timeouts.
     * Don't do that if we have a broken TPACKET_V3, though.
     */
    if (handlep->tp_version == TPACKET_V3 && !broken_tpacket_v3)
      handlep->poll_timeout = -1; /* block forever, let TPACKET_V3 wake us up */
    else
#endif
      handlep->poll_timeout = handlep->timeout; /* block for that amount of time */
  } else {
    /*
     * Non-blocking mode; we call poll() to pick up error
     * indications, but we don't want it to wait for
     * anything.
     */
    handlep->poll_timeout = 0;
  }
}

/*
 *  Get a handle for a live capture from the given device. You can
 *  pass NULL as device to get all packages (without link level
 *  information of course). If you pass 1 as promisc the interface
 *  will be set to promiscous mode (XXX: I think this usage should
 *  be deprecated and functions be added to select that later allow
 *  modification of that values -- Torsten).
 */
static int
pcap_activate_linux(pcap_t *handle)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  const char  *device;
  struct ifreq  ifr;
  int   status = 0;
  int   ret;

  device = handle->opt.device;

  /*
   * Make sure the name we were handed will fit into the ioctls we
   * might perform on the device; if not, return a "No such device"
   * indication, as the Linux kernel shouldn't support creating
   * a device whose name won't fit into those ioctls.
   *
   * "Will fit" means "will fit, complete with a null terminator",
   * so if the length, which does *not* include the null terminator,
   * is greater than *or equal to* the size of the field into which
   * we'll be copying it, that won't fit.
   */
  if (strlen(device) >= sizeof(ifr.ifr_name)) {
    status = PCAP_ERROR_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
    goto fail;
  }

  /*
   * Turn a negative snapshot value (invalid), a snapshot value of
   * 0 (unspecified), or a value bigger than the normal maximum
   * value, into the maximum allowed value.
   *
   * If some application really *needs* a bigger snapshot
   * length, we should just increase MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN.
   */
  if (handle->snapshot <= 0 || handle->snapshot > MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN)
    handle->snapshot = MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN;

  handle->inject_op = pcap_inject_linux;
  handle->setfilter_op = pcap_setfilter_linux;
  handle->setdirection_op = pcap_setdirection_linux;
  handle->set_datalink_op = pcap_set_datalink_linux;
  handle->getnonblock_op = pcap_getnonblock_fd;
  handle->setnonblock_op = pcap_setnonblock_fd;
  handle->cleanup_op = pcap_cleanup_linux;
  handle->read_op = pcap_read_linux;
  handle->stats_op = pcap_stats_linux;

  /*
   * The "any" device is a special device which causes us not
   * to bind to a particular device and thus to look at all
   * devices.
   */
  if (strcmp(device, "any") == 0) {
    if (handle->opt.promisc) {
      handle->opt.promisc = 0;
      /* Just a warning. */
      pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "Promiscuous mode not supported on the \"any\" device");
      status = PCAP_WARNING_PROMISC_NOTSUP;
    }
  }

  handlep->device = strdup(device);
  if (handlep->device == NULL) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "strdup");
    status = PCAP_ERROR;
    goto fail;
  }

  /* copy timeout value */
  handlep->timeout = handle->opt.timeout;

  /*
   * If we're in promiscuous mode, then we probably want
   * to see when the interface drops packets too, so get an
   * initial count from /proc/net/dev
   */
  if (handle->opt.promisc)
    handlep->proc_dropped = linux_if_drops(handlep->device);

  /*
   * Current Linux kernels use the protocol family PF_PACKET to
   * allow direct access to all packets on the network while
   * older kernels had a special socket type SOCK_PACKET to
   * implement this feature.
   * While this old implementation is kind of obsolete we need
   * to be compatible with older kernels for a while so we are
   * trying both methods with the newer method preferred.
   */
  ret = activate_new(handle);
  if (ret < 0) {
    /*
     * Fatal error with the new way; just fail.
     * ret has the error return; if it's PCAP_ERROR,
     * handle->errbuf has been set appropriately.
     */
    status = ret;
    goto fail;
  }
  if (ret == 1) {
    /*
     * Success.
     * Try to use memory-mapped access.
     */
    switch (activate_mmap(handle, &status)) {

    case 1:
      /*
       * We succeeded.  status has been
       * set to the status to return,
       * which might be 0, or might be
       * a PCAP_WARNING_ value.
       *
       * Set the timeout to use in poll() before
       * returning.
       */
      set_poll_timeout(handlep);
      return status;

    case 0:
      /*
       * Kernel doesn't support it - just continue
       * with non-memory-mapped access.
       */
      break;

    case -1:
      /*
       * We failed to set up to use it, or the kernel
       * supports it, but we failed to enable it.
       * status has been set to the error status to
       * return and, if it's PCAP_ERROR, handle->errbuf
       * contains the error message.
       */
      goto fail;
    }
  }
  else if (ret == 0) {
    /* Non-fatal error; try old way */
    if ((ret = activate_old(handle)) != 1) {
      /*
       * Both methods to open the packet socket failed.
       * Tidy up and report our failure (handle->errbuf
       * is expected to be set by the functions above).
       */
      status = ret;
      goto fail;
    }
  }

  /*
   * We set up the socket, but not with memory-mapped access.
   */
  if (handle->opt.buffer_size != 0) {
    /*
     * Set the socket buffer size to the specified value.
     */
    if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF,
        &handle->opt.buffer_size,
        sizeof(handle->opt.buffer_size)) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "SO_RCVBUF");
      status = PCAP_ERROR;
      goto fail;
    }
  }

  /* Allocate the buffer */

  handle->buffer   = malloc(handle->bufsize + handle->offset);
  if (!handle->buffer) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "malloc");
    status = PCAP_ERROR;
    goto fail;
  }

  /*
   * "handle->fd" is a socket, so "select()" and "poll()"
   * should work on it.
   */
  handle->selectable_fd = handle->fd;

  return status;

fail:
  pcap_cleanup_linux(handle);
  return status;
}

/*
 *  Read at most max_packets from the capture stream and call the callback
 *  for each of them. Returns the number of packets handled or -1 if an
 *  error occured.
 */
static int
pcap_read_linux(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets _U_, pcap_handler callback, u_char *user)
{
  /*
   * Currently, on Linux only one packet is delivered per read,
   * so we don't loop.
   */
  return pcap_read_packet(handle, callback, user);
}

static int
pcap_set_datalink_linux(pcap_t *handle, int dlt)
{
  handle->linktype = dlt;
  return 0;
}

/*
 * linux_check_direction()
 *
 * Do checks based on packet direction.
 */
static inline int
linux_check_direction(const pcap_t *handle, const struct sockaddr_ll *sll)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

  if (sll->sll_pkttype == PACKET_OUTGOING) {
    /*
     * Outgoing packet.
     * If this is from the loopback device, reject it;
     * we'll see the packet as an incoming packet as well,
     * and we don't want to see it twice.
     */
    if (sll->sll_ifindex == handlep->lo_ifindex)
      return 0;

    /*
     * If this is an outgoing CAN or CAN FD frame, and
     * the user doesn't only want outgoing packets,
     * reject it; CAN devices and drivers, and the CAN
     * stack, always arrange to loop back transmitted
     * packets, so they also appear as incoming packets.
     * We don't want duplicate packets, and we can't
     * easily distinguish packets looped back by the CAN
     * layer than those received by the CAN layer, so we
     * eliminate this packet instead.
     */
    if ((sll->sll_protocol == LINUX_SLL_P_CAN ||
         sll->sll_protocol == LINUX_SLL_P_CANFD) &&
         handle->direction != PCAP_D_OUT)
      return 0;

    /*
     * If the user only wants incoming packets, reject it.
     */
    if (handle->direction == PCAP_D_IN)
      return 0;
  } else {
    /*
     * Incoming packet.
     * If the user only wants outgoing packets, reject it.
     */
    if (handle->direction == PCAP_D_OUT)
      return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}

/*
 *  Read a packet from the socket calling the handler provided by
 *  the user. Returns the number of packets received or -1 if an
 *  error occured.
 */
static int
pcap_read_packet(pcap_t *handle, pcap_handler callback, u_char *userdata)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  u_char      *bp;
  int     offset;
#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
  struct sockaddr_ll  from;
#else
  struct sockaddr   from;
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI)
  struct iovec    iov;
  struct msghdr   msg;
  struct cmsghdr    *cmsg;
  union {
    struct cmsghdr  cmsg;
    char    buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct tpacket_auxdata))];
  } cmsg_buf;
#else /* defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI) */
  socklen_t   fromlen;
#endif /* defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI) */
  int     packet_len, caplen;
  struct pcap_pkthdr  pcap_header;

        struct bpf_aux_data     aux_data;
#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
  /*
   * If this is a cooked device, leave extra room for a
   * fake packet header.
   */
  if (handlep->cooked) {
    if (handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_SLL2)
      offset = SLL2_HDR_LEN;
    else
      offset = SLL_HDR_LEN;
  } else
    offset = 0;
#else
  /*
   * This system doesn't have PF_PACKET sockets, so it doesn't
   * support cooked devices.
   */
  offset = 0;
#endif

  /*
   * Receive a single packet from the kernel.
   * We ignore EINTR, as that might just be due to a signal
   * being delivered - if the signal should interrupt the
   * loop, the signal handler should call pcap_breakloop()
   * to set handle->break_loop (we ignore it on other
   * platforms as well).
   * We also ignore ENETDOWN, so that we can continue to
   * capture traffic if the interface goes down and comes
   * back up again; comments in the kernel indicate that
   * we'll just block waiting for packets if we try to
   * receive from a socket that delivered ENETDOWN, and,
   * if we're using a memory-mapped buffer, we won't even
   * get notified of "network down" events.
   */
  bp = (u_char *)handle->buffer + handle->offset;

#if defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI)
  msg.msg_name    = &from;
  msg.msg_namelen   = sizeof(from);
  msg.msg_iov   = &iov;
  msg.msg_iovlen    = 1;
  msg.msg_control   = &cmsg_buf;
  msg.msg_controllen  = sizeof(cmsg_buf);
  msg.msg_flags   = 0;

  iov.iov_len   = handle->bufsize - offset;
  iov.iov_base    = bp + offset;
#endif /* defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI) */

  do {
    /*
     * Has "pcap_breakloop()" been called?
     */
    if (handle->break_loop) {
      /*
       * Yes - clear the flag that indicates that it has,
       * and return PCAP_ERROR_BREAK as an indication that
       * we were told to break out of the loop.
       */
      handle->break_loop = 0;
      return PCAP_ERROR_BREAK;
    }

#if defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI)
    packet_len = recvmsg(handle->fd, &msg, MSG_TRUNC);
#else /* defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI) */
    fromlen = sizeof(from);
    packet_len = recvfrom(
      handle->fd, bp + offset,
      handle->bufsize - offset, MSG_TRUNC,
      (struct sockaddr *) &from, &fromlen);
#endif /* defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI) */
  } while (packet_len == -1 && errno == EINTR);

  /* Check if an error occured */

  if (packet_len == -1) {
    switch (errno) {

    case EAGAIN:
      return 0; /* no packet there */

    case ENETDOWN:
      /*
       * The device on which we're capturing went away.
       *
       * XXX - we should really return
       * PCAP_ERROR_IFACE_NOT_UP, but pcap_dispatch()
       * etc. aren't defined to return that.
       */
      pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "The interface went down");
      return PCAP_ERROR;

    default:
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "recvfrom");
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }

#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
  if (!handlep->sock_packet) {
    /*
     * Unfortunately, there is a window between socket() and
     * bind() where the kernel may queue packets from any
     * interface.  If we're bound to a particular interface,
     * discard packets not from that interface.
     *
     * (If socket filters are supported, we could do the
     * same thing we do when changing the filter; however,
     * that won't handle packet sockets without socket
     * filter support, and it's a bit more complicated.
     * It would save some instructions per packet, however.)
     */
    if (handlep->ifindex != -1 &&
        from.sll_ifindex != handlep->ifindex)
      return 0;

    /*
     * Do checks based on packet direction.
     * We can only do this if we're using PF_PACKET; the
     * address returned for SOCK_PACKET is a "sockaddr_pkt"
     * which lacks the relevant packet type information.
     */
    if (!linux_check_direction(handle, &from))
      return 0;
  }
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
  /*
   * If this is a cooked device, fill in the fake packet header.
   */
  if (handlep->cooked) {
    /*
     * Add the length of the fake header to the length
     * of packet data we read.
     */
    if (handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_SLL2) {
      struct sll2_header  *hdrp;

      packet_len += SLL2_HDR_LEN;

      hdrp = (struct sll2_header *)bp;
      hdrp->sll2_protocol = from.sll_protocol;
      hdrp->sll2_reserved_mbz = 0;
      hdrp->sll2_if_index = htonl(from.sll_ifindex);
      hdrp->sll2_hatype = htons(from.sll_hatype);
      hdrp->sll2_pkttype = from.sll_pkttype;
      hdrp->sll2_halen = from.sll_halen;
      memcpy(hdrp->sll2_addr, from.sll_addr,
          (from.sll_halen > SLL_ADDRLEN) ?
            SLL_ADDRLEN :
            from.sll_halen);
    } else {
      struct sll_header *hdrp;

      packet_len += SLL_HDR_LEN;

      hdrp = (struct sll_header *)bp;
      hdrp->sll_pkttype = htons(from.sll_pkttype);
      hdrp->sll_hatype = htons(from.sll_hatype);
      hdrp->sll_halen = htons(from.sll_halen);
      memcpy(hdrp->sll_addr, from.sll_addr,
          (from.sll_halen > SLL_ADDRLEN) ?
            SLL_ADDRLEN :
            from.sll_halen);
      hdrp->sll_protocol = from.sll_protocol;
    }
  }

  /*
   * Start out with no VLAN information.
   */
  aux_data.vlan_tag_present = 0;
  aux_data.vlan_tag = 0;
#if defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI)
  if (handlep->vlan_offset != -1) {
    for (cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg); cmsg; cmsg = CMSG_NXTHDR(&msg, cmsg)) {
      struct tpacket_auxdata *aux;
      unsigned int len;
      struct vlan_tag *tag;

      if (cmsg->cmsg_len < CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct tpacket_auxdata)) ||
          cmsg->cmsg_level != SOL_PACKET ||
          cmsg->cmsg_type != PACKET_AUXDATA) {
        /*
         * This isn't a PACKET_AUXDATA auxiliary
         * data item.
         */
        continue;
      }

      aux = (struct tpacket_auxdata *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
      if (!VLAN_VALID(aux, aux)) {
        /*
         * There is no VLAN information in the
         * auxiliary data.
         */
        continue;
      }

      len = (u_int)packet_len > iov.iov_len ? iov.iov_len : (u_int)packet_len;
      if (len < (u_int)handlep->vlan_offset)
        break;

      /*
       * Move everything in the header, except the
       * type field, down VLAN_TAG_LEN bytes, to
       * allow us to insert the VLAN tag between
       * that stuff and the type field.
       */
      bp -= VLAN_TAG_LEN;
      memmove(bp, bp + VLAN_TAG_LEN, handlep->vlan_offset);

      /*
       * Now insert the tag.
       */
      tag = (struct vlan_tag *)(bp + handlep->vlan_offset);
      tag->vlan_tpid = htons(VLAN_TPID(aux, aux));
      tag->vlan_tci = htons(aux->tp_vlan_tci);

      /*
       * Save a flag indicating that we have a VLAN tag,
       * and the VLAN TCI, to bpf_aux_data struct for
       * use by the BPF filter if we're doing the
       * filtering in userland.
       */
      aux_data.vlan_tag_present = 1;
      aux_data.vlan_tag = htons(aux->tp_vlan_tci) & 0x0fff;

      /*
       * Add the tag to the packet lengths.
       */
      packet_len += VLAN_TAG_LEN;
    }
  }
#endif /* defined(HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA) && defined(HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_AUXDATA_TP_VLAN_TCI) */
#endif /* HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS */

  /*
   * XXX: According to the kernel source we should get the real
   * packet len if calling recvfrom with MSG_TRUNC set. It does
   * not seem to work here :(, but it is supported by this code
   * anyway.
   * To be honest the code RELIES on that feature so this is really
   * broken with 2.2.x kernels.
   * I spend a day to figure out what's going on and I found out
   * that the following is happening:
   *
   * The packet comes from a random interface and the packet_rcv
   * hook is called with a clone of the packet. That code inserts
   * the packet into the receive queue of the packet socket.
   * If a filter is attached to that socket that filter is run
   * first - and there lies the problem. The default filter always
   * cuts the packet at the snaplen:
   *
   * # tcpdump -d
   * (000) ret      #68
   *
   * So the packet filter cuts down the packet. The recvfrom call
   * says "hey, it's only 68 bytes, it fits into the buffer" with
   * the result that we don't get the real packet length. This
   * is valid at least until kernel 2.2.17pre6.
   *
   * We currently handle this by making a copy of the filter
   * program, fixing all "ret" instructions with non-zero
   * operands to have an operand of MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN so that the
   * filter doesn't truncate the packet, and supplying that modified
   * filter to the kernel.
   */

  caplen = packet_len;
  if (caplen > handle->snapshot)
    caplen = handle->snapshot;

  /* Run the packet filter if not using kernel filter */
  if (handlep->filter_in_userland && handle->fcode.bf_insns) {
    if (bpf_filter_with_aux_data(handle->fcode.bf_insns, bp,
        packet_len, caplen, &aux_data) == 0) {
      /* rejected by filter */
      return 0;
    }
  }

  /* Fill in our own header data */

  /* get timestamp for this packet */
#if defined(SIOCGSTAMPNS) && defined(SO_TIMESTAMPNS)
  if (handle->opt.tstamp_precision == PCAP_TSTAMP_PRECISION_NANO) {
    if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCGSTAMPNS, &pcap_header.ts) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "SIOCGSTAMPNS");
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
        } else
#endif
  {
    if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCGSTAMP, &pcap_header.ts) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "SIOCGSTAMP");
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
        }

  pcap_header.caplen  = caplen;
  pcap_header.len   = packet_len;

  /*
   * Count the packet.
   *
   * Arguably, we should count them before we check the filter,
   * as on many other platforms "ps_recv" counts packets
   * handed to the filter rather than packets that passed
   * the filter, but if filtering is done in the kernel, we
   * can't get a count of packets that passed the filter,
   * and that would mean the meaning of "ps_recv" wouldn't
   * be the same on all Linux systems.
   *
   * XXX - it's not the same on all systems in any case;
   * ideally, we should have a "get the statistics" call
   * that supplies more counts and indicates which of them
   * it supplies, so that we supply a count of packets
   * handed to the filter only on platforms where that
   * information is available.
   *
   * We count them here even if we can get the packet count
   * from the kernel, as we can only determine at run time
   * whether we'll be able to get it from the kernel (if
   * HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_STATS isn't defined, we can't get it from
   * the kernel, but if it is defined, the library might
   * have been built with a 2.4 or later kernel, but we
   * might be running on a 2.2[.x] kernel without Alexey
   * Kuznetzov's turbopacket patches, and thus the kernel
   * might not be able to supply those statistics).  We
   * could, I guess, try, when opening the socket, to get
   * the statistics, and if we can not increment the count
   * here, but it's not clear that always incrementing
   * the count is more expensive than always testing a flag
   * in memory.
   *
   * We keep the count in "handlep->packets_read", and use that
   * for "ps_recv" if we can't get the statistics from the kernel.
   * We do that because, if we *can* get the statistics from
   * the kernel, we use "handlep->stat.ps_recv" and
   * "handlep->stat.ps_drop" as running counts, as reading the
   * statistics from the kernel resets the kernel statistics,
   * and if we directly increment "handlep->stat.ps_recv" here,
   * that means it will count packets *twice* on systems where
   * we can get kernel statistics - once here, and once in
   * pcap_stats_linux().
   */
  handlep->packets_read++;

  /* Call the user supplied callback function */
  callback(userdata, &pcap_header, bp);

  return 1;
}

static int
pcap_inject_linux(pcap_t *handle, const void *buf, size_t size)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int ret;

#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
  if (!handlep->sock_packet) {
    /* PF_PACKET socket */
    if (handlep->ifindex == -1) {
      /*
       * We don't support sending on the "any" device.
       */
      pcap_strlcpy(handle->errbuf,
          "Sending packets isn't supported on the \"any\" device",
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
      return (-1);
    }

    if (handlep->cooked) {
      /*
       * We don't support sending on cooked-mode sockets.
       *
       * XXX - how do you send on a bound cooked-mode
       * socket?
       * Is a "sendto()" required there?
       */
      pcap_strlcpy(handle->errbuf,
          "Sending packets isn't supported in cooked mode",
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
      return (-1);
    }
  }
#endif

  ret = send(handle->fd, buf, size, 0);
  if (ret == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "send");
    return (-1);
  }
  return (ret);
}

/*
 *  Get the statistics for the given packet capture handle.
 *  Reports the number of dropped packets iff the kernel supports
 *  the PACKET_STATISTICS "getsockopt()" argument (2.4 and later
 *  kernels, and 2.2[.x] kernels with Alexey Kuznetzov's turbopacket
 *  patches); otherwise, that information isn't available, and we lie
 *  and report 0 as the count of dropped packets.
 */
static int
pcap_stats_linux(pcap_t *handle, struct pcap_stat *stats)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_STATS
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  /*
   * For sockets using TPACKET_V1 or TPACKET_V2, the extra
   * stuff at the end of a struct tpacket_stats_v3 will not
   * be filled in, and we don't look at it so this is OK even
   * for those sockets.  In addition, the PF_PACKET socket
   * code in the kernel only uses the length parameter to
   * compute how much data to copy out and to indicate how
   * much data was copied out, so it's OK to base it on the
   * size of a struct tpacket_stats.
   *
   * XXX - it's probably OK, in fact, to just use a
   * struct tpacket_stats for V3 sockets, as we don't
   * care about the tp_freeze_q_cnt stat.
   */
  struct tpacket_stats_v3 kstats;
#else /* HAVE_TPACKET3 */
  struct tpacket_stats kstats;
#endif /* HAVE_TPACKET3 */
  socklen_t len = sizeof (struct tpacket_stats);
#endif /* HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_STATS */

  long if_dropped = 0;

  /*
   *  To fill in ps_ifdrop, we parse /proc/net/dev for the number
   */
  if (handle->opt.promisc)
  {
    if_dropped = handlep->proc_dropped;
    handlep->proc_dropped = linux_if_drops(handlep->device);
    handlep->stat.ps_ifdrop += (handlep->proc_dropped - if_dropped);
  }

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_TPACKET_STATS
  /*
   * Try to get the packet counts from the kernel.
   */
  if (getsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_STATISTICS,
      &kstats, &len) > -1) {
    /*
     * On systems where the PACKET_STATISTICS "getsockopt()"
     * argument is supported on PF_PACKET sockets:
     *
     *  "ps_recv" counts only packets that *passed* the
     *  filter, not packets that didn't pass the filter.
     *  This includes packets later dropped because we
     *  ran out of buffer space.
     *
     *  "ps_drop" counts packets dropped because we ran
     *  out of buffer space.  It doesn't count packets
     *  dropped by the interface driver.  It counts only
     *  packets that passed the filter.
     *
     *  See above for ps_ifdrop.
     *
     *  Both statistics include packets not yet read from
     *  the kernel by libpcap, and thus not yet seen by
     *  the application.
     *
     * In "linux/net/packet/af_packet.c", at least in the
     * 2.4.9 kernel, "tp_packets" is incremented for every
     * packet that passes the packet filter *and* is
     * successfully queued on the socket; "tp_drops" is
     * incremented for every packet dropped because there's
     * not enough free space in the socket buffer.
     *
     * When the statistics are returned for a PACKET_STATISTICS
     * "getsockopt()" call, "tp_drops" is added to "tp_packets",
     * so that "tp_packets" counts all packets handed to
     * the PF_PACKET socket, including packets dropped because
     * there wasn't room on the socket buffer - but not
     * including packets that didn't pass the filter.
     *
     * In the BSD BPF, the count of received packets is
     * incremented for every packet handed to BPF, regardless
     * of whether it passed the filter.
     *
     * We can't make "pcap_stats()" work the same on both
     * platforms, but the best approximation is to return
     * "tp_packets" as the count of packets and "tp_drops"
     * as the count of drops.
     *
     * Keep a running total because each call to
     *    getsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_STATISTICS, ....
     * resets the counters to zero.
     */
    handlep->stat.ps_recv += kstats.tp_packets;
    handlep->stat.ps_drop += kstats.tp_drops;
    *stats = handlep->stat;
    return 0;
  }
  else
  {
    /*
     * If the error was EOPNOTSUPP, fall through, so that
     * if you build the library on a system with
     * "struct tpacket_stats" and run it on a system
     * that doesn't, it works as it does if the library
     * is built on a system without "struct tpacket_stats".
     */
    if (errno != EOPNOTSUPP) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "pcap_stats");
      return -1;
    }
  }
#endif
  /*
   * On systems where the PACKET_STATISTICS "getsockopt()" argument
   * is not supported on PF_PACKET sockets:
   *
   *  "ps_recv" counts only packets that *passed* the filter,
   *  not packets that didn't pass the filter.  It does not
   *  count packets dropped because we ran out of buffer
   *  space.
   *
   *  "ps_drop" is not supported.
   *
   *  "ps_ifdrop" is supported. It will return the number
   *  of drops the interface reports in /proc/net/dev,
   *  if that is available.
   *
   *  "ps_recv" doesn't include packets not yet read from
   *  the kernel by libpcap.
   *
   * We maintain the count of packets processed by libpcap in
   * "handlep->packets_read", for reasons described in the comment
   * at the end of pcap_read_packet().  We have no idea how many
   * packets were dropped by the kernel buffers -- but we know
   * how many the interface dropped, so we can return that.
   */

  stats->ps_recv = handlep->packets_read;
  stats->ps_drop = 0;
  stats->ps_ifdrop = handlep->stat.ps_ifdrop;
  return 0;
}

static int
add_linux_if(pcap_if_list_t *devlistp, const char *ifname, int fd, char *errbuf)
{
  const char *p;
  char name[512]; /* XXX - pick a size */
  char *q, *saveq;
  struct ifreq ifrflags;

  /*
   * Get the interface name.
   */
  p = ifname;
  q = &name[0];
  while (*p != '\0' && isascii(*p) && !isspace(*p)) {
    if (*p == ':') {
      /*
       * This could be the separator between a
       * name and an alias number, or it could be
       * the separator between a name with no
       * alias number and the next field.
       *
       * If there's a colon after digits, it
       * separates the name and the alias number,
       * otherwise it separates the name and the
       * next field.
       */
      saveq = q;
      while (isascii(*p) && isdigit(*p))
        *q++ = *p++;
      if (*p != ':') {
        /*
         * That was the next field,
         * not the alias number.
         */
        q = saveq;
      }
      break;
    } else
      *q++ = *p++;
  }
  *q = '\0';

  /*
   * Get the flags for this interface.
   */
  pcap_strlcpy(ifrflags.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifrflags.ifr_name));
  if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, (char *)&ifrflags) < 0) {
    if (errno == ENXIO || errno == ENODEV)
      return (0); /* device doesn't actually exist - ignore it */
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "SIOCGIFFLAGS: %.*s",
        (int)sizeof(ifrflags.ifr_name),
        ifrflags.ifr_name);
    return (-1);
  }

  /*
   * Add an entry for this interface, with no addresses, if it's
   * not already in the list.
   */
  if (find_or_add_if(devlistp, name, ifrflags.ifr_flags,
      get_if_flags, errbuf) == NULL) {
    /*
     * Failure.
     */
    return (-1);
  }

  return (0);
}

/*
 * Get from "/sys/class/net" all interfaces listed there; if they're
 * already in the list of interfaces we have, that won't add another
 * instance, but if they're not, that'll add them.
 *
 * We don't bother getting any addresses for them; it appears you can't
 * use SIOCGIFADDR on Linux to get IPv6 addresses for interfaces, and,
 * although some other types of addresses can be fetched with SIOCGIFADDR,
 * we don't bother with them for now.
 *
 * We also don't fail if we couldn't open "/sys/class/net"; we just leave
 * the list of interfaces as is, and return 0, so that we can try
 * scanning /proc/net/dev.
 *
 * Otherwise, we return 1 if we don't get an error and -1 if we do.
 */
static int
scan_sys_class_net(pcap_if_list_t *devlistp, char *errbuf)
{
  DIR *sys_class_net_d;
  int fd;
  struct dirent *ent;
  char subsystem_path[PATH_MAX+1];
  struct stat statb;
  int ret = 1;

  sys_class_net_d = opendir("/sys/class/net");
  if (sys_class_net_d == NULL) {
    /*
     * Don't fail if it doesn't exist at all.
     */
    if (errno == ENOENT)
      return (0);

    /*
     * Fail if we got some other error.
     */
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "Can't open /sys/class/net");
    return (-1);
  }

  /*
   * Create a socket from which to fetch interface information.
   */
  fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_RAW, 0);
  if (fd < 0) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "socket");
    (void)closedir(sys_class_net_d);
    return (-1);
  }

  for (;;) {
    errno = 0;
    ent = readdir(sys_class_net_d);
    if (ent == NULL) {
      /*
       * Error or EOF; if errno != 0, it's an error.
       */
      break;
    }

    /*
     * Ignore "." and "..".
     */
    if (strcmp(ent->d_name, ".") == 0 ||
        strcmp(ent->d_name, "..") == 0)
      continue;

    /*
     * Ignore plain files; they do not have subdirectories
     * and thus have no attributes.
     */
    if (ent->d_type == DT_REG)
      continue;

    /*
     * Is there an "ifindex" file under that name?
     * (We don't care whether it's a directory or
     * a symlink; older kernels have directories
     * for devices, newer kernels have symlinks to
     * directories.)
     */
    pcap_snprintf(subsystem_path, sizeof subsystem_path,
        "/sys/class/net/%s/ifindex", ent->d_name);
    if (lstat(subsystem_path, &statb) != 0) {
      /*
       * Stat failed.  Either there was an error
       * other than ENOENT, and we don't know if
       * this is an interface, or it's ENOENT,
       * and either some part of "/sys/class/net/{if}"
       * disappeared, in which case it probably means
       * the interface disappeared, or there's no
       * "ifindex" file, which means it's not a
       * network interface.
       */
      continue;
    }

    /*
     * Attempt to add the interface.
     */
    if (add_linux_if(devlistp, &ent->d_name[0], fd, errbuf) == -1) {
      /* Fail. */
      ret = -1;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (ret != -1) {
    /*
     * Well, we didn't fail for any other reason; did we
     * fail due to an error reading the directory?
     */
    if (errno != 0) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          errno, "Error reading /sys/class/net");
      ret = -1;
    }
  }

  (void)close(fd);
  (void)closedir(sys_class_net_d);
  return (ret);
}

/*
 * Get from "/proc/net/dev" all interfaces listed there; if they're
 * already in the list of interfaces we have, that won't add another
 * instance, but if they're not, that'll add them.
 *
 * See comments from scan_sys_class_net().
 */
static int
scan_proc_net_dev(pcap_if_list_t *devlistp, char *errbuf)
{
  FILE *proc_net_f;
  int fd;
  char linebuf[512];
  int linenum;
  char *p;
  int ret = 0;

  proc_net_f = fopen("/proc/net/dev", "r");
  if (proc_net_f == NULL) {
    /*
     * Don't fail if it doesn't exist at all.
     */
    if (errno == ENOENT)
      return (0);

    /*
     * Fail if we got some other error.
     */
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "Can't open /proc/net/dev");
    return (-1);
  }

  /*
   * Create a socket from which to fetch interface information.
   */
  fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_RAW, 0);
  if (fd < 0) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "socket");
    (void)fclose(proc_net_f);
    return (-1);
  }

  for (linenum = 1;
      fgets(linebuf, sizeof linebuf, proc_net_f) != NULL; linenum++) {
    /*
     * Skip the first two lines - they're headers.
     */
    if (linenum <= 2)
      continue;

    p = &linebuf[0];

    /*
     * Skip leading white space.
     */
    while (*p != '\0' && isascii(*p) && isspace(*p))
      p++;
    if (*p == '\0' || *p == '\n')
      continue; /* blank line */

    /*
     * Attempt to add the interface.
     */
    if (add_linux_if(devlistp, p, fd, errbuf) == -1) {
      /* Fail. */
      ret = -1;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (ret != -1) {
    /*
     * Well, we didn't fail for any other reason; did we
     * fail due to an error reading the file?
     */
    if (ferror(proc_net_f)) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          errno, "Error reading /proc/net/dev");
      ret = -1;
    }
  }

  (void)close(fd);
  (void)fclose(proc_net_f);
  return (ret);
}

/*
 * Description string for the "any" device.
 */
static const char any_descr[] = "Pseudo-device that captures on all interfaces";

/*
 * A SOCK_PACKET or PF_PACKET socket can be bound to any network interface.
 */
static int
can_be_bound(const char *name _U_)
{
  return (1);
}

/*
 * Get additional flags for a device, using SIOCGIFMEDIA.
 */
static int
get_if_flags(const char *name, bpf_u_int32 *flags, char *errbuf)
{
  int sock;
  FILE *fh;
  unsigned int arptype;
  struct ifreq ifr;
  struct ethtool_value info;

  if (*flags & PCAP_IF_LOOPBACK) {
    /*
     * Loopback devices aren't wireless, and "connected"/
     * "disconnected" doesn't apply to them.
     */
    *flags |= PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_NOT_APPLICABLE;
    return 0;
  }

  sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
  if (sock == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
        "Can't create socket to get ethtool information for %s",
        name);
    return -1;
  }

  /*
   * OK, what type of network is this?
   * In particular, is it wired or wireless?
   */
  if (is_wifi(sock, name)) {
    /*
     * Wi-Fi, hence wireless.
     */
    *flags |= PCAP_IF_WIRELESS;
  } else {
    /*
     * OK, what does /sys/class/net/{if}/type contain?
     * (We don't use that for Wi-Fi, as it'll report
     * "Ethernet", i.e. ARPHRD_ETHER, for non-monitor-
     * mode devices.)
     */
    char *pathstr;

    if (asprintf(&pathstr, "/sys/class/net/%s/type", name) == -1) {
      pcap_snprintf(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "%s: Can't generate path name string for /sys/class/net device",
          name);
      close(sock);
      return -1;
    }
    fh = fopen(pathstr, "r");
    if (fh != NULL) {
      if (fscanf(fh, "%u", &arptype) == 1) {
        /*
         * OK, we got an ARPHRD_ type; what is it?
         */
        switch (arptype) {

#ifdef ARPHRD_LOOPBACK
        case ARPHRD_LOOPBACK:
          /*
           * These are types to which
           * "connected" and "disconnected"
           * don't apply, so don't bother
           * asking about it.
           *
           * XXX - add other types?
           */
          close(sock);
          fclose(fh);
          free(pathstr);
          return 0;
#endif

        case ARPHRD_IRDA:
        case ARPHRD_IEEE80211:
        case ARPHRD_IEEE80211_PRISM:
        case ARPHRD_IEEE80211_RADIOTAP:
#ifdef ARPHRD_IEEE802154
        case ARPHRD_IEEE802154:
#endif
#ifdef ARPHRD_IEEE802154_MONITOR
        case ARPHRD_IEEE802154_MONITOR:
#endif
#ifdef ARPHRD_6LOWPAN
        case ARPHRD_6LOWPAN:
#endif
          /*
           * Various wireless types.
           */
          *flags |= PCAP_IF_WIRELESS;
          break;
        }
      }
      fclose(fh);
      free(pathstr);
    }
  }

#ifdef ETHTOOL_GLINK
  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
  info.cmd = ETHTOOL_GLINK;
  ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&info;
  if (ioctl(sock, SIOCETHTOOL, &ifr) == -1) {
    int save_errno = errno;

    switch (save_errno) {

    case EOPNOTSUPP:
    case EINVAL:
      /*
       * OK, this OS version or driver doesn't support
       * asking for this information.
       * XXX - distinguish between "this doesn't
       * support ethtool at all because it's not
       * that type of device" vs. "this doesn't
       * support ethtool even though it's that
       * type of device", and return "unknown".
       */
      *flags |= PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_NOT_APPLICABLE;
      close(sock);
      return 0;

    case ENODEV:
      /*
       * OK, no such device.
       * The user will find that out when they try to
       * activate the device; just say "OK" and
       * don't set anything.
       */
      close(sock);
      return 0;

    default:
      /*
       * Other error.
       */
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          save_errno,
          "%s: SIOCETHTOOL(ETHTOOL_GLINK) ioctl failed",
          name);
      close(sock);
      return -1;
    }
  }

  /*
   * Is it connected?
   */
  if (info.data) {
    /*
     * It's connected.
     */
    *flags |= PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_CONNECTED;
  } else {
    /*
     * It's disconnected.
     */
    *flags |= PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_DISCONNECTED;
  }
#endif

  close(sock);
  return 0;
}

int
pcap_platform_finddevs(pcap_if_list_t *devlistp, char *errbuf)
{
  int ret;

  /*
   * Get the list of regular interfaces first.
   */
  if (pcap_findalldevs_interfaces(devlistp, errbuf, can_be_bound,
      get_if_flags) == -1)
    return (-1); /* failure */

  /*
   * Read "/sys/class/net", and add to the list of interfaces all
   * interfaces listed there that we don't already have, because,
   * on Linux, SIOCGIFCONF reports only interfaces with IPv4 addresses,
   * and even getifaddrs() won't return information about
   * interfaces with no addresses, so you need to read "/sys/class/net"
   * to get the names of the rest of the interfaces.
   */
  ret = scan_sys_class_net(devlistp, errbuf);
  if (ret == -1)
    return (-1); /* failed */
  if (ret == 0) {
    /*
     * No /sys/class/net; try reading /proc/net/dev instead.
     */
    if (scan_proc_net_dev(devlistp, errbuf) == -1)
      return (-1);
  }

  /*
   * Add the "any" device.
   * As it refers to all network devices, not to any particular
   * network device, the notion of "connected" vs. "disconnected"
   * doesn't apply.
   */
  if (add_dev(devlistp, "any",
      PCAP_IF_UP|PCAP_IF_RUNNING|PCAP_IF_CONNECTION_STATUS_NOT_APPLICABLE,
      any_descr, errbuf) == NULL)
    return (-1);

  return (0);
}

/*
 *  Attach the given BPF code to the packet capture device.
 */
static int
pcap_setfilter_linux_common(pcap_t *handle, struct bpf_program *filter,
    int is_mmapped)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep;
#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
  struct sock_fprog fcode;
  int     can_filter_in_kernel;
  int     err = 0;
#endif

  if (!handle)
    return -1;
  if (!filter) {
          pcap_strlcpy(handle->errbuf, "setfilter: No filter specified",
      PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
    return -1;
  }

  handlep = handle->priv;

  /* Make our private copy of the filter */

  if (install_bpf_program(handle, filter) < 0)
    /* install_bpf_program() filled in errbuf */
    return -1;

  /*
   * Run user level packet filter by default. Will be overriden if
   * installing a kernel filter succeeds.
   */
  handlep->filter_in_userland = 1;

  /* Install kernel level filter if possible */

#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
#ifdef USHRT_MAX
  if (handle->fcode.bf_len > USHRT_MAX) {
    /*
     * fcode.len is an unsigned short for current kernel.
     * I have yet to see BPF-Code with that much
     * instructions but still it is possible. So for the
     * sake of correctness I added this check.
     */
    fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Filter too complex for kernel\n");
    fcode.len = 0;
    fcode.filter = NULL;
    can_filter_in_kernel = 0;
  } else
#endif /* USHRT_MAX */
  {
    /*
     * Oh joy, the Linux kernel uses struct sock_fprog instead
     * of struct bpf_program and of course the length field is
     * of different size. Pointed out by Sebastian
     *
     * Oh, and we also need to fix it up so that all "ret"
     * instructions with non-zero operands have MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN
     * as the operand if we're not capturing in memory-mapped
     * mode, and so that, if we're in cooked mode, all memory-
     * reference instructions use special magic offsets in
     * references to the link-layer header and assume that the
     * link-layer payload begins at 0; "fix_program()" will do
     * that.
     */
    switch (fix_program(handle, &fcode, is_mmapped)) {

    case -1:
    default:
      /*
       * Fatal error; just quit.
       * (The "default" case shouldn't happen; we
       * return -1 for that reason.)
       */
      return -1;

    case 0:
      /*
       * The program performed checks that we can't make
       * work in the kernel.
       */
      can_filter_in_kernel = 0;
      break;

    case 1:
      /*
       * We have a filter that'll work in the kernel.
       */
      can_filter_in_kernel = 1;
      break;
    }
  }

  /*
   * NOTE: at this point, we've set both the "len" and "filter"
   * fields of "fcode".  As of the 2.6.32.4 kernel, at least,
   * those are the only members of the "sock_fprog" structure,
   * so we initialize every member of that structure.
   *
   * If there is anything in "fcode" that is not initialized,
   * it is either a field added in a later kernel, or it's
   * padding.
   *
   * If a new field is added, this code needs to be updated
   * to set it correctly.
   *
   * If there are no other fields, then:
   *
   *  if the Linux kernel looks at the padding, it's
   *  buggy;
   *
   *  if the Linux kernel doesn't look at the padding,
   *  then if some tool complains that we're passing
   *  uninitialized data to the kernel, then the tool
   *  is buggy and needs to understand that it's just
   *  padding.
   */
  if (can_filter_in_kernel) {
    if ((err = set_kernel_filter(handle, &fcode)) == 0)
    {
      /*
       * Installation succeded - using kernel filter,
       * so userland filtering not needed.
       */
      handlep->filter_in_userland = 0;
    }
    else if (err == -1) /* Non-fatal error */
    {
      /*
       * Print a warning if we weren't able to install
       * the filter for a reason other than "this kernel
       * isn't configured to support socket filters.
       */
      if (errno != ENOPROTOOPT && errno != EOPNOTSUPP) {
        fprintf(stderr,
            "Warning: Kernel filter failed: %s\n",
          pcap_strerror(errno));
      }
    }
  }

  /*
   * If we're not using the kernel filter, get rid of any kernel
   * filter that might've been there before, e.g. because the
   * previous filter could work in the kernel, or because some other
   * code attached a filter to the socket by some means other than
   * calling "pcap_setfilter()".  Otherwise, the kernel filter may
   * filter out packets that would pass the new userland filter.
   */
  if (handlep->filter_in_userland) {
    if (reset_kernel_filter(handle) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "can't remove kernel filter");
      err = -2; /* fatal error */
    }
  }

  /*
   * Free up the copy of the filter that was made by "fix_program()".
   */
  if (fcode.filter != NULL)
    free(fcode.filter);

  if (err == -2)
    /* Fatal error */
    return -1;
#endif /* SO_ATTACH_FILTER */

  return 0;
}

static int
pcap_setfilter_linux(pcap_t *handle, struct bpf_program *filter)
{
  return pcap_setfilter_linux_common(handle, filter, 0);
}


/*
 * Set direction flag: Which packets do we accept on a forwarding
 * single device? IN, OUT or both?
 */
static int
pcap_setdirection_linux(pcap_t *handle, pcap_direction_t d)
{
#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

  if (!handlep->sock_packet) {
    handle->direction = d;
    return 0;
  }
#endif
  /*
   * We're not using PF_PACKET sockets, so we can't determine
   * the direction of the packet.
   */
  pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
      "Setting direction is not supported on SOCK_PACKET sockets");
  return -1;
}

static int
is_wifi(int sock_fd
#ifndef IW_MODE_MONITOR
_U_
#endif
, const char *device)
{
  char *pathstr;
  struct stat statb;
#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
  char errbuf[PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE];
#endif

  /*
   * See if there's a sysfs wireless directory for it.
   * If so, it's a wireless interface.
   */
  if (asprintf(&pathstr, "/sys/class/net/%s/wireless", device) == -1) {
    /*
     * Just give up here.
     */
    return 0;
  }
  if (stat(pathstr, &statb) == 0) {
    free(pathstr);
    return 1;
  }
  free(pathstr);

#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
  /*
   * OK, maybe it's not wireless, or maybe this kernel doesn't
   * support sysfs.  Try the wireless extensions.
   */
  if (has_wext(sock_fd, device, errbuf) == 1) {
    /*
     * It supports the wireless extensions, so it's a Wi-Fi
     * device.
     */
    return 1;
  }
#endif
  return 0;
}

/*
 *  Linux uses the ARP hardware type to identify the type of an
 *  interface. pcap uses the DLT_xxx constants for this. This
 *  function takes a pointer to a "pcap_t", and an ARPHRD_xxx
 *  constant, as arguments, and sets "handle->linktype" to the
 *  appropriate DLT_XXX constant and sets "handle->offset" to
 *  the appropriate value (to make "handle->offset" plus link-layer
 *  header length be a multiple of 4, so that the link-layer payload
 *  will be aligned on a 4-byte boundary when capturing packets).
 *  (If the offset isn't set here, it'll be 0; add code as appropriate
 *  for cases where it shouldn't be 0.)
 *
 *  If "cooked_ok" is non-zero, we can use DLT_LINUX_SLL and capture
 *  in cooked mode; otherwise, we can't use cooked mode, so we have
 *  to pick some type that works in raw mode, or fail.
 *
 *  Sets the link type to -1 if unable to map the type.
 */
static void map_arphrd_to_dlt(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd, int arptype,
            const char *device, int cooked_ok)
{
  static const char cdma_rmnet[] = "cdma_rmnet";

  switch (arptype) {

  case ARPHRD_ETHER:
    /*
     * For various annoying reasons having to do with DHCP
     * software, some versions of Android give the mobile-
     * phone-network interface an ARPHRD_ value of
     * ARPHRD_ETHER, even though the packets supplied by
     * that interface have no link-layer header, and begin
     * with an IP header, so that the ARPHRD_ value should
     * be ARPHRD_NONE.
     *
     * Detect those devices by checking the device name, and
     * use DLT_RAW for them.
     */
    if (strncmp(device, cdma_rmnet, sizeof cdma_rmnet - 1) == 0) {
      handle->linktype = DLT_RAW;
      return;
    }

    /*
     * Is this a real Ethernet device?  If so, give it a
     * link-layer-type list with DLT_EN10MB and DLT_DOCSIS, so
     * that an application can let you choose it, in case you're
     * capturing DOCSIS traffic that a Cisco Cable Modem
     * Termination System is putting out onto an Ethernet (it
     * doesn't put an Ethernet header onto the wire, it puts raw
     * DOCSIS frames out on the wire inside the low-level
     * Ethernet framing).
     *
     * XXX - are there any other sorts of "fake Ethernet" that
     * have ARPHRD_ETHER but that shouldn't offer DLT_DOCSIS as
     * a Cisco CMTS won't put traffic onto it or get traffic
     * bridged onto it?  ISDN is handled in "activate_new()",
     * as we fall back on cooked mode there, and we use
     * is_wifi() to check for 802.11 devices; are there any
     * others?
     */
    if (!is_wifi(sock_fd, device)) {
      /*
       * It's not a Wi-Fi device; offer DOCSIS.
       */
      handle->dlt_list = (u_int *) malloc(sizeof(u_int) * 2);
      /*
       * If that fails, just leave the list empty.
       */
      if (handle->dlt_list != NULL) {
        handle->dlt_list[0] = DLT_EN10MB;
        handle->dlt_list[1] = DLT_DOCSIS;
        handle->dlt_count = 2;
      }
    }
    /* FALLTHROUGH */

  case ARPHRD_METRICOM:
  case ARPHRD_LOOPBACK:
    handle->linktype = DLT_EN10MB;
    handle->offset = 2;
    break;

  case ARPHRD_EETHER:
    handle->linktype = DLT_EN3MB;
    break;

  case ARPHRD_AX25:
    handle->linktype = DLT_AX25_KISS;
    break;

  case ARPHRD_PRONET:
    handle->linktype = DLT_PRONET;
    break;

  case ARPHRD_CHAOS:
    handle->linktype = DLT_CHAOS;
    break;
#ifndef ARPHRD_CAN
#define ARPHRD_CAN 280
#endif
  case ARPHRD_CAN:
    /*
     * Map this to DLT_LINUX_SLL; that way, CAN frames will
     * have ETH_P_CAN/LINUX_SLL_P_CAN as the protocol and
     * CAN FD frames will have ETH_P_CANFD/LINUX_SLL_P_CANFD
     * as the protocol, so they can be distinguished by the
     * protocol in the SLL header.
     */
    handle->linktype = DLT_LINUX_SLL;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_IEEE802_TR
#define ARPHRD_IEEE802_TR 800 /* From Linux 2.4 */
#endif
  case ARPHRD_IEEE802_TR:
  case ARPHRD_IEEE802:
    handle->linktype = DLT_IEEE802;
    handle->offset = 2;
    break;

  case ARPHRD_ARCNET:
    handle->linktype = DLT_ARCNET_LINUX;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_FDDI /* From Linux 2.2.13 */
#define ARPHRD_FDDI 774
#endif
  case ARPHRD_FDDI:
    handle->linktype = DLT_FDDI;
    handle->offset = 3;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_ATM  /* FIXME: How to #include this? */
#define ARPHRD_ATM 19
#endif
  case ARPHRD_ATM:
    /*
     * The Classical IP implementation in ATM for Linux
     * supports both what RFC 1483 calls "LLC Encapsulation",
     * in which each packet has an LLC header, possibly
     * with a SNAP header as well, prepended to it, and
     * what RFC 1483 calls "VC Based Multiplexing", in which
     * different virtual circuits carry different network
     * layer protocols, and no header is prepended to packets.
     *
     * They both have an ARPHRD_ type of ARPHRD_ATM, so
     * you can't use the ARPHRD_ type to find out whether
     * captured packets will have an LLC header, and,
     * while there's a socket ioctl to *set* the encapsulation
     * type, there's no ioctl to *get* the encapsulation type.
     *
     * This means that
     *
     *  programs that dissect Linux Classical IP frames
     *  would have to check for an LLC header and,
     *  depending on whether they see one or not, dissect
     *  the frame as LLC-encapsulated or as raw IP (I
     *  don't know whether there's any traffic other than
     *  IP that would show up on the socket, or whether
     *  there's any support for IPv6 in the Linux
     *  Classical IP code);
     *
     *  filter expressions would have to compile into
     *  code that checks for an LLC header and does
     *  the right thing.
     *
     * Both of those are a nuisance - and, at least on systems
     * that support PF_PACKET sockets, we don't have to put
     * up with those nuisances; instead, we can just capture
     * in cooked mode.  That's what we'll do, if we can.
     * Otherwise, we'll just fail.
     */
    if (cooked_ok)
      handle->linktype = DLT_LINUX_SLL;
    else
      handle->linktype = -1;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_IEEE80211  /* From Linux 2.4.6 */
#define ARPHRD_IEEE80211 801
#endif
  case ARPHRD_IEEE80211:
    handle->linktype = DLT_IEEE802_11;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_IEEE80211_PRISM  /* From Linux 2.4.18 */
#define ARPHRD_IEEE80211_PRISM 802
#endif
  case ARPHRD_IEEE80211_PRISM:
    handle->linktype = DLT_PRISM_HEADER;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_IEEE80211_RADIOTAP /* new */
#define ARPHRD_IEEE80211_RADIOTAP 803
#endif
  case ARPHRD_IEEE80211_RADIOTAP:
    handle->linktype = DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO;
    break;

  case ARPHRD_PPP:
    /*
     * Some PPP code in the kernel supplies no link-layer
     * header whatsoever to PF_PACKET sockets; other PPP
     * code supplies PPP link-layer headers ("syncppp.c");
     * some PPP code might supply random link-layer
     * headers (PPP over ISDN - there's code in Ethereal,
     * for example, to cope with PPP-over-ISDN captures
     * with which the Ethereal developers have had to cope,
     * heuristically trying to determine which of the
     * oddball link-layer headers particular packets have).
     *
     * As such, we just punt, and run all PPP interfaces
     * in cooked mode, if we can; otherwise, we just treat
     * it as DLT_RAW, for now - if somebody needs to capture,
     * on a 2.0[.x] kernel, on PPP devices that supply a
     * link-layer header, they'll have to add code here to
     * map to the appropriate DLT_ type (possibly adding a
     * new DLT_ type, if necessary).
     */
    if (cooked_ok)
      handle->linktype = DLT_LINUX_SLL;
    else {
      /*
       * XXX - handle ISDN types here?  We can't fall
       * back on cooked sockets, so we'd have to
       * figure out from the device name what type of
       * link-layer encapsulation it's using, and map
       * that to an appropriate DLT_ value, meaning
       * we'd map "isdnN" devices to DLT_RAW (they
       * supply raw IP packets with no link-layer
       * header) and "isdY" devices to a new DLT_I4L_IP
       * type that has only an Ethernet packet type as
       * a link-layer header.
       *
       * But sometimes we seem to get random crap
       * in the link-layer header when capturing on
       * ISDN devices....
       */
      handle->linktype = DLT_RAW;
    }
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_CISCO
#define ARPHRD_CISCO 513 /* previously ARPHRD_HDLC */
#endif
  case ARPHRD_CISCO:
    handle->linktype = DLT_C_HDLC;
    break;

  /* Not sure if this is correct for all tunnels, but it
   * works for CIPE */
  case ARPHRD_TUNNEL:
#ifndef ARPHRD_SIT
#define ARPHRD_SIT 776  /* From Linux 2.2.13 */
#endif
  case ARPHRD_SIT:
  case ARPHRD_CSLIP:
  case ARPHRD_SLIP6:
  case ARPHRD_CSLIP6:
  case ARPHRD_ADAPT:
  case ARPHRD_SLIP:
#ifndef ARPHRD_RAWHDLC
#define ARPHRD_RAWHDLC 518
#endif
  case ARPHRD_RAWHDLC:
#ifndef ARPHRD_DLCI
#define ARPHRD_DLCI 15
#endif
  case ARPHRD_DLCI:
    /*
     * XXX - should some of those be mapped to DLT_LINUX_SLL
     * instead?  Should we just map all of them to DLT_LINUX_SLL?
     */
    handle->linktype = DLT_RAW;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_FRAD
#define ARPHRD_FRAD 770
#endif
  case ARPHRD_FRAD:
    handle->linktype = DLT_FRELAY;
    break;

  case ARPHRD_LOCALTLK:
    handle->linktype = DLT_LTALK;
    break;

  case 18:
    /*
     * RFC 4338 defines an encapsulation for IP and ARP
     * packets that's compatible with the RFC 2625
     * encapsulation, but that uses a different ARP
     * hardware type and hardware addresses.  That
     * ARP hardware type is 18; Linux doesn't define
     * any ARPHRD_ value as 18, but if it ever officially
     * supports RFC 4338-style IP-over-FC, it should define
     * one.
     *
     * For now, we map it to DLT_IP_OVER_FC, in the hopes
     * that this will encourage its use in the future,
     * should Linux ever officially support RFC 4338-style
     * IP-over-FC.
     */
    handle->linktype = DLT_IP_OVER_FC;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_FCPP
#define ARPHRD_FCPP 784
#endif
  case ARPHRD_FCPP:
#ifndef ARPHRD_FCAL
#define ARPHRD_FCAL 785
#endif
  case ARPHRD_FCAL:
#ifndef ARPHRD_FCPL
#define ARPHRD_FCPL 786
#endif
  case ARPHRD_FCPL:
#ifndef ARPHRD_FCFABRIC
#define ARPHRD_FCFABRIC 787
#endif
  case ARPHRD_FCFABRIC:
    /*
     * Back in 2002, Donald Lee at Cray wanted a DLT_ for
     * IP-over-FC:
     *
     *  http://www.mail-archive.com/tcpdump-workers@sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/msg01043.html
     *
     * and one was assigned.
     *
     * In a later private discussion (spun off from a message
     * on the ethereal-users list) on how to get that DLT_
     * value in libpcap on Linux, I ended up deciding that
     * the best thing to do would be to have him tweak the
     * driver to set the ARPHRD_ value to some ARPHRD_FCxx
     * type, and map all those types to DLT_IP_OVER_FC:
     *
     *  I've checked into the libpcap and tcpdump CVS tree
     *  support for DLT_IP_OVER_FC.  In order to use that,
     *  you'd have to modify your modified driver to return
     *  one of the ARPHRD_FCxxx types, in "fcLINUXfcp.c" -
     *  change it to set "dev->type" to ARPHRD_FCFABRIC, for
     *  example (the exact value doesn't matter, it can be
     *  any of ARPHRD_FCPP, ARPHRD_FCAL, ARPHRD_FCPL, or
     *  ARPHRD_FCFABRIC).
     *
     * 11 years later, Christian Svensson wanted to map
     * various ARPHRD_ values to DLT_FC_2 and
     * DLT_FC_2_WITH_FRAME_DELIMS for raw Fibre Channel
     * frames:
     *
     *  https://github.com/mcr/libpcap/pull/29
     *
     * There doesn't seem to be any network drivers that uses
     * any of the ARPHRD_FC* values for IP-over-FC, and
     * it's not exactly clear what the "Dummy types for non
     * ARP hardware" are supposed to mean (link-layer
     * header type?  Physical network type?), so it's
     * not exactly clear why the ARPHRD_FC* types exist
     * in the first place.
     *
     * For now, we map them to DLT_FC_2, and provide an
     * option of DLT_FC_2_WITH_FRAME_DELIMS, as well as
     * DLT_IP_OVER_FC just in case there's some old
     * driver out there that uses one of those types for
     * IP-over-FC on which somebody wants to capture
     * packets.
     */
    handle->dlt_list = (u_int *) malloc(sizeof(u_int) * 3);
    /*
     * If that fails, just leave the list empty.
     */
    if (handle->dlt_list != NULL) {
      handle->dlt_list[0] = DLT_FC_2;
      handle->dlt_list[1] = DLT_FC_2_WITH_FRAME_DELIMS;
      handle->dlt_list[2] = DLT_IP_OVER_FC;
      handle->dlt_count = 3;
    }
    handle->linktype = DLT_FC_2;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_IRDA
#define ARPHRD_IRDA 783
#endif
  case ARPHRD_IRDA:
    /* Don't expect IP packet out of this interfaces... */
    handle->linktype = DLT_LINUX_IRDA;
    /* We need to save packet direction for IrDA decoding,
     * so let's use "Linux-cooked" mode. Jean II
     *
     * XXX - this is handled in activate_new(). */
    /* handlep->cooked = 1; */
    break;

  /* ARPHRD_LAPD is unofficial and randomly allocated, if reallocation
   * is needed, please report it to <daniele@orlandi.com> */
#ifndef ARPHRD_LAPD
#define ARPHRD_LAPD 8445
#endif
  case ARPHRD_LAPD:
    /* Don't expect IP packet out of this interfaces... */
    handle->linktype = DLT_LINUX_LAPD;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_NONE
#define ARPHRD_NONE 0xFFFE
#endif
  case ARPHRD_NONE:
    /*
     * No link-layer header; packets are just IP
     * packets, so use DLT_RAW.
     */
    handle->linktype = DLT_RAW;
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_IEEE802154
#define ARPHRD_IEEE802154      804
#endif
       case ARPHRD_IEEE802154:
               handle->linktype =  DLT_IEEE802_15_4_NOFCS;
               break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_NETLINK
#define ARPHRD_NETLINK  824
#endif
  case ARPHRD_NETLINK:
    handle->linktype = DLT_NETLINK;
    /*
     * We need to use cooked mode, so that in sll_protocol we
     * pick up the netlink protocol type such as NETLINK_ROUTE,
     * NETLINK_GENERIC, NETLINK_FIB_LOOKUP, etc.
     *
     * XXX - this is handled in activate_new().
     */
    /* handlep->cooked = 1; */
    break;

#ifndef ARPHRD_VSOCKMON
#define ARPHRD_VSOCKMON 826
#endif
  case ARPHRD_VSOCKMON:
    handle->linktype = DLT_VSOCK;
    break;

  default:
    handle->linktype = -1;
    break;
  }
}

/* ===== Functions to interface to the newer kernels ================== */

#ifdef PACKET_RESERVE
static void
set_dlt_list_cooked(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd)
{
  socklen_t   len;
  unsigned int    tp_reserve;

  /*
   * If we can't do PACKET_RESERVE, we can't reserve extra space
   * for a DLL_LINUX_SLL2 header, so we can't support DLT_LINUX_SLL2.
   */
  len = sizeof(tp_reserve);
  if (getsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RESERVE, &tp_reserve,
      &len) == 0) {
        /*
         * Yes, we can do DLL_LINUX_SLL2.
         */
    handle->dlt_list = (u_int *) malloc(sizeof(u_int) * 2);
    /*
     * If that fails, just leave the list empty.
     */
    if (handle->dlt_list != NULL) {
      handle->dlt_list[0] = DLT_LINUX_SLL;
      handle->dlt_list[1] = DLT_LINUX_SLL2;
      handle->dlt_count = 2;
    }
  }
}
#else
/*
 * The build environment doesn't define PACKET_RESERVE, so we can't reserve
 * extra space for a DLL_LINUX_SLL2 header, so we can't support DLT_LINUX_SLL2.
 */
static void
set_dlt_list_cooked(pcap_t *handle _U_, int sock_fd _U_)
{
}
#endif

/*
 * Try to open a packet socket using the new kernel PF_PACKET interface.
 * Returns 1 on success, 0 on an error that means the new interface isn't
 * present (so the old SOCK_PACKET interface should be tried), and a
 * PCAP_ERROR_ value on an error that means that the old mechanism won't
 * work either (so it shouldn't be tried).
 */
static int
activate_new(pcap_t *handle)
{
#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  const char    *device = handle->opt.device;
  int     is_any_device = (strcmp(device, "any") == 0);
  int     protocol = pcap_protocol(handle);
  int     sock_fd = -1, arptype, ret;
#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA
  int     val;
#endif
  int     err = 0;
  struct packet_mreq  mr;
#if defined(SO_BPF_EXTENSIONS) && defined(SKF_AD_VLAN_TAG_PRESENT)
  int     bpf_extensions;
  socklen_t   len = sizeof(bpf_extensions);
#endif

  /*
   * Open a socket with protocol family packet. If the
   * "any" device was specified, we open a SOCK_DGRAM
   * socket for the cooked interface, otherwise we first
   * try a SOCK_RAW socket for the raw interface.
   */
  sock_fd = is_any_device ?
    socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, protocol) :
    socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_RAW, protocol);

  if (sock_fd == -1) {
    if (errno == EINVAL || errno == EAFNOSUPPORT) {
      /*
       * We don't support PF_PACKET/SOCK_whatever
       * sockets; try the old mechanism.
       */
      return 0;
    }
    if (errno == EPERM || errno == EACCES) {
      /*
       * You don't have permission to open the
       * socket.
       */
      ret = PCAP_ERROR_PERM_DENIED;
    } else {
      /*
       * Other error.
       */
      ret = PCAP_ERROR;
    }
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "socket");
    return ret;
  }

  /* It seems the kernel supports the new interface. */
  handlep->sock_packet = 0;

  /*
   * Get the interface index of the loopback device.
   * If the attempt fails, don't fail, just set the
   * "handlep->lo_ifindex" to -1.
   *
   * XXX - can there be more than one device that loops
   * packets back, i.e. devices other than "lo"?  If so,
   * we'd need to find them all, and have an array of
   * indices for them, and check all of them in
   * "pcap_read_packet()".
   */
  handlep->lo_ifindex = iface_get_id(sock_fd, "lo", handle->errbuf);

  /*
   * Default value for offset to align link-layer payload
   * on a 4-byte boundary.
   */
  handle->offset   = 0;

  /*
   * What kind of frames do we have to deal with? Fall back
   * to cooked mode if we have an unknown interface type
   * or a type we know doesn't work well in raw mode.
   */
  if (!is_any_device) {
    /* Assume for now we don't need cooked mode. */
    handlep->cooked = 0;

    if (handle->opt.rfmon) {
      /*
       * We were asked to turn on monitor mode.
       * Do so before we get the link-layer type,
       * because entering monitor mode could change
       * the link-layer type.
       */
      err = enter_rfmon_mode(handle, sock_fd, device);
      if (err < 0) {
        /* Hard failure */
        close(sock_fd);
        return err;
      }
      if (err == 0) {
        /*
         * Nothing worked for turning monitor mode
         * on.
         */
        close(sock_fd);
        return PCAP_ERROR_RFMON_NOTSUP;
      }

      /*
       * Either monitor mode has been turned on for
       * the device, or we've been given a different
       * device to open for monitor mode.  If we've
       * been given a different device, use it.
       */
      if (handlep->mondevice != NULL)
        device = handlep->mondevice;
    }
    arptype = iface_get_arptype(sock_fd, device, handle->errbuf);
    if (arptype < 0) {
      close(sock_fd);
      return arptype;
    }
    map_arphrd_to_dlt(handle, sock_fd, arptype, device, 1);
    if (handle->linktype == -1 ||
        handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_SLL ||
        handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_IRDA ||
        handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_LAPD ||
        handle->linktype == DLT_NETLINK ||
        (handle->linktype == DLT_EN10MB &&
         (strncmp("isdn", device, 4) == 0 ||
          strncmp("isdY", device, 4) == 0))) {
      /*
       * Unknown interface type (-1), or a
       * device we explicitly chose to run
       * in cooked mode (e.g., PPP devices),
       * or an ISDN device (whose link-layer
       * type we can only determine by using
       * APIs that may be different on different
       * kernels) - reopen in cooked mode.
       */
      if (close(sock_fd) == -1) {
        pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "close");
        return PCAP_ERROR;
      }
      sock_fd = socket(PF_PACKET, SOCK_DGRAM, protocol);
      if (sock_fd == -1) {
        if (errno == EPERM || errno == EACCES) {
          /*
           * You don't have permission to
           * open the socket.
           */
          ret = PCAP_ERROR_PERM_DENIED;
        } else {
          /*
           * Other error.
           */
          ret = PCAP_ERROR;
        }
        pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "socket");
        return ret;
      }
      handlep->cooked = 1;

      /*
       * Get rid of any link-layer type list
       * we allocated - this only supports cooked
       * capture.
       */
      if (handle->dlt_list != NULL) {
        free(handle->dlt_list);
        handle->dlt_list = NULL;
        handle->dlt_count = 0;
        set_dlt_list_cooked(handle, sock_fd);
      }

      if (handle->linktype == -1) {
        /*
         * Warn that we're falling back on
         * cooked mode; we may want to
         * update "map_arphrd_to_dlt()"
         * to handle the new type.
         */
        pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "arptype %d not "
          "supported by libpcap - "
          "falling back to cooked "
          "socket",
          arptype);
      }

      /*
       * IrDA capture is not a real "cooked" capture,
       * it's IrLAP frames, not IP packets.  The
       * same applies to LAPD capture.
       */
      if (handle->linktype != DLT_LINUX_IRDA &&
          handle->linktype != DLT_LINUX_LAPD &&
          handle->linktype != DLT_NETLINK)
        handle->linktype = DLT_LINUX_SLL;
    }

    handlep->ifindex = iface_get_id(sock_fd, device,
        handle->errbuf);
    if (handlep->ifindex == -1) {
      close(sock_fd);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }

    if ((err = iface_bind(sock_fd, handlep->ifindex,
        handle->errbuf, protocol)) != 1) {
          close(sock_fd);
      if (err < 0)
        return err;
      else
        return 0; /* try old mechanism */
    }
  } else {
    /*
     * The "any" device.
     */
    if (handle->opt.rfmon) {
      /*
       * It doesn't support monitor mode.
       */
      close(sock_fd);
      return PCAP_ERROR_RFMON_NOTSUP;
    }

    /*
     * It uses cooked mode.
     */
    handlep->cooked = 1;
    handle->linktype = DLT_LINUX_SLL;
    handle->dlt_list = NULL;
    handle->dlt_count = 0;
    set_dlt_list_cooked(handle, sock_fd);

    /*
     * We're not bound to a device.
     * For now, we're using this as an indication
     * that we can't transmit; stop doing that only
     * if we figure out how to transmit in cooked
     * mode.
     */
    handlep->ifindex = -1;
  }

  /*
   * Select promiscuous mode on if "promisc" is set.
   *
   * Do not turn allmulti mode on if we don't select
   * promiscuous mode - on some devices (e.g., Orinoco
   * wireless interfaces), allmulti mode isn't supported
   * and the driver implements it by turning promiscuous
   * mode on, and that screws up the operation of the
   * card as a normal networking interface, and on no
   * other platform I know of does starting a non-
   * promiscuous capture affect which multicast packets
   * are received by the interface.
   */

  /*
   * Hmm, how can we set promiscuous mode on all interfaces?
   * I am not sure if that is possible at all.  For now, we
   * silently ignore attempts to turn promiscuous mode on
   * for the "any" device (so you don't have to explicitly
   * disable it in programs such as tcpdump).
   */

  if (!is_any_device && handle->opt.promisc) {
    memset(&mr, 0, sizeof(mr));
    mr.mr_ifindex = handlep->ifindex;
    mr.mr_type    = PACKET_MR_PROMISC;
    if (setsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_ADD_MEMBERSHIP,
        &mr, sizeof(mr)) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "setsockopt (PACKET_ADD_MEMBERSHIP)");
      close(sock_fd);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /* Enable auxillary data if supported and reserve room for
   * reconstructing VLAN headers. */
#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA
  val = 1;
  if (setsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_AUXDATA, &val,
           sizeof(val)) == -1 && errno != ENOPROTOOPT) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "setsockopt (PACKET_AUXDATA)");
    close(sock_fd);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  handle->offset += VLAN_TAG_LEN;
#endif /* HAVE_PACKET_AUXDATA */

  /*
   * This is a 2.2[.x] or later kernel (we know that
   * because we're not using a SOCK_PACKET socket -
   * PF_PACKET is supported only in 2.2 and later
   * kernels).
   *
   * We can safely pass "recvfrom()" a byte count
   * based on the snapshot length.
   *
   * If we're in cooked mode, make the snapshot length
   * large enough to hold a "cooked mode" header plus
   * 1 byte of packet data (so we don't pass a byte
   * count of 0 to "recvfrom()").
   * XXX - we don't know whether this will be DLT_LINUX_SLL
   * or DLT_LINUX_SLL2, so make sure it's big enough for
   * a DLT_LINUX_SLL2 "cooked mode" header; a snapshot length
   * that small is silly anyway.
   */
  if (handlep->cooked) {
    if (handle->snapshot < SLL2_HDR_LEN + 1)
      handle->snapshot = SLL2_HDR_LEN + 1;
  }
  handle->bufsize = handle->snapshot;

  /*
   * Set the offset at which to insert VLAN tags.
   * That should be the offset of the type field.
   */
  switch (handle->linktype) {

  case DLT_EN10MB:
    /*
     * The type field is after the destination and source
     * MAC address.
     */
    handlep->vlan_offset = 2 * ETH_ALEN;
    break;

  case DLT_LINUX_SLL:
    /*
     * The type field is in the last 2 bytes of the
     * DLT_LINUX_SLL header.
     */
    handlep->vlan_offset = SLL_HDR_LEN - 2;
    break;

  default:
    handlep->vlan_offset = -1; /* unknown */
    break;
  }

#if defined(SIOCGSTAMPNS) && defined(SO_TIMESTAMPNS)
  if (handle->opt.tstamp_precision == PCAP_TSTAMP_PRECISION_NANO) {
    int nsec_tstamps = 1;

    if (setsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TIMESTAMPNS, &nsec_tstamps, sizeof(nsec_tstamps)) < 0) {
      pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, "setsockopt: unable to set SO_TIMESTAMPNS");
      close(sock_fd);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }
#endif /* defined(SIOCGSTAMPNS) && defined(SO_TIMESTAMPNS) */

  /*
   * We've succeeded. Save the socket FD in the pcap structure.
   */
  handle->fd = sock_fd;

#if defined(SO_BPF_EXTENSIONS) && defined(SKF_AD_VLAN_TAG_PRESENT)
  /*
   * Can we generate special code for VLAN checks?
   * (XXX - what if we need the special code but it's not supported
   * by the OS?  Is that possible?)
   */
  if (getsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BPF_EXTENSIONS,
      &bpf_extensions, &len) == 0) {
    if (bpf_extensions >= SKF_AD_VLAN_TAG_PRESENT) {
      /*
       * Yes, we can.  Request that we do so.
       */
      handle->bpf_codegen_flags |= BPF_SPECIAL_VLAN_HANDLING;
    }
  }
#endif /* defined(SO_BPF_EXTENSIONS) && defined(SKF_AD_VLAN_TAG_PRESENT) */

  return 1;
#else /* HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS */
  pcap_strlcpy(ebuf,
    "New packet capturing interface not supported by build "
    "environment", PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
  return 0;
#endif /* HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS */
}

#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_RING
/*
 * Attempt to activate with memory-mapped access.
 *
 * On success, returns 1, and sets *status to 0 if there are no warnings
 * or to a PCAP_WARNING_ code if there is a warning.
 *
 * On failure due to lack of support for memory-mapped capture, returns
 * 0.
 *
 * On error, returns -1, and sets *status to the appropriate error code;
 * if that is PCAP_ERROR, sets handle->errbuf to the appropriate message.
 */
static int
activate_mmap(pcap_t *handle, int *status)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int ret;

  /*
   * Attempt to allocate a buffer to hold the contents of one
   * packet, for use by the oneshot callback.
   */
  handlep->oneshot_buffer = malloc(handle->snapshot);
  if (handlep->oneshot_buffer == NULL) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "can't allocate oneshot buffer");
    *status = PCAP_ERROR;
    return -1;
  }

  if (handle->opt.buffer_size == 0) {
    /* by default request 2M for the ring buffer */
    handle->opt.buffer_size = 2*1024*1024;
  }
  ret = prepare_tpacket_socket(handle);
  if (ret == -1) {
    free(handlep->oneshot_buffer);
    *status = PCAP_ERROR;
    return ret;
  }
  ret = create_ring(handle, status);
  if (ret == 0) {
    /*
     * We don't support memory-mapped capture; our caller
     * will fall back on reading from the socket.
     */
    free(handlep->oneshot_buffer);
    return 0;
  }
  if (ret == -1) {
    /*
     * Error attempting to enable memory-mapped capture;
     * fail.  create_ring() has set *status.
     */
    free(handlep->oneshot_buffer);
    return -1;
  }

  /*
   * Success.  *status has been set either to 0 if there are no
   * warnings or to a PCAP_WARNING_ value if there is a warning.
   *
   * Override some defaults and inherit the other fields from
   * activate_new.
   * handle->offset is used to get the current position into the rx ring.
   * handle->cc is used to store the ring size.
   */

  switch (handlep->tp_version) {
  case TPACKET_V1:
    handle->read_op = pcap_read_linux_mmap_v1;
    break;
  case TPACKET_V1_64:
    handle->read_op = pcap_read_linux_mmap_v1_64;
    break;
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET2
  case TPACKET_V2:
    handle->read_op = pcap_read_linux_mmap_v2;
    break;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  case TPACKET_V3:
    handle->read_op = pcap_read_linux_mmap_v3;
    break;
#endif
  }
  handle->cleanup_op = pcap_cleanup_linux_mmap;
  handle->setfilter_op = pcap_setfilter_linux_mmap;
  handle->setnonblock_op = pcap_setnonblock_mmap;
  handle->getnonblock_op = pcap_getnonblock_mmap;
  handle->oneshot_callback = pcap_oneshot_mmap;
  handle->selectable_fd = handle->fd;
  return 1;
}
#else /* HAVE_PACKET_RING */
static int
activate_mmap(pcap_t *handle _U_, int *status _U_)
{
  return 0;
}
#endif /* HAVE_PACKET_RING */

#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_RING

#if defined(HAVE_TPACKET2) || defined(HAVE_TPACKET3)
/*
 * Attempt to set the socket to the specified version of the memory-mapped
 * header.
 *
 * Return 0 if we succeed; return 1 if we fail because that version isn't
 * supported; return -1 on any other error, and set handle->errbuf.
 */
static int
init_tpacket(pcap_t *handle, int version, const char *version_str)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int val = version;
  socklen_t len = sizeof(val);

  /*
   * Probe whether kernel supports the specified TPACKET version;
   * this also gets the length of the header for that version.
   *
   * This socket option was introduced in 2.6.27, which was
   * also the first release with TPACKET_V2 support.
   */
  if (getsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_HDRLEN, &val, &len) < 0) {
    if (errno == ENOPROTOOPT || errno == EINVAL) {
      /*
       * ENOPROTOOPT means the kernel is too old to
       * support PACKET_HDRLEN at all, which means
       * it either doesn't support TPACKET at all
       * or supports  only TPACKET_V1.
       */
      return 1; /* no */
    }

    /* Failed to even find out; this is a fatal error. */
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "can't get %s header len on packet socket",
        version_str);
    return -1;
  }
  handlep->tp_hdrlen = val;

  val = version;
  if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_VERSION, &val,
         sizeof(val)) < 0) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "can't activate %s on packet socket", version_str);
    return -1;
  }
  handlep->tp_version = version;

  /*
   * Reserve space for VLAN tag reconstruction.
   * This option was also introduced in 2.6.27.
   */
  val = VLAN_TAG_LEN;
  if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RESERVE, &val,
         sizeof(val)) < 0) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "can't set up reserve on packet socket");
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}
#endif /* defined HAVE_TPACKET2 || defined HAVE_TPACKET3 */

/*
 * If the instruction set for which we're compiling has both 32-bit
 * and 64-bit versions, and Linux support for the 64-bit version
 * predates TPACKET_V2, define ISA_64_BIT as the .machine value
 * you get from uname() for the 64-bit version.  Otherwise, leave
 * it undefined.  (This includes ARM, which has a 64-bit version,
 * but Linux support for it appeared well after TPACKET_V2 support
 * did, so there should never be a case where 32-bit ARM code is
 * running o a 64-bit kernel that only supports TPACKET_V1.)
 *
 * If we've omitted your favorite such architecture, please contribute
 * a patch.  (No patch is needed for architectures that are 32-bit-only
 * or for which Linux has no support for 32-bit userland - or for which,
 * as noted, 64-bit support appeared in Linux after TPACKET_V2 support
 * did.)
 */
#if defined(__i386__)
#define ISA_64_BIT  "x86_64"
#elif defined(__ppc__)
#define ISA_64_BIT  "ppc64"
#elif defined(__sparc__)
#define ISA_64_BIT  "sparc64"
#elif defined(__s390__)
#define ISA_64_BIT  "s390x"
#elif defined(__mips__)
#define ISA_64_BIT  "mips64"
#elif defined(__hppa__)
#define ISA_64_BIT  "parisc64"
#endif

/*
 * Attempt to set the socket to version 3 of the memory-mapped header and,
 * if that fails because version 3 isn't supported, attempt to fall
 * back to version 2.  If version 2 isn't supported, just leave it at
 * version 1.
 *
 * Return 1 if we succeed or if we fail because neither version 2 nor 3 is
 * supported; return -1 on any other error, and set handle->errbuf.
 */
static int
prepare_tpacket_socket(pcap_t *handle)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
#if defined(HAVE_TPACKET2) || defined(HAVE_TPACKET3)
  int ret;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  /*
   * Try setting the version to TPACKET_V3.
   *
   * The only mode in which buffering is done on PF_PACKET
   * sockets, so that packets might not be delivered
   * immediately, is TPACKET_V3 mode.
   *
   * The buffering cannot be disabled in that mode, so
   * if the user has requested immediate mode, we don't
   * use TPACKET_V3.
   */
  if (!handle->opt.immediate) {
    ret = init_tpacket(handle, TPACKET_V3, "TPACKET_V3");
    if (ret == 0) {
      /*
       * Success.
       */
      return 1;
    }
    if (ret == -1) {
      /*
       * We failed for some reason other than "the
       * kernel doesn't support TPACKET_V3".
       */
      return -1;
    }
  }
#endif /* HAVE_TPACKET3 */

#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET2
  /*
   * Try setting the version to TPACKET_V2.
   */
  ret = init_tpacket(handle, TPACKET_V2, "TPACKET_V2");
  if (ret == 0) {
    /*
     * Success.
     */
    return 1;
  }
  if (ret == -1) {
    /*
     * We failed for some reason other than "the
     * kernel doesn't support TPACKET_V2".
     */
    return -1;
  }
#endif /* HAVE_TPACKET2 */

  /*
   * OK, we're using TPACKET_V1, as either that's all the kernel
   * supports or it doesn't support TPACKET at all.  In the latter
   * case, create_ring() will fail, and we'll fall back on non-
   * memory-mapped capture.
   */
  handlep->tp_version = TPACKET_V1;
  handlep->tp_hdrlen = sizeof(struct tpacket_hdr);

#ifdef ISA_64_BIT
  /*
   * 32-bit userspace + 64-bit kernel + TPACKET_V1 are not compatible with
   * each other due to platform-dependent data type size differences.
   *
   * If we have a 32-bit userland and a 64-bit kernel, use an
   * internally-defined TPACKET_V1_64, with which we use a 64-bit
   * version of the data structures.
   */
  if (sizeof(long) == 4) {
    /*
     * This is 32-bit code.
     */
    struct utsname utsname;

    if (uname(&utsname) == -1) {
      /*
       * Failed.
       */
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "uname failed");
      return -1;
    }
    if (strcmp(utsname.machine, ISA_64_BIT) == 0) {
      /*
       * uname() tells us the machine is 64-bit,
       * so we presumably have a 64-bit kernel.
       *
       * XXX - this presumes that uname() won't lie
       * in 32-bit code and claim that the machine
       * has the 32-bit version of the ISA.
       */
      handlep->tp_version = TPACKET_V1_64;
      handlep->tp_hdrlen = sizeof(struct tpacket_hdr_64);
    }
  }
#endif

  return 1;
}

#define MAX(a,b) ((a)>(b)?(a):(b))

/*
 * Attempt to set up memory-mapped access.
 *
 * On success, returns 1, and sets *status to 0 if there are no warnings
 * or to a PCAP_WARNING_ code if there is a warning.
 *
 * On failure due to lack of support for memory-mapped capture, returns
 * 0.
 *
 * On error, returns -1, and sets *status to the appropriate error code;
 * if that is PCAP_ERROR, sets handle->errbuf to the appropriate message.
 */
static int
create_ring(pcap_t *handle, int *status)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  unsigned i, j, frames_per_block;
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  /*
   * For sockets using TPACKET_V1 or TPACKET_V2, the extra
   * stuff at the end of a struct tpacket_req3 will be
   * ignored, so this is OK even for those sockets.
   */
  struct tpacket_req3 req;
#else
  struct tpacket_req req;
#endif
  socklen_t len;
  unsigned int sk_type, tp_reserve, maclen, tp_hdrlen, netoff, macoff;
  unsigned int frame_size;

  /*
   * Start out assuming no warnings or errors.
   */
  *status = 0;

  switch (handlep->tp_version) {

  case TPACKET_V1:
  case TPACKET_V1_64:
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET2
  case TPACKET_V2:
#endif
    /* Note that with large snapshot length (say 256K, which is
     * the default for recent versions of tcpdump, Wireshark,
     * TShark, dumpcap or 64K, the value that "-s 0" has given for
     * a long time with tcpdump), if we use the snapshot
     * length to calculate the frame length, only a few frames
     * will be available in the ring even with pretty
     * large ring size (and a lot of memory will be unused).
     *
     * Ideally, we should choose a frame length based on the
     * minimum of the specified snapshot length and the maximum
     * packet size.  That's not as easy as it sounds; consider,
     * for example, an 802.11 interface in monitor mode, where
     * the frame would include a radiotap header, where the
     * maximum radiotap header length is device-dependent.
     *
     * So, for now, we just do this for Ethernet devices, where
     * there's no metadata header, and the link-layer header is
     * fixed length.  We can get the maximum packet size by
     * adding 18, the Ethernet header length plus the CRC length
     * (just in case we happen to get the CRC in the packet), to
     * the MTU of the interface; we fetch the MTU in the hopes
     * that it reflects support for jumbo frames.  (Even if the
     * interface is just being used for passive snooping, the
     * driver might set the size of buffers in the receive ring
     * based on the MTU, so that the MTU limits the maximum size
     * of packets that we can receive.)
     *
     * If segmentation/fragmentation or receive offload are
     * enabled, we can get reassembled/aggregated packets larger
     * than MTU, but bounded to 65535 plus the Ethernet overhead,
     * due to kernel and protocol constraints */
    frame_size = handle->snapshot;
    if (handle->linktype == DLT_EN10MB) {
      unsigned int max_frame_len;
      int mtu;
      int offload;

      mtu = iface_get_mtu(handle->fd, handle->opt.device,
          handle->errbuf);
      if (mtu == -1) {
        *status = PCAP_ERROR;
        return -1;
      }
      offload = iface_get_offload(handle);
      if (offload == -1) {
        *status = PCAP_ERROR;
        return -1;
      }
      if (offload)
        max_frame_len = MAX(mtu, 65535);
      else
        max_frame_len = mtu;
      max_frame_len += 18;

      if (frame_size > max_frame_len)
        frame_size = max_frame_len;
    }

    /* NOTE: calculus matching those in tpacket_rcv()
     * in linux-2.6/net/packet/af_packet.c
     */
    len = sizeof(sk_type);
    if (getsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_TYPE, &sk_type,
        &len) < 0) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "getsockopt (SO_TYPE)");
      *status = PCAP_ERROR;
      return -1;
    }
#ifdef PACKET_RESERVE
    len = sizeof(tp_reserve);
    if (getsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RESERVE,
        &tp_reserve, &len) < 0) {
      if (errno != ENOPROTOOPT) {
        /*
         * ENOPROTOOPT means "kernel doesn't support
         * PACKET_RESERVE", in which case we fall back
         * as best we can.
         */
        pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
            "getsockopt (PACKET_RESERVE)");
        *status = PCAP_ERROR;
        return -1;
      }
      /*
       * Older kernel, so we can't use PACKET_RESERVE;
       * this means we can't reserver extra space
       * for a DLT_LINUX_SLL2 header.
       */
      tp_reserve = 0;
    } else {
      /*
       * We can reserve extra space for a DLT_LINUX_SLL2
       * header.  Do so.
       *
       * XXX - we assume that the kernel is still adding
       * 16 bytes of extra space; that happens to
       * correspond to SLL_HDR_LEN (whether intentionally
       * or not - the kernel code has a raw "16" in
       * the expression), so we subtract SLL_HDR_LEN
       * from SLL2_HDR_LEN to get the additional space
       * needed.
       *
       * XXX - should we use TPACKET_ALIGN(SLL2_HDR_LEN - SLL_HDR_LEN)?
       */
      tp_reserve += SLL2_HDR_LEN - SLL_HDR_LEN;
      len = sizeof(tp_reserve);
      if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RESERVE,
          &tp_reserve, len) < 0) {
        pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
            "setsockopt (PACKET_RESERVE)");
        *status = PCAP_ERROR;
        return -1;
      }
    }
#else
    /*
     * Build environment for an older kernel, so we can't
     * use PACKET_RESERVE; this means we can't reserve
     * extra space for a DLT_LINUX_SLL2 header.
     */
    tp_reserve = 0;
#endif
    maclen = (sk_type == SOCK_DGRAM) ? 0 : MAX_LINKHEADER_SIZE;
      /* XXX: in the kernel maclen is calculated from
       * LL_ALLOCATED_SPACE(dev) and vnet_hdr.hdr_len
       * in:  packet_snd()           in linux-2.6/net/packet/af_packet.c
       * then packet_alloc_skb()     in linux-2.6/net/packet/af_packet.c
       * then sock_alloc_send_pskb() in linux-2.6/net/core/sock.c
       * but I see no way to get those sizes in userspace,
       * like for instance with an ifreq ioctl();
       * the best thing I've found so far is MAX_HEADER in
       * the kernel part of linux-2.6/include/linux/netdevice.h
       * which goes up to 128+48=176; since pcap-linux.c
       * defines a MAX_LINKHEADER_SIZE of 256 which is
       * greater than that, let's use it.. maybe is it even
       * large enough to directly replace macoff..
       */
    tp_hdrlen = TPACKET_ALIGN(handlep->tp_hdrlen) + sizeof(struct sockaddr_ll) ;
    netoff = TPACKET_ALIGN(tp_hdrlen + (maclen < 16 ? 16 : maclen)) + tp_reserve;
      /* NOTE: AFAICS tp_reserve may break the TPACKET_ALIGN
       * of netoff, which contradicts
       * linux-2.6/Documentation/networking/packet_mmap.txt
       * documenting that:
       * "- Gap, chosen so that packet data (Start+tp_net)
       * aligns to TPACKET_ALIGNMENT=16"
       */
      /* NOTE: in linux-2.6/include/linux/skbuff.h:
       * "CPUs often take a performance hit
       *  when accessing unaligned memory locations"
       */
    macoff = netoff - maclen;
    req.tp_frame_size = TPACKET_ALIGN(macoff + frame_size);
    /*
     * Round the buffer size up to a multiple of the
     * frame size (rather than rounding down, which
     * would give a buffer smaller than our caller asked
     * for, and possibly give zero frames if the requested
     * buffer size is too small for one frame).
     */
    req.tp_frame_nr = (handle->opt.buffer_size + req.tp_frame_size - 1)/req.tp_frame_size;
    break;

#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  case TPACKET_V3:
    /*
     * If we have TPACKET_V3, we have PACKET_RESERVE.
     */
    len = sizeof(tp_reserve);
    if (getsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RESERVE,
        &tp_reserve, &len) < 0) {
      /*
       * Even ENOPROTOOPT is an error - we wouldn't
       * be here if the kernel didn't support
       * TPACKET_V3, which means it supports
       * PACKET_RESERVE.
       */
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "getsockopt (PACKET_RESERVE)");
      *status = PCAP_ERROR;
      return -1;
    }
    /*
     * We can reserve extra space for a DLT_LINUX_SLL2
     * header.  Do so.
     *
     * XXX - we assume that the kernel is still adding
     * 16 bytes of extra space; that happens to
     * correspond to SLL_HDR_LEN (whether intentionally
     * or not - the kernel code has a raw "16" in
     * the expression), so we subtract SLL_HDR_LEN
     * from SLL2_HDR_LEN to get the additional space
     * needed.
     *
     * XXX - should we use TPACKET_ALIGN(SLL2_HDR_LEN - SLL_HDR_LEN)?
     */
    tp_reserve += SLL2_HDR_LEN - SLL_HDR_LEN;
    len = sizeof(tp_reserve);
    if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RESERVE,
                    &tp_reserve, len) < 0) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "setsockopt (PACKET_RESERVE)");
      *status = PCAP_ERROR;
      return -1;
    }

    /* The "frames" for this are actually buffers that
     * contain multiple variable-sized frames.
     *
     * We pick a "frame" size of MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN to leave
     * enough room for at least one reasonably-sized packet
     * in the "frame". */
    req.tp_frame_size = MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN;
    /*
     * Round the buffer size up to a multiple of the
     * "frame" size (rather than rounding down, which
     * would give a buffer smaller than our caller asked
     * for, and possibly give zero "frames" if the requested
     * buffer size is too small for one "frame").
     */
    req.tp_frame_nr = (handle->opt.buffer_size + req.tp_frame_size - 1)/req.tp_frame_size;
    break;
#endif
  default:
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "Internal error: unknown TPACKET_ value %u",
        handlep->tp_version);
    *status = PCAP_ERROR;
    return -1;
  }

  /* compute the minumum block size that will handle this frame.
   * The block has to be page size aligned.
   * The max block size allowed by the kernel is arch-dependent and
   * it's not explicitly checked here. */
  req.tp_block_size = getpagesize();
  while (req.tp_block_size < req.tp_frame_size)
    req.tp_block_size <<= 1;

  frames_per_block = req.tp_block_size/req.tp_frame_size;

  /*
   * PACKET_TIMESTAMP was added after linux/net_tstamp.h was,
   * so we check for PACKET_TIMESTAMP.  We check for
   * linux/net_tstamp.h just in case a system somehow has
   * PACKET_TIMESTAMP but not linux/net_tstamp.h; that might
   * be unnecessary.
   *
   * SIOCSHWTSTAMP was introduced in the patch that introduced
   * linux/net_tstamp.h, so we don't bother checking whether
   * SIOCSHWTSTAMP is defined (if your Linux system has
   * linux/net_tstamp.h but doesn't define SIOCSHWTSTAMP, your
   * Linux system is badly broken).
   */
#if defined(HAVE_LINUX_NET_TSTAMP_H) && defined(PACKET_TIMESTAMP)
  /*
   * If we were told to do so, ask the kernel and the driver
   * to use hardware timestamps.
   *
   * Hardware timestamps are only supported with mmapped
   * captures.
   */
  if (handle->opt.tstamp_type == PCAP_TSTAMP_ADAPTER ||
      handle->opt.tstamp_type == PCAP_TSTAMP_ADAPTER_UNSYNCED) {
    struct hwtstamp_config hwconfig;
    struct ifreq ifr;
    int timesource;

    /*
     * Ask for hardware time stamps on all packets,
     * including transmitted packets.
     */
    memset(&hwconfig, 0, sizeof(hwconfig));
    hwconfig.tx_type = HWTSTAMP_TX_ON;
    hwconfig.rx_filter = HWTSTAMP_FILTER_ALL;

    memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
    pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, handle->opt.device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
    ifr.ifr_data = (void *)&hwconfig;

    if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCSHWTSTAMP, &ifr) < 0) {
      switch (errno) {

      case EPERM:
        /*
         * Treat this as an error, as the
         * user should try to run this
         * with the appropriate privileges -
         * and, if they can't, shouldn't
         * try requesting hardware time stamps.
         */
        *status = PCAP_ERROR_PERM_DENIED;
        return -1;

      case EOPNOTSUPP:
      case ERANGE:
        /*
         * Treat this as a warning, as the
         * only way to fix the warning is to
         * get an adapter that supports hardware
         * time stamps for *all* packets.
         * (ERANGE means "we support hardware
         * time stamps, but for packets matching
         * that particular filter", so it means
         * "we don't support hardware time stamps
         * for all incoming packets" here.)
         *
         * We'll just fall back on the standard
         * host time stamps.
         */
        *status = PCAP_WARNING_TSTAMP_TYPE_NOTSUP;
        break;

      default:
        pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
            "SIOCSHWTSTAMP failed");
        *status = PCAP_ERROR;
        return -1;
      }
    } else {
      /*
       * Well, that worked.  Now specify the type of
       * hardware time stamp we want for this
       * socket.
       */
      if (handle->opt.tstamp_type == PCAP_TSTAMP_ADAPTER) {
        /*
         * Hardware timestamp, synchronized
         * with the system clock.
         */
        timesource = SOF_TIMESTAMPING_SYS_HARDWARE;
      } else {
        /*
         * PCAP_TSTAMP_ADAPTER_UNSYNCED - hardware
         * timestamp, not synchronized with the
         * system clock.
         */
        timesource = SOF_TIMESTAMPING_RAW_HARDWARE;
      }
      if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_TIMESTAMP,
        (void *)&timesource, sizeof(timesource))) {
        pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
            "can't set PACKET_TIMESTAMP");
        *status = PCAP_ERROR;
        return -1;
      }
    }
  }
#endif /* HAVE_LINUX_NET_TSTAMP_H && PACKET_TIMESTAMP */

  /* ask the kernel to create the ring */
retry:
  req.tp_block_nr = req.tp_frame_nr / frames_per_block;

  /* req.tp_frame_nr is requested to match frames_per_block*req.tp_block_nr */
  req.tp_frame_nr = req.tp_block_nr * frames_per_block;

#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  /* timeout value to retire block - use the configured buffering timeout, or default if <0. */
  if (handlep->timeout > 0) {
    /* Use the user specified timeout as the block timeout */
    req.tp_retire_blk_tov = handlep->timeout;
  } else if (handlep->timeout == 0) {
    /*
     * In pcap, this means "infinite timeout"; TPACKET_V3
     * doesn't support that, so just set it to UINT_MAX
     * milliseconds.  In the TPACKET_V3 loop, if the
     * timeout is 0, and we haven't yet seen any packets,
     * and we block and still don't have any packets, we
     * keep blocking until we do.
     */
    req.tp_retire_blk_tov = UINT_MAX;
  } else {
    /*
     * XXX - this is not valid; use 0, meaning "have the
     * kernel pick a default", for now.
     */
    req.tp_retire_blk_tov = 0;
  }
  /* private data not used */
  req.tp_sizeof_priv = 0;
  /* Rx ring - feature request bits - none (rxhash will not be filled) */
  req.tp_feature_req_word = 0;
#endif

  if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RX_RING,
          (void *) &req, sizeof(req))) {
    if ((errno == ENOMEM) && (req.tp_block_nr > 1)) {
      /*
       * Memory failure; try to reduce the requested ring
       * size.
       *
       * We used to reduce this by half -- do 5% instead.
       * That may result in more iterations and a longer
       * startup, but the user will be much happier with
       * the resulting buffer size.
       */
      if (req.tp_frame_nr < 20)
        req.tp_frame_nr -= 1;
      else
        req.tp_frame_nr -= req.tp_frame_nr/20;
      goto retry;
    }
    if (errno == ENOPROTOOPT) {
      /*
       * We don't have ring buffer support in this kernel.
       */
      return 0;
    }
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "can't create rx ring on packet socket");
    *status = PCAP_ERROR;
    return -1;
  }

  /* memory map the rx ring */
  handlep->mmapbuflen = req.tp_block_nr * req.tp_block_size;
  handlep->mmapbuf = mmap(0, handlep->mmapbuflen,
      PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, handle->fd, 0);
  if (handlep->mmapbuf == MAP_FAILED) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "can't mmap rx ring");

    /* clear the allocated ring on error*/
    destroy_ring(handle);
    *status = PCAP_ERROR;
    return -1;
  }

  /* allocate a ring for each frame header pointer*/
  handle->cc = req.tp_frame_nr;
  handle->buffer = malloc(handle->cc * sizeof(union thdr *));
  if (!handle->buffer) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "can't allocate ring of frame headers");

    destroy_ring(handle);
    *status = PCAP_ERROR;
    return -1;
  }

  /* fill the header ring with proper frame ptr*/
  handle->offset = 0;
  for (i=0; i<req.tp_block_nr; ++i) {
    void *base = &handlep->mmapbuf[i*req.tp_block_size];
    for (j=0; j<frames_per_block; ++j, ++handle->offset) {
      RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle) = base;
      base += req.tp_frame_size;
    }
  }

  handle->bufsize = req.tp_frame_size;
  handle->offset = 0;
  return 1;
}

/* free all ring related resources*/
static void
destroy_ring(pcap_t *handle)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

  /* tell the kernel to destroy the ring*/
  struct tpacket_req req;
  memset(&req, 0, sizeof(req));
  /* do not test for setsockopt failure, as we can't recover from any error */
  (void)setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_PACKET, PACKET_RX_RING,
        (void *) &req, sizeof(req));

  /* if ring is mapped, unmap it*/
  if (handlep->mmapbuf) {
    /* do not test for mmap failure, as we can't recover from any error */
    (void)munmap(handlep->mmapbuf, handlep->mmapbuflen);
    handlep->mmapbuf = NULL;
  }
}

/*
 * Special one-shot callback, used for pcap_next() and pcap_next_ex(),
 * for Linux mmapped capture.
 *
 * The problem is that pcap_next() and pcap_next_ex() expect the packet
 * data handed to the callback to be valid after the callback returns,
 * but pcap_read_linux_mmap() has to release that packet as soon as
 * the callback returns (otherwise, the kernel thinks there's still
 * at least one unprocessed packet available in the ring, so a select()
 * will immediately return indicating that there's data to process), so,
 * in the callback, we have to make a copy of the packet.
 *
 * Yes, this means that, if the capture is using the ring buffer, using
 * pcap_next() or pcap_next_ex() requires more copies than using
 * pcap_loop() or pcap_dispatch().  If that bothers you, don't use
 * pcap_next() or pcap_next_ex().
 */
static void
pcap_oneshot_mmap(u_char *user, const struct pcap_pkthdr *h,
    const u_char *bytes)
{
  struct oneshot_userdata *sp = (struct oneshot_userdata *)user;
  pcap_t *handle = sp->pd;
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

  *sp->hdr = *h;
  memcpy(handlep->oneshot_buffer, bytes, h->caplen);
  *sp->pkt = handlep->oneshot_buffer;
}

static void
pcap_cleanup_linux_mmap( pcap_t *handle )
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

  destroy_ring(handle);
  if (handlep->oneshot_buffer != NULL) {
    free(handlep->oneshot_buffer);
    handlep->oneshot_buffer = NULL;
  }
  pcap_cleanup_linux(handle);
}


static int
pcap_getnonblock_mmap(pcap_t *handle)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

  /* use negative value of timeout to indicate non blocking ops */
  return (handlep->timeout<0);
}

static int
pcap_setnonblock_mmap(pcap_t *handle, int nonblock)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;

  /*
   * Set the file descriptor to non-blocking mode, as we use
   * it for sending packets.
   */
  if (pcap_setnonblock_fd(handle, nonblock) == -1)
    return -1;

  /*
   * Map each value to their corresponding negation to
   * preserve the timeout value provided with pcap_set_timeout.
   */
  if (nonblock) {
    if (handlep->timeout >= 0) {
      /*
       * Indicate that we're switching to
       * non-blocking mode.
       */
      handlep->timeout = ~handlep->timeout;
    }
  } else {
    if (handlep->timeout < 0) {
      handlep->timeout = ~handlep->timeout;
    }
  }
  /* Update the timeout to use in poll(). */
  set_poll_timeout(handlep);
  return 0;
}

/*
 * Get the status field of the ring buffer frame at a specified offset.
 */
static inline int
pcap_get_ring_frame_status(pcap_t *handle, int offset)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  union thdr h;

  h.raw = RING_GET_FRAME_AT(handle, offset);
  switch (handlep->tp_version) {
  case TPACKET_V1:
    return (h.h1->tp_status);
    break;
  case TPACKET_V1_64:
    return (h.h1_64->tp_status);
    break;
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET2
  case TPACKET_V2:
    return (h.h2->tp_status);
    break;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
  case TPACKET_V3:
    return (h.h3->hdr.bh1.block_status);
    break;
#endif
  }
  /* This should not happen. */
  return 0;
}

#ifndef POLLRDHUP
#define POLLRDHUP 0
#endif

/*
 * Block waiting for frames to be available.
 */
static int pcap_wait_for_frames_mmap(pcap_t *handle)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  char c;
  struct pollfd pollinfo;
  int ret;

  pollinfo.fd = handle->fd;
  pollinfo.events = POLLIN;

  do {
    /*
     * Yes, we do this even in non-blocking mode, as it's
     * the only way to get error indications from a
     * tpacket socket.
     *
     * The timeout is 0 in non-blocking mode, so poll()
     * returns immediately.
     */
    ret = poll(&pollinfo, 1, handlep->poll_timeout);
    if (ret < 0 && errno != EINTR) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "can't poll on packet socket");
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    } else if (ret > 0 &&
      (pollinfo.revents & (POLLHUP|POLLRDHUP|POLLERR|POLLNVAL))) {
      /*
       * There's some indication other than
       * "you can read on this descriptor" on
       * the descriptor.
       */
      if (pollinfo.revents & (POLLHUP | POLLRDHUP)) {
        pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "Hangup on packet socket");
        return PCAP_ERROR;
      }
      if (pollinfo.revents & POLLERR) {
        /*
         * A recv() will give us the actual error code.
         *
         * XXX - make the socket non-blocking?
         */
        if (recv(handle->fd, &c, sizeof c,
          MSG_PEEK) != -1)
          continue; /* what, no error? */
        if (errno == ENETDOWN) {
          /*
           * The device on which we're
           * capturing went away.
           *
           * XXX - we should really return
           * PCAP_ERROR_IFACE_NOT_UP, but
           * pcap_dispatch() etc. aren't
           * defined to return that.
           */
          pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
            "The interface went down");
        } else {
          pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
              PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
              "Error condition on packet socket");
        }
        return PCAP_ERROR;
      }
      if (pollinfo.revents & POLLNVAL) {
        pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "Invalid polling request on packet socket");
        return PCAP_ERROR;
      }
    }
    /* check for break loop condition on interrupted syscall*/
    if (handle->break_loop) {
      handle->break_loop = 0;
      return PCAP_ERROR_BREAK;
    }
  } while (ret < 0);
  return 0;
}

/* handle a single memory mapped packet */
static int pcap_handle_packet_mmap(
    pcap_t *handle,
    pcap_handler callback,
    u_char *user,
    unsigned char *frame,
    unsigned int tp_len,
    unsigned int tp_mac,
    unsigned int tp_snaplen,
    unsigned int tp_sec,
    unsigned int tp_usec,
    int tp_vlan_tci_valid,
    __u16 tp_vlan_tci,
    __u16 tp_vlan_tpid)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  unsigned char *bp;
  struct sockaddr_ll *sll;
  struct pcap_pkthdr pcaphdr;
  unsigned int snaplen = tp_snaplen;
  struct utsname utsname;

  /* perform sanity check on internal offset. */
  if (tp_mac + tp_snaplen > handle->bufsize) {
    /*
     * Report some system information as a debugging aid.
     */
    if (uname(&utsname) != -1) {
      pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "corrupted frame on kernel ring mac "
        "offset %u + caplen %u > frame len %d "
        "(kernel %.32s version %s, machine %.16s)",
        tp_mac, tp_snaplen, handle->bufsize,
        utsname.release, utsname.version,
        utsname.machine);
    } else {
      pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "corrupted frame on kernel ring mac "
        "offset %u + caplen %u > frame len %d",
        tp_mac, tp_snaplen, handle->bufsize);
    }
    return -1;
  }

  /* run filter on received packet
   * If the kernel filtering is enabled we need to run the
   * filter until all the frames present into the ring
   * at filter creation time are processed.
   * In this case, blocks_to_filter_in_userland is used
   * as a counter for the packet we need to filter.
   * Note: alternatively it could be possible to stop applying
   * the filter when the ring became empty, but it can possibly
   * happen a lot later... */
  bp = frame + tp_mac;

  /* if required build in place the sll header*/
  sll = (void *)frame + TPACKET_ALIGN(handlep->tp_hdrlen);
  if (handlep->cooked) {
    if (handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_SLL2) {
      struct sll2_header *hdrp;

      /*
       * The kernel should have left us with enough
       * space for an sll header; back up the packet
       * data pointer into that space, as that'll be
       * the beginning of the packet we pass to the
       * callback.
       */
      bp -= SLL2_HDR_LEN;

      /*
       * Let's make sure that's past the end of
       * the tpacket header, i.e. >=
       * ((u_char *)thdr + TPACKET_HDRLEN), so we
       * don't step on the header when we construct
       * the sll header.
       */
      if (bp < (u_char *)frame +
             TPACKET_ALIGN(handlep->tp_hdrlen) +
             sizeof(struct sockaddr_ll)) {
        pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "cooked-mode frame doesn't have room for sll header");
        return -1;
      }

      /*
       * OK, that worked; construct the sll header.
       */
      hdrp = (struct sll2_header *)bp;
      hdrp->sll2_protocol = sll->sll_protocol;
      hdrp->sll2_reserved_mbz = 0;
      hdrp->sll2_if_index = htonl(sll->sll_ifindex);
      hdrp->sll2_hatype = htons(sll->sll_hatype);
      hdrp->sll2_pkttype = sll->sll_pkttype;
      hdrp->sll2_halen = sll->sll_halen;
      memcpy(hdrp->sll2_addr, sll->sll_addr, SLL_ADDRLEN);

      snaplen += sizeof(struct sll2_header);
    } else {
      struct sll_header *hdrp;

      /*
       * The kernel should have left us with enough
       * space for an sll header; back up the packet
       * data pointer into that space, as that'll be
       * the beginning of the packet we pass to the
       * callback.
       */
      bp -= SLL_HDR_LEN;

      /*
       * Let's make sure that's past the end of
       * the tpacket header, i.e. >=
       * ((u_char *)thdr + TPACKET_HDRLEN), so we
       * don't step on the header when we construct
       * the sll header.
       */
      if (bp < (u_char *)frame +
             TPACKET_ALIGN(handlep->tp_hdrlen) +
             sizeof(struct sockaddr_ll)) {
        pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          "cooked-mode frame doesn't have room for sll header");
        return -1;
      }

      /*
       * OK, that worked; construct the sll header.
       */
      hdrp = (struct sll_header *)bp;
      hdrp->sll_pkttype = htons(sll->sll_pkttype);
      hdrp->sll_hatype = htons(sll->sll_hatype);
      hdrp->sll_halen = htons(sll->sll_halen);
      memcpy(hdrp->sll_addr, sll->sll_addr, SLL_ADDRLEN);
      hdrp->sll_protocol = sll->sll_protocol;

      snaplen += sizeof(struct sll_header);
    }
  }

  if (handlep->filter_in_userland && handle->fcode.bf_insns) {
    struct bpf_aux_data aux_data;

    aux_data.vlan_tag_present = tp_vlan_tci_valid;
    aux_data.vlan_tag = tp_vlan_tci & 0x0fff;

    if (bpf_filter_with_aux_data(handle->fcode.bf_insns,
               bp,
               tp_len,
               snaplen,
               &aux_data) == 0)
      return 0;
  }

  if (!linux_check_direction(handle, sll))
    return 0;

  /* get required packet info from ring header */
  pcaphdr.ts.tv_sec = tp_sec;
  pcaphdr.ts.tv_usec = tp_usec;
  pcaphdr.caplen = tp_snaplen;
  pcaphdr.len = tp_len;

  /* if required build in place the sll header*/
  if (handlep->cooked) {
    /* update packet len */
    if (handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_SLL2) {
      pcaphdr.caplen += SLL2_HDR_LEN;
      pcaphdr.len += SLL2_HDR_LEN;
    } else {
      pcaphdr.caplen += SLL_HDR_LEN;
      pcaphdr.len += SLL_HDR_LEN;
    }
  }

#if defined(HAVE_TPACKET2) || defined(HAVE_TPACKET3)
  if (tp_vlan_tci_valid &&
    handlep->vlan_offset != -1 &&
    tp_snaplen >= (unsigned int) handlep->vlan_offset)
  {
    struct vlan_tag *tag;

    /*
     * Move everything in the header, except the type field,
     * down VLAN_TAG_LEN bytes, to allow us to insert the
     * VLAN tag between that stuff and the type field.
     */
    bp -= VLAN_TAG_LEN;
    memmove(bp, bp + VLAN_TAG_LEN, handlep->vlan_offset);

    /*
     * Now insert the tag.
     */
    tag = (struct vlan_tag *)(bp + handlep->vlan_offset);
    tag->vlan_tpid = htons(tp_vlan_tpid);
    tag->vlan_tci = htons(tp_vlan_tci);

    /*
     * Add the tag to the packet lengths.
     */
    pcaphdr.caplen += VLAN_TAG_LEN;
    pcaphdr.len += VLAN_TAG_LEN;
  }
#endif

  /*
   * The only way to tell the kernel to cut off the
   * packet at a snapshot length is with a filter program;
   * if there's no filter program, the kernel won't cut
   * the packet off.
   *
   * Trim the snapshot length to be no longer than the
   * specified snapshot length.
   */
  if (pcaphdr.caplen > (bpf_u_int32)handle->snapshot)
    pcaphdr.caplen = handle->snapshot;

  /* pass the packet to the user */
  callback(user, &pcaphdr, bp);

  return 1;
}

static int
pcap_read_linux_mmap_v1(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets, pcap_handler callback,
    u_char *user)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  union thdr h;
  int pkts = 0;
  int ret;

  /* wait for frames availability.*/
  h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
  if (h.h1->tp_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL) {
    /*
     * The current frame is owned by the kernel; wait for
     * a frame to be handed to us.
     */
    ret = pcap_wait_for_frames_mmap(handle);
    if (ret) {
      return ret;
    }
  }

  /* non-positive values of max_packets are used to require all
   * packets currently available in the ring */
  while ((pkts < max_packets) || PACKET_COUNT_IS_UNLIMITED(max_packets)) {
    /*
     * Get the current ring buffer frame, and break if
     * it's still owned by the kernel.
     */
    h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
    if (h.h1->tp_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL)
      break;

    ret = pcap_handle_packet_mmap(
        handle,
        callback,
        user,
        h.raw,
        h.h1->tp_len,
        h.h1->tp_mac,
        h.h1->tp_snaplen,
        h.h1->tp_sec,
        h.h1->tp_usec,
        0,
        0,
        0);
    if (ret == 1) {
      pkts++;
      handlep->packets_read++;
    } else if (ret < 0) {
      return ret;
    }

    /*
     * Hand this block back to the kernel, and, if we're
     * counting blocks that need to be filtered in userland
     * after having been filtered by the kernel, count
     * the one we've just processed.
     */
    h.h1->tp_status = TP_STATUS_KERNEL;
    if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland > 0) {
      handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland--;
      if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland == 0) {
        /*
         * No more blocks need to be filtered
         * in userland.
         */
        handlep->filter_in_userland = 0;
      }
    }

    /* next block */
    if (++handle->offset >= handle->cc)
      handle->offset = 0;

    /* check for break loop condition*/
    if (handle->break_loop) {
      handle->break_loop = 0;
      return PCAP_ERROR_BREAK;
    }
  }
  return pkts;
}

static int
pcap_read_linux_mmap_v1_64(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets, pcap_handler callback,
    u_char *user)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  union thdr h;
  int pkts = 0;
  int ret;

  /* wait for frames availability.*/
  h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
  if (h.h1_64->tp_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL) {
    /*
     * The current frame is owned by the kernel; wait for
     * a frame to be handed to us.
     */
    ret = pcap_wait_for_frames_mmap(handle);
    if (ret) {
      return ret;
    }
  }

  /* non-positive values of max_packets are used to require all
   * packets currently available in the ring */
  while ((pkts < max_packets) || PACKET_COUNT_IS_UNLIMITED(max_packets)) {
    /*
     * Get the current ring buffer frame, and break if
     * it's still owned by the kernel.
     */
    h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
    if (h.h1_64->tp_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL)
      break;

    ret = pcap_handle_packet_mmap(
        handle,
        callback,
        user,
        h.raw,
        h.h1_64->tp_len,
        h.h1_64->tp_mac,
        h.h1_64->tp_snaplen,
        h.h1_64->tp_sec,
        h.h1_64->tp_usec,
        0,
        0,
        0);
    if (ret == 1) {
      pkts++;
      handlep->packets_read++;
    } else if (ret < 0) {
      return ret;
    }

    /*
     * Hand this block back to the kernel, and, if we're
     * counting blocks that need to be filtered in userland
     * after having been filtered by the kernel, count
     * the one we've just processed.
     */
    h.h1_64->tp_status = TP_STATUS_KERNEL;
    if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland > 0) {
      handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland--;
      if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland == 0) {
        /*
         * No more blocks need to be filtered
         * in userland.
         */
        handlep->filter_in_userland = 0;
      }
    }

    /* next block */
    if (++handle->offset >= handle->cc)
      handle->offset = 0;

    /* check for break loop condition*/
    if (handle->break_loop) {
      handle->break_loop = 0;
      return PCAP_ERROR_BREAK;
    }
  }
  return pkts;
}

#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET2
static int
pcap_read_linux_mmap_v2(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets, pcap_handler callback,
    u_char *user)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  union thdr h;
  int pkts = 0;
  int ret;

  /* wait for frames availability.*/
  h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
  if (h.h2->tp_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL) {
    /*
     * The current frame is owned by the kernel; wait for
     * a frame to be handed to us.
     */
    ret = pcap_wait_for_frames_mmap(handle);
    if (ret) {
      return ret;
    }
  }

  /* non-positive values of max_packets are used to require all
   * packets currently available in the ring */
  while ((pkts < max_packets) || PACKET_COUNT_IS_UNLIMITED(max_packets)) {
    /*
     * Get the current ring buffer frame, and break if
     * it's still owned by the kernel.
     */
    h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
    if (h.h2->tp_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL)
      break;

    ret = pcap_handle_packet_mmap(
        handle,
        callback,
        user,
        h.raw,
        h.h2->tp_len,
        h.h2->tp_mac,
        h.h2->tp_snaplen,
        h.h2->tp_sec,
        handle->opt.tstamp_precision == PCAP_TSTAMP_PRECISION_NANO ? h.h2->tp_nsec : h.h2->tp_nsec / 1000,
        VLAN_VALID(h.h2, h.h2),
        h.h2->tp_vlan_tci,
        VLAN_TPID(h.h2, h.h2));
    if (ret == 1) {
      pkts++;
      handlep->packets_read++;
    } else if (ret < 0) {
      return ret;
    }

    /*
     * Hand this block back to the kernel, and, if we're
     * counting blocks that need to be filtered in userland
     * after having been filtered by the kernel, count
     * the one we've just processed.
     */
    h.h2->tp_status = TP_STATUS_KERNEL;
    if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland > 0) {
      handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland--;
      if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland == 0) {
        /*
         * No more blocks need to be filtered
         * in userland.
         */
        handlep->filter_in_userland = 0;
      }
    }

    /* next block */
    if (++handle->offset >= handle->cc)
      handle->offset = 0;

    /* check for break loop condition*/
    if (handle->break_loop) {
      handle->break_loop = 0;
      return PCAP_ERROR_BREAK;
    }
  }
  return pkts;
}
#endif /* HAVE_TPACKET2 */

#ifdef HAVE_TPACKET3
static int
pcap_read_linux_mmap_v3(pcap_t *handle, int max_packets, pcap_handler callback,
    u_char *user)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  union thdr h;
  int pkts = 0;
  int ret;

again:
  if (handlep->current_packet == NULL) {
    /* wait for frames availability.*/
    h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
    if (h.h3->hdr.bh1.block_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL) {
      /*
       * The current frame is owned by the kernel; wait
       * for a frame to be handed to us.
       */
      ret = pcap_wait_for_frames_mmap(handle);
      if (ret) {
        return ret;
      }
    }
  }
  h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
  if (h.h3->hdr.bh1.block_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL) {
    if (pkts == 0 && handlep->timeout == 0) {
      /* Block until we see a packet. */
      goto again;
    }
    return pkts;
  }

  /* non-positive values of max_packets are used to require all
   * packets currently available in the ring */
  while ((pkts < max_packets) || PACKET_COUNT_IS_UNLIMITED(max_packets)) {
    int packets_to_read;

    if (handlep->current_packet == NULL) {
      h.raw = RING_GET_CURRENT_FRAME(handle);
      if (h.h3->hdr.bh1.block_status == TP_STATUS_KERNEL)
        break;

      handlep->current_packet = h.raw + h.h3->hdr.bh1.offset_to_first_pkt;
      handlep->packets_left = h.h3->hdr.bh1.num_pkts;
    }
    packets_to_read = handlep->packets_left;

    if (!PACKET_COUNT_IS_UNLIMITED(max_packets) &&
        packets_to_read > (max_packets - pkts)) {
      /*
       * We've been given a maximum number of packets
       * to process, and there are more packets in
       * this buffer than that.  Only process enough
       * of them to get us up to that maximum.
       */
      packets_to_read = max_packets - pkts;
    }

    while (packets_to_read-- && !handle->break_loop) {
      struct tpacket3_hdr* tp3_hdr = (struct tpacket3_hdr*) handlep->current_packet;
      ret = pcap_handle_packet_mmap(
          handle,
          callback,
          user,
          handlep->current_packet,
          tp3_hdr->tp_len,
          tp3_hdr->tp_mac,
          tp3_hdr->tp_snaplen,
          tp3_hdr->tp_sec,
          handle->opt.tstamp_precision == PCAP_TSTAMP_PRECISION_NANO ? tp3_hdr->tp_nsec : tp3_hdr->tp_nsec / 1000,
          VLAN_VALID(tp3_hdr, &tp3_hdr->hv1),
          tp3_hdr->hv1.tp_vlan_tci,
          VLAN_TPID(tp3_hdr, &tp3_hdr->hv1));
      if (ret == 1) {
        pkts++;
        handlep->packets_read++;
      } else if (ret < 0) {
        handlep->current_packet = NULL;
        return ret;
      }
      handlep->current_packet += tp3_hdr->tp_next_offset;
      handlep->packets_left--;
    }

    if (handlep->packets_left <= 0) {
      /*
       * Hand this block back to the kernel, and, if
       * we're counting blocks that need to be
       * filtered in userland after having been
       * filtered by the kernel, count the one we've
       * just processed.
       */
      h.h3->hdr.bh1.block_status = TP_STATUS_KERNEL;
      if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland > 0) {
        handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland--;
        if (handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland == 0) {
          /*
           * No more blocks need to be filtered
           * in userland.
           */
          handlep->filter_in_userland = 0;
        }
      }

      /* next block */
      if (++handle->offset >= handle->cc)
        handle->offset = 0;

      handlep->current_packet = NULL;
    }

    /* check for break loop condition*/
    if (handle->break_loop) {
      handle->break_loop = 0;
      return PCAP_ERROR_BREAK;
    }
  }
  if (pkts == 0 && handlep->timeout == 0) {
    /* Block until we see a packet. */
    goto again;
  }
  return pkts;
}
#endif /* HAVE_TPACKET3 */

static int
pcap_setfilter_linux_mmap(pcap_t *handle, struct bpf_program *filter)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int n, offset;
  int ret;

  /*
   * Don't rewrite "ret" instructions; we don't need to, as
   * we're not reading packets with recvmsg(), and we don't
   * want to, as, by not rewriting them, the kernel can avoid
   * copying extra data.
   */
  ret = pcap_setfilter_linux_common(handle, filter, 1);
  if (ret < 0)
    return ret;

  /*
   * If we're filtering in userland, there's nothing to do;
   * the new filter will be used for the next packet.
   */
  if (handlep->filter_in_userland)
    return ret;

  /*
   * We're filtering in the kernel; the packets present in
   * all blocks currently in the ring were already filtered
   * by the old filter, and so will need to be filtered in
   * userland by the new filter.
   *
   * Get an upper bound for the number of such blocks; first,
   * walk the ring backward and count the free blocks.
   */
  offset = handle->offset;
  if (--offset < 0)
    offset = handle->cc - 1;
  for (n=0; n < handle->cc; ++n) {
    if (--offset < 0)
      offset = handle->cc - 1;
    if (pcap_get_ring_frame_status(handle, offset) != TP_STATUS_KERNEL)
      break;
  }

  /*
   * If we found free blocks, decrement the count of free
   * blocks by 1, just in case we lost a race with another
   * thread of control that was adding a packet while
   * we were counting and that had run the filter before
   * we changed it.
   *
   * XXX - could there be more than one block added in
   * this fashion?
   *
   * XXX - is there a way to avoid that race, e.g. somehow
   * wait for all packets that passed the old filter to
   * be added to the ring?
   */
  if (n != 0)
    n--;

  /*
   * Set the count of blocks worth of packets to filter
   * in userland to the total number of blocks in the
   * ring minus the number of free blocks we found, and
   * turn on userland filtering.  (The count of blocks
   * worth of packets to filter in userland is guaranteed
   * not to be zero - n, above, couldn't be set to a
   * value > handle->cc, and if it were equal to
   * handle->cc, it wouldn't be zero, and thus would
   * be decremented to handle->cc - 1.)
   */
  handlep->blocks_to_filter_in_userland = handle->cc - n;
  handlep->filter_in_userland = 1;
  return ret;
}

#endif /* HAVE_PACKET_RING */


#ifdef HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS
/*
 *  Return the index of the given device name. Fill ebuf and return
 *  -1 on failure.
 */
static int
iface_get_id(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
  struct ifreq  ifr;

  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));

  if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFINDEX, &ifr) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "SIOCGIFINDEX");
    return -1;
  }

  return ifr.ifr_ifindex;
}

/*
 *  Bind the socket associated with FD to the given device.
 *  Return 1 on success, 0 if we should try a SOCK_PACKET socket,
 *  or a PCAP_ERROR_ value on a hard error.
 */
static int
iface_bind(int fd, int ifindex, char *ebuf, int protocol)
{
  struct sockaddr_ll  sll;
  int     err;
  socklen_t   errlen = sizeof(err);

  memset(&sll, 0, sizeof(sll));
  sll.sll_family    = AF_PACKET;
  sll.sll_ifindex   = ifindex;
  sll.sll_protocol  = protocol;

  if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &sll, sizeof(sll)) == -1) {
    if (errno == ENETDOWN) {
      /*
       * Return a "network down" indication, so that
       * the application can report that rather than
       * saying we had a mysterious failure and
       * suggest that they report a problem to the
       * libpcap developers.
       */
      return PCAP_ERROR_IFACE_NOT_UP;
    } else {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          errno, "bind");
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /* Any pending errors, e.g., network is down? */

  if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &err, &errlen) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "getsockopt (SO_ERROR)");
    return 0;
  }

  if (err == ENETDOWN) {
    /*
     * Return a "network down" indication, so that
     * the application can report that rather than
     * saying we had a mysterious failure and
     * suggest that they report a problem to the
     * libpcap developers.
     */
    return PCAP_ERROR_IFACE_NOT_UP;
  } else if (err > 0) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        err, "bind");
    return 0;
  }

  return 1;
}

#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
/*
 * Check whether the device supports the Wireless Extensions.
 * Returns 1 if it does, 0 if it doesn't, PCAP_ERROR_NO_SUCH_DEVICE
 * if the device doesn't even exist.
 */
static int
has_wext(int sock_fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
  struct iwreq ireq;
  int ret;

  if (is_bonding_device(sock_fd, device))
    return 0; /* bonding device, so don't even try */

  pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
      sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIWNAME, &ireq) >= 0)
    return 1; /* yes */
  if (errno == ENODEV)
    ret = PCAP_ERROR_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
  else
    ret = 0;
  pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
      "%s: SIOCGIWNAME", device);
  return ret;
}

/*
 * Per me si va ne la citta dolente,
 * Per me si va ne l'etterno dolore,
 *  ...
 * Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate.
 *
 * XXX - airmon-ng does special stuff with the Orinoco driver and the
 * wlan-ng driver.
 */
typedef enum {
  MONITOR_WEXT,
  MONITOR_HOSTAP,
  MONITOR_PRISM,
  MONITOR_PRISM54,
  MONITOR_ACX100,
  MONITOR_RT2500,
  MONITOR_RT2570,
  MONITOR_RT73,
  MONITOR_RTL8XXX
} monitor_type;

/*
 * Use the Wireless Extensions, if we have them, to try to turn monitor mode
 * on if it's not already on.
 *
 * Returns 1 on success, 0 if we don't support the Wireless Extensions
 * on this device, or a PCAP_ERROR_ value if we do support them but
 * we weren't able to turn monitor mode on.
 */
static int
enter_rfmon_mode_wext(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd, const char *device)
{
  /*
   * XXX - at least some adapters require non-Wireless Extensions
   * mechanisms to turn monitor mode on.
   *
   * Atheros cards might require that a separate "monitor virtual access
   * point" be created, with later versions of the madwifi driver.
   * airmon-ng does "wlanconfig ath create wlandev {if} wlanmode
   * monitor -bssid", which apparently spits out a line "athN"
   * where "athN" is the monitor mode device.  To leave monitor
   * mode, it destroys the monitor mode device.
   *
   * Some Intel Centrino adapters might require private ioctls to get
   * radio headers; the ipw2200 and ipw3945 drivers allow you to
   * configure a separate "rtapN" interface to capture in monitor
   * mode without preventing the adapter from operating normally.
   * (airmon-ng doesn't appear to use that, though.)
   *
   * It would be Truly Wonderful if mac80211 and nl80211 cleaned this
   * up, and if all drivers were converted to mac80211 drivers.
   *
   * If interface {if} is a mac80211 driver, the file
   * /sys/class/net/{if}/phy80211 is a symlink to
   * /sys/class/ieee80211/{phydev}, for some {phydev}.
   *
   * On Fedora 9, with a 2.6.26.3-29 kernel, my Zydas stick, at
   * least, has a "wmaster0" device and a "wlan0" device; the
   * latter is the one with the IP address.  Both show up in
   * "tcpdump -D" output.  Capturing on the wmaster0 device
   * captures with 802.11 headers.
   *
   * airmon-ng searches through /sys/class/net for devices named
   * monN, starting with mon0; as soon as one *doesn't* exist,
   * it chooses that as the monitor device name.  If the "iw"
   * command exists, it does "iw dev {if} interface add {monif}
   * type monitor", where {monif} is the monitor device.  It
   * then (sigh) sleeps .1 second, and then configures the
   * device up.  Otherwise, if /sys/class/ieee80211/{phydev}/add_iface
   * is a file, it writes {mondev}, without a newline, to that file,
   * and again (sigh) sleeps .1 second, and then iwconfig's that
   * device into monitor mode and configures it up.  Otherwise,
   * you can't do monitor mode.
   *
   * All these devices are "glued" together by having the
   * /sys/class/net/{device}/phy80211 links pointing to the same
   * place, so, given a wmaster, wlan, or mon device, you can
   * find the other devices by looking for devices with
   * the same phy80211 link.
   *
   * To turn monitor mode off, delete the monitor interface,
   * either with "iw dev {monif} interface del" or by sending
   * {monif}, with no NL, down /sys/class/ieee80211/{phydev}/remove_iface
   *
   * Note: if you try to create a monitor device named "monN", and
   * there's already a "monN" device, it fails, as least with
   * the netlink interface (which is what iw uses), with a return
   * value of -ENFILE.  (Return values are negative errnos.)  We
   * could probably use that to find an unused device.
   */
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int err;
  struct iwreq ireq;
  struct iw_priv_args *priv;
  monitor_type montype;
  int i;
  __u32 cmd;
  struct ifreq ifr;
  int oldflags;
  int args[2];
  int channel;

  /*
   * Does this device *support* the Wireless Extensions?
   */
  err = has_wext(sock_fd, device, handle->errbuf);
  if (err <= 0)
    return err; /* either it doesn't or the device doesn't even exist */
  /*
   * Start out assuming we have no private extensions to control
   * radio metadata.
   */
  montype = MONITOR_WEXT;
  cmd = 0;

  /*
   * Try to get all the Wireless Extensions private ioctls
   * supported by this device.
   *
   * First, get the size of the buffer we need, by supplying no
   * buffer and a length of 0.  If the device supports private
   * ioctls, it should return E2BIG, with ireq.u.data.length set
   * to the length we need.  If it doesn't support them, it should
   * return EOPNOTSUPP.
   */
  memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
  pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
      sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
  ireq.u.data.pointer = (void *)args;
  ireq.u.data.length = 0;
  ireq.u.data.flags = 0;
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIWPRIV, &ireq) != -1) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        "%s: SIOCGIWPRIV with a zero-length buffer didn't fail!",
        device);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  if (errno != EOPNOTSUPP) {
    /*
     * OK, it's not as if there are no private ioctls.
     */
    if (errno != E2BIG) {
      /*
       * Failed.
       */
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "%s: SIOCGIWPRIV", device);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }

    /*
     * OK, try to get the list of private ioctls.
     */
    priv = malloc(ireq.u.data.length * sizeof (struct iw_priv_args));
    if (priv == NULL) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "malloc");
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
    ireq.u.data.pointer = (void *)priv;
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIWPRIV, &ireq) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "%s: SIOCGIWPRIV", device);
      free(priv);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }

    /*
     * Look for private ioctls to turn monitor mode on or, if
     * monitor mode is on, to set the header type.
     */
    for (i = 0; i < ireq.u.data.length; i++) {
      if (strcmp(priv[i].name, "monitor_type") == 0) {
        /*
         * Hostap driver, use this one.
         * Set monitor mode first.
         * You can set it to 0 to get DLT_IEEE80211,
         * 1 to get DLT_PRISM, 2 to get
         * DLT_IEEE80211_RADIO_AVS, and, with more
         * recent versions of the driver, 3 to get
         * DLT_IEEE80211_RADIO.
         */
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_TYPE_MASK) != IW_PRIV_TYPE_INT)
          break;
        if (!(priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_FIXED))
          break;
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_MASK) != 1)
          break;
        montype = MONITOR_HOSTAP;
        cmd = priv[i].cmd;
        break;
      }
      if (strcmp(priv[i].name, "set_prismhdr") == 0) {
        /*
         * Prism54 driver, use this one.
         * Set monitor mode first.
         * You can set it to 2 to get DLT_IEEE80211
         * or 3 or get DLT_PRISM.
         */
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_TYPE_MASK) != IW_PRIV_TYPE_INT)
          break;
        if (!(priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_FIXED))
          break;
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_MASK) != 1)
          break;
        montype = MONITOR_PRISM54;
        cmd = priv[i].cmd;
        break;
      }
      if (strcmp(priv[i].name, "forceprismheader") == 0) {
        /*
         * RT2570 driver, use this one.
         * Do this after turning monitor mode on.
         * You can set it to 1 to get DLT_PRISM or 2
         * to get DLT_IEEE80211.
         */
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_TYPE_MASK) != IW_PRIV_TYPE_INT)
          break;
        if (!(priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_FIXED))
          break;
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_MASK) != 1)
          break;
        montype = MONITOR_RT2570;
        cmd = priv[i].cmd;
        break;
      }
      if (strcmp(priv[i].name, "forceprism") == 0) {
        /*
         * RT73 driver, use this one.
         * Do this after turning monitor mode on.
         * Its argument is a *string*; you can
         * set it to "1" to get DLT_PRISM or "2"
         * to get DLT_IEEE80211.
         */
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_TYPE_MASK) != IW_PRIV_TYPE_CHAR)
          break;
        if (priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_FIXED)
          break;
        montype = MONITOR_RT73;
        cmd = priv[i].cmd;
        break;
      }
      if (strcmp(priv[i].name, "prismhdr") == 0) {
        /*
         * One of the RTL8xxx drivers, use this one.
         * It can only be done after monitor mode
         * has been turned on.  You can set it to 1
         * to get DLT_PRISM or 0 to get DLT_IEEE80211.
         */
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_TYPE_MASK) != IW_PRIV_TYPE_INT)
          break;
        if (!(priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_FIXED))
          break;
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_MASK) != 1)
          break;
        montype = MONITOR_RTL8XXX;
        cmd = priv[i].cmd;
        break;
      }
      if (strcmp(priv[i].name, "rfmontx") == 0) {
        /*
         * RT2500 or RT61 driver, use this one.
         * It has one one-byte parameter; set
         * u.data.length to 1 and u.data.pointer to
         * point to the parameter.
         * It doesn't itself turn monitor mode on.
         * You can set it to 1 to allow transmitting
         * in monitor mode(?) and get DLT_IEEE80211,
         * or set it to 0 to disallow transmitting in
         * monitor mode(?) and get DLT_PRISM.
         */
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_TYPE_MASK) != IW_PRIV_TYPE_INT)
          break;
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_MASK) != 2)
          break;
        montype = MONITOR_RT2500;
        cmd = priv[i].cmd;
        break;
      }
      if (strcmp(priv[i].name, "monitor") == 0) {
        /*
         * Either ACX100 or hostap, use this one.
         * It turns monitor mode on.
         * If it takes two arguments, it's ACX100;
         * the first argument is 1 for DLT_PRISM
         * or 2 for DLT_IEEE80211, and the second
         * argument is the channel on which to
         * run.  If it takes one argument, it's
         * HostAP, and the argument is 2 for
         * DLT_IEEE80211 and 3 for DLT_PRISM.
         *
         * If we see this, we don't quit, as this
         * might be a version of the hostap driver
         * that also supports "monitor_type".
         */
        if ((priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_TYPE_MASK) != IW_PRIV_TYPE_INT)
          break;
        if (!(priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_FIXED))
          break;
        switch (priv[i].set_args & IW_PRIV_SIZE_MASK) {

        case 1:
          montype = MONITOR_PRISM;
          cmd = priv[i].cmd;
          break;

        case 2:
          montype = MONITOR_ACX100;
          cmd = priv[i].cmd;
          break;

        default:
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    free(priv);
  }

  /*
   * XXX - ipw3945?  islism?
   */

  /*
   * Get the old mode.
   */
  pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
      sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIWMODE, &ireq) == -1) {
    /*
     * We probably won't be able to set the mode, either.
     */
    return PCAP_ERROR_RFMON_NOTSUP;
  }

  /*
   * Is it currently in monitor mode?
   */
  if (ireq.u.mode == IW_MODE_MONITOR) {
    /*
     * Yes.  Just leave things as they are.
     * We don't offer multiple link-layer types, as
     * changing the link-layer type out from under
     * somebody else capturing in monitor mode would
     * be considered rude.
     */
    return 1;
  }
  /*
   * No.  We have to put the adapter into rfmon mode.
   */

  /*
   * If we haven't already done so, arrange to have
   * "pcap_close_all()" called when we exit.
   */
  if (!pcap_do_addexit(handle)) {
    /*
     * "atexit()" failed; don't put the interface
     * in rfmon mode, just give up.
     */
    return PCAP_ERROR_RFMON_NOTSUP;
  }

  /*
   * Save the old mode.
   */
  handlep->oldmode = ireq.u.mode;

  /*
   * Put the adapter in rfmon mode.  How we do this depends
   * on whether we have a special private ioctl or not.
   */
  if (montype == MONITOR_PRISM) {
    /*
     * We have the "monitor" private ioctl, but none of
     * the other private ioctls.  Use this, and select
     * the Prism header.
     *
     * If it fails, just fall back on SIOCSIWMODE.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    ireq.u.data.length = 1; /* 1 argument */
    args[0] = 3;  /* request Prism header */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq) != -1) {
      /*
       * Success.
       * Note that we have to put the old mode back
       * when we close the device.
       */
      handlep->must_do_on_close |= MUST_CLEAR_RFMON;

      /*
       * Add this to the list of pcaps to close
       * when we exit.
       */
      pcap_add_to_pcaps_to_close(handle);

      return 1;
    }

    /*
     * Failure.  Fall back on SIOCSIWMODE.
     */
  }

  /*
   * First, take the interface down if it's up; otherwise, we
   * might get EBUSY.
   */
  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "%s: Can't get flags", device);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }
  oldflags = 0;
  if (ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP) {
    oldflags = ifr.ifr_flags;
    ifr.ifr_flags &= ~IFF_UP;
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "%s: Can't set flags",
          device);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /*
   * Then turn monitor mode on.
   */
  pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
      sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
  ireq.u.mode = IW_MODE_MONITOR;
  if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCSIWMODE, &ireq) == -1) {
    /*
     * Scientist, you've failed.
     * Bring the interface back up if we shut it down.
     */
    ifr.ifr_flags = oldflags;
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "%s: Can't set flags",
          device);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
    return PCAP_ERROR_RFMON_NOTSUP;
  }

  /*
   * XXX - airmon-ng does "iwconfig {if} key off" after setting
   * monitor mode and setting the channel, and then does
   * "iwconfig up".
   */

  /*
   * Now select the appropriate radio header.
   */
  switch (montype) {

  case MONITOR_WEXT:
    /*
     * We don't have any private ioctl to set the header.
     */
    break;

  case MONITOR_HOSTAP:
    /*
     * Try to select the radiotap header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 3;  /* request radiotap header */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq) != -1)
      break; /* success */

    /*
     * That failed.  Try to select the AVS header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 2;  /* request AVS header */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq) != -1)
      break; /* success */

    /*
     * That failed.  Try to select the Prism header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 1;  /* request Prism header */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq);
    break;

  case MONITOR_PRISM:
    /*
     * The private ioctl failed.
     */
    break;

  case MONITOR_PRISM54:
    /*
     * Select the Prism header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 3;  /* request Prism header */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq);
    break;

  case MONITOR_ACX100:
    /*
     * Get the current channel.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCGIWFREQ, &ireq) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "%s: SIOCGIWFREQ", device);
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
    channel = ireq.u.freq.m;

    /*
     * Select the Prism header, and set the channel to the
     * current value.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 1;    /* request Prism header */
    args[1] = channel;  /* set channel */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, 2*sizeof (int));
    ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq);
    break;

  case MONITOR_RT2500:
    /*
     * Disallow transmission - that turns on the
     * Prism header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 0;  /* disallow transmitting */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq);
    break;

  case MONITOR_RT2570:
    /*
     * Force the Prism header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 1;  /* request Prism header */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq);
    break;

  case MONITOR_RT73:
    /*
     * Force the Prism header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    ireq.u.data.length = 1; /* 1 argument */
    ireq.u.data.pointer = "1";
    ireq.u.data.flags = 0;
    ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq);
    break;

  case MONITOR_RTL8XXX:
    /*
     * Force the Prism header.
     */
    memset(&ireq, 0, sizeof ireq);
    pcap_strlcpy(ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name, device,
        sizeof ireq.ifr_ifrn.ifrn_name);
    args[0] = 1;  /* request Prism header */
    memcpy(ireq.u.name, args, sizeof (int));
    ioctl(sock_fd, cmd, &ireq);
    break;
  }

  /*
   * Now bring the interface back up if we brought it down.
   */
  if (oldflags != 0) {
    ifr.ifr_flags = oldflags;
    if (ioctl(sock_fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "%s: Can't set flags",
          device);

      /*
       * At least try to restore the old mode on the
       * interface.
       */
      if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCSIWMODE, &ireq) == -1) {
        /*
         * Scientist, you've failed.
         */
        fprintf(stderr,
            "Can't restore interface wireless mode (SIOCSIWMODE failed: %s).\n"
            "Please adjust manually.\n",
            strerror(errno));
      }
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /*
   * Note that we have to put the old mode back when we
   * close the device.
   */
  handlep->must_do_on_close |= MUST_CLEAR_RFMON;

  /*
   * Add this to the list of pcaps to close when we exit.
   */
  pcap_add_to_pcaps_to_close(handle);

  return 1;
}
#endif /* IW_MODE_MONITOR */

/*
 * Try various mechanisms to enter monitor mode.
 */
static int
enter_rfmon_mode(pcap_t *handle, int sock_fd, const char *device)
{
#if defined(HAVE_LIBNL) || defined(IW_MODE_MONITOR)
  int ret;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LIBNL
  ret = enter_rfmon_mode_mac80211(handle, sock_fd, device);
  if (ret < 0)
    return ret; /* error attempting to do so */
  if (ret == 1)
    return 1; /* success */
#endif /* HAVE_LIBNL */

#ifdef IW_MODE_MONITOR
  ret = enter_rfmon_mode_wext(handle, sock_fd, device);
  if (ret < 0)
    return ret; /* error attempting to do so */
  if (ret == 1)
    return 1; /* success */
#endif /* IW_MODE_MONITOR */

  /*
   * Either none of the mechanisms we know about work or none
   * of those mechanisms are available, so we can't do monitor
   * mode.
   */
  return 0;
}

#if defined(HAVE_LINUX_NET_TSTAMP_H) && defined(PACKET_TIMESTAMP)
/*
 * Map SOF_TIMESTAMPING_ values to PCAP_TSTAMP_ values.
 */
static const struct {
  int soft_timestamping_val;
  int pcap_tstamp_val;
} sof_ts_type_map[3] = {
  { SOF_TIMESTAMPING_SOFTWARE, PCAP_TSTAMP_HOST },
  { SOF_TIMESTAMPING_SYS_HARDWARE, PCAP_TSTAMP_ADAPTER },
  { SOF_TIMESTAMPING_RAW_HARDWARE, PCAP_TSTAMP_ADAPTER_UNSYNCED }
};
#define NUM_SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TYPES  (sizeof sof_ts_type_map / sizeof sof_ts_type_map[0])

/*
 * Set the list of time stamping types to include all types.
 */
static void
iface_set_all_ts_types(pcap_t *handle)
{
  u_int i;

  handle->tstamp_type_count = NUM_SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TYPES;
  handle->tstamp_type_list = malloc(NUM_SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TYPES * sizeof(u_int));
  for (i = 0; i < NUM_SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TYPES; i++)
    handle->tstamp_type_list[i] = sof_ts_type_map[i].pcap_tstamp_val;
}

#ifdef ETHTOOL_GET_TS_INFO
/*
 * Get a list of time stamping capabilities.
 */
static int
iface_ethtool_get_ts_info(const char *device, pcap_t *handle, char *ebuf)
{
  int fd;
  struct ifreq ifr;
  struct ethtool_ts_info info;
  int num_ts_types;
  u_int i, j;

  /*
   * This doesn't apply to the "any" device; you can't say "turn on
   * hardware time stamping for all devices that exist now and arrange
   * that it be turned on for any device that appears in the future",
   * and not all devices even necessarily *support* hardware time
   * stamping, so don't report any time stamp types.
   */
  if (strcmp(device, "any") == 0) {
    handle->tstamp_type_list = NULL;
    return 0;
  }

  /*
   * Create a socket from which to fetch time stamping capabilities.
   */
  fd = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_RAW, 0);
  if (fd < 0) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "socket for SIOCETHTOOL(ETHTOOL_GET_TS_INFO)");
    return -1;
  }

  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
  memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
  info.cmd = ETHTOOL_GET_TS_INFO;
  ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&info;
  if (ioctl(fd, SIOCETHTOOL, &ifr) == -1) {
    int save_errno = errno;

    close(fd);
    switch (save_errno) {

    case EOPNOTSUPP:
    case EINVAL:
      /*
       * OK, this OS version or driver doesn't support
       * asking for the time stamping types, so let's
       * just return all the possible types.
       */
      iface_set_all_ts_types(handle);
      return 0;

    case ENODEV:
      /*
       * OK, no such device.
       * The user will find that out when they try to
       * activate the device; just return an empty
       * list of time stamp types.
       */
      handle->tstamp_type_list = NULL;
      return 0;

    default:
      /*
       * Other error.
       */
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
          save_errno,
          "%s: SIOCETHTOOL(ETHTOOL_GET_TS_INFO) ioctl failed",
          device);
      return -1;
    }
  }
  close(fd);

  /*
   * Do we support hardware time stamping of *all* packets?
   */
  if (!(info.rx_filters & (1 << HWTSTAMP_FILTER_ALL))) {
    /*
     * No, so don't report any time stamp types.
     *
     * XXX - some devices either don't report
     * HWTSTAMP_FILTER_ALL when they do support it, or
     * report HWTSTAMP_FILTER_ALL but map it to only
     * time stamping a few PTP packets.  See
     * http://marc.info/?l=linux-netdev&m=146318183529571&w=2
     */
    handle->tstamp_type_list = NULL;
    return 0;
  }

  num_ts_types = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < NUM_SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TYPES; i++) {
    if (info.so_timestamping & sof_ts_type_map[i].soft_timestamping_val)
      num_ts_types++;
  }
  handle->tstamp_type_count = num_ts_types;
  if (num_ts_types != 0) {
    handle->tstamp_type_list = malloc(num_ts_types * sizeof(u_int));
    for (i = 0, j = 0; i < NUM_SOF_TIMESTAMPING_TYPES; i++) {
      if (info.so_timestamping & sof_ts_type_map[i].soft_timestamping_val) {
        handle->tstamp_type_list[j] = sof_ts_type_map[i].pcap_tstamp_val;
        j++;
      }
    }
  } else
    handle->tstamp_type_list = NULL;

  return 0;
}
#else /* ETHTOOL_GET_TS_INFO */
static int
iface_ethtool_get_ts_info(const char *device, pcap_t *handle, char *ebuf _U_)
{
  /*
   * This doesn't apply to the "any" device; you can't say "turn on
   * hardware time stamping for all devices that exist now and arrange
   * that it be turned on for any device that appears in the future",
   * and not all devices even necessarily *support* hardware time
   * stamping, so don't report any time stamp types.
   */
  if (strcmp(device, "any") == 0) {
    handle->tstamp_type_list = NULL;
    return 0;
  }

  /*
   * We don't have an ioctl to use to ask what's supported,
   * so say we support everything.
   */
  iface_set_all_ts_types(handle);
  return 0;
}
#endif /* ETHTOOL_GET_TS_INFO */

#endif /* defined(HAVE_LINUX_NET_TSTAMP_H) && defined(PACKET_TIMESTAMP) */

#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_RING
/*
 * Find out if we have any form of fragmentation/reassembly offloading.
 *
 * We do so using SIOCETHTOOL checking for various types of offloading;
 * if SIOCETHTOOL isn't defined, or we don't have any #defines for any
 * of the types of offloading, there's nothing we can do to check, so
 * we just say "no, we don't".
 *
 * We treat EOPNOTSUPP, EINVAL and, if eperm_ok is true, EPERM as
 * indications that the operation isn't supported.  We do EPERM
 * weirdly because the SIOCETHTOOL code in later kernels 1) doesn't
 * support ETHTOOL_GUFO, 2) also doesn't include it in the list
 * of ethtool operations that don't require CAP_NET_ADMIN privileges,
 * and 3) does the "is this permitted" check before doing the "is
 * this even supported" check, so it fails with "this is not permitted"
 * rather than "this is not even supported".  To work around this
 * annoyance, we only treat EPERM as an error for the first feature,
 * and assume that they all do the same permission checks, so if the
 * first one is allowed all the others are allowed if supported.
 */
#if defined(SIOCETHTOOL) && (defined(ETHTOOL_GTSO) || defined(ETHTOOL_GUFO) || defined(ETHTOOL_GGSO) || defined(ETHTOOL_GFLAGS) || defined(ETHTOOL_GGRO))
static int
iface_ethtool_flag_ioctl(pcap_t *handle, int cmd, const char *cmdname,
    int eperm_ok)
{
  struct ifreq  ifr;
  struct ethtool_value eval;

  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, handle->opt.device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
  eval.cmd = cmd;
  eval.data = 0;
  ifr.ifr_data = (caddr_t)&eval;
  if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCETHTOOL, &ifr) == -1) {
    if (errno == EOPNOTSUPP || errno == EINVAL ||
        (errno == EPERM && eperm_ok)) {
      /*
       * OK, let's just return 0, which, in our
       * case, either means "no, what we're asking
       * about is not enabled" or "all the flags
       * are clear (i.e., nothing is enabled)".
       */
      return 0;
    }
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "%s: SIOCETHTOOL(%s) ioctl failed",
        handle->opt.device, cmdname);
    return -1;
  }
  return eval.data;
}

/*
 * XXX - it's annoying that we have to check for offloading at all, but,
 * given that we have to, it's still annoying that we have to check for
 * particular types of offloading, especially that shiny new types of
 * offloading may be added - and, worse, may not be checkable with
 * a particular ETHTOOL_ operation; ETHTOOL_GFEATURES would, in
 * theory, give those to you, but the actual flags being used are
 * opaque (defined in a non-uapi header), and there doesn't seem to
 * be any obvious way to ask the kernel what all the offloading flags
 * are - at best, you can ask for a set of strings(!) to get *names*
 * for various flags.  (That whole mechanism appears to have been
 * designed for the sole purpose of letting ethtool report flags
 * by name and set flags by name, with the names having no semantics
 * ethtool understands.)
 */
static int
iface_get_offload(pcap_t *handle)
{
  int ret;

#ifdef ETHTOOL_GTSO
  ret = iface_ethtool_flag_ioctl(handle, ETHTOOL_GTSO, "ETHTOOL_GTSO", 0);
  if (ret == -1)
    return -1;
  if (ret)
    return 1; /* TCP segmentation offloading on */
#endif

#ifdef ETHTOOL_GGSO
  /*
   * XXX - will this cause large unsegmented packets to be
   * handed to PF_PACKET sockets on transmission?  If not,
   * this need not be checked.
   */
  ret = iface_ethtool_flag_ioctl(handle, ETHTOOL_GGSO, "ETHTOOL_GGSO", 0);
  if (ret == -1)
    return -1;
  if (ret)
    return 1; /* generic segmentation offloading on */
#endif

#ifdef ETHTOOL_GFLAGS
  ret = iface_ethtool_flag_ioctl(handle, ETHTOOL_GFLAGS, "ETHTOOL_GFLAGS", 0);
  if (ret == -1)
    return -1;
  if (ret & ETH_FLAG_LRO)
    return 1; /* large receive offloading on */
#endif

#ifdef ETHTOOL_GGRO
  /*
   * XXX - will this cause large reassembled packets to be
   * handed to PF_PACKET sockets on receipt?  If not,
   * this need not be checked.
   */
  ret = iface_ethtool_flag_ioctl(handle, ETHTOOL_GGRO, "ETHTOOL_GGRO", 0);
  if (ret == -1)
    return -1;
  if (ret)
    return 1; /* generic (large) receive offloading on */
#endif

#ifdef ETHTOOL_GUFO
  /*
   * Do this one last, as support for it was removed in later
   * kernels, and it fails with EPERM on those kernels rather
   * than with EOPNOTSUPP (see explanation in comment for
   * iface_ethtool_flag_ioctl()).
   */
  ret = iface_ethtool_flag_ioctl(handle, ETHTOOL_GUFO, "ETHTOOL_GUFO", 1);
  if (ret == -1)
    return -1;
  if (ret)
    return 1; /* UDP fragmentation offloading on */
#endif

  return 0;
}
#else /* SIOCETHTOOL */
static int
iface_get_offload(pcap_t *handle _U_)
{
  /*
   * XXX - do we need to get this information if we don't
   * have the ethtool ioctls?  If so, how do we do that?
   */
  return 0;
}
#endif /* SIOCETHTOOL */

#endif /* HAVE_PACKET_RING */

#endif /* HAVE_PF_PACKET_SOCKETS */

/* ===== Functions to interface to the older kernels ================== */

/*
 * Try to open a packet socket using the old kernel interface.
 * Returns 1 on success and a PCAP_ERROR_ value on an error.
 */
static int
activate_old(pcap_t *handle)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  int   err;
  int   arptype;
  struct ifreq  ifr;
  const char  *device = handle->opt.device;
  struct utsname  utsname;
  int   mtu;

  /*
   * PF_INET/SOCK_PACKET sockets must be bound to a device, so we
   * can't support the "any" device.
   */
  if (strcmp(device, "any") == 0) {
    pcap_strlcpy(handle->errbuf, "pcap_activate: The \"any\" device isn't supported on 2.0[.x]-kernel systems",
      PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  /* Open the socket */
  handle->fd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_PACKET, htons(ETH_P_ALL));
  if (handle->fd == -1) {
    err = errno;
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        err, "socket");
    if (err == EPERM || err == EACCES) {
      /*
       * You don't have permission to open the
       * socket.
       */
      return PCAP_ERROR_PERM_DENIED;
    } else {
      /*
       * Other error.
       */
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
  }

  /* It worked - we are using the old interface */
  handlep->sock_packet = 1;

  /* ...which means we get the link-layer header. */
  handlep->cooked = 0;

  /* Bind to the given device */
  if (iface_bind_old(handle->fd, device, handle->errbuf) == -1)
    return PCAP_ERROR;

  /*
   * Try to get the link-layer type.
   */
  arptype = iface_get_arptype(handle->fd, device, handle->errbuf);
  if (arptype < 0)
    return PCAP_ERROR;

  /*
   * Try to find the DLT_ type corresponding to that
   * link-layer type.
   */
  map_arphrd_to_dlt(handle, handle->fd, arptype, device, 0);
  if (handle->linktype == -1) {
    pcap_snprintf(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
       "unknown arptype %d", arptype);
    return PCAP_ERROR;
  }

  /* Go to promisc mode if requested */

  if (handle->opt.promisc) {
    memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
    pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
    if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "SIOCGIFFLAGS");
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    }
    if ((ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_PROMISC) == 0) {
      /*
       * Promiscuous mode isn't currently on,
       * so turn it on, and remember that
       * we should turn it off when the
       * pcap_t is closed.
       */

      /*
       * If we haven't already done so, arrange
       * to have "pcap_close_all()" called when
       * we exit.
       */
      if (!pcap_do_addexit(handle)) {
        /*
         * "atexit()" failed; don't put
         * the interface in promiscuous
         * mode, just give up.
         */
        return PCAP_ERROR;
      }

      ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_PROMISC;
      if (ioctl(handle->fd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
        pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
            PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno, "SIOCSIFFLAGS");
        return PCAP_ERROR;
      }
      handlep->must_do_on_close |= MUST_CLEAR_PROMISC;

      /*
       * Add this to the list of pcaps
       * to close when we exit.
       */
      pcap_add_to_pcaps_to_close(handle);
    }
  }

  /*
   * Compute the buffer size.
   *
   * We're using SOCK_PACKET, so this might be a 2.0[.x]
   * kernel, and might require special handling - check.
   */
  if (uname(&utsname) < 0 ||
      strncmp(utsname.release, "2.0", 3) == 0) {
    /*
     * Either we couldn't find out what kernel release
     * this is, or it's a 2.0[.x] kernel.
     *
     * In the 2.0[.x] kernel, a "recvfrom()" on
     * a SOCK_PACKET socket, with MSG_TRUNC set, will
     * return the number of bytes read, so if we pass
     * a length based on the snapshot length, it'll
     * return the number of bytes from the packet
     * copied to userland, not the actual length
     * of the packet.
     *
     * This means that, for example, the IP dissector
     * in tcpdump will get handed a packet length less
     * than the length in the IP header, and will
     * complain about "truncated-ip".
     *
     * So we don't bother trying to copy from the
     * kernel only the bytes in which we're interested,
     * but instead copy them all, just as the older
     * versions of libpcap for Linux did.
     *
     * The buffer therefore needs to be big enough to
     * hold the largest packet we can get from this
     * device.  Unfortunately, we can't get the MRU
     * of the network; we can only get the MTU.  The
     * MTU may be too small, in which case a packet larger
     * than the buffer size will be truncated *and* we
     * won't get the actual packet size.
     *
     * However, if the snapshot length is larger than
     * the buffer size based on the MTU, we use the
     * snapshot length as the buffer size, instead;
     * this means that with a sufficiently large snapshot
     * length we won't artificially truncate packets
     * to the MTU-based size.
     *
     * This mess just one of many problems with packet
     * capture on 2.0[.x] kernels; you really want a
     * 2.2[.x] or later kernel if you want packet capture
     * to work well.
     */
    mtu = iface_get_mtu(handle->fd, device, handle->errbuf);
    if (mtu == -1)
      return PCAP_ERROR;
    handle->bufsize = MAX_LINKHEADER_SIZE + mtu;
    if (handle->bufsize < (u_int)handle->snapshot)
      handle->bufsize = (u_int)handle->snapshot;
  } else {
    /*
     * This is a 2.2[.x] or later kernel.
     *
     * We can safely pass "recvfrom()" a byte count
     * based on the snapshot length.
     *
     * XXX - this "should not happen", as 2.2[.x]
     * kernels all have PF_PACKET sockets, and there's
     * no configuration option to disable them without
     * disabling SOCK_PACKET sockets, because
     * SOCK_PACKET sockets are implemented in the same
     * source file, net/packet/af_packet.c.  There *is*
     * an option to disable SOCK_PACKET sockets so that
     * you only have PF_PACKET sockets, and the kernel
     * will log warning messages for code that uses
     * "obsolete (PF_INET,SOCK_PACKET)".
     */
    handle->bufsize = (u_int)handle->snapshot;
  }

  /*
   * Default value for offset to align link-layer payload
   * on a 4-byte boundary.
   */
  handle->offset   = 0;

  /*
   * SOCK_PACKET sockets don't supply information from
   * stripped VLAN tags.
   */
  handlep->vlan_offset = -1; /* unknown */

  return 1;
}

/*
 *  Bind the socket associated with FD to the given device using the
 *  interface of the old kernels.
 */
static int
iface_bind_old(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
  struct sockaddr saddr;
  int   err;
  socklen_t errlen = sizeof(err);

  memset(&saddr, 0, sizeof(saddr));
  pcap_strlcpy(saddr.sa_data, device, sizeof(saddr.sa_data));
  if (bind(fd, &saddr, sizeof(saddr)) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "bind");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Any pending errors, e.g., network is down? */

  if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &err, &errlen) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "getsockopt (SO_ERROR)");
    return -1;
  }

  if (err > 0) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        err, "bind");
    return -1;
  }

  return 0;
}


/* ===== System calls available on all supported kernels ============== */

/*
 *  Query the kernel for the MTU of the given interface.
 */
static int
iface_get_mtu(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
  struct ifreq  ifr;

  if (!device)
    return BIGGER_THAN_ALL_MTUS;

  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));

  if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFMTU, &ifr) == -1) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "SIOCGIFMTU");
    return -1;
  }

  return ifr.ifr_mtu;
}

/*
 *  Get the hardware type of the given interface as ARPHRD_xxx constant.
 */
static int
iface_get_arptype(int fd, const char *device, char *ebuf)
{
  struct ifreq  ifr;
  int   ret;

  memset(&ifr, 0, sizeof(ifr));
  pcap_strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));

  if (ioctl(fd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifr) == -1) {
    if (errno == ENODEV) {
      /*
       * No such device.
       */
      ret = PCAP_ERROR_NO_SUCH_DEVICE;
    } else
      ret = PCAP_ERROR;
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(ebuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "SIOCGIFHWADDR");
    return ret;
  }

  return ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_family;
}

#ifdef SO_ATTACH_FILTER
static int
fix_program(pcap_t *handle, struct sock_fprog *fcode, int is_mmapped)
{
  struct pcap_linux *handlep = handle->priv;
  size_t prog_size;
  register int i;
  register struct bpf_insn *p;
  struct bpf_insn *f;
  int len;

  /*
   * Make a copy of the filter, and modify that copy if
   * necessary.
   */
  prog_size = sizeof(*handle->fcode.bf_insns) * handle->fcode.bf_len;
  len = handle->fcode.bf_len;
  f = (struct bpf_insn *)malloc(prog_size);
  if (f == NULL) {
    pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf, PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE,
        errno, "malloc");
    return -1;
  }
  memcpy(f, handle->fcode.bf_insns, prog_size);
  fcode->len = len;
  fcode->filter = (struct sock_filter *) f;

  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
    p = &f[i];
    /*
     * What type of instruction is this?
     */
    switch (BPF_CLASS(p->code)) {

    case BPF_RET:
      /*
       * It's a return instruction; are we capturing
       * in memory-mapped mode?
       */
      if (!is_mmapped) {
        /*
         * No; is the snapshot length a constant,
         * rather than the contents of the
         * accumulator?
         */
        if (BPF_MODE(p->code) == BPF_K) {
          /*
           * Yes - if the value to be returned,
           * i.e. the snapshot length, is
           * anything other than 0, make it
           * MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN, so that the packet
           * is truncated by "recvfrom()",
           * not by the filter.
           *
           * XXX - there's nothing we can
           * easily do if it's getting the
           * value from the accumulator; we'd
           * have to insert code to force
           * non-zero values to be
           * MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN.
           */
          if (p->k != 0)
            p->k = MAXIMUM_SNAPLEN;
        }
      }
      break;

    case BPF_LD:
    case BPF_LDX:
      /*
       * It's a load instruction; is it loading
       * from the packet?
       */
      switch (BPF_MODE(p->code)) {

      case BPF_ABS:
      case BPF_IND:
      case BPF_MSH:
        /*
         * Yes; are we in cooked mode?
         */
        if (handlep->cooked) {
          /*
           * Yes, so we need to fix this
           * instruction.
           */
          if (fix_offset(handle, p) < 0) {
            /*
             * We failed to do so.
             * Return 0, so our caller
             * knows to punt to userland.
             */
            return 0;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return 1; /* we succeeded */
}

static int
fix_offset(pcap_t *handle, struct bpf_insn *p)
{
  /*
   * Existing references to auxiliary data shouldn't be adjusted.
   *
   * Note that SKF_AD_OFF is negative, but p->k is unsigned, so
   * we use >= and cast SKF_AD_OFF to unsigned.
   */
  if (p->k >= (bpf_u_int32)SKF_AD_OFF)
    return 0;
  if (handle->linktype == DLT_LINUX_SLL2) {
    /*
     * What's the offset?
     */
    if (p->k >= SLL2_HDR_LEN) {
      /*
       * It's within the link-layer payload; that starts
       * at an offset of 0, as far as the kernel packet
       * filter is concerned, so subtract the length of
       * the link-layer header.
       */
      p->k -= SLL2_HDR_LEN;
    } else if (p->k == 0) {
      /*
       * It's the protocol field; map it to the
       * special magic kernel offset for that field.
       */
      p->k = SKF_AD_OFF + SKF_AD_PROTOCOL;
    } else if (p->k == 10) {
      /*
       * It's the packet type field; map it to the
       * special magic kernel offset for that field.
       */
      p->k = SKF_AD_OFF + SKF_AD_PKTTYPE;
    } else if ((bpf_int32)(p->k) > 0) {
      /*
       * It's within the header, but it's not one of
       * those fields; we can't do that in the kernel,
       * so punt to userland.
       */
      return -1;
    }
  } else {
    /*
     * What's the offset?
     */
    if (p->k >= SLL_HDR_LEN) {
      /*
       * It's within the link-layer payload; that starts
       * at an offset of 0, as far as the kernel packet
       * filter is concerned, so subtract the length of
       * the link-layer header.
       */
      p->k -= SLL_HDR_LEN;
    } else if (p->k == 0) {
      /*
       * It's the packet type field; map it to the
       * special magic kernel offset for that field.
       */
      p->k = SKF_AD_OFF + SKF_AD_PKTTYPE;
    } else if (p->k == 14) {
      /*
       * It's the protocol field; map it to the
       * special magic kernel offset for that field.
       */
      p->k = SKF_AD_OFF + SKF_AD_PROTOCOL;
    } else if ((bpf_int32)(p->k) > 0) {
      /*
       * It's within the header, but it's not one of
       * those fields; we can't do that in the kernel,
       * so punt to userland.
       */
      return -1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

static int
set_kernel_filter(pcap_t *handle, struct sock_fprog *fcode)
{
  int total_filter_on = 0;
  int save_mode;
  int ret;
  int save_errno;

  /*
   * The socket filter code doesn't discard all packets queued
   * up on the socket when the filter is changed; this means
   * that packets that don't match the new filter may show up
   * after the new filter is put onto the socket, if those
   * packets haven't yet been read.
   *
   * This means, for example, that if you do a tcpdump capture
   * with a filter, the first few packets in the capture might
   * be packets that wouldn't have passed the filter.
   *
   * We therefore discard all packets queued up on the socket
   * when setting a kernel filter.  (This isn't an issue for
   * userland filters, as the userland filtering is done after
   * packets are queued up.)
   *
   * To flush those packets, we put the socket in read-only mode,
   * and read packets from the socket until there are no more to
   * read.
   *
   * In order to keep that from being an infinite loop - i.e.,
   * to keep more packets from arriving while we're draining
   * the queue - we put the "total filter", which is a filter
   * that rejects all packets, onto the socket before draining
   * the queue.
   *
   * This code deliberately ignores any errors, so that you may
   * get bogus packets if an error occurs, rather than having
   * the filtering done in userland even if it could have been
   * done in the kernel.
   */
  if (setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_FILTER,
           &total_fcode, sizeof(total_fcode)) == 0) {
    char drain[1];

    /*
     * Note that we've put the total filter onto the socket.
     */
    total_filter_on = 1;

    /*
     * Save the socket's current mode, and put it in
     * non-blocking mode; we drain it by reading packets
     * until we get an error (which is normally a
     * "nothing more to be read" error).
     */
    save_mode = fcntl(handle->fd, F_GETFL, 0);
    if (save_mode == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "can't get FD flags when changing filter");
      return -2;
    }
    if (fcntl(handle->fd, F_SETFL, save_mode | O_NONBLOCK) < 0) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "can't set nonblocking mode when changing filter");
      return -2;
    }
    while (recv(handle->fd, &drain, sizeof drain, MSG_TRUNC) >= 0)
      ;
    save_errno = errno;
    if (save_errno != EAGAIN) {
      /*
       * Fatal error.
       *
       * If we can't restore the mode or reset the
       * kernel filter, there's nothing we can do.
       */
      (void)fcntl(handle->fd, F_SETFL, save_mode);
      (void)reset_kernel_filter(handle);
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, save_errno,
          "recv failed when changing filter");
      return -2;
    }
    if (fcntl(handle->fd, F_SETFL, save_mode) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "can't restore FD flags when changing filter");
      return -2;
    }
  }

  /*
   * Now attach the new filter.
   */
  ret = setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ATTACH_FILTER,
       fcode, sizeof(*fcode));
  if (ret == -1 && total_filter_on) {
    /*
     * Well, we couldn't set that filter on the socket,
     * but we could set the total filter on the socket.
     *
     * This could, for example, mean that the filter was
     * too big to put into the kernel, so we'll have to
     * filter in userland; in any case, we'll be doing
     * filtering in userland, so we need to remove the
     * total filter so we see packets.
     */
    save_errno = errno;

    /*
     * If this fails, we're really screwed; we have the
     * total filter on the socket, and it won't come off.
     * Report it as a fatal error.
     */
    if (reset_kernel_filter(handle) == -1) {
      pcap_fmt_errmsg_for_errno(handle->errbuf,
          PCAP_ERRBUF_SIZE, errno,
          "can't remove kernel total filter");
      return -2;  /* fatal error */
    }

    errno = save_errno;
  }
  return ret;
}

static int
reset_kernel_filter(pcap_t *handle)
{
  int ret;
  /*
   * setsockopt() barfs unless it get a dummy parameter.
   * valgrind whines unless the value is initialized,
   * as it has no idea that setsockopt() ignores its
   * parameter.
   */
  int dummy = 0;

  ret = setsockopt(handle->fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DETACH_FILTER,
           &dummy, sizeof(dummy));
  /*
   * Ignore ENOENT - it means "we don't have a filter", so there
   * was no filter to remove, and there's still no filter.
   *
   * Also ignore ENONET, as a lot of kernel versions had a
   * typo where ENONET, rather than ENOENT, was returned.
   */
  if (ret == -1 && errno != ENOENT && errno != ENONET)
    return -1;
  return 0;
}
#endif

int
pcap_set_protocol_linux(pcap_t *p, int protocol)
{
  if (pcap_check_activated(p))
    return (PCAP_ERROR_ACTIVATED);
  p->opt.protocol = protocol;
  return (0);
}

/*
 * Libpcap version string.
 */
const char *
pcap_lib_version(void)
{
#ifdef HAVE_PACKET_RING
 #if defined(HAVE_TPACKET3)
  return (PCAP_VERSION_STRING " (with TPACKET_V3)");
 #elif defined(HAVE_TPACKET2)
  return (PCAP_VERSION_STRING " (with TPACKET_V2)");
 #else
  return (PCAP_VERSION_STRING " (with TPACKET_V1)");
 #endif
#else
  return (PCAP_VERSION_STRING " (without TPACKET)");
#endif
}

Coverage Report

Created: 2021-11-03 07:11