Fuzz introspector
For issues and ideas: https://github.com/ossf/fuzz-introspector/issues
Project coverage

Table of contents

Project overview: bleach
High level conclusions
Reachability and coverage overview
Fuzzers overview
Project functions overview
Fuzzer details
Fuzzer: sanitize_fuzzer
Call tree
Fuzz blockers
Runtime coverage analysis
Files reached
Fuzzer: linkify_fuzzer
Call tree
Fuzz blockers
Runtime coverage analysis
Files reached
Analyses and suggestions
Optimal target analysis
Remaining optimal interesting functions
All functions overview
Fuzz engine guidance
/src/sanitize_fuzzer.py
Dictionary
Fuzzer function priority
/src/linkify_fuzzer.py
Dictionary
Fuzzer function priority
Runtime coverage analysis
Complex functions with low coverage
Files and Directories in report
Files in report
Directories in report
Metadata section
Report generation date: 2026-01-25

Project overview: bleach

High level conclusions

Reachability and coverage overview

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers
18.0%
136 / 736
Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers
23.0%
595 / 2610
Runtime code coverage of functions
31.0%
227 / 736

Warning: The number of runtime covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that Fuzz Introspector found there are more functions covered at runtime than what is considered reachable based on the static analysis. This is a limitation in the analysis as anything covered at runtime is by definition reachable by the fuzzers.
This is likely due to a limitation in the static analysis. In this case, the count of functions covered at runtime is the true value, which means this is what should be considered "achieved" by the fuzzer.

Use the project functions table below to query all functions that were not covered at runtime.

Fuzzers overview

Fuzzer Fuzzer filename Functions Reached Functions unreached Fuzzer depth Files reached Basic blocks reached Cyclomatic complexity Details
sanitize_fuzzer /src/sanitize_fuzzer.py 182 1050 12 12 372 694 sanitize_fuzzer.py
linkify_fuzzer /src/linkify_fuzzer.py 271 961 16 17 548 1029 linkify_fuzzer.py

Project functions overview

The following table shows data about each function in the project. The functions included in this table correspond to all functions that exist in the executables of the fuzzers. As such, there may be functions that are from third-party libraries.

For further technical details on the meaning of columns in the below table, please see the Glossary .

Func name Functions filename Args Function call depth Reached by Fuzzers Runtime reached by Fuzzers Combined reached by Fuzzers Fuzzers runtime hit Func lines hit % I Count BB Count Cyclomatic complexity Functions reached Reached by functions Accumulated cyclomatic complexity Undiscovered complexity

Fuzzer details

Fuzzer: sanitize_fuzzer

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Full calltree

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is
Color Runtime hitcount Callsite count Percentage
red 0 304 38.4%
gold [1:9] 0 0.0%
yellow [10:29] 0 0.0%
greenyellow [30:49] 0 0.0%
lawngreen 50+ 487 61.5%
All colors 791 100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked Calltree index Parent function Callsite Largest blocked function
31 166 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.entityDataState call site: 00166 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.consumeNumberEntity
19 201 bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie.py.Trie.has_keys_with_prefix call site: 00201 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
15 45 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.readChunk call site: 00045 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.BufferedStream._readStream
14 67 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.readChunk call site: 00067 bleach._vendor.html5lib._utils.isSurrogatePair
14 264 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00264 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.charsUntil
10 121 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00121 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.charsUntil
9 224 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00224 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
8 355 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00355 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.charsUntil
8 485 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00485 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
8 648 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00648 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
7 150 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00150 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
7 256 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00256 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions
287
Functions that are reachable but not covered
103
Reachable functions
182
Percentage of reachable functions covered
43.41%
NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.
Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.
Function name source code lines source lines hit percentage hit

Files reached

filename functions hit
/ 1
...sanitize_fuzzer 3
bleach 2
bleach.sanitizer 14
bleach.html5lib_shim 32
bleach._vendor.html5lib.serializer 7
bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser 18
bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer 96
bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream 25
bleach._vendor.html5lib._utils 2
bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie.py 3
bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie._base 2

Fuzzer: linkify_fuzzer

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Full calltree

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is
Color Runtime hitcount Callsite count Percentage
red 0 473 48.0%
gold [1:9] 0 0.0%
yellow [10:29] 0 0.0%
greenyellow [30:49] 0 0.0%
lawngreen 50+ 511 51.9%
All colors 984 100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked Calltree index Parent function Callsite Largest blocked function
109 719 bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie.py.Trie.has_keys_with_prefix call site: 00719 bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.whitespace.Filter.__iter__
50 879 bleach.sanitizer.BleachSanitizerFilter.sanitize_stream call site: 00879 bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.optionaltags.Filter.__iter__
15 45 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.readChunk call site: 00045 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.BufferedStream._readStream
15 690 bleach.sanitizer.BleachSanitizerFilter.merge_characters call site: 00690 bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.optionaltags.Filter.__iter__
14 65 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.readChunk call site: 00065 bleach._vendor.html5lib._utils.isSurrogatePair
14 593 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00593 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.charsUntil
10 677 bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser.HTMLParser.mainLoop call site: 00677 bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser.HTMLParser.mainLoop
9 397 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00397 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
8 308 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00308 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
8 413 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00413 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char
8 584 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00584 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.charsUntil
7 291 bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__ call site: 00291 bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.char

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions
287
Functions that are reachable but not covered
180
Reachable functions
271
Percentage of reachable functions covered
33.58%
NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.
Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.
Function name source code lines source lines hit percentage hit

Files reached

filename functions hit
/ 1
...linkify_fuzzer 3
bleach 2
bleach.linkifier 37
bleach.html5lib_shim 33
bleach._vendor.html5lib.serializer 29
bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser 18
bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer 90
bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream 25
bleach._vendor.html5lib._utils 2
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.optionaltags 5
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.inject_meta_charset 14
bleach.sanitizer 39
bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie.py 3
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.whitespace 9
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.sanitizer 39
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.alphabeticalattributes 11

Analyses and suggestions

Optimal target analysis

Remaining optimal interesting functions

The following table shows a list of functions that are optimal targets. Optimal targets are identified by finding the functions that in combination, yield a high code coverage.

Func name Functions filename Arg count Args Function depth hitcount instr count bb count cyclomatic complexity Reachable functions Incoming references total cyclomatic complexity Unreached complexity
bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLInputStream bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 5 0 0 4 5 42 2 142 119
bleach._vendor.parse.urljoin bleach._vendor.parse 3 ['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A'] 5 0 4 12 8 36 0 126 114
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree_lxml.TreeBuilder.insertRoot bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree_lxml 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 2 0 5 7 6 18 0 60 54
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers.base.NonRecursiveTreeWalker.__iter__ bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers.base 1 ['N/A'] 2 0 8 13 8 16 0 57 54
bleach._vendor.parse.urlencode bleach._vendor.parse 6 ['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A'] 5 0 6 9 7 19 0 69 54
bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser.getPhases.InBodyPhase.startTagA bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 2 0 6 3 4 16 0 59 53
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree_lxml.testSerializer.serializeElement bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree_lxml 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 2 0 15 12 8 15 2 58 46
bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.EncodingParser.handleMeta bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream 1 ['N/A'] 3 0 0 10 7 18 0 70 45
bleach._vendor.html5lib._utils.moduleFactoryFactory.moduleFactory bleach._vendor.html5lib._utils 3 ['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A'] 2 0 1 4 5 14 0 47 38
bleach._vendor.parse.parse_qsl bleach._vendor.parse 7 ['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A'] 3 0 3 8 6 18 1 64 36

Implementing fuzzers that target the above functions will improve reachability such that it becomes:

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers
28.9%
211 / 736
Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers
34.0%
896 / 2610

All functions overview

If you implement fuzzers for these functions, the status of all functions in the project will be:

Func name Functions filename Args Function call depth Reached by Fuzzers Runtime reached by Fuzzers Combined reached by Fuzzers Fuzzers runtime hit Func lines hit % I Count BB Count Cyclomatic complexity Functions reached Reached by functions Accumulated cyclomatic complexity Undiscovered complexity

Fuzz engine guidance

This sections provides heuristics that can be used as input to a fuzz engine when running a given fuzz target. The current focus is on providing input that is usable by libFuzzer.

/src/sanitize_fuzzer.py

Dictionary

Use this with the libFuzzer -dict=DICT.file flag


Fuzzer function priority

Use one of these functions as input to libfuzzer with flag: -focus_function name 

-focus_function=['bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.entityDataState', 'bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie.py.Trie.has_keys_with_prefix', 'bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.readChunk', 'bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__']

/src/linkify_fuzzer.py

Dictionary

Use this with the libFuzzer -dict=DICT.file flag


Fuzzer function priority

Use one of these functions as input to libfuzzer with flag: -focus_function name 

-focus_function=['bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie.py.Trie.has_keys_with_prefix', 'bleach.sanitizer.BleachSanitizerFilter.sanitize_stream', 'bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLUnicodeInputStream.readChunk', 'bleach.sanitizer.BleachSanitizerFilter.merge_characters', 'bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.__iter__', 'bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser.HTMLParser.mainLoop']

Runtime coverage analysis

This section shows analysis of runtime coverage data.

For futher technical details on how this section is generated, please see the Glossary .

Complex functions with low coverage

Func name Function total lines Lines covered at runtime percentage covered Reached by fuzzers
bleach.linkifier.LinkifyFilter.handle_links 41 0 0.0% ['linkify_fuzzer']
bleach.linkifier.LinkifyFilter.__iter__ 31 0 0.0% ['linkify_fuzzer']
bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.HTMLBinaryInputStream.determineEncoding 41 0 0.0% []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream.EncodingParser.getAttribute 52 0 0.0% []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.sanitizer.Filter.allowed_token 33 0 0.0%
bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer.HTMLTokenizer.consumeEntity 43 0 0.0% ['sanitize_fuzzer']
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree.getETreeBuilder.testSerializer.serializeElement 47 0 0.0% []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree.getETreeBuilder.tostring.serializeElement 39 7 17.94% ['linkify_fuzzer', 'sanitize_fuzzer']
webencodings.lookup 123 45 36.58% ['linkify_fuzzer', 'sanitize_fuzzer']
bleach._vendor.parse.urljoin 39 0 0.0% []
bleach._vendor.parse.urlencode 39 0 0.0% []

Files and Directories in report

This section shows which files and directories are considered in this report. The main reason for showing this is fuzz introspector may include more code in the reasoning than is desired. This section helps identify if too many files/directories are included, e.g. third party code, which may be irrelevant for the threat model. In the event too much is included, fuzz introspector supports a configuration file that can exclude data from the report. See the following link for more information on how to create a config file: link

Files in report

Source file Reached by Covered by
[] []
weakref [] []
bleach.linkifier ['linkify_fuzzer'] []
urllib [] []
lxml [] []
sys [] []
operator [] []
codecs [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.serializer ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
bisect [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers [] []
io [] []
chardet [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.html5parser ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
bleach.six_shim [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treeadapters [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.lint [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.base [] []
bleach._vendor [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._utils ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.base [] []
collections [] []
bleach.css_sanitizer [] []
bleach.sanitizer ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
re [] []
...sanitize_fuzzer ['sanitize_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.dom [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers.base [] []
atheris [] []
bleach ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie.py ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.constants [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree_lxml [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers.dom [] []
copy [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treeadapters.genshi [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._ihatexml [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.optionaltags ['linkify_fuzzer'] []
xml [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.whitespace ['linkify_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._inputstream ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
tinycss2 [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers.genshi [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie [] []
bleach.callbacks [] []
[] []
webencodings [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.inject_meta_charset ['linkify_fuzzer'] []
unicodedata [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.alphabeticalattributes ['linkify_fuzzer'] []
itertools [] []
types [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treebuilders.etree [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers.etree_lxml [] []
bleach.parse_shim [] []
bleach._vendor.parse [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treeadapters.sax [] []
genshi [] []
bleach.html5lib_shim ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._tokenizer ['sanitize_fuzzer', 'linkify_fuzzer'] []
...linkify_fuzzer ['linkify_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.filters.sanitizer ['linkify_fuzzer'] []
warnings [] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib._trie._base ['sanitize_fuzzer'] []
bleach._vendor.html5lib.treewalkers.etree [] []

Directories in report

Directory

Metadata section

This sections shows the raw data that is used to produce this report. This is mainly used for further processing and developer debugging.

Fuzzer Calltree file Program data file Coverage file
sanitize_fuzzer fuzzerLogFile-sanitize_fuzzer.data fuzzerLogFile-sanitize_fuzzer.data.yaml all_cov.json
linkify_fuzzer fuzzerLogFile-linkify_fuzzer.data fuzzerLogFile-linkify_fuzzer.data.yaml all_cov.json