Fuzz introspector
For issues and ideas: https://github.com/ossf/fuzz-introspector/issues
Project coverage

Table of contents

Project overview: g-api-auth-library-python
High level conclusions
Reachability and coverage overview
Fuzzers overview
Project functions overview
Fuzzer details
Fuzzer: fuzz_jwt
Call tree
Fuzz blockers
Runtime coverage analysis
Files reached
Fuzzer: fuzz_jwt_roundtrip
Call tree
Fuzz blockers
Runtime coverage analysis
Files reached
Analyses and suggestions
Optimal target analysis
Remaining optimal interesting functions
All functions overview
Fuzz engine guidance
/src/fuzz_jwt.py
Dictionary
Fuzzer function priority
/src/fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.py
Dictionary
Fuzzer function priority
Runtime coverage analysis
Complex functions with low coverage
Files and Directories in report
Files in report
Directories in report
Metadata section
Report generation date: 2025-07-04

Project overview: g-api-auth-library-python

High level conclusions

Reachability and coverage overview

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers
4.0%
27 / 673
Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers
4.0%
93 / 2188
Runtime code coverage of functions
7.00%
44 / 673

Warning: The number of runtime covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that Fuzz Introspector found there are more functions covered at runtime than what is considered reachable based on the static analysis. This is a limitation in the analysis as anything covered at runtime is by definition reachable by the fuzzers.
This is likely due to a limitation in the static analysis. In this case, the count of functions covered at runtime is the true value, which means this is what should be considered "achieved" by the fuzzer.

Use the project functions table below to query all functions that were not covered at runtime.

Fuzzers overview

Fuzzer Fuzzer filename Functions Reached Functions unreached Fuzzer depth Files reached Basic blocks reached Cyclomatic complexity Details
fuzz_jwt /src/fuzz_jwt.py 33 1143 6 6 18 103 fuzz_jwt.py
fuzz_jwt_roundtrip /src/fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.py 68 1109 7 11 32 213 fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.py

Project functions overview

The following table shows data about each function in the project. The functions included in this table correspond to all functions that exist in the executables of the fuzzers. As such, there may be functions that are from third-party libraries.

For further technical details on the meaning of columns in the below table, please see the Glossary .

Func name Functions filename Args Function call depth Reached by Fuzzers Runtime reached by Fuzzers Combined reached by Fuzzers Fuzzers runtime hit Func lines hit % I Count BB Count Cyclomatic complexity Functions reached Reached by functions Accumulated cyclomatic complexity Undiscovered complexity

Fuzzer details

Fuzzer: fuzz_jwt

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Full calltree

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is
Color Runtime hitcount Callsite count Percentage
red 0 15 34.8%
gold [1:9] 0 0.0%
yellow [10:29] 0 0.0%
greenyellow [30:49] 0 0.0%
lawngreen 50+ 28 65.1%
All colors 43 100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked Calltree index Parent function Callsite Largest blocked function
15 27 google.auth.jwt.decode call site: 00027 google.auth.jwt._verify_iat_and_exp

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions
78
Functions that are reachable but not covered
27
Reachable functions
33
Percentage of reachable functions covered
18.18%
NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.
Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.
Function name source code lines source lines hit percentage hit

Files reached

filename functions hit
/ 1
...fuzz_jwt 4
google.auth.jwt 17
google.auth._helpers 9
google.auth.exceptions 2
google.auth.crypt 3

Fuzzer: fuzz_jwt_roundtrip

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Full calltree

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is
Color Runtime hitcount Callsite count Percentage
red 0 57 60.0%
gold [1:9] 0 0.0%
yellow [10:29] 0 0.0%
greenyellow [30:49] 0 0.0%
lawngreen 50+ 38 40.0%
All colors 95 100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked Calltree index Parent function Callsite Largest blocked function
18 38 google.auth.jwt.encode call site: 00038 google.auth.iam.Signer._make_signing_request
15 79 google.auth.jwt.decode call site: 00079 google.auth.jwt._verify_iat_and_exp
14 2 ...fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.test_roundtrip_unverified call site: 00002 google.auth.crypt._python_rsa.RSASigner.from_string
2 23 ...fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.test_roundtrip_unverified call site: 00023 fdp.ConsumeString
2 26 ...fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.test_roundtrip_unverified call site: 00026 google.auth.jwt.encode
2 32 google.auth.jwt.encode call site: 00032 google.auth._helpers.unpadded_urlsafe_b64encode
2 35 google.auth._helpers.unpadded_urlsafe_b64encode call site: 00035 google.auth._helpers.unpadded_urlsafe_b64encode
1 0 EP call site: 00000 ...fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.test_roundtrip_unverified
1 30 google.auth.jwt.encode call site: 00030 header.update

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions
78
Functions that are reachable but not covered
56
Reachable functions
68
Percentage of reachable functions covered
17.65%
NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.
Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.
Function name source code lines source lines hit percentage hit

Files reached

filename functions hit
/ 1
...fuzz_jwt_roundtrip 8
google.auth.crypt._python_rsa 8
google.auth._helpers 11
google.auth.crypt._cryptography_rsa 3
google.auth.jwt 22
google.auth.iam 12
google.auth._exponential_backoff 5
google.auth.api_key 1
google.auth.exceptions 2
google.auth.crypt 3

Analyses and suggestions

Optimal target analysis

Remaining optimal interesting functions

The following table shows a list of functions that are optimal targets. Optimal targets are identified by finding the functions that in combination, yield a high code coverage.

Func name Functions filename Arg count Args Function depth hitcount instr count bb count cyclomatic complexity Reachable functions Incoming references total cyclomatic complexity Unreached complexity
google.auth.credentials.Credentials._non_blocking_refresh google.auth.credentials 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 6 0 2 2 4 186 1 606 439
google.auth._default._get_explicit_environ_credentials google.auth._default 1 ['N/A'] 8 0 3 2 4 106 1 337 245
google.auth.transport._http_client.Request.__call__ google.auth.transport._http_client 7 ['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A'] 5 0 5 3 4 39 0 126 102
google.auth.transport.urllib3.AuthorizedHttp.configure_mtls_channel google.auth.transport.urllib3 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 7 0 2 3 4 40 0 132 99
google.auth.aws.RequestSigner.get_request_options google.auth.aws 6 ['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A'] 3 0 1 4 5 27 1 87 60
google.oauth2.challenges.SecurityKeyChallenge.obtain_challenge_input google.oauth2.challenges 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 3 0 6 5 5 20 0 67 55
google.oauth2._credentials_async.Credentials.refresh google.oauth2._credentials_async 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 7 0 0 3 4 47 1 157 46
google.auth.transport._custom_tls_signer.CustomTlsSigner.load_libraries google.auth.transport._custom_tls_signer 1 ['N/A'] 3 0 1 2 4 16 1 52 43
google.oauth2._id_token_async.fetch_id_token google.oauth2._id_token_async 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 7 0 3 4 5 120 0 384 39
google.auth.pluggable.Credentials.retrieve_subject_token google.auth.pluggable 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 2 0 2 5 5 13 0 50 38

Implementing fuzzers that target the above functions will improve reachability such that it becomes:

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers
32.0%
214 / 673
Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers
34.0%
743 / 2188

All functions overview

If you implement fuzzers for these functions, the status of all functions in the project will be:

Func name Functions filename Args Function call depth Reached by Fuzzers Runtime reached by Fuzzers Combined reached by Fuzzers Fuzzers runtime hit Func lines hit % I Count BB Count Cyclomatic complexity Functions reached Reached by functions Accumulated cyclomatic complexity Undiscovered complexity

Fuzz engine guidance

This sections provides heuristics that can be used as input to a fuzz engine when running a given fuzz target. The current focus is on providing input that is usable by libFuzzer.

/src/fuzz_jwt.py

Dictionary

Use this with the libFuzzer -dict=DICT.file flag


Fuzzer function priority

Use one of these functions as input to libfuzzer with flag: -focus_function name 

-focus_function=['google.auth.jwt.decode']

/src/fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.py

Dictionary

Use this with the libFuzzer -dict=DICT.file flag


Fuzzer function priority

Use one of these functions as input to libfuzzer with flag: -focus_function name 

-focus_function=['google.auth.jwt.encode', 'google.auth.jwt.decode', '...fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.test_roundtrip_unverified', 'google.auth._helpers.unpadded_urlsafe_b64encode']

Runtime coverage analysis

This section shows analysis of runtime coverage data.

For futher technical details on how this section is generated, please see the Glossary .

Complex functions with low coverage

Func name Function total lines Lines covered at runtime percentage covered Reached by fuzzers
cachetools.LRUCache 516 133 25.77% ['fuzz_jwt', 'fuzz_jwt_roundtrip']
s.to_bytes 114 8 7.017% ['fuzz_jwt', 'fuzz_jwt_roundtrip']
p.match 50 19 38.0% ['fuzz_jwt', 'fuzz_jwt_roundtrip']

Files and Directories in report

This section shows which files and directories are considered in this report. The main reason for showing this is fuzz introspector may include more code in the reasoning than is desired. This section helps identify if too many files/directories are included, e.g. third party code, which may be irrelevant for the threat model. In the event too much is included, fuzz introspector supports a configuration file that can exclude data from the report. See the following link for more information on how to create a config file: link

Files in report

Source file Reached by Covered by
[] []
cffi [] []
json [] []
io [] []
google.auth.crypt.rsa [] []
google.oauth2._id_token_async [] []
certifi [] []
google.oauth2.reauth [] []
google.auth.compute_engine._metadata [] []
google.auth.aio.transport [] []
google.auth.transport._requests_base [] []
grpc [] []
...fuzz_jwt ['fuzz_jwt'] []
...fuzz_jwt_roundtrip ['fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
hashlib [] []
jwt [] []
google.oauth2 [] []
rsa [] []
google.auth._credentials_async [] []
google.auth.transport.grpc [] []
warnings [] []
google.auth.aio.credentials [] []
google.auth._default [] []
calendar [] []
google.auth.aio.transport.sessions [] []
pyasn1 [] []
google.auth.aio.transport.aiohttp [] []
cachetools [] []
google.auth.jwt ['fuzz_jwt', 'fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
google.oauth2.sts [] []
urllib3 [] []
platform [] []
google.oauth2._service_account_async [] []
google.auth.crypt._cryptography_rsa ['fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
google.auth._service_account_info [] []
google.auth.iam ['fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
google.oauth2.service_account [] []
google.oauth2.id_token [] []
google.auth.metrics [] []
google.auth.crypt._python_rsa ['fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
google.auth._credentials_base [] []
google.oauth2._client_async [] []
google.auth._cloud_sdk [] []
google.auth.transport.urllib3 [] []
base64 [] []
requests [] []
google.auth.version [] []
http [] []
time [] []
re [] []
struct [] []
aiohttp [] []
google.oauth2.gdch_credentials [] []
google.oauth2._reauth_async [] []
urllib [] []
logging [] []
atheris [] []
google.auth.crypt ['fuzz_jwt', 'fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
google.auth.aws [] []
threading [] []
google.auth.compute_engine.credentials [] []
posixpath [] []
google.auth.crypt.es256 [] []
google.auth.compute_engine [] []
packaging [] []
os [] []
google.oauth2.credentials [] []
ctypes [] []
google.auth.api_key ['fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
google.auth.transport.mtls [] []
google.auth.exceptions ['fuzz_jwt', 'fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
OpenSSL [] []
sys [] []
getpass [] []
google.auth.external_account [] []
google.auth.transport._mtls_helper [] []
google.auth.crypt.base [] []
google.auth.aio._helpers [] []
hmac [] []
google.auth.credentials [] []
google.auth._refresh_worker [] []
google.auth.transport._custom_tls_signer [] []
google.auth._helpers ['fuzz_jwt', 'fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
inspect [] []
copy [] []
google.auth._oauth2client [] []
google.auth.crypt._helpers [] []
google.auth.aio [] []
email [] []
google.oauth2.utils [] []
subprocess [] []
google.auth.identity_pool [] []
functools [] []
cryptography [] []
google.oauth2.webauthn_handler_factory [] []
google.oauth2.webauthn_types [] []
google.auth._exponential_backoff ['fuzz_jwt_roundtrip'] []
google.auth [] []
google.oauth2._credentials_async [] []
[] []
google.oauth2.challenges [] []
asyncio [] []
google.auth.transport.requests [] []
google.auth._default_async [] []
google.auth.pluggable [] []
google.auth.impersonated_credentials [] []
google.auth.transport [] []
google.auth.transport._http_client [] []
datetime [] []
google.auth.downscoped [] []
google.oauth2._client [] []
google.auth.app_engine [] []
google.auth.transport._aiohttp_requests [] []
google.auth.external_account_authorized_user [] []
google.oauth2.webauthn_handler [] []
google.auth._jwt_async [] []
google.auth.environment_vars [] []
random [] []
pyasn1_modules [] []
google [] []

Directories in report

Directory

Metadata section

This sections shows the raw data that is used to produce this report. This is mainly used for further processing and developer debugging.

Fuzzer Calltree file Program data file Coverage file
fuzz_jwt fuzzerLogFile-fuzz_jwt.data fuzzerLogFile-fuzz_jwt.data.yaml all_cov.json
fuzz_jwt_roundtrip fuzzerLogFile-fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.data fuzzerLogFile-fuzz_jwt_roundtrip.data.yaml all_cov.json