Fuzz introspector
For issues and ideas: https://github.com/ossf/fuzz-introspector/issues
Project coverage
Per-fuzzer coverage

Table of contents

Project overview: gdbm
High level conclusions
Reachability and coverage overview
Fuzzers overview
Project functions overview
Fuzzer details
Fuzzer: gdbm_fuzzer
Call tree
Fuzz blockers
Runtime coverage analysis
Files reached
Analyses and suggestions
Optimal target analysis
Remaining optimal interesting functions
All functions overview
Fuzz engine guidance
fuzz/gdbm_fuzzer.c
Dictionary
Fuzzer function priority
Runtime coverage analysis
Complex functions with low coverage
Files and Directories in report
Files in report
Directories in report
Metadata section
Report generation date: 2025-07-11

Project overview: gdbm

High level conclusions

Reachability and coverage overview

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers
27.0%
146 / 545
Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers
23.0%
789 / 3482
Runtime code coverage of functions
51.0%
277 / 545

Warning: The number of runtime covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that Fuzz Introspector found there are more functions covered at runtime than what is considered reachable based on the static analysis. This is a limitation in the analysis as anything covered at runtime is by definition reachable by the fuzzers.
This is likely due to a limitation in the static analysis. In this case, the count of functions covered at runtime is the true value, which means this is what should be considered "achieved" by the fuzzer.

Use the project functions table below to query all functions that were not covered at runtime.

Fuzzers overview

Fuzzer Fuzzer filename Functions Reached Functions unreached Fuzzer depth Files reached Basic blocks reached Cyclomatic complexity Details
gdbm_fuzzer fuzz/gdbm_fuzzer.c 192 461 13 19 2353 881 gdbm_fuzzer.c

Project functions overview

The following table shows data about each function in the project. The functions included in this table correspond to all functions that exist in the executables of the fuzzers. As such, there may be functions that are from third-party libraries.

For further technical details on the meaning of columns in the below table, please see the Glossary .

Func name Functions filename Args Function call depth Reached by Fuzzers Runtime reached by Fuzzers Combined reached by Fuzzers Fuzzers runtime hit Func lines hit % I Count BB Count Cyclomatic complexity Functions reached Reached by functions Accumulated cyclomatic complexity Undiscovered complexity

Fuzzer details

Fuzzer: gdbm_fuzzer

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Full calltree

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is
Color Runtime hitcount Callsite count Percentage
red 0 426 72.4%
gold [1:9] 2 0.34%
yellow [10:29] 0 0.0%
greenyellow [30:49] 1 0.17%
lawngreen 50+ 159 27.0%
All colors 588 100

Fuzz blockers

The followings are the branches where fuzzer fails to bypass.

Unique non-covered Complexity Unique Reachable Complexities Unique Reachable Functions All non-covered Complexity All Reachable Complexity Function Name Function Callsite Blocked Branch
748 748 3 :

['free', 'tildexpand', 'gdbm_open']

748 1160 opendb call site: 00000 /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c:141
298 298 2 :

['fputc', 'format_arg']

361 510 run_command call site: 00303 /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c:3246
236 236 1 :

['gdbm_avail_verify']

240 244 gdbm_open_ext call site: 00000 /src/gdbm/src/gdbmopen.c:745
236 236 3 :

['lerror', 'strcmp', 'strtoul']

236 1615 recover_handler call site: 00000 /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c:645
176 382 3 :

['cache_lru_free', 'cache_tab_lookup_slot', 'cache_tab_resize']

176 553 cache_lookup call site: 00000 /src/gdbm/src/bucket.c:319
63 63 1 :

['pager_create']

63 159 run_command call site: 00355 /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c:3266
56 164 8 :

['fsync', 'gdbm_set_errno', '_gdbmsync_done.1483', 'gdbm_errno_location', '_gdbmsync_init.1484', 'ioctl', '__errno_location', 'fchmod']

56 164 _gdbm_snapshot call site: 00519 /src/gdbm/src/gdbmsync.c:82
49 79 3 :

['pager_checklines', 'e2nrealloc', 'memccount']

49 79 pager_write call site: 00335 /src/gdbm/tools/pagerfile.c:70
46 46 1 :

['pager_checklines']

46 46 pager_vprintf call site: 00319 /src/gdbm/tools/pagerfile.c:151
44 44 5 :

['strcmp', 'strtok', 'terror', 'str2errcode', 'strlen']

44 44 errormask_sethook call site: 00000 /src/gdbm/tools/var.c:753
27 32 2 :

['lerror', 'interactive']

27 32 command_lookup call site: 00133 /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c:2692
27 27 1 :

['lerror']

27 27 dsconv call site: 00000 /src/gdbm/tools/datconv.c:390

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions
278
Functions that are reachable but not covered
86
Reachable functions
192
Percentage of reachable functions covered
55.21%
NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.
Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.
Function name source code lines source lines hit percentage hit

Files reached

filename functions hit
fuzz/gdbm_fuzzer.c 1
tools/var.c 9
tools/gdbmshell.c 36
tools/datconv.c 6
tools/mem.c 6
tools/err.c 3
tools/lex.l 24
tools/./gdbmtool.h 7
tools/gram.y 3
tools/lex.c 19
tools/gram.c 5
tools/pagerfile.c 10
src/gdbmerrno.c 6
src/gdbmclose.c 1
src/gdbmsync.c 2
src/mmap.c 2
src/./proto.h 2
src/lock.c 1
src/bucket.c 4

Analyses and suggestions

Optimal target analysis

Remaining optimal interesting functions

The following table shows a list of functions that are optimal targets. Optimal targets are identified by finding the functions that in combination, yield a high code coverage.

Func name Functions filename Arg count Args Function depth hitcount instr count bb count cyclomatic complexity Reachable functions Incoming references total cyclomatic complexity Unreached complexity
import_handler /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 16 0 250 34 10 208 0 1509 1271
export_handler /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 14 0 166 22 7 104 0 636 178
recover_handler /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 14 0 408 58 21 183 0 1307 145
help_handler /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 10 0 153 18 6 64 0 228 132
collisions_handler /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 11 0 110 21 8 110 0 535 61
snapshot_handler /src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c 2 ['N/A', 'N/A'] 12 0 136 15 6 144 0 872 57
gdbm_failure_atomic /src/gdbm/src/gdbmsync.c 3 ['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A'] 3 0 489 102 27 15 0 108 38

Implementing fuzzers that target the above functions will improve reachability such that it becomes:

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers
61.0%
332 / 545
Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers
74.0%
2583 / 3482

All functions overview

If you implement fuzzers for these functions, the status of all functions in the project will be:

Func name Functions filename Args Function call depth Reached by Fuzzers Runtime reached by Fuzzers Combined reached by Fuzzers Fuzzers runtime hit Func lines hit % I Count BB Count Cyclomatic complexity Functions reached Reached by functions Accumulated cyclomatic complexity Undiscovered complexity

Fuzz engine guidance

This sections provides heuristics that can be used as input to a fuzz engine when running a given fuzz target. The current focus is on providing input that is usable by libFuzzer.

fuzz/gdbm_fuzzer.c

Dictionary

Use this with the libFuzzer -dict=DICT.file flag


Fuzzer function priority

Use one of these functions as input to libfuzzer with flag: -focus_function name 

-focus_function=['estrdup', 'variable_has_errno', 'gdbm_file_sync', 'command_lookup', 'pager_write', 'variable_unset', 'gdbmshell_run', 'gdbm_error_is_masked', 'param_push_arg', 'yylex']

Runtime coverage analysis

This section shows analysis of runtime coverage data.

For futher technical details on how this section is generated, please see the Glossary .

Complex functions with low coverage

Func name Function total lines Lines covered at runtime percentage covered Reached by fuzzers
cache_tab_resize 38 17 44.73% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
pop_avail_block 69 35 50.72% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
gdbm_open_ext 404 172 42.57% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
gdbm_store 117 64 54.70% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
_gdbm_snapshot 62 5 8.064% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
dsconv 45 15 33.33% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
datum_scan_notag 38 20 52.63% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
command_lookup 42 23 54.76% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
opendb 74 40 54.05% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
recover_handler 124 17 13.70% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
argsprep 47 21 44.68% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
yyparse 639 209 32.70% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
yydestruct 94 13 13.82% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
yylex 491 148 30.14% ['gdbm_fuzzer']
errormask_sethook 64 24 37.5% ['gdbm_fuzzer']

Files and Directories in report

This section shows which files and directories are considered in this report. The main reason for showing this is fuzz introspector may include more code in the reasoning than is desired. This section helps identify if too many files/directories are included, e.g. third party code, which may be irrelevant for the threat model. In the event too much is included, fuzz introspector supports a configuration file that can exclude data from the report. See the following link for more information on how to create a config file: link

Files in report

Source file Reached by Covered by
[] []
/src/gdbm/tools/pagerfile.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/tools/input-null.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/input-file.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/var.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/bucket.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/findkey.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/recover.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/falloc.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmseq.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmexp.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/lex.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/fuzz/gdbm_fuzzer.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/tools/err.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmclose.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/tools/lex.l ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/tools/gram.y ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmsetopt.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmstore.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/wordwrap.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/gdbmshell.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/mmap.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/lock.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmerrno.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmcount.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmfdesc.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmdump.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmdelete.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/progname.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/./proto.h ['gdbm_fuzzer'] []
/src/gdbm/src/hash.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/./gdbmtool.h ['gdbm_fuzzer'] []
/src/gdbm/tools/gram.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmsync.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmimp.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/fullio.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/mem.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/tools/datconv.c ['gdbm_fuzzer'] ['gdbm_fuzzer']
/src/gdbm/src/update.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/version.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmreorg.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmfetch.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmopen.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/base64.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/debug.c [] []
/src/gdbm/tools/util.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/avail.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/gdbmload.c [] []
/src/gdbm/src/./gdbmdefs.h [] []

Directories in report

Directory
/src/gdbm/fuzz/
/src/gdbm/src/./
/src/gdbm/tools/./
/src/gdbm/tools/
/src/gdbm/src/

Metadata section

This sections shows the raw data that is used to produce this report. This is mainly used for further processing and developer debugging.

Fuzzer Calltree file Program data file Coverage file
gdbm_fuzzer fuzzerLogFile-0-v9yZDbNwub.data fuzzerLogFile-0-v9yZDbNwub.data.yaml gdbm_fuzzer.covreport