High level conclusions

Fuzzer fuzz_hash is blocked:

The runtime code coverage of fuzz_hash covers 0.0% of its statically reachable code. This means there is some place that blocks the fuzzer to continue exploring more code at run time.

Fuzzer fuzz_number is blocked:

The runtime code coverage of fuzz_number covers 28.57% of its statically reachable code. This means there is some place that blocks the fuzzer to continue exploring more code at run time.

Fuzzer fuzz_aes is blocked:

The runtime code coverage of fuzz_aes covers 26.38% of its statically reachable code. This means there is some place that blocks the fuzzer to continue exploring more code at run time.

Fuzzer fuzz_all_or_nothing is blocked:

The runtime code coverage of fuzz_all_or_nothing covers 0.0% of its statically reachable code. This means there is some place that blocks the fuzzer to continue exploring more code at run time.

Reachability and coverage overview

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers

46 / 882

Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers

171 / 2839

Runtime code coverage of functions

114 / 882

Warning: The number of runtime covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that Fuzz Introspector found there are more functions covered at runtime than what is considered reachable based on the static analysis. This is a limitation in the analysis as anything covered at runtime is by definition reachable by the fuzzers.
This is likely due to a limitation in the static analysis. In this case, the count of functions covered at runtime is the true value, which means this is what should be considered "achieved" by the fuzzer.

Use the project functions table below to query all functions that were not covered at runtime.

The following table shows data about each function in the project. The functions included in this table correspond to all functions that exist in the executables of the fuzzers. As such, there may be functions that are from third-party libraries.

For further technical details on the meaning of columns in the below table, please see the Glossary .

Func name	Functions filename	Args	Function call depth	Reached by Fuzzers	Fuzzers runtime hit	Func lines hit %	I Count	BB Count	Cyclomatic complexity	Functions reached	Reached by functions	Accumulated cyclomatic complexity	Undiscovered complexity

Fuzzer: fuzz_all_or_nothing

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is

Color	Runtime hitcount	Callsite count	Percentage
red	0	2	28.5%
gold	[1:9]	0	0.0%
yellow	[10:29]	0	0.0%
greenyellow	[30:49]	0	0.0%
lawngreen	50+	5	71.4%
All colors	7	100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked	Calltree index	Parent function	Callsite	Largest blocked function
2	4	...fuzz_all_or_nothing.TestOneInput	call site: 00004	AllOrNothing.AllOrNothing

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions

148

Functions that are reachable but not covered

6

Reachable functions

6

Percentage of reachable functions covered

0.0%

NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.

Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.

Function name	source code lines	source lines hit	percentage hit

Files reached

filename	functions hit
/	1
...fuzz_all_or_nothing	5

Fuzzer: fuzz_aes

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is

Color	Runtime hitcount	Callsite count	Percentage
red	0	150	68.8%
gold	[1:9]	0	0.0%
yellow	[10:29]	0	0.0%
greenyellow	[30:49]	0	0.0%
lawngreen	50+	68	31.1%
All colors	218	100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked	Calltree index	Parent function	Callsite	Largest blocked function
49	117	Crypto.Util.number.bytes_to_long	call site: 00117	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo._start_gcm
42	174	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo.encrypt	call site: 00174	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo._start_ccm
13	58	Crypto.Util.number.long_to_bytes	call site: 00058	Crypto.Util.Counter.new
8	105	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo._start_PGP	call site: 00105	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo._start_eax
7	22	Crypto.Hash.CMAC._SmoothMAC.update	call site: 00022	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo._GHASH._update
7	40	Crypto.Hash.CMAC._SmoothMAC.update	call site: 00040	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo._start_ccm
5	14	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo.__init__	call site: 00014	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo._CBCMAC.__init__
4	89	Crypto.Util.Counter.new	call site: 00089	Crypto.Util.py3compat.bstr
4	100	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo._start_PGP	call site: 00100	Crypto.Util.py3compat.b
3	167	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo.__init__	call site: 00167	Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo.__init__
2	77	Crypto.Util.Counter._encode	call site: 00077	Crypto.Util.py3compat.bchr
1	48	Crypto.Util.py3compat.bchr	call site: 00048	Crypto.Util.number.long_to_bytes

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions

149

Functions that are reachable but not covered

53

Reachable functions

72

Percentage of reachable functions covered

26.39%

NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.

Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.

Function name	source code lines	source lines hit	percentage hit

Files reached

filename	functions hit
/	1
...fuzz_aes	6
Crypto.Cipher.AES	2
Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo	36
Crypto.Hash.CMAC	19
Crypto.Util.py3compat	6
Crypto.Util.number	6
Crypto.Util.Counter	13
Crypto.Protocol.KDF	9

Fuzzer: fuzz_number

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is

Color	Runtime hitcount	Callsite count	Percentage
red	0	8	12.9%
gold	[1:9]	0	0.0%
yellow	[10:29]	0	0.0%
greenyellow	[30:49]	0	0.0%
lawngreen	50+	54	87.0%
All colors	62	100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked	Calltree index	Parent function	Callsite	Largest blocked function
3	3	...fuzz_number.TestOneInput	call site: 00003	.int
3	58	Crypto.Util.number.getStrongPrime	call site: 00058	fdp.ConsumeIntInRange
1	22	Crypto.Util.number.getRandomInteger	call site: 00022	.chr
1	43	Crypto.Util.number._rabinMillerTest	call site: 00043	Crypto.Util.number.getRandomRange

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions

149

Functions that are reachable but not covered

25

Reachable functions

35

Percentage of reachable functions covered

28.57%

NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.

Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.

Function name	source code lines	source lines hit	percentage hit

Files reached

filename	functions hit
/	1
...fuzz_number	5
Crypto.Util.number	27
Crypto.Util.py3compat	3

Fuzzer: fuzz_hash

Call tree

The calltree shows the control flow of the fuzzer. This is overlaid with coverage information to display how much of the potential code a fuzzer can reach is in fact covered at runtime. In the following there is a link to a detailed calltree visualisation as well as a bitmap showing a high-level view of the calltree. For further information about these topics please see the glossary for full calltree and calltree overview

Call tree overview bitmap:

The distribution of callsites in terms of coloring is

Color	Runtime hitcount	Callsite count	Percentage
red	0	5	45.4%
gold	[1:9]	0	0.0%
yellow	[10:29]	0	0.0%
greenyellow	[30:49]	0	0.0%
lawngreen	50+	6	54.5%
All colors	11	100

Fuzz blockers

The following nodes represent call sites where fuzz blockers occur.

Amount of callsites blocked	Calltree index	Parent function	Callsite	Largest blocked function
3	6	...fuzz_hash.TestOneInput	call site: 00006	fdp.ConsumeBytes
2	1	...fuzz_hash.TestOneInput	call site: 00001	f.new

Runtime coverage analysis

Covered functions

149

Functions that are reachable but not covered

9

Reachable functions

9

Percentage of reachable functions covered

0.0%

NB: The sum of covered functions and functions that are reachable but not covered need not be equal to Reachable functions . This is because the reachability analysis is an approximation and thus at runtime some functions may be covered that are not included in the reachability analysis. This is a limitation of our static analysis capabilities.

Warning: The number of covered functions are larger than the number of reachable functions. This means that there are more functions covered at runtime than are extracted using static analysis. This is likely a result of the static analysis component failing to extract the right call graph or the coverage runtime being compiled with sanitizers in code that the static analysis has not analysed. This can happen if lto/gold is not used in all places that coverage instrumentation is used.

Function name	source code lines	source lines hit	percentage hit

Files reached

filename	functions hit
/	1
...fuzz_hash	8

Optimal target analysis

Remaining optimal interesting functions

The following table shows a list of functions that are optimal targets. Optimal targets are identified by finding the functions that in combination, yield a high code coverage.

Func name	Functions filename	Arg count	Args	Function depth	hitcount	instr count	bb count	cyclomatic complexity	Reachable functions	Incoming references	total cyclomatic complexity	Unreached complexity
Crypto.SelfTest.run	Crypto.SelfTest	6	['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A']	3	0	4	7	6	122	0	383	368
Crypto.PublicKey.RSA.RSAImplementation.importKey	Crypto.PublicKey.RSA	3	['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A']	4	0	2	5	5	123	8	417	185
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.test__UserFriendlyRNG.RNGForkTest.runTest	Crypto.SelfTest.Random.test__UserFriendlyRNG	1	['N/A']	4	0	13	3	4	48	0	151	124
Crypto.PublicKey.RSA._RSAobj.exportKey	Crypto.PublicKey.RSA	5	['N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A', 'N/A']	6	0	1	11	7	126	12	420	97
Crypto.Util.asn1.DerSetOf._decodeFromStream	Crypto.Util.asn1	2	['N/A', 'N/A']	11	0	7	3	4	38	31	125	69
Crypto.Signature.PKCS1_PSS.PSS_SigScheme.sign	Crypto.Signature.PKCS1_PSS	2	['N/A', 'N/A']	3	0	1	2	4	31	2	100	51
Crypto.Random.Fortuna.FortunaAccumulator.FortunaAccumulator.random_data	Crypto.Random.Fortuna.FortunaAccumulator	2	['N/A', 'N/A']	5	0	2	2	4	85	0	285	50
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.common.CipherSelfTest.runTest	Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.common	1	['N/A']	3	0	9	5	5	36	0	118	47
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.common.AEADTests.multiple_updates	Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.common	1	['N/A']	4	0	7	2	4	88	1	305	43

Implementing fuzzers that target the above functions will improve reachability such that it becomes:

Functions statically reachable by fuzzers

242 / 882

Cyclomatic complexity statically reachable by fuzzers

835 / 2839

All functions overview

If you implement fuzzers for these functions, the status of all functions in the project will be:

Func name	Functions filename	Args	Function call depth	Reached by Fuzzers	Fuzzers runtime hit	Func lines hit %	I Count	BB Count	Cyclomatic complexity	Functions reached	Reached by functions	Accumulated cyclomatic complexity	Undiscovered complexity

This section shows analysis of runtime coverage data.

For futher technical details on how this section is generated, please see the Glossary .

Complex functions with low coverage

Func name	Function total lines	Lines covered at runtime	percentage covered	Reached by fuzzers
Crypto.Protocol.AllOrNothing.usage	34	0	0.0%	[]
Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo.encrypt	43	19	44.18%	['fuzz_aes']
Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo.BlockAlgo.decrypt	37	0	0.0%	[]
h.copy	35	17	48.57%	[]

This section shows which files and directories are considered in this report. The main reason for showing this is fuzz introspector may include more code in the reasoning than is desired. This section helps identify if too many files/directories are included, e.g. third party code, which may be irrelevant for the threat model. In the event too much is included, fuzz introspector supports a configuration file that can exclude data from the report. See the following link for more information on how to create a config file: link

Files in report

Source file	Reached by	Covered by
	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_ARC2	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.test_rpoolcompat	[]	[]
Crypto.Util._time	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Util.test_Padding	[]	[]
Crypto.Hash.RIPEMD	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey._DSA	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_pkcs1_oaep	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Util.test_asn1	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.OSRNG.test_posix	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.AES	['fuzz_aes']	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.IO.test_PKCS8	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.OSRNG.test_fallback	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Protocol.test_rfc1751	[]	[]
Crypto.Signature	[]	[]
sys	[]	[]
Crypto.IO._PBES	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.test_random	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_pkcs1_15	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.Fortuna.test_FortunaAccumulator	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_MD2	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.PublicKey	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_DES	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Protocol.test_AllOrNothing	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.CAST	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey._slowmath	[]	[]
Crypto.IO	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey.ElGamal	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.py3compat	['fuzz_aes', 'fuzz_number']	[]
Crypto.Protocol.KDF	['fuzz_aes']	[]
Crypto.Random.OSRNG.rng_base	[]	[]
...fuzz_number	['fuzz_number']	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Util.test_number	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.DES3	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.randpool	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.OSRNG.fallback	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.PublicKey.test_import_RSA	[]	[]
Crypto.Hash.MD5	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.PKCS1_v1_5	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_CMAC	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Protocol.test_KDF	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_Blowfish	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Util.test_winrandom	[]	[]
Crypto.Random._UserFriendlyRNG	[]	[]
multiprocessing	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random	[]	[]
functools	[]	[]
Crypto.Protocol	[]	[]
Crypto	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Util.test_Counter	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.common	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey.pubkey	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.OSRNG	[]	[]
warnings	[]	[]
Crypto.Hash.SHA1	[]	[]
Crypto.Protocol.AllOrNothing	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.number	['fuzz_aes', 'fuzz_number']	[]
Crypto.IO.PKCS8	[]	[]
getopt	[]	[]
imp	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.Padding	[]	[]
Crypto.Signature.PKCS1_PSS	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.ARC2	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_RIPEMD160	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.PKCS1_OAEP	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.OSRNG.posix	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_SHA1	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.Fortuna.SHAd256	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.PublicKey.test_ElGamal	[]	[]
threading	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Signature.test_pkcs1_pss	[]	[]
math	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.winrandom	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.Counter	['fuzz_aes']	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_MD4	[]	[]
...fuzz_aes	['fuzz_aes']	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_HMAC	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Signature	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_ARC4	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.PublicKey.test_DSA	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.Fortuna.test_FortunaGenerator	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_AES	[]	[]
Crypto.Random	[]	[]
Crypto.Hash.SHA	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_MD5	[]	[]
md5	[]	[]
sha	[]	[]
Crypto.Hash.CMAC	['fuzz_aes']	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_CAST	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.IO	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.OSRNG.test_winrandom	[]	[]
stat	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.random	[]	[]
Crypto.IO.PEM	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.ARC4	[]	[]
Crypto.Util	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.PublicKey.test_RSA	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_SHA256	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey._RSA	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.st_common	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_SHA512	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.OSRNG.test_nt	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.DES	[]	[]
Crypto.pct_warnings	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.OSRNG.test_generic	[]	[]
unittest	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.XOR	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.Fortuna.FortunaAccumulator	[]	[]
struct	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Protocol.test_chaffing	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.OSRNG	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.Fortuna	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.Fortuna.test_SHAd256	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Util	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.blockalgo	['fuzz_aes']	[]
binascii	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_XOR	[]	[]
Crypto.Util._number_new	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.common	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Protocol	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey.RSA	[]	[]
Crypto.Protocol.Chaffing	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_SHA224	[]	[]
io	[]	[]
time	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.Fortuna	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Signature.test_pkcs1_15	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.RFC1751	[]	[]
	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.PublicKey.test_import_DSA	[]	[]
Crypto.Hash	[]	[]
Crypto.Signature.PKCS1_v1_5	[]	[]
os	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey.DSA	[]	[]
...fuzz_all_or_nothing	['fuzz_all_or_nothing']	[]
pickle	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Random.test__UserFriendlyRNG	[]	[]
Crypto.Cipher.Blowfish	[]	[]
hashlib	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Hash.test_SHA384	[]	[]
Crypto.PublicKey	[]	[]
Crypto.Util.asn1	[]	[]
Crypto.SelfTest.Cipher.test_DES3	[]	[]
Crypto.Hash.HMAC	[]	[]
re	[]	[]
atheris	[]	[]
Crypto.Random.Fortuna.FortunaGenerator	[]	[]
base64	[]	[]
...fuzz_hash	['fuzz_hash']	[]

Directories in report

Directory