The Ultimate Guide to Building an Armour Stone Retaining Wall
02.10.2020 ... Using armor stone to build a retaining wall along side our driveway. Tools used: Newerish Bobcat 1970's Massey Ferguson MF40 Backhoe Shovels ......
Building an armour stone retaining wall transforms a challenging slope into a functional and visually striking landscape feature. This method utilises large, rugged stones as the primary facing material, creating a robust structure that manages earth and water with authority. Unlike manufactured blocks, each stone presents a unique profile, demanding a thoughtful approach to ensure stability and long-term performance.
Understanding Armour Stone Retaining Walls
At its core, an armour stone wall relies on the sheer mass and interlock of natural stones to resist the lateral pressure of retained soil. The facing stones are typically thick and heavy, while the success of the entire structure hinges on a stable base and proper drainage. This type of construction is ideal for significant height changes where a slender wall would be impractical or unstable.
The Role of the Core
Behind the impressive stone façade lies a substantial core of granular material, usually compacted crushed stone. This core is the engine of stability, providing the necessary mass and drainage that the facing stones alone cannot supply. As the wall height increases, the core must be engineered to handle the corresponding load, making correct calculation essential before breaking ground.
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Critical Pre-Construction Considerations
Skipping the planning phase is the fastest route to structural failure or an unstable wall. You must account for soil type, groundwater, and the total load the wall will bear. Consulting local building codes is non-negotiable, as many regions require permits and specific engineering for walls over a certain height.
- Conduct a thorough site survey to map the area and identify underground utilities.
- Test the soil to determine its drainage characteristics and bearing capacity.
- Calculate the required wall height and top width based on the slope angle.
- Plan for a geogrid reinforcement if the wall height or load demands it.
Drainage is Non-Negotiable
Water is the primary enemy of any retaining wall. Hydrostatic pressure can build up behind the structure with enough force to cause it to bulge or collapse. A well-designed armour wall incorporates a perforated drain pipe behind the core, wrapped in a porous geotextile, to引导 water safely away from the structure.
The Construction Process Step-by-Step
With the design confirmed and materials delivered, the physical work begins. Precision in each step—from base preparation to final placement—is what separates a temporary stack of stone from a permanent retaining structure.
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Base Preparation and Trenching
Excavate a trench that is significantly wider than the intended wall base. The bottom must be laid into undisturbed soil and filled with compactable crushed stone, typically 6 to 8 inches deep. This compacted base is the foundation that prevents the wall from sinking or tilting over time.
Layering the Core and Facing
Begin laying the large base stones first, ensuring they are level and interlocked. As you build upward, place the core material behind the facing stones in thin lifts, compacting each one thoroughly before adding the next course. The facing stones should be selected for their ability to interlock, creating a continuous "stone-on-stone" connection that resists movement.
Material Selection and Tool Requirements
The choice of stone impacts both the aesthetics and the structural integrity of the wall. Fieldstone or granite armour stone are popular for their durability and weight. You will need heavy-duty equipment, such as a skid-steer loader or a team of skilled operators, to place these substantial materials safely and accurately.
| Material | Best For | Key Consideration |
|---|---|---|
| Granite Armour Stone | High-load applications | Excellent durability, high cost |
| Fieldstone | Natural aesthetics | Variable density, may require more filler |
| Crushed Stone (Base) | Foundation and drainage | Must be compactable and clean of fines |
Finishing and Long-Term Maintenance
Once the wall is at its final height, the top surface can be addressed. You may cap the stones with flat slabs to create a clean, walkable surface, or leave the top as a rough, natural edge. The surrounding area should be graded to slope away from the wall, ensuring runoff does not pool behind the structure.
Regular inspections are crucial to catch any signs of movement or drainage issues early. Keep an eye out for gaps forming at the joints or vegetation taking root in the cracks; these are signs that the wall may be shifting under pressure. With proper initial construction and minimal ongoing care, an armour stone retaining wall can stand as a permanent and majestic element of your landscape.
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