PLoS ONE plos plosone PLOS ONE 1932-6203 Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034 PONE-D-23-12557 Research Article Academic business research: Impact on academics versus impact on practice Academic business research https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8794-5829 Astvansh Vivek Conceptualization Writing – original draft 1 2 3 4 * Fridmanski Ethan Data curation Formal analysis 5 Marketing Area, Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada Department of Informatics, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America Dewey Data Inc., Solana Beach, CA, United States of America Herman B. Wells Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America Wolniak Radoslaw Editor Silesian University of Technology, POLAND

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

 * E-mail: Vivek.astvansh@mcgill.ca 6 12 2023 2023 18 12 e0289034 25 4 2023 7 7 2023 2023 Astvansh, Fridmanski This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Business journalists and editors of academic business journals have lamented that academic research has little use for any nonacademic stakeholders, including companies, nonprofits, regulators, and governments. Although emotionally unsettling, these commentaries are bereft of evidence on how well a journal’s academic impact (measured by impact factor) translates into practice impact. The authors provide this evidence. Specifically, they sample 56 journals, spanning 12 business disciplines, from 2000 to 2020. For each journal-year, they measure two- and five-year impact factor, which proxies the impact on academics. Next, for each article published in each journal-year, they collect attention score—a weighted sum of the number of times the article is cited in 19 types of practitioner outlets—from Altmetric. The authors then measure the correlation coefficient between the impact factor and attention score for each journal in periods of two-year and five-year. The coefficient indicates how well the journal’s academic impact has translated into practice impact. Among the 12 disciplines, international business discipline tops the chart, while information systems, accounting, and finance occupy the bottom positions. American Economic Review leads the 56 journals, with Journal of Marketing Research and California Management Review as close followers. The findings highlight the impact of academic business research—or the lack thereof.

 The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. Data Availability We use data from Web of Science and Altmetric.com. We are not allowed to deposit these data to the journal but users can obtain the Web of Science data from their university and request data from Altmetric. Introduction

Umpteen journalists (e.g., [1–3]) and editors of academic journals (e.g., [4–8]) have lamented that academic business research has “no obvious value to people who actually work in the world of business” ([2], p. 2). This paradox is consequential to the business academy it is expected to produce knowledge that is useful for a broad set of business stakeholders, including companies, lawmakers, regulators, lawyers, nongovernmental and nonprofit organizations, and society. However, the irony that although so many people have commented on the academy-practice divide, no one has quantified the divide. We address this irony in the hope that it reignites solutions to the paradox.

Specifically, we sample 56 academic journals belonging to 12 business disciplines. Next, we follow a three-step procedure. First, we use the Web of Science Journal Impact Factor (IF) database to compute two-year and five-year academic IF, which is the metric that academic journals use to report their impact on academics. Second, we source from Altmetric—a company that monitors the impact on academic research on nonacademics—their Altmetric Attention score on each article published by each of these 56 academic journals from 2000 to 2020 ([9, 10]). The Altmetric Attention score measures an article’s citations in news, social media, public policy documents, patents, blogs, etc. and thus is the most comprehensive measure of the impact of academic research on practice. We use these scores to compute for each journal-year the two-year and five-year attention score. Third, for each article and each discipline, we compute the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between (1) the two-year IF and two-year attention score, and (2) the five-year IF and the five-year attention score.

We hypothesize substantial variation in the correlation coefficients across the 12 disciplines. Specifically, we expect the empirically inclined disciplines—such as accounting, finance, information systems, and marketing—to have higher coefficients than their theoretically leaning peers, such as general management and international business. Somewhere in between these two extremes would lie disciplines that are a mix of theory and empirics. These disciplines include economics, operations, and statistics.

We also expect variation across journals within a discipline. This variation would be explained by whether a journal emphasizes managerially actionable insights or contributions to theory. For example, the marketing discipline has four journals in the University of Texas Dallas’ list of 24 journals. “Journal of Marketing (JM) develops and disseminates knowledge about real-world marketing questions useful to scholars, educators, managers, policy makers, consumers, and other societal stakeholders” ([11], p. 1). In contrast, Marketing Science is the “premier journal focusing on empirical and theoretical quantitative research in marketing” ([12], p. 1). We thus expect JM’s correlation coefficient (between IF and attention score) to be higher than that of Marketing Science.

The correlation coefficients report three insights. First, international business (IB) discipline—via its flagship Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS)—is the most effective in matching academic impact with practice impact. Entrepreneurship is a close second discipline. On the other end of the spectrum are information systems (IS), accounting, and finance disciplines. Second, we evaluate disciplines that show the highest jump from the two-year correlation coefficient to its five-year counterpart. IS ranks numero uno on this list, indicating that IS discipline needs time to match academic impact with practice impact. Third, American Economic Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, and Journal of Marketing Research occupy top slots on the correlation between two-year IF and two-year attention score. On the correlation between the five-year values, the top three journals are the American Economic Review, California Management Review, and the Journal of Business Venturing. That is, American Economic Review stands out as a top journal on both correlations.

Our article contributes by quantifying the match—or the lack thereof—between a journal’s and a discipline’s impacts on academics and practitioners. In choosing all the journals that Financial Times uses in its “Research Rank,” ([13]) we offer evidence on the population of journals that business schools use to reward their faculty and news organizations use to rank business schools. We foresee this evidence being useful to multiple stakeholders of academic research. (1) Journal editors can use the evidence to devise ways to boost the translation of academic research into impact on practice. (2) We make a case for business school deans to consider practice impact and not merely citation count (which proxies academic impact) in promoting and tenuring faculty members. (3) Organizations that rate and rank business schools (e.g., Financial Times, U.S. News & World Report) may consider in their evaluation the practice impact of research produced a school’s faculty. (4) We enable manuscript-submitting authors to rank-order journals by their odds of impacting practice and thus make an informed choice of which journal to submit their manuscript. (5) Research-oriented applicants to business programs may benefit from knowing the heterogeneity across disciplines and journals. (6) University and corporate libraries—which serve patrons that look up to academic journals for cutting-edge insights—would benefit from knowing which journals they should carry to boost the value to patrons. Perhaps, the timing is opportune as generative artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots (e.g., OpenAI’s ChatGPT, Google’s Bard, and Baidu’s Ernie) re-emphasize the need for university faculty to create knowledge as opposed to merely disseminate knowledge that these chatbots can easily summarize.

The case for managerial relevance of academic business research

The Academy of Management Journal asked practitioners to rate the relevance of academic business research on a scale of 1 (low) to 5 (high). The mean rating was a disappointing 1.11 ([14]). What is more concerning is that respondents ranked academics as the least helpful source for managerial problem-solving ([14]). [15] asked practitioners to evaluate academic journals and reported a correlation of .653. Collectively, these statistics point to the glaring lack of relevance—or should we be bold to claim “irrelevance”—of academic business research.

Because business is an applied discipline, one expects the research produced by business academics to be managerially relevant. Managerial relevance Practical relevance is the broader term for managerial relevance ([16]). The former considers nonmanagerial users of academic research, such as society, politicians, regulators, nongovernmental and nonprofit organizations, journalists, lawyers, and social advocates and activists. Academics have used the following terms as related to relevance: importance ([17]), interesting ([18]), impact, influence ([19]), usefulness ([17]), speed ([14]), the “great divide” between academics and practitioners ([20]), and translation ([7]) is “the degree to which a specific manager in an organization perceives academic knowledge to aid his or her job-related thoughts or actions in the pursuit of organizational goals” ([21], p. 212). Unfortunately, academics in almost all business disciplines (e.g., [6, 18, 22–25] have lamented the lack of relevance of academic business research. Unfortunately, the conversation has not progressed over the years, with articles published from 1970s ([26]) to 2020s (e.g., [19, 27]) reporting a lack of relevance.

[28] analyzed news and social media citations of 15,900 marketing articles published between 2011 and 2019. The authors reported that 90% (50%) of these articles received zero citation in news (social) media, thus quantifying the lack of relevance of academic marketing research. Relatedly, [29] surveyed professors, associate deans, and external constituents to conclude that business schools assign little weight to relevance of their faculty’s research, thus suppressing faculty’s incentive to engaging in relevant research. The insight is that the relevance is compromised in the production—and not translation—stage of research ([29]).

Almost all the above commentaries are based on authors’ perceptions of lack of relevance (e.g., [23, 24]). Our search of the literature suggests very few articles that have used managerial surveys to measure practice impact (e.g., [30] is a welcome exception). Further, we have found no reports of an objective measure of the impact of journals and articles on practice. Our article fills this gap.

 Data and method Selection of journals

We consider the list of journals Financial Times (FT) uses for ranking business schools on their research productivity (FT names this rank the FT research rank, and we call it the FT list, for brevity) [13].

The “first” FT list included 40 journals. In December 2010, FT included the following five journals to its list: Contemporary Accounting Review, Journal of Consumer Psychology, Journal of Management Studies, Organization Studies, and Production and Operations Management. Thus, the list expanded from 40 to 45 journals https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/FT_Top_40 and https://personal.utdallas.edu/~mikepeng/documents/CV201002_TopTierOnly_000.pdf.

On September 12, 2016, FT announced a new list of 50 journals, dropping four journals from its earlier list of 45, and including nine new journals (i.e., 45 − 4 + 9 = 50) [13]. The four journals that FT excluded are Academy of Management Perspectives, California Management Review, Journal of the American Statistical Association, and RAND Journal of Economics. The nine journals that FT’s new list included are (in alphabetical order): Human Relations, Journal of Management, Journal of Management Information Systems, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, Research Policy, Review of Economic Studies, Review of Finance, and Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal.

We started with the FT’s revised list of 50 journals and added to the list (1) the four journals that FT had excluded in 2016, (2) Journal of Computing—the only journal that is not a member of the FT list but features in the University of Texas at Dallas’ research ranking of top 100 business schools https://web.archive.org/web/20220307053536/https://jsom.utdallas.edu/the-utd-top-100-business-school-research-rankings/list-of-journals, and (3) three other journals: Journal of Business Research, Journal of International Marketing, and Marketing Letters. So, in all, we considered 58 journals.

Two of these 58 journals—Academy of Management Perspectives and Sloan Management Review—had no data in the Web of Science Journal IF database effective 2002. Therefore, we excluded these journals. At the end of this step, our sample comprised 56 journals.

We classified the 56 journals into 12 disciplines namely, (a) accounting, (b) business ethics, (c) economics, (d) entrepreneurship, (e) finance, (f) general management, (g) information systems, (h) international business, (i) marketing, (j) operations, (k) organizational behavior, and (l) statistics (read Table 1).

10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.t001 The list of analyzed journals in 12 business disciplines.
Journal name Range of Years for Two-Year IF Range of Years for Five-Year IF Range of Years for Two-Year Attention Score Range of Years for Five-Year Attention Score Discipline
Academy of Management Journal 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 General management (13)
Academy of Management Perspectives 2007–2020 2007–2020 2012–2022 2012–2022
Academy of Management Review 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Administrative Science Quarterly 2008–2020 2008–2020 2009–2022 2009–2022
California Management Review 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Harvard Business Review 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Management 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Management Studies 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Strategic Management Journal 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Research Policy 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Organization Studies 2001–2020 2007–2020 2006–2022 2006–2022
Organization Science 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Management Science 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Finance 2002–2020 2007–2020 2003–2022 2003–2022 Finance (5)
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Financial Economics 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Review of Finance
Review of Financial Studies 2010–2020 2013–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Accounting, Organizations & Society 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Accounting (6)
Accounting Review 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Contemporary Accounting Research 2004–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Accounting & Economics 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Accounting Research 2007–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Review of Accounting Studies 2006–2020 2008–2020 2005–2022 2005–2022
American Economic Review 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Economics (6)
Econometrica 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Political Economy 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Quarterly Journal of Economics 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
RAND Journal of Economics 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Review of Economic Studies 2000–2021 2006–2021 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Operations Management 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Operations (4)
Production and Operations Management 2008–2020 2008–2020 2009–2022 2009–2022
Operations Research 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Applied Psychology 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Organizational behavior (4)
Human Relations 2002–2020 2008–2020 2003–2022 2003–2022
Human Resource Management 2009–2020 2009–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Management Information Systems 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Information systems (3)
INFORMS Journal on Computing 2001–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
MIS Quarterly 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Marketing (9)
Journal of Business Research 2000–2021 2006–2021 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Consumer Psychology 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of Consumer Research 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of International Marketing 2004–2021 2008–2021 2009–2022 2009–2022
Journal of Marketing 2003–2020 2007–2020 2007–2022 2007–2022
Journal of Marketing Research 2005–2020 2007–2020 2008–2022 2008–2022
Marketing Letters 2003–2021 2007–2021 2001–2022 2005–2022
Marketing Science 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Journal of the American Statistical Association 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Statistics (1)
Journal of International Business Studies 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 International business (1)
Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice 2005–2020 2008–2020 2009–2022 2009–2022 Entrepreneurship (3)
Journal of Business Venturing 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022
Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 2010–2020 2010–2020 2008–2022 2008–2022
Journal of Business Ethics 2000–2020 2007–2020 2001–2022 2001–2022 Business ethics (1)
Key measures

Our unit of analysis is journal-year. Consider journal i in year t. Our first variable are IFi,t,n, where n is either 2 or 5, indicating journal i’s two-year IF in year t, and its five-year IF in year t. Our second variable is Attention Scorei,t,n, where i, t, and n have the same meanings as in IFi,t,n. We describe each of IF and attention score next.

 Impact on academics: IF

Academic journals use IF to measure a journal’s impact on academics. The Web of Science calculates a journal’s IF in intervals of two-year, five-year, and ten-year. Whereas the two-year IF shows the immediate impact of research articles, the five- and ten-year IFs measure the impact in the longer-term. Therefore, we collected from the Web of Science Journal Citation Reports data on the two-year and five-year IFs for each journal for each year from 2000 to 2020. Alternatively stated, we did not compute the 10-year IF for two reasons. First, the Web of Science does not provide data for 10-year IF (that is, it provides data for only two- and five-year IF for each journal). Second, the Digital Object Identifier [DOI] became more commonly used effective the year 2000. Consequently, many journals would not have enough values for the 10-year Altmetric attention scores.

 Formula for IF

The formula for the n-year IF for a journal in the year t is: IFt,n=#timesarticlespublishedbythejournalint−1throughtt−nwerecitedinyeart#articlespublishedt−1+…#articlespublishedt−n For example, one would use the following formula to measure the two-year IF of a journal in the year 2022: IF2022,2=#timesarticlespublishedbythejournalin2020and2021werecitedin2022#articlespublished2020+#articlespublished2021

Impact on practitioners: Attention score

We measure a journal’s impact on practitioners by Altmetric’s attention score of each article published in the focal journal-year for which we had IF. For an article, the attention score measures the attention it received from nonacademic stakeholders until the current date, which in our case was March 4, 2022.

The Altmetric attention score is a weighted count of the number of citations the article received across 19 sources until the current date (read Table 2) ([9, 10]).

10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.t002 Sources of Altmetric attention score and weight of each.
Source Weight
News 8
Blog 5
Policy document (per source) 3
Patent 3
Wikipedia 3
Peer review (Publons, Pubpeer) 1
Weibo (historical only–since 2015) 1
Google+ (historical only–since 2019) 1
F1000 1
Syllabi (Open Syllabus) 1
LinkedIn (historical only–since 2014) 0.5
Twitter (tweets and retweets) 0.25
Facebook (curated list of public Pages) 0.25
Reddit 0.25
Pinterest (historical only–since 2013) 0.25
Q&A (Stack Exchange) 0.25
YouTube 0.25
Number of Mendeley readers 0
Number of Dimensions and Web of Science citations 0

The score is calculated based on three main factors (Altmetric 2023). First is the volume of attention the article receives. The score rises as more people mention the article. Altmetric counts only one mention per source. For example, if the same Twitter account tweets about a research article more than once, Altmetric considers the number of mentions as 1. However, if two accounts tweet about an article, Altmetric considers the two tweets as independent mentions. Second, the source of attention determines how each mention is weighted. For example, a news article contributes more to an article’s Altmetric attention score than social media posts (such as Twitter or Reddit) ([9]). A higher weight for news sources than social media posts asserts that the former bring more attention than the latter. Sources with a weight of zero are not included in the Altmetric score, but are included in the summary overview page on the Altmetric platform. Third, Altmetric determines whether the author of a mention is potentially biased. For example, if one account is mentioning the same article multiple times, the mentions are weighted downward. This factor reflects the diversity of individuals discussing the academic article. A combination of these factors produces a weighted approximation of attention a particular research article received until the current date ([9]).

 Calculating two-year and five-year attention scores at the level of journal-year

To calculate the two-year and five-year attention scores for each journal, we used the formula for journal IF. We note one caveat, though. Altmetric only provides cumulative attention data on a per article basis. For example, if an article’s attention score was 25 in 2019 but 30 in 2022, users only see the current attention score. Historical data on mention sources is provided but the proprietary attention score is not historical. Therefore, we use the total attention score on the date (March 4, 2022) Altmetric provided us access to the data. It would be impossible to reconstruct the attention score from scratch at each historical time point because many tweets and other sources are not datetime stamped consistently.

For example, to calculate a two-year attention score for Econometrica in the year 2020 we summed the total attention scores for each of the articles published in 2018 and 2019 and divided the sum by the number of articles Econometrica published in 2018 and 2019. Fig 1 below presents the research process.

10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.g001 Research process.

Note: The above figure lists the step-by-step process we adopted.

 Results

We aim to measure the correlation between (1) a discipline’s impact on academics and practitioners, and (2) a journal’s impact on academics and practitioners. We use the Pearson correlation coefficient. For each level of observation—discipline and journal—we use two correlation coefficients to achieve our aim. First is the correlation coefficient between a discipline’s (or a journal’s) two-year IF and two-year attention score. For ease of exposition, we call this coefficient “two-year correlation.” We compute the “five-year correlation” similarly (read Table 3). A low value on either of these two correlations suggests low balance between impacting academics and practitioners, whereas a high correlation indicates that the discipline/journal are striking a high balance in impacting both sets of stakeholders: the academics and the practitioners. Fig 2 visualizes the correlation coefficients.

10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.g002 Correlation coefficients between two-year (five-year) IF and two-year (five-year) attention score, by the 12 disciplines.

Note: The gray bar indicates the correlation coefficient between the two-year IF and the two-year attention score. The black bar reports the coefficient between the five-year values. The insight resides in comparing the difference between the length of the gray bar and the length of the black bar. The higher the difference, the more the time the discipline takes to translate academic impact to practice impact.

 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.t003 Correlation coefficients between two-year (five-year) IF and two-year (five-year) attention score, by the 12 disciplines.
Discipline 2-year correlation 5-year correlation
Accounting 0.43 0.75
Business Ethics 0.68 0.83
Economics 0.55 0.56
Entrepreneurship 0.76 0.91
Finance 0.43 0.45
General Management 0.58 0.64
Information Systems 0.07 0.44
International Business 0.86 0.93
Operations 0.53 0.82
Organizational Behavior 0.62 0.79
Marketing 0.63 0.79
Statistics 0.68 0.67

We make three observations from Table 3 and Fig 1. First, international business (IB) leads by having the highest correlation in both two-year and five-year duration (.86 and .93, respectively, and the longest gray and black bars). Entrepreneurship is a close second. IB and entrepreneurship outperforming other disciplines pleasantly surprised us. IS has the weakest correlations, whereas each of accounting and finance ranks low. The weaker performance of these three disciplines (IS, accounting, and finance) surprised us because they are highly applied and empirically driven disciplines as compared to, say, business ethics and general management, which are more theory-based.

Second, IS shows the steepest jump from two-year correlation to its five-year counterpart, with values increasing from .07 to .44. Accounting also shows a sharp increase, albeit less than IS. The insight is that these two disciplines take longer to convert academic impact into practice impact.

Third, except for statistics, no discipline sees a drop from the two-year correlation to the five-year correlation. Even for statistics, the drop is marginal from .68 to .67.

We next repeat the two correlations, albeit for journals and not disciplines. Table 4 lists the correlation.

10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.t004 Correlation coefficients between two-year (five-year) IF and two-year (five-year) attention score, by each of 56 <italic>journals</italic>.
Journal name Discipline Two-Year Correlation Five-Year Correlation
Academy of Management Journal General management (14) 0.78 0.80
Academy of Management Perspectives 0.77 0.62
Academy of Management Review 0.72 0.81
Administrative Science Quarterly 0.61 0.82
California Management Review 0.78 0.97
Harvard Business Review -0.56 -0.78
Journal of Management 0.64 0.88
Journal of Management Studies 0.72 0.85
Management Science 0.78 0.82
Organization Studies 0.67 0.89
Organization Science 0.38 0.26
Research Policy 0.68 0.91
Strategic Management Journal 0.53 0.52
Journal of Finance Finance (4) 0.24 0.30
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis -0.06 -0.10
Journal of Financial Economics 0.85 0.90
Review of Financial Studies 0.67 0.68
Accounting, Organizations & Society Accounting (6) 0.63 0.85
Accounting Review 0.82 0.92
Contemporary Accounting Research 0.46 0.82
Journal of Accounting & Economics -0.12 0.15
Journal of Accounting Research 0.61 0.85
Review of Accounting Studies 0.18 0.91
American Economic Review Economics (6) 0.96 0.99
Econometrica -0.11 -0.26
Journal of Political Economy 0.73 0.71
Quarterly Journal of Economics 0.95 0.95
RAND Journal of Economics 0.16 0.23
Review of Economic Studies 0.62 0.74
Journal of Operations Management Operations (4) 0.54 0.85
Operations Research 0.46 0.78
Production and Operations Management 0.39 0.83
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 0.74 0.83
Journal of Applied Psychology Organizational behavior (4) 0.85 0.87
Human Relations 0.71 0.87
Human Resource Management 0.28 0.72
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 0.61 0.71
Journal of Computing Information systems (5) 0.13 0.33
Journal of Management Information Systems 0.24 0.66
MIS Quarterly -0.15 0.34
Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Marketing (9) 0.89 0.89
Journal of Business Research 0.80 0.90
Journal of Consumer Psychology 0.46 0.81
Journal of Consumer Research 0.67 0.85
Journal of International Marketing 0.85 0.91
Journal of Marketing 0.74 0.84
Marketing Letters 0.11 0.27
Journal of Marketing Research 0.95 0.95
Marketing Science 0.17 0.68
Journal of the American Statistical Association Statistics (1) 0.68 0.67
Journal of International Business Studies International business (1) 0.86 0.93
Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice Entrepreneurship (3) 0.90 0.95
Journal of Business Venturing 0.93 0.96
Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 0.46 0.83
Journal of Business Ethics Business ethics (1) 0.68 0.83

Fig 3A through 3L provide the bar graphs for each of the 12 disciplines. We make four observations from the results in Table 4 and Fig 2. First, the results show that correlations between journal IF and Altmetric attention score are strong and positive for most journals.

10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.g003 <p><bold>A. Accounting Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: Comparing a journal’s two-year correlation coefficient with the five-year value indicates whether the journal needs more time to translate its academic impact to practice impact. For example, <italic>Review of Accounting Studies</italic> has a low coefficient of two-year correlation (.18) but a high coefficient of five-year correlation (.91), suggesting that the journal tales longer for translation. Conversely, <italic>Accounting Review</italic> does not need much time. <bold>B. Business Ethics Journal: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: The above figure suggests that <italic>Journal of Business Ethics</italic> requires more time to translate it academic impact to practice impact. <bold>C. Economics Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: The above figure suggests that <italic>RAND Journal of Economics</italic> lags in translating academic impact to practice impact, whereas <italic>American Economic Review</italic> aces the translation. <bold>D. Entrepreneurship Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: Each of <italic>Journal of Business Venturing</italic> and <italic>Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice</italic> rates very high on two-year and five-year correlation coefficients. However, <italic>Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal</italic> scores low. <bold>E. Finance Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score</bold>. Note: <italic>Journal of Finance Economics</italic> is a positive outlier among the four finance journals with a very high two-year and five-year correlation coefficients. <italic>Journal of Finance</italic> has low coefficients, while <italic>Review of Financial Economics</italic> lies in between these extremes. <bold>F. General Management Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: General management journals exhibit high variation in their two-year and five-year correlation coefficients. For example, <italic>Organization Science</italic> has very low coefficients, whereas <italic>Research Policy</italic> and <italic>Organization Studies</italic> have the highest. Overall, most journals hover in the middle values of about [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0289034.ref013">13</xref>]. <bold>G: IS Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: All three IS journals have weak coefficients. Further, these journals need time to translate academic impact to practice impact. <bold>H: IB Journal: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: <italic>JIBS</italic> has a high coefficient for both two-year and five-year periods, indicating that the journal does well to timely translate its academic impact to practice impact. <bold>I: Marketing Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: <italic>Journal of Marketing Research</italic> outperforms all other marketing journals. Further, it enjoys the same coefficient for two-year and five-year periods. <italic>Marketing Letters</italic> sits at the bottom with very weak coefficients. Lastly, <italic>Marketing Science</italic> requires more time to translate its impact. <bold>J: Operations Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: OM journals need time to translate their impact. Further, all four journals achieve high coefficients in five-year period. <bold>K: OB Journals: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: <italic>Human Resource Management</italic> is an outlier with very low value of two-year correlation coefficient. All other three journals perform well on both two-year and five-year coefficients. <bold>L: Statistics Journal: Correlation Coefficients between Two-Year (Five-Year) IF and Two-Year (Five-Year) Attention Score.</bold> Note: <italic>JASA</italic> has moderate but consistent coefficients for two-year and five-year periods.</p> </caption> <graphic mimetype="image" position="float" xlink:href="info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.g003" xlink:type="simple"/> </fig> <p>Second, interesting anomalies are the negative correlations (−.56 two-year and −.78 five-year) for <italic>Harvard Business Review</italic> as well as the weaker negative correlations for <italic>Econometrica</italic> (−.11 two-year and −.26 five-year) and <italic>Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis</italic> (−.06 two-year and −.10 five-year).</p> <p>Third, on average, the five-year correlations tend to be slightly higher than the two-year correlations, except for the <italic>Academy of Management Practices and Journal of Political Economy</italic>. The journal with the largest two-year and five-year differential is the <italic>Review of Accounting Studies</italic>—the difference between its two-year correlation and the five-year correlation is .73.</p> <p>Fourth, the journals with the largest two-year correlations are the <italic>American Economic Review</italic>, <italic>Quarterly Journal of Economics</italic>, and <italic>Journal of Marketing Research</italic>—which have correlations of .96, .95, and .95. The highest five-year correlations are .99, .97, and .96 for the <italic>American Economic Review</italic>, <italic>California Management Review</italic>, and the <italic>Journal of Business Venturing</italic>, respectively. American Economic Review thus has the highest correlations in both categories.</p> </sec> <sec id="sec011" sec-type="conclusions"> <title>Conclusion

Academics in almost all business disciplines have over the years written about the lack of relevance of academic business research. These writings span general management (e.g., [31]), international business (e.g., [4]), marketing (e.g., [5]), information systems (e.g., [6]), and operations (e.g., [24]). Interestingly, none of these article provide quantitative evidence in support of this lack of relevance and usefulness of academic business research.

This article was motivated by this lack of evidence. We took on a massive data collection effort by considering 56 academic business journals from 2000 to 2020 and measuring for each journal-year the two-year IF and two-year attention score, and their five-year counterparts. We computed the correlation coefficients between the two-year values and the five-year values.

A priori, we expected disciplines that are more empirical than theoretical to receive higher correlation coefficients. That is, we expected disciplines of IS, accounting, and finance to perform better than management and international business (IB) disciplines. However, we were pleasantly surprised to see IB and entrepreneurship come on top. We conjecture that more businesspeople read journals in these two disciplines than in other disciplines. We were initially surprised to see that IS, accounting, and finance disciplines as laggards. On second thought, we speculate that the technical language these journals use cause only specialized readers to read the research.

Our evidence offers food for thought for journal editors and business schools’ deans and faculty in determining how they can boost the correlations between academic impact and practice impact. Because most business schools are funded by taxpayers, we also call for evidence on the various dimensions of practice impact. For example, Altmetric considers 19 sources of practice impact. We reason that citations of academic research in policy documents, patents, and news are more impactful than citations in social media posts. Deans and journals may consider a system where authors are rewarded disproportionately more for citations of their articles in policy documents and patents than in social media. Such reward system will create appropriate incentives and make business research more accountable.

We also need research that documents impediments to the lack of practice impact of academic research. An intuitive thesis is that academic articles are overly long, technical, backward looking, and infused with low readability. Future research can analyze practice impact at article level and identify correlations between an article’s attention score and its characteristics such as readability, technicality, etc. Future research can also consider using Altmetric Attention Score data to measure the impact of exogenous shocks on a journal’s impact on practice. For example, FT has included and excluded journals from its list in 2010 and 2016, providing exogenous shocks to the journals that were included/excluded and their peers journals in the discipline.

In summary, we believe our article offers a useful start to highlight the gap between the academic impact and practice impact of academic business journals, while paving the path for future research that can bridge this gap.

 References Kristof N. (2014). Professors, we need you. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/kristof-professors-we-need-you.html Nobel C. (2016). Why isn’t business research more useful to business managers? https://www.forbes.com/sites/hbsworkingknowledge/2016/09/20/why-isnt-business-research-more-useful-to-business-managers/?sh=7dd538d221a9 Roulet T. (2023). Why should MBA applicants (and students) care about research in business schools. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasroulet/2023/04/09/why-should-mba-applicants-and-students-care-about-research-in-business-schools/ Buckley P. J., Doh J. P., & Benischke M. H. (2017). Towards a renaissance in international business research? Big questions, grand challenges, and the future of IB scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 48, 1045–1064. Moorman C., van Heerde H. J., Moreau C. P., & Palmatier R. W. (2019). JM as a Marketplace of Ideas. Journal of Marketing, 83(1), 1–7. Rosemann M., & Vessey I. (2008). Toward improving the relevance of information systems research to practice: the role of applicability checks. MIS Quarterly, 32(1), 1–22. Shapiro D. L., Kirkman B. L., & Courtney H. G. (2007). Perceived causes and solutions of the translation problem in management research. Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 249–266. Wickert C., Post C., Doh J. P., Prescott J. E., & Prencipe A. (2021). Management research that makes a difference: Broadening the meaning of impact. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 297–320. Altmetric. (2023). How is the Altmetric Attention Score calculated? https://help.altmetric.com/support/solutions/articles/6000233311-how-is-the-altmetric-attention-score-calculated- Salisbury L., Smith J. J., & Faustin F. (2022). Altmetric Attention Score and its relationships to the characteristics of the publications in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Science & Technology Libraries, 1–18. American Marketing Association. (2023). https://www.ama.org/journal-of-marketing/ INFORMS (2023). https://pubsonline.informs.org/page/mksc/editorial-statement Financial Times. (2016). 50 Journals used in FT Research Rank. https://www.ft.com/content/3405a512-5cbb-11e1-8f1f-00144feabdc0 Schiele H., Krummaker S., Hoffmann P., & Kowalski R. (2022). The “research world café” as method of scientific enquiry: Combining rigor with relevance and speed. Journal of Business Research, 140, 280–296. Oesterle M. J. (2006). Wahrnehmung betriebswirtschaftlicher fachzeitschriften durch praktiker. Die Betriebswirtschaft, 66(3), 307. Reibstein D. J., Day G., & Wind J. (2009). Guest editorial: is marketing academia losing its way? Journal of marketing, 73(4), 1–3. Kohli A. K., & Haenlein M. (2021). Factors affecting the study of important marketing issues: Implications and recommendations. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 38(1), 1–11. Bartunek J. M., Rynes S. L., & Ireland R. D. (2006). What makes management research interesting, and why does it matter? Academy of management Journal, 49(1), 9–15. Healey M. P., Leroy H., Post C., & Potočnik K. (2023). Changing the scholarly conversation: What it means, why it matters, and how to approach it in micro research. Journal of Management Studies. Forthcoming. Rynes S. L., Bartunek J. M., & Daft R. L. (2001). Across the great divide: Knowledge creation and transfer between practitioners and academics. Academy of management Journal, 44(2), 340–355. Jaworski B. J. (2011) On managerial relevance. Journal of Marketing. 75(4), 211–224. Brown L.D. & Gardner J.C., 1985. Applying citation analysis to evaluate the research contributions of accounting faculty and doctoral programs. Accounting Review, 60(2), 262–277. Lilien G. L. (2011). Bridging the academic–practitioner divide in marketing decision models. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 196–210. Stremersch S., Winer R. S., & Camacho N. (2021). Faculty research incentives and business school health: A new perspective from and for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 85(5), 1–21. Toffel M. W. (2016). Enhancing the practical relevance of research. Production and Operations Management, 25(9), 1493–1505. Little J. D. (1970). Models and managers: The concept of a decision calculus. Management Science, 16(8), B-466. Jedidi K., Schmitt B. H., Ben Sliman M., & Li Y. (2021). R2M index 1.0: assessing the practical relevance of academic marketing articles. Journal of Marketing, 85(5), 22–41. Stäbler S., & Haenlein M. (2021). How Do Media Report About Academic Research? An Empirical Study of Over 15,000 Marketing Articles. https://www.msi.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/MSI_Report_21-137.pdf Stremersch S. (2023). How Can Academics Generate Better Research Ideas? Inspiration from Ideation Practice. Inspiration from Ideation Practice (May 30, 2023). doi: 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2023.10.002 Baines P. R., Brennan R., Gill M., & Mortimore R. (2009). Examining the academic/commercial divide in marketing research. European Journal of Marketing, 43(11/12), 1289–1299. Vermeulen F. (2005). On rigor and relevance: Fostering dialectic progress in management research. Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 978–982. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2005.19573102 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.r001 Decision Letter 0 Wolniak Radoslaw Academic Editor 2023 Radoslaw Wolniak This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Submission Version 0

23 May 2023

PONE-D-23-12557Academic Business Research: Impact on Academics Versus Impact on PracticePLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Astvansh,

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Reviewer #1: Dear Authors,

You must be highly commended for a very good research topic. Actually no one , in my opinion, has researched the practical side of journals. Many scientists write articles for reputable journals and nobody wonders whether the models, methods etc. developed are applied in practice. Does the IF journal have an impact on the practical usefulness of the research results presented in journals?

I have done a lot of reviewing already, but this is the first time I am reviewing research results about the pratical impact of journals. Soper, my congratulations to the authors for an interesting research topic. However, I have a few comments:

1: The astract and keywords need to be expanded. In the abstract, the authors should add the purpose of the research, briefly describe the methodology and add the results, please do not limit yourself to only one top journal: American Economic Review, which, as the authors state, " leads all 56". It should be pointed out that there were 12 business disciplines (those in Figure 2) and more about the results. The following should be added or changed to the keywords: journal impact on practices, journal analysis, business disciplines

2: Introduce: the line "First, we use the Web of Science Journal Impact Factor IF", please add the abbreviation and in the rest of the text use only the abbreviation: IF.

After the sentence: We use these scores to compute for each journal-year the two-year and five-year attention score. Third, for each article and each discipline, we compute the correlation coefficient between (1) the two-year impact factor and two-year attention score, and (2) the five-year impact factor and the five-year attention score. The correlation coefficients report three insights.

The hypothesis of the study and the purpose of the study need to be added.

3: Data and methods, in my description you would need to make a drawing - a step by step diagram of the research. A description is good but a drawing always shows the step-by-step nature of the research better. The formula for correlation coefficients (r) should be added.

4: Key Measures

Tabel 1 56 Journals, Belonging to 12 Business Disciplines (without the cut in front of belong) or change title: The list of analysed journals in 12 business disiplines

5: Formula (1 and 2) for Impact Factor . I would use abbreviations and sub-templates to describe them either before the formulae: Impact Factor -IF, time-t, article published in journal - JP (journal paper) etc. Then the formulas would be shorter.

6: Results: note for Fig. 1 has to be moved under the figure. Under each figure, starting with Figure 2A.....2L you have to write one or two sentences of the conclusion, which is shown in the figure. To each business disciplines because this is the core of the research and requires more analysis.

7 Conclusion, too short, I would add: conclusion of the research and then concusion. You need to refer to the hypothesis of the research and the purpose of the research, which needs to be added to the introduction first.

I wonder if the result of the research should not be a ranking of journals.

Please take my comments very kindly, I am impressed with the research and it needs to be presented well.

Regards:

Reviewer

Reviewer #2: A manuscript with a very interesting title. However, the manuscript requires solid refinement, especially from the literature review side. The introduction recommends highlighting what is new at work. The strength is the methodology; the weakness is the very poor review of the literature. The conclusion should also be greatly expanded.

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 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.r002 Author response to Decision Letter 0 Submission Version 1

24 May 2023

Please refer to "Response to Reviewers.docx."

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.r003 Decision Letter 1 Wolniak Radoslaw Academic Editor 2023 Radoslaw Wolniak This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Submission Version 1

28 Jun 2023

PONE-D-23-12557R1Academic Business Research: Impact on Academics Versus Impact on PracticePLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Astvansh,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

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Reviewer #1: (No Response)

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Reviewer #2: The manuscript looks much better. However, the review of the literature is still very modest. I recommend that the authors add more literature in 2022 and 2023. Other elements of the work have been improved.

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 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.r004 Author response to Decision Letter 1 Submission Version 2

30 Jun 2023

Please see attached Response to Reviewers.docx.

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.r005 Decision Letter 2 Wolniak Radoslaw Academic Editor 2023 Radoslaw Wolniak This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Submission Version 2

10 Jul 2023

Academic Business Research: Impact on Academics Versus Impact on Practice

PONE-D-23-12557R2

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 10.1371/journal.pone.0289034.r006 Acceptance letter Wolniak Radoslaw Academic Editor 2023 Radoslaw Wolniak This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

20 Jul 2023

PONE-D-23-12557R2

Academic Business Research: Impact on Academics Versus Impact on Practice

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