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ISBN: 978 1 3983 2207 3
eISBN: 978 1 3983 2195 3

© Hodder & Stoughton Limited 2021

First published in 2021 by Hodder & Stoughton Limited
An Hachette UK Company
Carmelite House
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www.galorepark.co.uk

Impression number     10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Year     2025 2024 2023 2022 2021

All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, www.cla.co.uk

Illustrations by Oxford Designers and Illustrators, Richard Duszczak, DC Graphic Design Ltd and Aptara, Inc.

Typeset in India

Printed in Spain

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.

Contents

Introduction

1 Tectonics (earthquakes and volcanoes)

1.1 The Earth’s structure

1.2 The Earth’s crust and tectonic plates

1.3 Volcanoes and earthquakes

Volcanoes and earthquakes around the world

The nature and causes of volcanic eruptions

Case study: Anak Krakatoa volcano, 2018

The nature and causes of earthquakes

Case study: Central Italy earthquakes, 2016

1.4 Tectonic hazards

The impact of tectonic hazards

Responses to tectonic hazards

1.5 Your enquiry: the big question

Test yourself

2 Meteorology (weather and climate)

2.1 Weather and climate

The difference between weather and climate

How weather and climate affect people

2.2 The Earth’s main climate zones

2.3 The climate of the British Isles

Temperature

Rainfall

2.4 Microclimates

Investigating microclimates

2.5 Weather and climate hazards

Case study: Hurricane Maria, Dominica and Puerto Rico, 2017

Case study: Australia drought and wildfires, 2019–20

2.6 Your enquiry: the big question

Test yourself

3 Geomorphology (rivers and coasts)

3.1 Rivers

River basins

A river’s long profile

Shaping the landscape

Rivers erode

Rivers transport and deposit

Case study: the River Eden, Carlisle

3.2 Coasts

Shaping the coastline

The sea erodes

The sea transports and deposits

Case study: Swanage Bay, Dorset

3.3 Flooding

River and coastal flooding

Flood defences

3.4 Your enquiry: the big question

Test yourself

4 Demography (population and settlement)

4.1 Population

Population density

Population change

Population explosion

4.2 Migration

The causes of migration

Case study: population and migration in the UK

4.3 Settlement

Settlement location and growth

Settlements and services

Case study: York

Managing urban development

Case study: East Village, London

4.4 Your enquiry: the big question

Test yourself

5 Economy (transport and industry)

5.1 Transport

Modes of transport

Global transport and containerisation

5.2 Industry

The different types of economic activity

Locations for industry

Case study: dairy farming in Cornwall

Case study: Brompton Bicycles, London

Case study: Bluewater Shopping Centre, Kent

Case study: Cambridge Science Park

5.3 Development

High-, middle- and low-income countries

Development and employment

Development and quality of life

5.4 Your enquiry: the big question

Test yourself

6 Environment (sustainability and stewardship)

6.1 Local environmental issues

The school environment

The air we breathe

6.2 National environmental issues

National parks

Case study: Lake District National Park

Energy sources in the UK

6.3 Global environmental issues

Global warming

Causes of global warming

Impacts of global warming

Water pollution

Land pollution

6.4 Your enquiry: the big question

Test yourself

Ordnance Survey map legend

Glossary

Introduction

Common Entrance 13+ Geography for ISEB CE and KS3 is for pupils in Key Stage 3 – at a preparatory school where pupils sit ISEB Common Entrance at the end of Year 8, or at a mainstream secondary school.

What is geography and why is it important?

Geography is a big subject. You can’t get much bigger, because in geography you study the world! Through Common Entrance 13+ Geography for ISEB CE and KS3, you will study places near and far. In doing so, you will begin to understand better how the world works. The exciting thing about geography is that the world is changing, so there are always new things to learn.

Even as this book was being written in 2020, the world was changing. The COVID-19 pandemic came along and changed the way we learn; it changed the way we live and work; it changed the world. Hopefully, by the time you read this book, we will have learned more about the world and how to deal with future pandemics.

However, the world faces many other, even bigger, challenges – population growth, inequality, environmental pollution and global warming, to name a few. Geography helps us to understand these challenges and enables us to deal with them, too. Geography focuses on the present and looks to the future.

How do we learn in geography?

Like all subjects, there are lots of facts to remember and new skills to practise and master. Nevertheless, geography is not all about facts – far from it. It is about learning to ask important questions and finding the answers that will help us to better understand the world. It is always important to be curious in geography. That is how we really learn. In many ways, geography is less of a subject and more of a way of thinking.

In geography we often learn through case studies or real-life examples – to illustrate the theory and principles through real world events and processes. We can also apply the lessons we learn about places and phenomena to other places and predicted events, thus increasing the chance of averting negative outcomes and disasters. In that way, we become real geographers, capable of safeguarding the natural beauty and bio-diversity of our planet and changing our world for the better.

What topics will you study in geography?

For ISEB Common Entrance 13+ Geography, you will study six themes through this book. These correspond and are arranged sequentially as they appear in the new 13+ Geography specification. You have probably studied some of these topics before but you might not recognise the geographical terms. Here are the six topics, with words in brackets you are more likely to recognise, to give you an idea about what you will be studying:

•  Chapter 1: Tectonics (earthquakes and volcanoes)

•  Chapter 2: Meteorology (weather and climate)

•  Chapter 3: Geomorphology (rivers and coasts)

•  Chapter 4: Demography (population and settlement)

•  Chapter 5: Economy (transport and industry)

•  Chapter 6: Environment (sustainability and stewardship)

Each section is colour-coded in order to help you find the relevant pages.

Through using this book, you will also acquire a range of transferable skills that are listed in the new ISEB specification.

These intrinsic geographical skills include the following:

•  Location knowledge skills – knowing where places are found in the world

•  Ordnance Survey map reading skills – being familiar with OS 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 scales of mapping and being able to interpret the landscape being mapped

•  Fieldwork skills

What is the importance of fieldwork?

One of the great things about geography is that you can learn outdoors in the real world, not just in the classroom. We call this fieldwork. Fieldwork does not have to be in a field – it can be anywhere outdoors, such as your school grounds, a town, a river or a coastline.

Fieldwork usually starts with a geographical question you want to investigate. You can then use different fieldwork activities, such as measuring, mapping or carrying out a survey, to help you answer the question. This involves the collecting of primary data rather than merely relying on secondary data, as found in books and online. It is a good way of learning because most of us remember the field trips we went on!

Notes on features in this book

Each of the following features in the book will help you to learn geography successfully.

Key words are shown in blue bold. These are the geographical words you need to learn for your exam. You will also find the words explained in the glossary at the back of the book.

Case studies

Case studies are real-life examples from the British Isles and other parts of the world. You don’t need to remember all the facts but they should help your understanding.

Activities

Activities for you to do are on every double page. These are linked to the text and resources on the pages to help develop your understanding and skills. Answers (along with a scheme of work) are provided in the separate resource, Common Entrance 13+ Geography for ISEB CE and KS3 Textbook Answers.

Your challenge

These challenges are more demanding activities to develop your understanding even further. They may involve you doing some extra research, beyond the book.

Your enquiry – the big question

This is a question at the start of each unit that you will investigate. At the end of the unit you will answer the question using what you have learned.

Test yourself

Test yourself is an opportunity to check how much you have learned in the unit. You can use it to help your revision when you prepare for the exam.

Notes on the Common Entrance 13+ Exam (from Autumn 2023)

Section A: Location Knowledge (10–15 marks): these questions are to be answered using outline maps of the British Isles, Europe and other individual continents or maps of the world. The questions will be confined to the features and places listed in Appendix I of the specification.

Section B: Ordnance Survey Map Reading (10–15 marks): this section will comprise Ordnance Survey mapwork questions. Ordnance Survey map extracts to the scale of 1:50,000 and 1:25,000 will be used and a key to conventional symbols will be provided. The map extracts may be of any part of the United Kingdom (Great Britain and Northern Ireland).

Section C: Physical Geography (25–30 marks): this section will contain two questions, which will be based on any of the following predominantly physical topics:

•  Tectonics (earthquakes and volcanoes)

•  Meteorology (weather and climate)

•  Geomorphology (rivers and coasts)

Section D: Human & Environmental Geography (25–30 marks): this section will contain two questions, which will be based on any of the following predominantly human and environmental topics:

•  Demography (population and settlement)

•  Economy (transport and industry)

•  Environment (sustainability and stewardship)

For both Sections C and D, photographs, maps, diagrams, graphs and data tables may be used as stimulus material. Questions will include a mix of multiple choice, data response, short answers and extended answers.

This book was written by John Widdowson (a longstanding author, experienced teacher and fieldwork leader) and edited by Simon Lewis (Head of Geography, ISEB Geography Editor and Setting Team Leader).

This book is available as an eBook on our new online learning platform, Boost.

The publisher would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material.

TEXT CREDITS

p23 D Louie Smith, Day the Earth moved in Leighton Buzzard, September 9, 2020, © MGN Limited; p32 A Data from The World Bank¹; p36 C Data from the Met Office²; p44 A Data from the Met Office²; p52 E Data from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License); p55 D We acknowledge the use of data and/or imagery from NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS) (https://earthdata.nasa.gov/firms), part of the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS); p56 E Data from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology³; F Data from www.runnersworld.com and www.cfa.vic.gov.au; p57 G Data from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology³; p69 B From Ordnance Survey⁴; p77 B From Ordnance Survey⁴; p80 A Data from www.gov.uk²; p81 D Data from www.gov.uk²; p91 bl Data from The World Bank¹; D Data from the Office for National Statistics²; p95 C Data from The World Bank¹ and the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs; p96 B Data from the Office for National Statistics²; p98 F Data from the Office for National Statistics²; p99 G Data from the Office for National Statistics²; p105 B From Ordnance Survey⁴; p106 B Data from www.sootfreecities.eu/sootfreecities.eu/public/; p110 B Data from https://slideplayer.com/slide/12781912/; p114 B From Ordnance Survey⁴; p116 C Data from https://transportgeography.org/, © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue; p117 D Data from https://transportgeography.org/, © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue; E Data from www.statista.com, data sourced from Airports Council International (ACI) World; p118 E Data from the Office for National Statistics²; p119 F Data from the Office for National Statistics²; p122 C Data from the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board²; p128 B From Ordnance Survey⁴; p130 A Data from The World Bank¹; p131 D Data from www.pwc.com/gx/en/research-insights/economy/the-world-in-2050.html and www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-5-largest-economies-in-the-world-and-their-growth-in-2020-2020-01-22; p132 A Data from the Office for National Statistics² and www.cia.gov; p134 A Based on free material from GAPMINDER.ORG, CC-BY LICENSE; B Data from The World Bank¹; p136 A Data from the UN World Tourism Organization; p142 B Annual mean NO2 concentrations 2016, © Crown Copyright²; p147 B From Ordnance Survey⁴; p151 C Data from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy²; p152 B www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/. The content of this publication has not been approved by the United Nations and does not reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States; p153 E Data from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg; p157 B Data from www.ipcc.ch/sr15/; p158 A Data from www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/701; p160 A Data from www.letsrecycle.com/news/latest-news/organics-household-waste/; p161 C Data from the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs²

¹These data are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

²These data are licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0 (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/).

³These data are licensed under the Creative Commons (CC) Attribution 3.0 licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/).

⁴These Ordnance Survey maps are © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Galore Park Publishing under licence to OS.

PHOTO CREDITS

p9 © Moodboard/stock.adobe.com; p10 © Nicolasdumeige – Fotolia.com; p15 t © Cristian Lucero/UPI/Alamy Stock Photo; b © U.S. Geological Survey; p16 © Bay Ismoyo/AFP/Getty Images; p17 l © PhotoQuest/Archive Photos/Getty Images; r © Oca Hoeflein/Thinkstock.com; p18 © Byelikova Oksana/stock.adobe.com; p19 D © Morphart Creation/Shutterstock.com; p19 E © Alex Gerst, European Space Agency/NASA; p21 © Xinhua/Alamy Stock Photo; p22 © Kevin Schafer/The Image Bank/Getty Images; p24 © Simone Migliaro/stock.adobe.com; p26 t © Pierre Barlier/Eric Vandeville/Abaca Press/Alamy Stock Photo; b © Leonardo/stock.adobe.com; p27 © FIORANI FABIO/Danilo Balducci/Agenzia Sintesi/Alamy Stock Photo; p28 © Muddymari/stock.adobe.com; p29 © NASA Goddard/MODIS Rapid Response Team; p30 © Janet Babb, U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory; p31 © The Fresno Bee/ZUMA Press Inc/Alamy Stock Photo; p33 tl © NASA Goddard/MODIS Rapid Response Team; tr © Simone Migliaro/stock.adobe.com; bl © Muddymari/stock.adobe.com; br © Alex Gerst, European Space Agency/NASA; p35 © Veryan dale/Alamy Stock Photo; p36 © Romolo Tavani/stock.adobe.com; p38 A © Howard Burditt/Reuters/Alamy Stock Photo; B © Daviles/stock.adobe.com; C © Blue Planet Studio/stock.adobe.com; p39 © Trinity Mirror/Mirrorpix/Alamy Stock Photo; p40 tl © Jurgen & Christine Sohns/ImageBroker/Alamy Stock Photo.; tr © MS Nature Photos/Alamy Stock Photo; bl © MICHEL/stock.adobe.com; br © Juhku/stock.adobe.com; p45 C © Jsirlin/stock.adobe.com; E © Owena Hu/Shutterstock.com; p46 © Vovik_mar/stock.adobe.com; p47 © Kolb_art/Thinkstock.com; p48 © Life’s Like That/Alamy Stock Photo; p50 © National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Department of Commerce; p53 © Christian/stock.adobe.com; p54 © Saeed Khan/AFP/Getty Images; p58 tl © Tony Skerl/stock.adobe.com; tr © James Grady/Alamy Stock Photo; bl © Jane/stock.adobe.com; br © Ben Birchall/PA Images/Alamy Stock Photo; p59 B © Ian Wood/Alamy Stock Photo; C © Keith morris/Alamy Stock Photo; D © Lewis Whyld/PA Images/Alamy Stock Photo; E © SkyNext/stock.adobe.com; p61 www.mike-page.co.uk; p63 l © Travelib prime/Alamy Stock Photo; m © David Bagnall/Alamy Stock Photo; r © Charles Stirling/Alamy Stock Photo; p64 © Robert Wyatt/Alamy Stock Photo; p65 © Anne Kitzman – Fotolia.com; p66 © John Widdowson; p67 © NASA/GSFC/JPL; p70 © Phil Noble/Reuters/Alamy Stock Photo; p73 © Tony Baggett/stock.adobe.com; p74 © Suerob/stock.adobe.com; p75 © A.P.S. (UK)/Alamy Stock Photo; p76 © Joe Gough/stock.adobe.com; p78 © Www.Januszkurek.com/stock.adobe.com; p79 © Kylie Ellway/stock.adobe.com; p81 © Ben Birchall/PA Images/Alamy Stock Photo; p82 © Greenshoots Communications/Alamy Stock Photo; p83 © ICP/Incamerastock/Alamy Stock Photo; p85 B © Michael Scott/Alamy Stock Photo; C © Mike Page (http://mike-page.co.uk/); p87 © Thebigland45/stock.adobe.com; p88 © Niceartphoto/Alamy Stock Photo; p89 C © Cindy Hopkins/Alamy Stock Photo; D © Pavel Svoboda/stock.adobe.com; p91 © TopFoto; p92 © Ingram Publishing/Thinkstock.com; p94 © Craig Stennett/Alamy Stock Photo; p96 © John Morrison/Alamy Stock Photo; p98 © TfL from the London Transport Museum collection; p99 tl © Jovannig/stock.adobe.com; tr © Satjawat/stock.adobe.com; bl © Industrieblick/stock.adobe.com; br © Theshots.Co/stock.adobe.com; p100 B © Graeme Peacock/Alamy Stock Photo; C © _ultraforma_/E+/Getty Images; D © Kevin Allen/Alamy Stock Photo; p104 © Kevin Allen/Alamy Stock Photo; p106 © Heini Kettunen/Alamy Stock Photo; p107 © Simon Turner/Alamy Stock Photo; p108 © London Legacy Development Corporation.; p109 © BaldBoris / Wikipedia Creative Commons (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode); p110 © Alexey Fedorenko/stock.adobe.com; p113 © A.P.S. 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