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Acknowledgements: Extract from ‘Celtic chief executive Peter Lawwell defends decision not to pay staff a living wage at the club’s Annual General Meeting’ published on www.dailyrecord.co.uk, 15th November 2013, reproduced with the permission of Mirrorpix; Extract from ‘Five Stories: The harsh realities of the Government’s ‘bedroom tax’ by Frances Ryan, copyright The New Statesman, 12th February 2013; Extract from ‘Anxiety over Atos fit-for-work test brings on father’s heart attack’ by David Taylor, published in The Daily Record, 25th March 2013, reproduced with the permission of Mirrorpix; Extract from ‘SWA should drop challenge’ reproduced with the permission of The Herald and Sunday Herald © Newsquest (Herald and Times) Ltd; Extract from ‘Doctors warn austerity is damaging patients’ health’ by Stephen Naysmith, reproduced with the permission of The Herald and Sunday Herald © Newsquest (Herald and Times) Ltd; Extract from ‘Report reveals huge level of racial inequality in Scottish public sector workplace’ by Martin Williams, reproduced with the permission of The Herald and Sunday Herald © Newsquest (Herald and Times) Ltd; Extract from ‘Crown loses appeal against “lenient” sentence given to motorist who killed two cyclists’ by Catriona Webster, reproduced with the permission of The Herald and Sunday Herald © Newsquest (Herald and Times) Ltd; Extract from ‘World’s End pub murders: Angus Sinclair could face retrial over 1977 deaths of teenagers Christine Eadie and Helen Scott’ published on www.dailyrecord.co.uk, 16th April 2014, reproduced with the permission of Mirrorpix; Extract from ‘Glasgow gang violance: David’s story’ by Jon Henley, copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd 2011; Extract from ‘Elderly hit by new telephone scam’ by Kyle Caldwell and Jessica Winch © Telegraph Media Group Limited 2013; Extract from ‘Identity theft costs the UK £2.7 billion’ by Lois Avery reproduced by permission of Confused.com; Extract from ‘Hundreds of police carry weapons in Scotland’ by Chris Marchall reproduced by permission of The Scotsman Publications Limited; Extract from ‘Let us have sex equality in our policy on prisons’ by Iain Macwhirter, reproduced with the permission of The Herald and Sunday Herald © Newsquest (Herald and Times) Ltd; The table on qualitative and quantitative research is reproduced with permission from Snap Surveys Ltd, www.snapsurveys.com; Extract from the Prescription Charges Coalition’s 2013 report: Paying the Price: Prescription Charges and People with Long-term conditions is reproduced with the permission of the Prescription Charges Coalition, www.prescriptionchargescoalition.org.uk.

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Contents

Section 1    Social inequality in the UK

1 Evidence and causes of social inequality

Poverty

Social exclusion

Social class

Social inequality

Poverty and social class in the age of austerity

2 The impact of social inequality

The elderly

Child poverty

‘Working poor’ families

Unemployed young adults

3 Government responses to social inequality

The Welfare State

Government action on wealth inequalities

The Welfare Revolution

Benefits: universal or means-tested?

4 Social inequality and health

Geographic inequalities

Official reports on health inequalities

The ‘biology of poverty’

Lifestyle issues

Gender inequalities

Ethnicity and health

Government responses to health inequalities

The role of the private sector within the NHS

Improved health

5 Social inequality: gender and ethnicity

Women in a changing society

Ethnic minorities

Attempts to tackle inequalities

Section 2    Crime and the law in the UK

6 The Scottish criminal justice system

Overview of the judicial system

The court system in Scotland

Other issues in the Scottish judicial system

7 Theories and causes of crime

Sociological explanations

Biological explanations

Other reasons

8 Impact of crime on society

Personal impact

Impact on the offender

Impact on the community

Economic impact

Political impact

9 Efforts to tackle crime – the police

The role of the police

Methods of policing and government policies

Issues within the police

10 The penal system – responses to crime

Aims of the system

Overcrowding in prisons

The Scottish prison population

The politics of prisons

Female prisoners

Alternatives to prison

Youth offenders

Section 3    Assessment

11 Assessment

The question paper

The assignment

Research methods

Qualitative and quantitative research