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style=\"color:#153b0e;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:30px;\">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span style=\"font-family:source sans pro semi bold;\"></span><span style=\"font-family:vollkorn bold;\">Project 1676 - Bacon's Rebellion</span><span style=\"font-family:source sans pro semi bold;\">&nbsp;</span></span><span style=\"font-size:30px;\"></span></strong></span><br>​&nbsp; ​​&nbsp; &nbsp;<strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"> &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style=\"color:#112a08;\">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"color:#112a08;\">350th Anniversary of&nbsp;North&nbsp;America's First Revolution &amp; Civil War</span></span><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span 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style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\">​​</span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\">​&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></span><span style=\"font-size:20px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"><strong>An Open Letter to the Indigenous Tribes&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; of&nbsp;Colonial Virginia&nbsp; (Turtle Island)</strong></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\">​</span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><br></div><div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size:20px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"><strong></strong></span></span><br></div><div style=\"text-align: center;\"><br></div><div><span style=\"font-size:20px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"><strong></strong></span></span><em><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\">To the descendants of the signers&nbsp;of the Treaty of Middle Plantation on&nbsp;May 28, 1677, and indigenous tribes in the colonial Chesapeake region of Virginia and&nbsp;Maryland: the Nottoway, Appomattoc, Wayonaoake, Nansemond, Nanzatico, Monacan, Saponi-Catawba, Upper Mattaponi,&nbsp; Chickahominy,&nbsp;Meherrin, Rappahannock, Mattaponi, and Conestoga-Susquehannock tribes.</span></span></em><span style=\"font-size:20px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"><strong></strong></span></span><span style=\"font-size:20px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"><strong></strong></span></span><span style=\"font-size:20px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"><strong>​</strong></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><br></div><div><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"></span></span><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\">​</span></span><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span><span style=\"font-size:30px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:old standard tt;\">O</span></strong></span><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">n behalf of the New Black Nationalist&nbsp;network and our readership at&nbsp;TheVeseyRepublic.com, we extend our greetings to all indigenous First Nations communities with friendship and respect.&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">2026 marks the 350th Anniversary of \"Bacon's Rebellion.\"&nbsp; New Black Nationalists (NBN) are observing this milestone&nbsp;by revisiting the historical narrative of the British Empire's imperial project that introduced chattel slavery and national genocide to North America.&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Much of the \"accepted history\" of the confluence of events that erupted in the Virginia-Maryland Chesapeake in 1676-1677&nbsp;has not been written by indigenous First Nation&nbsp;and Black hands. That should change. 2026 is also the 250th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence signing, which referred&nbsp;to the indigenous&nbsp;First Nations of Turtle Island as \"merciless Indian savages.\" The Declaration made no mention of the 460,000 Black people&nbsp;living in the thirteen colonies at the time. Thus, this seems to be an appropriate moment&nbsp;to amend the historical record with new interpretations of our collective past and future. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">New Black Nationalists (NBN) invite all indigenous First Nation communities to participate in Project 1676 over the next year. This exchange of ideas and collaboration will&nbsp;be meaningful to our communities if we are willing to confront difficult truths and share our perspectives candidly.&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">New Black Nationalists' <u><a href=\"https://www.theveseyrepublic.com/project-1676-bacon-s-rebellion-america-s-1st-revolution-civil-war\" data-attached-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Web&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.theveseyrepublic.com/project-1676-bacon-s-rebellion-america-s-1st-revolution-civil-war&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;https://www.theveseyrepublic.com/project-1676-bacon-s-rebellion-america-s-1st-revolution-civil-war&quot;}\" class=\"wz-link\">first cut analysis of <em>Bacon's Rebellion</em>&nbsp;</a></u>argues that it should not be seen as a singular event but as&nbsp;</span></font><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">three distinct phases of what became a popular&nbsp;revolution:&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.&nbsp; The Virginia militias and Bacon's war of ethnic cleansing&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>2.&nbsp; The&nbsp;Chesapeake Revolution that toppled Gov. Berkeley</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">3.&nbsp; The&nbsp;Royalist-Choice &amp; Standing Army civil war</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">NBN's research indicates the frontier campaign of ethnic cleansing that began in May 1675 by Virginia's colonial militia and continued in 1676 by&nbsp;Bacon's militia was&nbsp;<u><a href=\"https://editor.homestead.com/project-1676-bacon-s-rebellion-participant-list\" data-attached-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Pages&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;id1764380859994&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Project 1676: Bacon's Rebellion Participant List&quot;}\" class=\"wz-link internal-link\">primarily led by elite white tobacco planters like Nathaniel Bacon</a></u>, who owned five&nbsp;Black slaves and four indigenous indentured servants. Their militias were made up of middling and small farmers, and to a lesser extent, white indentured servants living in the frontier counties who bore the brunt of the indigenous tribes' raids. &nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">As the colony's political dynamics shifted toward widespread dissatisfaction with Governor William Berkeley's corruption and his refusal to retaliate against the indigenous frontier tribes, Bacon's supporters grew in number and called for Berkeley's removal from office. When Berkeley failed to raise a militia to disarm Bacon's \"rogue\" militia, he fled to Virginia's Eastern Shore. Black slaves were recruited and offered their freedom in exchange for fighting with Nathaniel Bacon at&nbsp;the August <em>Associators' Party</em>&nbsp; Convention at&nbsp;Middle Plantation. At that point, Black slaves began enlisting in Bacon's <em>Choice and the Standing Army.&nbsp; </em></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><em></em></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><em></em>Like General Sherman's Civil War <em>March to the Sea </em>(Atlanta to Savannah), an estimated 200 Black slaves joined Bacon's <em>Choice and Stading Army</em>, as they sacked tobacco plantations owned by Berkeley's coterie of corrupt oligarchs on their way to capture Jamestown. They were present in mass when Bacon's forces gained control of&nbsp;most of Virginia and ordered the burning of Jamestown on September 19, 1676. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Bacon's unwise decision to immediately pursue the Pamunkey tribe's&nbsp;<em>weroansqua </em>(leader), Cockacoeske, and her&nbsp;core of resistance fighters into the <em>Dragon Swamp</em> after Jamestown was his undoing.&nbsp;Bacon left a trail of death but never captured&nbsp;Cockacoeske, whose knowledge of navigating and surviving in the Dragon Swamp marshlands evaded Bacon&nbsp;for weeks. Worn down by the rainy season, his body ravaged by lice and weakened from drinking brackish water, Bacon died of the&nbsp;<em>Bloody Flux&nbsp;</em>and <em>Lousy Disease</em> on October 26. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The October <em>Dragon Swamp Campaign</em> may have been the only major&nbsp;offensive in which Black slaves participated to liquidate&nbsp;Virginia's indigenous tribes. Following Bacon's death, in&nbsp;November and December, <em>Bacon's Choice and Standing Army</em> continued to skirmish with Berkeley's reconstituted Royalist forces, but many returned&nbsp;home or billeted&nbsp;in the forts and plantations they had captured as winter&nbsp;quarters. They knew a fleet of&nbsp;British troops would arrive soon from England, and that the fighting would resume. However, Berkeley's control of a small fleet of merchant ships enabled his forces to launch a series of amphibious attacks from the James and York Rivers on Bacon's strongholds&nbsp;that defeated the <em>Choice and Standing Army</em> before the British fleet arrived in January 1677. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Although New Black Nationalists' initial reading of the <em>Chesapeake Revolution</em> suggests Blacks who joined Bacon's <em>Choice and Standing Army</em> did so to win their freedom rather than to engage in ethnic cleansing of the Indigenous tribes, they were complicit in Bacon's last <em>Dragon Swamp Campaign.</em> </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Berkeley and his corrupt regime of tobacco oligarchs were their oppressors, and Black slaves had little incentive to participate in the annihilation of the indigenous tribes. Indeed, most of Virginia's slave and indentured servitude laws prior to the <em>Chesapeake Revolution</em> applied to Blacks&nbsp;and Virginia's indigenous communities. Once Berkeley learned that Black slaves were being offered their freedom by joining Bacon's rebels, he&nbsp;issued a proclamation vowing to court-martial and hang any slave who enlisted in the <em>Choice and Standing Army.&nbsp; &nbsp;</em></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">One point of contention between indentured and enslaved Blacks may have been Berkeley's policy of paying indigenous tribes for the capture and return of runaway slaves. New Black Nationalists were unable to substantiate whether indigenous tribes in the Chesapeake catching and returning runaway Black slaves&nbsp;was a widespread practice.&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">For any&nbsp;involvement of Black slaves participating in the attempted ethnic cleansing of indigenous First Nations during the <em>Chesapeake Revolution</em>, New Black Nationalists offer our sincere apology to the descendants of Virginia's indigenous tribes. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">On a separate matter, NBN apologizes as well for the involvement of some Union Army Buffalo Soldiers regiments in the&nbsp;post-Civil War suppression campaigns against the Apache, Comanche, Yaquis, and Lakota Sioux tribes between 1866&nbsp;and 1890. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Likewise, the enslavement of Blacks among the five First Nations of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and the Creek that occurred as a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830&nbsp;is another complex and regrettable chapter in the history of our two peoples.&nbsp;The <em>Trail of Tears</em>&nbsp;saga&nbsp;and forced removal of indigenous tribes west of the Mississippi involved many free Blacks and runaway slaves who were provided sanctuary in the federally mandated \"Indian Territories.\"&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The <em>Chesapeake Revolution</em> and civil war&nbsp;were a&nbsp;profound tragedy that temporarily placed Black slaves&nbsp;and indigenous First Nations on&nbsp;opposite sides of a bloody conflict. Uniting against a common adversary is often easier said than done. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">In this regard, 1676 was a year of profound conflict not only in the Chesapeake but throughout the 13 colonies, especially in New England. The Iroquois Confederacy, supported by the British Crown, attacked the Wampanoags and Narragansett Algonquins during King Phillip's War in New England, thereby preventing the Massachusetts Bay Company from collapsing. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Like Governor Berkeley, whom King Charles II removed from office for his corrupt practices and wanton cruelty to British subjects&nbsp;and the indigenous tribes, the Crown revoked the Massachusetts Bay Company's charter and instituted military rule under the Governors-General system.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">The Iroquois also waged war on the Susquehannock, driving the formidable tribe across the Potomac and into the Chesapeake region. Five Susquehannock sachems were&nbsp;executed after&nbsp;a 1675 peace parley at Piscataway Creek,&nbsp;Maryland, by Virginia militia led by John Washington, the&nbsp;great-grandfather of President George Washington. That seminal incident escalated into armed clashes between Virginia militias with the Doeg and Susquehannock tribes that ultimately provoked <em>Bacon's Rebellion.&nbsp;</em></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><em></em></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Despite any errors or mistakes made by Black slaves and indigenous First Nation tribes in King Phillip's War and the <em>Chesapeake Revolution,</em> they learned from the bitter lessons. By and large, indigenous First Nation communities welcomed Black runaway Black slaves and harbored them in several maroon colonies. Sanctuary and intermarriage were not uncommon between Blacks and indigenous First Nations. Over the decades, Black communities and Indigenous First Nations have enjoyed respectful and heartfelt relations. We will continue to do so. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Black slaves also experienced a bitter but invaluable lesson by supporting Bacon's forces. Although none of the 24 Bacon supporters who were hanged by Berkeley were Black, all the slaves who didn't escape to Maryland were returned to their slave masters. </span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Learning from the <em>Chesapeake Revolution</em>, 20,000 Black slaves shouldered muskets for the British Redcoats in the 1776 Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. Many of the slaves who fought for the British Crown&nbsp;and won their freedom left the United States aboard British vessels to establish free Black communities in Canada, the West Indies, London, and Sierra Leone. They became the&nbsp;first Black nation builders.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">To conclude on a personal note, <em>Project 1676</em> is more than a historic, political, or academic endeavor for this website editor. My family and cousins are&nbsp;fortunate enough to still own farmland in the all-Black township of Richwood, Louisiana, where we have lived since the 1880s. Half of <span class=\"theme-text-color-4-3\"><u><a href=\"https://editor.homestead.com/w-bernell-brooks-lll-meet-the-editor-of-the-vesey-republic-website-home-of-the-new-black-nationalist-network\" data-attached-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Pages&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;id1768264210952&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;W. Bernell Brooks lll - Meet the Editor of The Vesey Republic Website, Home of the New Black Nationalist Network&quot;}\" class=\"wz-link internal-link\">Richwood&nbsp;sits on Choctaw Scrip land that&nbsp;</a></u></span></span></font><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-3\"><u><a href=\"https://editor.homestead.com/w-bernell-brooks-lll-meet-the-editor-of-the-vesey-republic-website-home-of-the-new-black-nationalist-network\" data-attached-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Pages&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;id1768264210952&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;W. Bernell Brooks lll - Meet the Editor of The Vesey Republic Website, Home of the New Black Nationalist Network&quot;}\" class=\"wz-link internal-link\">the U.S</a></u></span>. government issued to relocate indigenous tribes west of the Mississippi River in accordance with the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830. The Choctaw Scrip land that was never purchased was originally intended to sell for $3.00 per&nbsp;acre.&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">History has its peculiar surprises. The&nbsp;white Brooks family, who enslaved my&nbsp;ancestors in Tennessee&nbsp;and later in Louisiana, arrived in&nbsp;New Kent and Middlesex County, Virginia, in the 1630s from Devon, England. William Brookes of Middlesex County was named as a participant by King Charles&nbsp;II's 1677 Royal Commission inquiry&nbsp;into the causes of Bacon's Rebellion. &nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">I have not been able to determine that the William Brookes I researched is the same person listed in the genealogical sources whose family enslaved my ancestors. I certainly would not be surprised if he is a link in&nbsp;the chain that brought our two families together under the stain of slavery.&nbsp;</span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"></span></font><br></div><div><font color=\"#040c15\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">Over the coming weeks, New Black Nationalists will continue to reach out to indigenous First Nation communities, Virginia and Maryland historical societies, college and university history departments, and scholars. 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class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><strong>MAPPING THE DRAGON:&nbsp;AN INDIGENOUS HISTORY OF BACON’S REBELLION&nbsp;<br></strong><br>​The Dragon Swamp&nbsp;was a key battlefield landscape in Virginia's Middle Peninsula associated with Bacon’s Rebellion.&nbsp;Native nations throughout the colony were the principal focus of rebel leader Nathaniel Bacon’s&nbsp;ire, and he aimed to destroy these communities through a program of annihilation. Although Bacon&nbsp;left in his path a wake of Native death and enslavement, when he turned his focus to the Pamunkeys&nbsp;and other Tidewater nations, Indigenous ecological and military knowledge coupled with the&nbsp;extraordinary leadership of&nbsp; Cockacoeske, the Pamunkey weroansqua (leader), as well as the&nbsp;leaders of other Native nations whose names don’t survive in the paper archive, proved Bacon’s&nbsp;undoing, in Dragon Swamp.</span></div>","verticalAlignment":"top"},"metaData":{"position":{"left":337,"top":883},"size":{"width":257,"height":431}}},{"type":"image","id":"id1769555176620","elementProperties":{"tagName":"DIV","behaviours":null,"isLocked":false,"name":"Image 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class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><strong></strong></span><span class=\"theme-text-color-2-4\"><strong>THE ANGLO-POWHATAN WARS AND&nbsp;BACON'S REBELLION IN THEIR OWN WORDS<br></strong></span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><strong></strong></span><br></div><div><span style=\"color:#0f4509;\"><strong>pamunkey.org</strong></span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><strong></strong></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><strong></strong></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><strong>Anglo-Powhatan Wars (1609-1646)</strong><br></span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><strong></strong><br></span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\">As part of Tsenacomoco, the Pamunkey were involved in the periods of hostility between the English and Indian communities which, are now known as the First (1609–1614), Second (1622–1632), and Third (1644–1646) Anglo-Powhatan Wars (Encyclopedia Virginia)</span><br></div><div><br><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\">FIRST</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\">After the English arrived in Virginia in 1607, colonists struggled to survive through terrible drought and cold winters. Unable to adequately provide for themselves, they pressured the Indians of Tsenacomoco for relief, which led to a series of conflicts along the James River that intensified in the autumn of 1609.<br></span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><br>Powhatan ordered a&nbsp;siege of the English fort, which lasted through the winter of 1609–1610 and precipitated the so-called “Starving Time.” This was the Indians' best chance to win the war, but the English survived. After the arrival of reinforcements, the colonists viciously attacked the Indians.<br></span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><br>Using terror tactics borrowed from Queen Elizabeth's conquest of Ireland, English soldiers burned Indian villages and towns in addition to executing women and children. (Encyclopedia Virginia)</span></div><div><br><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\">SECOND</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\">The Second Anglo-Powhatan War was fought from 1622-1632, pitting English colonists in Virginia against the Algonquian-speaking Indians of Tsenacomoco, led by Opitchapam and his brother (or close kinsman) Opechancanough.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>After the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1609–1614), which ended with the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, the English colony began to grow. (Encyclopedia Virginia)</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>THIRD</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\">The third Anglo-Powhatan War (1644 to 1646) started with a large, coordinated strike by Powhatan warriors against the Virginia colonists.<br>Hundreds of Indians the English had captured&nbsp;during the Third Anglo-Powhatan War were sold into slavery. With the death of Opechancanough, Necotowance assumed leadership of the Powhatan alliance and negotiated a new treaty with the English.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>The peace treaty between the English colonists and the Powhatan called for removing the Powhatan Confederacy to an area north of the York River. Necotowance signed the treaty as “King of the Indians.”</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>The treaty established a pattern of removing Indian nations from invading Europeans to reduce the conflict between the two groups. (Native American NetRoots)</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>The Virginia Colony continued to grow and encroach on Powhatan land, making it impossible for them to sustain traditional practices. Many Pamunkey were forced to work for the English or were enslaved. As the colonial settlement grew, so did settlers with their resistance to Native American attacks. (Wikipedia)</span></div><div><br><strong><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\">Post War</span></strong><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\">Bacon’s Rebellion,&nbsp;which began in 1675, resulted in attacks on several tribes loyal to the English. The Rebellion was a joint effort of White and Black former indentured servants. The Rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon against his kin, Governor Sir William Berkeley.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>Cockacoeske, who succeeded her husband after he was killed fighting for the English, was an ally of Berkeley against Bacon. To the English, she was known as \"Queen of the Pamunkey\". She is known for having signed the Articles of Peace (Treaty of Middle Plantation) in 1677, after Bacon's Rebellion ended.</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>Efforts to preserve and protect the Pamunkey Indian Reservation extended through the eighteenth century&nbsp;when many&nbsp;tribal groups lost their land. In the late nineteenth century, each of the four remaining reservation tribes—the Gingaskin, Mattaponi, Nottoway, and Pamunkey—were pressured to dissolve their reservation – ending their relationship to the state – and divide the land among their members. The Pamunkey refused, maintaining their reservation, church, and school.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>1632 Peace Agreement</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\">This decision effectively ended the Second Anglo-Powhatan War.&nbsp;Although no documentation of the Agreement survives, the Opechancanough did not resist when colonists built a wall across the Peninsula in 1634.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-4-4\"><br>The wall made clear that old towns south of the York River, such as Kiskiak, were permanently converted to English use and excluded Native Americans from the traditional hunting/gathering areas east of Middle Plantation (now Williamsburg).</span></div><div><br><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\">Treaty Ending the Third Anglo-Powhatan War (1646)</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><br></span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\">This treaty prohibited Englishman from being in Indian territory except with permission from Chief Necotowance or the Governor. It declared that the English would notify Necotowance before settling north of York River on land downstream from Poropotank River.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><br>The Treaty required Native Americans to obtain permission and wear a badge or a striped coat when traveling on the Peninsula, whenever the English authorized such travel.<br>The Treaty also required an annual gift to English consisting of 20 beaver skins, thereby acknowledging the authority of English rulers and creating status as \"tributary\" tribes who were to receive some protection against hostile tribes, such as the Susquehannocks or Seneca.</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><br>Articles of Peace (1677)</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\">In Articles of Peace, published in London in 1677, the British government formalized what became known as the Treaty of Middle Plantation, signed on May 29, 1677. Following the violence against Virginia Indians that accompanied Bacon's Rebellion (1676–1677), several tribes, formerly part of the paramount chiefdom Tsenacomoco, reunited under the authority of the Pamunkey Chief Cockacoeske and promised fidelity to the Crown in exchange for its protection.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><br>NOTE: Some spelling has been modernized in the above text.</span></div><div><br><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\">1684 Albany Agreement (also known as \"Lord Howard's treaty\")</span></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"></span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\">After Bacon's Rebellion ended in 1676, Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Oneida were conducting raids south into Virginia Piedmont, seeking to control local tribes in addition to Piscataway and Susquehannock, which had been disrupted by Maryland and Virginia forces.</span><br></div><div><span class=\"theme-text-color-3-4\"><br>Virginia Governor Lord Howard of Effingham (called \"Assarigoa\" by the Iroquois) traveled from Virginia to Albany to negotiate with the Iroquois alongside the New York Governor Col. 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