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Contesting the Empire
The Politics of Indigenous Resistance Under Colonial Rule
The colonization of the Americas was a devastating force for Indigenous populations. In Mexico, from the fall of the Aztec capital in 1521 to 1600, the population decreased by between 70 and 90 percent. In Peru, depopulation estimates during the colonial period range between 55 and 80 percent. A combination of epidemics, forced labor, and coerced cultural assimilation threatened the existence of these populations for centuries. Yet, Indigenous communities survived, maintaining their languages and cultural practices. Today, in Mexico, about 20 percent of the population self-identifies as Indigenous, and about 6 percent speaks an Indigenous language. This figure is even higher in countries such as Guatemala, Peru, and Bolivia. In this book, I argue that this historical resilience could not have been possible without the community endeavors that led indigenous people to contest imperial control.
How did Indigenous populations resist and mobilize against colonial powers? The social science literature has studied how colonial institutions have had long-term consequences on economic development, inequality, and corruption, among others. However, this narrative often ignores indigenous populations, reducing them to passive actors or mere victims of extraction. The state-centric perspective of the existing literature in the social sciences is at odds with the extensive historical evidence on the agency of native populations during colonialism. Building on the rich historical literature of Indigenous agency and the literature of contemporary indigenous and peasant mobilization, this book explores the various ways in which these populations contested colonial rule --- and the consequences their mobilization had for the construction of the colonial repressive apparatus.
Focusing on colonial Latin America, this book develops a theory of contestation under a multi-layered agency problem. I argue that, facing ruthless extraction from settler elites and local officials, Indigenous populations often found it advantageous to appeal to the colonial powers for protection. In turn, colonial rulers permitted -- and often encouraged -- these claims because they helped them to lower monitoring costs and punish bureaucratic malfeasance, as well as to limit the rising power of the settler class. In other words, for the Spanish Crown, Indigenous claims solved an agency problem while, for indigenous populations, they provided an avenue to air their grievances. As such, thousands of indigenous claims were submitted to the colonial courts (Figure 1). Despite pervasive repression by the colonial system, these communities sought ways to advance their interests and political goals, in many cases successfully. However, this Crown-Indigenous pact was limited.
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Figure 1: Mapping indigenous claims
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Methodologically, this book employs various empirical strategies, including text analysis techniques, to examine the complexity of thousands of Indigenous claims, court rulings, and other documents produced during this period. Exploring the texts produced by these communities, on many occasions in indigenous languages, is crucial to bring indigenous actors back to the central stage, acknowledging their agency, political goals, and ---most importantly--- their voices.
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Book conferences: Fall 2025 (Ann Arbor, Michigan); Winter 2026 (Stanford, California)
Participants: Mike Albertus (UC Chicago), Emily Sellars (Yale), Sean Gailmard (UC Berkeley), James Mahoney (Northwestern), Mark Dincecco, and Jean Hong (Michigan); Gary Cox, Lisa Blaydes, Anna Gryzmala-Busse, Vicky Fouka, and Beatriz Magaloni (Stanford)
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Paths of Early State-Development: Evidence from the
Aztec, Maya, and Inca
In recent years, the study of state formation has pushed beyond its Eurocentric foundations, broadening its analytical lens to incorporate cases from regions such as China and the Middle East. Yet, the political development of the Americas’ three principal precolonial civilizations—the Aztec, Maya, and Inca—remains underexplored. This project seeks to address this gap by systematically integrating these civilizations into the comparative canon of state formation studies.
Through an in-depth examination of the institutional innovations, territorial governance strategies, and socio-economic foundations of these empires, this book explores how these polities navigated classical dilemmas of rule: administrative centralization, coercive capacity, legitimacy, and elite coordination. While the Aztec, Maya, and Inca faced similar governance challenges, their solutions varied in light of distinct ecological zones—from highland empires to rainforest city-states. This geographic diversity allows for a powerful comparative framework to analyze institutional convergence and divergence in state-building.
Combining established theories of political order and historical institutionalism with underutilized sources—including newly digitized codices, colonial chronicles, and long-overlooked secondary literature—this project brings fresh empirical and conceptual insights. Critically, it integrates cutting-edge LIDAR-generated images to map urban infrastructures, trade routes, and settlement patterns, offering new spatial perspectives on state capacity and infrastructural power.
Understanding these precolonial governance systems is also crucial for reassessing the dynamics of colonial rule. Rather than viewing colonization as the imposition of European order upon a political vacuum, this project highlights how enduring precolonial institutions shaped the form and resilience of colonial regimes. The interaction between indigenous statecraft and colonial authority generated hybrid administrative systems, influenced patterns of resistance and accommodation, and left legacies that continue to structure political and social inequalities today.
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