For this cross-sectional observational study, 751 patients with cad, who were subjected to rehabilitative treatment, were recruited in 5 centers of cardiac rehabilitation. The characteristics of the study group are presented in table 1. All patients gave their written and voluntary consent for participation in the conducted study by completing a questionnaire. Respondents answered questions themselves, but they could explain any doubts with an interviewer. They were assured full confidentiality and were not influenced by any third party.
The questionnaire included closed-ended questions. Collected data were coded, in turn providing all respondents with complete protection of their data. The survey comprised questions on basic demographics; family history of cad (in case of doubts—verified by medical records or by phone interview), including past myocardial infarction; percutaneous coronary interventions (pci); and the implantation of coronary artery bypass grafts (cabg).
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Arterial insufficiency in the lower limbs (lower limb ischemia, leg ischemia) is a chronic obstructive
disease
in the aorta below the outlet of the renal arteries, iliac artery, and the arteries in the lower limbs probably caused by atherosclerosis. It is estimated that at least 4% of all people above the age of 65 have peripheral arteriosclerosis, which in 50% of cases causes intermittent pain (intermittent claudication).
A minority of patients experience the progression of peripheral arteriosclerosis, which results in pain while at rest and ulcerations. Owing to the realization that medical treatment of the disease has limited efficacy, the international consensus today is that physical training is a key factor in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication.
For people who are at risk of developing ed due to personal behavior, steps may be taken to try to prevent its occurrence. However, other causes may not be preventable. A number of studies now suggest a link between ed and obesity , high cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes and heart disease. The following recommendations may help prevent ed or improve the problem if it is already present: eat a healthy diet. A diet that limits saturated fat intake and includes several portions of fruits, vegetables and whole grains can benefit men with ed. Reduce cholesterol. High cholesterol can harden, narrow or block the arteries (atherosclerosis) leading to the penis.
Erectile dysfunction (ed) affects more that 150 million men worldwide and its prevalence increases with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. These cardiovascular risk factors include age, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and smoking leading to consecutive endothelial dysfunction, abnormal vasomotion and atherosclerosis (rogers et al. , 2012 ). Recent imaging studies have shown that 70% to 80% of patients older than 50 years with ed had obstructive lesions of the erection-related arterial system. These findings underline the dominant role of arterial insufficiency in the pathogenesis of ed (wang et al. , 2016 ; wang, 2018 ; shishehbor & philip, 2012 ).