The phrase "What in tarnation?" is often exclaimed when one is confused, exasperated, or startled. But where did this peculiar expression originate, and why does it sound so old-fashioned? Let's embark on a journey through history to unravel the origin and meaning of this curious phrase.
Our exploration begins in the early 19th century, a time when the American South was shaping its unique brand of wit and storytelling. The South was home to a rich mix of dialects and colloquialisms, many of which incorporated words deemed off-limits by more formal Northern and European English speakers.
The Influence of African American Vernacular English
The roots of "What in tarnation?" can be traced back to African American Vernacular English (AAVE), which has significantly influenced everyday American English. During the 18th and 19th centuries, enslaved Africans brought their languages and cultural practices to the Americas, where they blended with European and Native American influences to create the vibrant tapestry of African American culture.
One of the linguistic innovations of AAVE was the use of the word "tarnation" as a euphemism for expletives. Instead of saying something taboo, speakers could express their frustration or astonishment with a more innocuous-sounding phrase.
From "Damnation" to "Tarnation"
"Tarnation" is believed to have evolved from the word "damnation," which itself comes from "damn," a taboo word in traditional Christian contexts. Speakers of AAVE started replacing the "damn" in "damnation" with "tar," creating the less offensive "tarnation." This linguistic shift allowed speakers to express their stronger emotions while adhering to social norms.
While the exact origin of this linguistic shift is difficult to pinpoint, its prevalence in AAVE can be seen in early written records. For instance, a novel by former slave and abolitionist Frederick Douglass, titled "The Heroic Slave" (1853), features the protagonist saying, "Well, what in tarnation is the matter?"
The Spread to Other Dialects
As time passed, and African Americans moved throughout the United States, "What in tarnation?" started appearing in other dialects. It became a staple of Southern and Midwestern American English, Popular culture also played a role in its propagation. For example, the comic strip "Li'l Abner," created by Al Capp in the 1930s, featured characters frequently uses the phrase, further popularizing it among the general public.
The phrase's quaint and folksy tone has made it a enduring favorite in both spoken and written language. It can be found in contemporary literature, films, and television shows, often employed to evoke a sense of nostalgia or Southern charm.
The Evolution of Use and Meaning
Over time, "What in tarnation?" has evolved in meaning and usage. Initially used to express confusion or exasperation, it now also serves as an intensifier, amplifying the user's emotion—in much the same way that other regional exclamations do, like "Well, I'll be!" or "Lord above!"
Moreover, the phrase has transcended regional and generational boundaries. Thanks to the spread of American culture through media, "What in tarnation?" can now be heard in various parts of the world, used by native English speakers and learners alike.
A Phrase for All Seasons
Regardless of its origin, "What in tarnation?" has proven its enduring appeal and usefulness. It can suit almost any context, from genuine surprise ("What in tarnation was that?" when hearing an odd noise) to humorous disbelief ("What in tarnation is that contraption?"). Its versatility lies in its ability to combine mild offense with genuine puzzlement.
Its enduring appeal, however, isn't merely a matter of practical use. "What in tarnation?" has also become a symbol of a specific cultural identity—one that's playful, reckless, and, yes, often just a little bit old-fashioned. It's a phrase that harkens back to simpler times and a particular notion of American life, reliably pulling a smile or a chuckle from those who hear it.
So, the next time you're feeling puzzled, flabbergasted, or just want to express your general exasperation, consider reaching into the trove of American English and pulling out a good old-fashioned "What in tarnation?" After all, who could resist the charm of a phrase that's been bewildering and delighting folks for over a century?