What is the Importance of Choosing a Qualified Practitioner for Botox in New Westminster?

What is the Importance of Choosing a Qualified Practitioner for Botox in New Westminster?

Aesthetic Botox consultations

Overview of the risks associated with Botox treatments when performed improperly


When considering Botox treatments in New Westminster, it's crucial to understand the risks associated with improper administration. Explore Botox Consultation Appointments in New Westminster, BC here. Ah, Botox, that famed wrinkle-reducer we all hear about! While many see it as a fountain of youth, when things don't go as planned, it can be more of a Pandora's box.


First off, if the person administering Botox isn't properly trained, you might end up with less-than-stellar results.

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We're talkin' droopy eyelids, uneven facial expressions, or even a complete lack of expression - talk about a poker face! And trust me, nobody wants that startled look where one eyebrow is permanently surprised while the other one's taking a nap.


Then there's the matter of safety. If Botox is injected incorrectly, it could spread to other parts of the body. This could lead to muscle weakness, vision problems, or difficulty swallowing (and who'd want to struggle every time they fancy a bite of their favourite snack?).


Plus, let's not forget about the potential for allergic reactions! They can range from mild redness and swelling to full-blown anaphylaxis. That's definitely not on anyone's wish list, now is it?


And here's a scary thought: in some cases, Botox can cause serious side effects like breathing difficulties and even heart complications. Yikes! It's no joke when your quest for beauty puts your health on the line.


So, here's the deal – it's not just about vanity. Choosing a qualified practitioner isn't merely important; it's absolutely essential! These professionals have spent a lot of time training (and not just watching YouTube tutorials, mind you) to understand where and how to inject Botox safely. Botox risks and benefits They know their anatomy and have the expertise to anticipate how your muscles will respond.


In conclusion, while Botox can be a game-changer, it's not something to be taken lightly. Don't just go for any Joe Schmo with a needle and a "good deal." Do your homework, find a reputable professional, and remember – if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is! Because hey, your health and well-being? They're worth more than a few wrinkles less.

Importance of verifying practitioner qualifications and certifications


When it comes to selecting a practitioner for Botox treatments in New Westminster, the significance of verifying their qualifications and certifications cannot be overstated! First off, Botox is not a procedure to take lightly – it involves administering a potent substance into your body, and you certainly don't want just anyone doing that, do you?


Now, let's talk about safety (which, obviously, should be your top priority). A qualified practitioner will have undergone extensive training to understand facial anatomy and the specifics of Botox injections. This ensures that they know precisely where to inject and how much to use, minimizing the risk of complications. On the other hand, if you go to someone without the proper credentials, you're playing a risky game – one where the stakes are your health and appearance!


Moreover, a certified professional is likely to be up-to-date with the latest techniques and products. They're committed to their craft, always learning and improving. Botox for youthful glow This means you'll get the best possible results. If they weren't dedicated, why would they bother keeping their certifications current, right?


Ah, and let's not forget about the legal side of things. Practitioners are required by law to have certain qualifications to perform Botox injections. If you don't check their credentials, you might end up in a shady situation where the practitioner isn't even legally allowed to treat you. Best Botox deals New Westminster Now, that's a scenario you want to avoid at all costs!


But hey, it's not all doom and gloom. When you do find a practitioner with the right qualifications, you can sit back and relax, knowing you're in good hands. They'll be able to address your concerns, answer your questions, and provide a level of care that unqualified individuals simply can't match.


In conclusion, while the urge to jump at the first Botox deal you see might be strong, resist it. Take a breath, do your homework, and verify those qualifications and certifications. It's not just about looking good; it's about staying safe and ensuring you're not gonna regret your decision down the line. Trust me, your future self will thank you for being so thorough!

The role of experience and specialized training in achieving desired Botox outcomes


When considering Botox treatments in New Westminster, it's essential to prioritize choosing a qualified practitioner - I mean, your face isn't exactly a place for trial and error, right? Now, let's talk about the role of experience and specialized training because they aren't just fancy words; they are the pillars ensuring you don't end up regretting your decision.


First off, experience isn't something you can just download off the internet or read in a book overnight. It comes with time, and with time comes a multitude of cases practitioners have seen and treated. Botox appointment preparation An experienced professional will have developed an intuitive understanding of facial anatomy. They'll know just where to place each injection to achieve a natural look – because nobody wants to look like they're perpetually surprised!


Specialized training, however, is equally crucial. Botox and beauty goals It's not enough for someone to just have a medical degree or a license to practice. Botox is an art, and practitioners need specific training in cosmetic dermatology or plastic surgery to master this art. They need to know the exact dosages, the precise spots to inject, and how to tailor treatments to individual faces. Because, let's face it, one size does not fit all (and neither does one syringe of Botox).


And let's not forget about safety! Without proper training, things can go south pretty quickly.

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Advanced Botox techniques We're talking drooping eyelids, muscle weakness, or even more severe complications. Yikes! That's the last thing you want, isn't it?


So, when you're out there looking for a Botox practitioner, don't just go for the nearest or the cheapest option. Look for someone with a proven track record (because, you know, your face is kind of important). Ask about their experience, their training, and maybe check out some before-and-after photos of their work (but take those with a grain of salt, Photoshop exists!).


In conclusion, the role of experience and specialized training in achieving desired Botox outcomes can't be overstated. You want to walk out of that clinic feeling fabulous, not filled with regret! So, do your homework, and choose wisely. After all, it's your beauty, your health, and your confidence on the line!

Legal and regulatory considerations for Botox practitioners in British Columbia


Ah, when it comes to getting Botox in New Westminster, the stakes are high, aren't they? Choosing a qualified practitioner isn't just recommended; it's downright critical! You see, Botox, that wonder toxin that smooths out our wrinkles and gifts us with the illusion of eternal youth, isn't something to trifle with.


Now, let's talk legal and regulatory considerations in British Columbia, shall we? It's a province that takes its healthcare seriously (as it should!), and there are stringent regulations in place. Practitioners must be licensed; that's a given, but they also need proper training in cosmetic procedures. It's not just any ol' doctor or nurse who can pick up a syringe and start injecting away, no sir!


And here's the kicker: if the person holding that needle doesn't have the right qualifications, the results can be, well, less than desirable. We're talking droopy eyelids, uneven facial expressions, or, heaven forbid, complications that are more serious. It's not just about looking good-it's about safety too.


So, when you're on the hunt for a Botox practitioner in New Westminster, do your homework (and I mean really dig deep!). Check their credentials, ask for before-and-after photos of their work, and read reviews. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia is a good place to start; they have a list of licensed practitioners.


Remember, it's your face we're talking about! You wouldn't want just anyone tampering with it, would ya? Opting for a practitioner who's not up to snuff can lead to regret, and that's something we'd all like to avoid.


In conclusion, folks, the importance of choosing a qualified practitioner for your Botox needs in New Westminster cannot be overstated. With proper legal and regulatory considerations in mind (and a healthy dose of common sense), you'll be on your way to a safe and satisfying experience. After all, it's not just about beauty-it's about well-being too!

The impact of choosing an unqualified practitioner on patient safety and satisfaction


When exploring the realm of cosmetic enhancements, like Botox, the allure of a youthful appearance can sometimes cloud our better judgement. In New Westminster, as in many places, the importance of selecting a qualified practitioner can't be overstated! But what happens when individuals take the plunge with someone who's not up to par? Well, let's just say the consequences can be far from what they bargained for.


First off, patient safety is paramount (and I can't stress this enough). Unqualified practitioners might not possess the necessary medical knowledge or expertise. Aesthetic Botox consultations This lack of proficiency can lead to improper administration of Botox. What's that? New Westminster cosmetic experts Oh, it's the potential for side effects like bruising, droopy eyelids, or even more severe complications. Botox for expression lines Infection risk rises if the practitioner doesn't maintain a sterile environment – that's just common sense, right?


Then there's the satisfaction aspect. Imagine going through the process, expecting to see a fresher, more vibrant you in the mirror, only to be greeted by an uneven or botched result. Trusted Botox providers It's disheartening, to say the least. An unqualified individual may not understand the intricacies of facial muscles and how they interact with the neurotoxin.

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The result? Expert Botox injectors A frozen or unnatural look that screams 'work done' instead of the desired subtle enhancement.


Moreover, the psychological impact of a bad Botox experience shouldn't be taken lightly. You're seeking improvement, but if it goes south, it can take a toll on your confidence.

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You might feel like kicking yourself for not doing the research, which is a feeling nobody wants!


In conclusion (and I hope this isn't coming off as too preachy), the importance of choosing a qualified practitioner for your Botox treatment is a no-brainer. It's not just about looking good – it's about your health, your well-being, and peace of mind. So, do yourself a favor and don't skimp on this crucial step. After all, it's your face we're talking about – and you deserve the best!

Key factors to consider when selecting a Botox practitioner in New Westminster


When it comes to choosing a Botox practitioner in New Westminster, it's not just about who's offering the best deal or the most convenient appointment times. Aesthetic enhancement Oh no, this decision warrants careful consideration because, let's face it, we're talking about your face here! The importance of selecting a qualified practitioner cannot be overstated, and there are several key factors that you really ought to mull over before taking the plunge.


First and foremost, qualifications are a must. You wouldn't want someone who's barely glanced at a medical textbook jabbing needles into your skin, would you? Look for a practitioner with proper medical credentials and specialized training in Botox administration. It's not too much to ask for proof of their expertise, so don't shy away from inquiring.


Experience, experience, experience – it's something that can't be faked! The more seasoned a practitioner is, the better they'll understand the nuances of facial anatomy. This isn't just about smoothing out a few wrinkles; it's about ensuring that the results look natural (because nobody wants to look like they've been caught in a wind tunnel).


Reviews and testimonials can provide invaluable insights into a practitioner's work.

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Sure, they might boast about their skills, but what do actual patients say? Take a gander at what others have experienced to get a better sense of what you might expect. And if you stumble upon a bunch of negative reviews, well, that's a red flag you can't ignore!


Don't forget to consider the facility where the Botox will be administered. Cleanliness and professionalism should be apparent from the moment you step through the door. If it looks more like a back-alley operation than a reputable clinic, run for the hills!


Lastly, a great practitioner will offer you a thorough consultation before going anywhere near you with a needle. They should discuss your concerns, evaluate your facial structure, and set realistic expectations. If they're promising the moon without even a hint of caution, be wary. Botox isn't magic, and it's not without its risks.


In conclusion, choosing the right Botox practitioner in New Westminster isn't something to take lightly. Qualifications, experience, patient feedback, the quality of the facility, and a comprehensive consultation are all critical factors that should weigh heavily on your decision. Remember, it's your face we're talking about! A single mistake could leave you wishing you'd been more diligent in your search. So do your homework, ask the tough questions, and don't settle for anything less than the best! And hey, when you do find that perfect practitioner, it'll be such a relief!

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Botox for Facial Rejuvenation New Westminster

Richard Clement Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, having been hand picked to "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".  Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe  Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland and selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. Moody and the Royal Engineers were trained in settlement and selected the site because of its defensibility: it was farther from the American border than the site of the colony's proclamation, Fort Langley, possessed "great facilities for communication by water, as well as by future great trunk railways into the interior and possessed an excellent port  Moody was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood:

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Queen's Park

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Tipperary Park

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

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Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

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Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

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Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

 

Cosmetic may refer to:

  • Cosmetics, or make-up, substances to enhance the beauty of the human body, apart from simple cleaning
  • Cosmetic, an adjective describing beauty, aesthetics, or appearance, especially concerning the human body
  • Cosmetic, a topical product that is not a drug
  • In-game cosmetics, video game virtual goods that generally offer no competitive advantage

See also

[edit]

 

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

[edit]
The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinÄ“ is a couch or bed and κλινικÏŒς klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clÄ«nicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

[edit]
A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

[edit]
Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

[edit]
Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-KaroliniškÄ—s, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

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Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

[edit]
Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ κλινικÏŒς in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, HospodáÅ™ské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. Cambridge Core. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

 

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