Model selection#
Underfitting#
the model is too simple
the number of parameters is too low
Overfitting#
the model is too complex
the number of parameters is too large
Train and test#
The common way to reveal overfitting is to use train and test datasets.
training dataset \(\mathcal D_{\mathrm{train}} = (\boldsymbol X_{\mathrm{train}}, \boldsymbol y_{\mathrm{train}})\) is used on learning stage:
\[
\mathcal L_{\mathrm{train}}(\boldsymbol \theta) = \frac 1{N_{\mathrm{train}}}\sum\limits_{(\boldsymbol x_i, y_i) \in \mathcal D_{\mathrm{train}}} \ell(y_i, f_{\boldsymbol \theta}(\boldsymbol x_i)) \to \min\limits_{\boldsymbol \theta}
\]
test dataset \(\mathcal D_{\mathrm{test}} = (\boldsymbol X_{\mathrm{test}}, \boldsymbol y_{\mathrm{test}})\) used for evlaluation of model’s quality:
\[
\mathcal L_{\mathrm{test}}(\boldsymbol \theta) = \frac 1{N_{\mathrm{test}}}\sum\limits_{(\boldsymbol x_i, y_i) \in \mathcal D_{\mathrm{test}}} \ell(y_i, f_{\boldsymbol \theta}(\boldsymbol x_i))
\]
A classical example#
Ground truth: \(y(x) = \frac 1{1 + 25x^2}\), \(-2\leqslant x \leqslant 2\)
Polynomial regression model: \(f_{\boldsymbol \theta}(x) = \sum\limits_{k=0}^n \theta_k x^k\)
Training set: \(X = \Big\{x_i = 4\frac{i-1}{N-1} - 2\Big\}_{i=1}^N\)
Test set: \(\tilde X = \Big\{\tilde x_i = 4\frac{i-0.5}{N-1} - 2\Big\}_{i=1}^{N-1}\)
Loss function — MSE:
\[ \mathcal L_{\mathrm{train}}(\boldsymbol \theta, X) = \frac 1N \sum\limits_{i=1}^N (f_{\boldsymbol \theta}(x_i) - y_i)^2 \to \min\limits_{\boldsymbol \theta} \]What is happening with test loss
\[ \mathcal L_{\mathrm{test}}(\boldsymbol \theta, \tilde X) = \frac 1N \sum\limits_{i=1}^N (f_{\boldsymbol \theta}(\tilde x_i) - \tilde y_i)^2 \]
as \(n\) grows?
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x7f91dc2b6fc0> (for post_execute), with arguments args (),kwargs {}:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:250, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
249 try:
--> 250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:466, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
464 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 466 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
467 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:548, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
546 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 548 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
549 try:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1026, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize, process_group)
1023 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
1024 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-> 1026 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
1027 pass_fds, cwd, env,
1028 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
1029 p2cread, p2cwrite,
1030 c2pread, c2pwrite,
1031 errread, errwrite,
1032 restore_signals,
1033 gid, gids, uid, umask,
1034 start_new_session, process_group)
1035 except:
1036 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1950, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session, process_group)
1949 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1950 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1951 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:197, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
195 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
196 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 197 draw_all()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
131 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1893, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
1891 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
1892 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1893 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:388, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
385 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
386 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
387 else nullcontext()):
--> 388 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
389 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
390 # don't forget to call the superclass.
391 super().draw()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3034, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3031 for spine in self.spines.values():
3032 artists.remove(spine)
-> 3034 self._update_title_position(renderer)
3036 if not self.axison:
3037 for _axis in self._axis_map.values():
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:2978, in _AxesBase._update_title_position(self, renderer)
2976 top = max(top, bb.ymax)
2977 if title.get_text():
-> 2978 ax.yaxis.get_tightbbox(renderer) # update offsetText
2979 if ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_text():
2980 bb = ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_tightbbox(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1336, in Axis.get_tightbbox(self, renderer, for_layout_only)
1333 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
1334 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1336 self._update_label_position(renderer)
1338 # go back to just this axis's tick labels
1339 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2609, in YAxis._update_label_position(self, renderer)
2605 return
2607 # get bounding boxes for this axis and any siblings
2608 # that have been set by `fig.align_ylabels()`
-> 2609 bboxes, bboxes2 = self._get_tick_boxes_siblings(renderer=renderer)
2610 x, y = self.label.get_position()
2611 if self.label_position == 'left':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2161, in Axis._get_tick_boxes_siblings(self, renderer)
2159 axis = ax._axis_map[name]
2160 ticks_to_draw = axis._update_ticks()
-> 2161 tlb, tlb2 = axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
2162 bboxes.extend(tlb)
2163 bboxes2.extend(tlb2)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1315, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1313 if renderer is None:
1314 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1315 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1316 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1317 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1318 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:956, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
951 raise RuntimeError(
952 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
953 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
955 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 956 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
957 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
958 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:373, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
370 ys = []
372 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 373 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
374 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
375 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
376 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
378 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:69, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
66 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
67 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
68 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 69 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
70 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:77, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
73 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
74 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
75 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
76 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
---> 77 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:213, in RendererAgg.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
211 _api.check_in_list(["TeX", True, False], ismath=ismath)
212 if ismath == "TeX":
--> 213 return super().get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
215 if ismath:
216 ox, oy, width, height, descent, font_image = \
217 self.mathtext_parser.parse(s, self.dpi, prop)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:652, in RendererBase.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
648 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
650 if ismath == 'TeX':
651 # todo: handle properties
--> 652 return self.get_texmanager().get_text_width_height_descent(
653 s, fontsize, renderer=self)
655 dpi = self.points_to_pixels(72)
656 if ismath:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:363, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
361 if tex.strip() == '':
362 return 0, 0, 0
--> 363 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
364 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
365 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:295, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
293 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
294 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 295 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
296 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
297 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
298 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
299 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
300 return dvifile
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:254, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 254 raise RuntimeError(
255 f'Failed to process string with tex because {command[0]} '
256 'could not be found') from exc
257 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
258 raise RuntimeError(
259 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
260 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
267 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
268 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:250, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
249 try:
--> 250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:466, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
464 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 466 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
467 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:548, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
546 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 548 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
549 try:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1026, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize, process_group)
1023 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
1024 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-> 1026 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
1027 pass_fds, cwd, env,
1028 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
1029 p2cread, p2cwrite,
1030 c2pread, c2pwrite,
1031 errread, errwrite,
1032 restore_signals,
1033 gid, gids, uid, umask,
1034 start_new_session, process_group)
1035 except:
1036 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1950, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session, process_group)
1949 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1950 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1951 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:340, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
338 pass
339 else:
--> 340 return printer(obj)
341 # Finally look for special method names
342 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:152, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
149 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
150 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 152 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
153 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
154 if fmt == 'svg':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2164, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2161 # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
2162 # so that we can inject the orientation
2163 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2164 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2165 if bbox_inches:
2166 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3034, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3031 for spine in self.spines.values():
3032 artists.remove(spine)
-> 3034 self._update_title_position(renderer)
3036 if not self.axison:
3037 for _axis in self._axis_map.values():
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:2978, in _AxesBase._update_title_position(self, renderer)
2976 top = max(top, bb.ymax)
2977 if title.get_text():
-> 2978 ax.yaxis.get_tightbbox(renderer) # update offsetText
2979 if ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_text():
2980 bb = ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_tightbbox(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1336, in Axis.get_tightbbox(self, renderer, for_layout_only)
1333 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
1334 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1336 self._update_label_position(renderer)
1338 # go back to just this axis's tick labels
1339 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2609, in YAxis._update_label_position(self, renderer)
2605 return
2607 # get bounding boxes for this axis and any siblings
2608 # that have been set by `fig.align_ylabels()`
-> 2609 bboxes, bboxes2 = self._get_tick_boxes_siblings(renderer=renderer)
2610 x, y = self.label.get_position()
2611 if self.label_position == 'left':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2161, in Axis._get_tick_boxes_siblings(self, renderer)
2159 axis = ax._axis_map[name]
2160 ticks_to_draw = axis._update_ticks()
-> 2161 tlb, tlb2 = axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
2162 bboxes.extend(tlb)
2163 bboxes2.extend(tlb2)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1315, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1313 if renderer is None:
1314 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1315 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1316 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1317 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1318 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:956, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
951 raise RuntimeError(
952 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
953 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
955 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 956 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
957 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
958 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:373, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
370 ys = []
372 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 373 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
374 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
375 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
376 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
378 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:69, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
66 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
67 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
68 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 69 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
70 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:77, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
73 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
74 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
75 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
76 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
---> 77 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_svg.py:1287, in RendererSVG.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
1285 def get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath):
1286 # docstring inherited
-> 1287 return self._text2path.get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/textpath.py:52, in TextToPath.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
49 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
51 if ismath == "TeX":
---> 52 return TexManager().get_text_width_height_descent(s, fontsize)
54 scale = fontsize / self.FONT_SCALE
56 if ismath:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:363, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
361 if tex.strip() == '':
362 return 0, 0, 0
--> 363 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
364 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
365 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:295, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
293 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
294 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 295 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
296 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
297 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
298 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
299 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
300 return dvifile
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:254, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 254 raise RuntimeError(
255 f'Failed to process string with tex because {command[0]} '
256 'could not be found') from exc
257 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
258 raise RuntimeError(
259 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
260 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
267 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
268 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
<Figure size 1100x600 with 1 Axes>
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x7f91dc2b6fc0> (for post_execute), with arguments args (),kwargs {}:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:250, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
249 try:
--> 250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:466, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
464 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 466 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
467 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:548, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
546 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 548 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
549 try:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1026, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize, process_group)
1023 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
1024 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-> 1026 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
1027 pass_fds, cwd, env,
1028 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
1029 p2cread, p2cwrite,
1030 c2pread, c2pwrite,
1031 errread, errwrite,
1032 restore_signals,
1033 gid, gids, uid, umask,
1034 start_new_session, process_group)
1035 except:
1036 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1950, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session, process_group)
1949 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1950 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1951 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:197, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
195 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
196 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 197 draw_all()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
131 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1893, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
1891 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
1892 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1893 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:388, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
385 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
386 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
387 else nullcontext()):
--> 388 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
389 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
390 # don't forget to call the superclass.
391 super().draw()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3034, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3031 for spine in self.spines.values():
3032 artists.remove(spine)
-> 3034 self._update_title_position(renderer)
3036 if not self.axison:
3037 for _axis in self._axis_map.values():
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:2978, in _AxesBase._update_title_position(self, renderer)
2976 top = max(top, bb.ymax)
2977 if title.get_text():
-> 2978 ax.yaxis.get_tightbbox(renderer) # update offsetText
2979 if ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_text():
2980 bb = ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_tightbbox(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1336, in Axis.get_tightbbox(self, renderer, for_layout_only)
1333 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
1334 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1336 self._update_label_position(renderer)
1338 # go back to just this axis's tick labels
1339 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2609, in YAxis._update_label_position(self, renderer)
2605 return
2607 # get bounding boxes for this axis and any siblings
2608 # that have been set by `fig.align_ylabels()`
-> 2609 bboxes, bboxes2 = self._get_tick_boxes_siblings(renderer=renderer)
2610 x, y = self.label.get_position()
2611 if self.label_position == 'left':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2161, in Axis._get_tick_boxes_siblings(self, renderer)
2159 axis = ax._axis_map[name]
2160 ticks_to_draw = axis._update_ticks()
-> 2161 tlb, tlb2 = axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
2162 bboxes.extend(tlb)
2163 bboxes2.extend(tlb2)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1315, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1313 if renderer is None:
1314 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1315 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1316 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1317 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1318 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:956, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
951 raise RuntimeError(
952 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
953 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
955 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 956 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
957 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
958 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:373, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
370 ys = []
372 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 373 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
374 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
375 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
376 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
378 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:69, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
66 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
67 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
68 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 69 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
70 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:77, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
73 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
74 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
75 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
76 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
---> 77 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:213, in RendererAgg.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
211 _api.check_in_list(["TeX", True, False], ismath=ismath)
212 if ismath == "TeX":
--> 213 return super().get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
215 if ismath:
216 ox, oy, width, height, descent, font_image = \
217 self.mathtext_parser.parse(s, self.dpi, prop)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:652, in RendererBase.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
648 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
650 if ismath == 'TeX':
651 # todo: handle properties
--> 652 return self.get_texmanager().get_text_width_height_descent(
653 s, fontsize, renderer=self)
655 dpi = self.points_to_pixels(72)
656 if ismath:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:363, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
361 if tex.strip() == '':
362 return 0, 0, 0
--> 363 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
364 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
365 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:295, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
293 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
294 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 295 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
296 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
297 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
298 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
299 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
300 return dvifile
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:254, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 254 raise RuntimeError(
255 f'Failed to process string with tex because {command[0]} '
256 'could not be found') from exc
257 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
258 raise RuntimeError(
259 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
260 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
267 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
268 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:250, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
249 try:
--> 250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:466, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
464 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 466 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
467 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:548, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
546 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 548 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
549 try:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1026, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize, process_group)
1023 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
1024 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-> 1026 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
1027 pass_fds, cwd, env,
1028 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
1029 p2cread, p2cwrite,
1030 c2pread, c2pwrite,
1031 errread, errwrite,
1032 restore_signals,
1033 gid, gids, uid, umask,
1034 start_new_session, process_group)
1035 except:
1036 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1950, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session, process_group)
1949 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1950 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1951 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:340, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
338 pass
339 else:
--> 340 return printer(obj)
341 # Finally look for special method names
342 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:152, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
149 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
150 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 152 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
153 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
154 if fmt == 'svg':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2164, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2161 # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
2162 # so that we can inject the orientation
2163 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2164 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2165 if bbox_inches:
2166 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3034, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3031 for spine in self.spines.values():
3032 artists.remove(spine)
-> 3034 self._update_title_position(renderer)
3036 if not self.axison:
3037 for _axis in self._axis_map.values():
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:2978, in _AxesBase._update_title_position(self, renderer)
2976 top = max(top, bb.ymax)
2977 if title.get_text():
-> 2978 ax.yaxis.get_tightbbox(renderer) # update offsetText
2979 if ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_text():
2980 bb = ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_tightbbox(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1336, in Axis.get_tightbbox(self, renderer, for_layout_only)
1333 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
1334 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1336 self._update_label_position(renderer)
1338 # go back to just this axis's tick labels
1339 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2609, in YAxis._update_label_position(self, renderer)
2605 return
2607 # get bounding boxes for this axis and any siblings
2608 # that have been set by `fig.align_ylabels()`
-> 2609 bboxes, bboxes2 = self._get_tick_boxes_siblings(renderer=renderer)
2610 x, y = self.label.get_position()
2611 if self.label_position == 'left':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2161, in Axis._get_tick_boxes_siblings(self, renderer)
2159 axis = ax._axis_map[name]
2160 ticks_to_draw = axis._update_ticks()
-> 2161 tlb, tlb2 = axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
2162 bboxes.extend(tlb)
2163 bboxes2.extend(tlb2)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1315, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1313 if renderer is None:
1314 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1315 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1316 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1317 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1318 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:956, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
951 raise RuntimeError(
952 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
953 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
955 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 956 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
957 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
958 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:373, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
370 ys = []
372 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 373 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
374 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
375 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
376 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
378 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:69, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
66 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
67 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
68 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 69 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
70 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:77, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
73 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
74 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
75 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
76 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
---> 77 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_svg.py:1287, in RendererSVG.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
1285 def get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath):
1286 # docstring inherited
-> 1287 return self._text2path.get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/textpath.py:52, in TextToPath.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
49 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
51 if ismath == "TeX":
---> 52 return TexManager().get_text_width_height_descent(s, fontsize)
54 scale = fontsize / self.FONT_SCALE
56 if ismath:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:363, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
361 if tex.strip() == '':
362 return 0, 0, 0
--> 363 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
364 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
365 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:295, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
293 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
294 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 295 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
296 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
297 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
298 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
299 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
300 return dvifile
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:254, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 254 raise RuntimeError(
255 f'Failed to process string with tex because {command[0]} '
256 'could not be found') from exc
257 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
258 raise RuntimeError(
259 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
260 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
267 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
268 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
<Figure size 1100x600 with 1 Axes>
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x7f91dc2b6fc0> (for post_execute), with arguments args (),kwargs {}:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:250, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
249 try:
--> 250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:466, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
464 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 466 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
467 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:548, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
546 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 548 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
549 try:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1026, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize, process_group)
1023 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
1024 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-> 1026 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
1027 pass_fds, cwd, env,
1028 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
1029 p2cread, p2cwrite,
1030 c2pread, c2pwrite,
1031 errread, errwrite,
1032 restore_signals,
1033 gid, gids, uid, umask,
1034 start_new_session, process_group)
1035 except:
1036 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1950, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session, process_group)
1949 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1950 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1951 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:197, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
195 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
196 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 197 draw_all()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
131 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1893, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
1891 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
1892 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1893 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:388, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
385 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
386 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
387 else nullcontext()):
--> 388 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
389 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
390 # don't forget to call the superclass.
391 super().draw()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3034, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3031 for spine in self.spines.values():
3032 artists.remove(spine)
-> 3034 self._update_title_position(renderer)
3036 if not self.axison:
3037 for _axis in self._axis_map.values():
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:2978, in _AxesBase._update_title_position(self, renderer)
2976 top = max(top, bb.ymax)
2977 if title.get_text():
-> 2978 ax.yaxis.get_tightbbox(renderer) # update offsetText
2979 if ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_text():
2980 bb = ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_tightbbox(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1336, in Axis.get_tightbbox(self, renderer, for_layout_only)
1333 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
1334 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1336 self._update_label_position(renderer)
1338 # go back to just this axis's tick labels
1339 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2609, in YAxis._update_label_position(self, renderer)
2605 return
2607 # get bounding boxes for this axis and any siblings
2608 # that have been set by `fig.align_ylabels()`
-> 2609 bboxes, bboxes2 = self._get_tick_boxes_siblings(renderer=renderer)
2610 x, y = self.label.get_position()
2611 if self.label_position == 'left':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2161, in Axis._get_tick_boxes_siblings(self, renderer)
2159 axis = ax._axis_map[name]
2160 ticks_to_draw = axis._update_ticks()
-> 2161 tlb, tlb2 = axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
2162 bboxes.extend(tlb)
2163 bboxes2.extend(tlb2)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1315, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1313 if renderer is None:
1314 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1315 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1316 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1317 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1318 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:956, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
951 raise RuntimeError(
952 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
953 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
955 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 956 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
957 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
958 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:373, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
370 ys = []
372 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 373 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
374 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
375 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
376 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
378 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:69, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
66 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
67 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
68 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 69 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
70 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:77, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
73 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
74 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
75 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
76 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
---> 77 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:213, in RendererAgg.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
211 _api.check_in_list(["TeX", True, False], ismath=ismath)
212 if ismath == "TeX":
--> 213 return super().get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
215 if ismath:
216 ox, oy, width, height, descent, font_image = \
217 self.mathtext_parser.parse(s, self.dpi, prop)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:652, in RendererBase.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
648 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
650 if ismath == 'TeX':
651 # todo: handle properties
--> 652 return self.get_texmanager().get_text_width_height_descent(
653 s, fontsize, renderer=self)
655 dpi = self.points_to_pixels(72)
656 if ismath:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:363, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
361 if tex.strip() == '':
362 return 0, 0, 0
--> 363 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
364 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
365 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:295, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
293 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
294 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 295 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
296 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
297 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
298 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
299 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
300 return dvifile
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:254, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 254 raise RuntimeError(
255 f'Failed to process string with tex because {command[0]} '
256 'could not be found') from exc
257 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
258 raise RuntimeError(
259 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
260 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
267 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
268 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:250, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
249 try:
--> 250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:466, in check_output(timeout, *popenargs, **kwargs)
464 kwargs['input'] = empty
--> 466 return run(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, timeout=timeout, check=True,
467 **kwargs).stdout
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:548, in run(input, capture_output, timeout, check, *popenargs, **kwargs)
546 kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE
--> 548 with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as process:
549 try:
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1026, in Popen.__init__(self, args, bufsize, executable, stdin, stdout, stderr, preexec_fn, close_fds, shell, cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo, creationflags, restore_signals, start_new_session, pass_fds, user, group, extra_groups, encoding, errors, text, umask, pipesize, process_group)
1023 self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr,
1024 encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-> 1026 self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
1027 pass_fds, cwd, env,
1028 startupinfo, creationflags, shell,
1029 p2cread, p2cwrite,
1030 c2pread, c2pwrite,
1031 errread, errwrite,
1032 restore_signals,
1033 gid, gids, uid, umask,
1034 start_new_session, process_group)
1035 except:
1036 # Cleanup if the child failed starting.
File /usr/local/lib/python3.12/subprocess.py:1950, in Popen._execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, gid, gids, uid, umask, start_new_session, process_group)
1949 err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-> 1950 raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
1951 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'latex'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
RuntimeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:340, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
338 pass
339 else:
--> 340 return printer(obj)
341 # Finally look for special method names
342 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:152, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
149 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
150 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 152 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
153 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
154 if fmt == 'svg':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2164, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2161 # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
2162 # so that we can inject the orientation
2163 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2164 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2165 if bbox_inches:
2166 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3034, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3031 for spine in self.spines.values():
3032 artists.remove(spine)
-> 3034 self._update_title_position(renderer)
3036 if not self.axison:
3037 for _axis in self._axis_map.values():
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:2978, in _AxesBase._update_title_position(self, renderer)
2976 top = max(top, bb.ymax)
2977 if title.get_text():
-> 2978 ax.yaxis.get_tightbbox(renderer) # update offsetText
2979 if ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_text():
2980 bb = ax.yaxis.offsetText.get_tightbbox(renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1336, in Axis.get_tightbbox(self, renderer, for_layout_only)
1333 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
1334 ticks_to_draw = self._update_ticks()
-> 1336 self._update_label_position(renderer)
1338 # go back to just this axis's tick labels
1339 tlb1, tlb2 = self._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2609, in YAxis._update_label_position(self, renderer)
2605 return
2607 # get bounding boxes for this axis and any siblings
2608 # that have been set by `fig.align_ylabels()`
-> 2609 bboxes, bboxes2 = self._get_tick_boxes_siblings(renderer=renderer)
2610 x, y = self.label.get_position()
2611 if self.label_position == 'left':
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:2161, in Axis._get_tick_boxes_siblings(self, renderer)
2159 axis = ax._axis_map[name]
2160 ticks_to_draw = axis._update_ticks()
-> 2161 tlb, tlb2 = axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(ticks_to_draw, renderer)
2162 bboxes.extend(tlb)
2163 bboxes2.extend(tlb2)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/axis.py:1315, in Axis._get_ticklabel_bboxes(self, ticks, renderer)
1313 if renderer is None:
1314 renderer = self.figure._get_renderer()
-> 1315 return ([tick.label1.get_window_extent(renderer)
1316 for tick in ticks if tick.label1.get_visible()],
1317 [tick.label2.get_window_extent(renderer)
1318 for tick in ticks if tick.label2.get_visible()])
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:956, in Text.get_window_extent(self, renderer, dpi)
951 raise RuntimeError(
952 "Cannot get window extent of text w/o renderer. You likely "
953 "want to call 'figure.draw_without_rendering()' first.")
955 with cbook._setattr_cm(self.figure, dpi=dpi):
--> 956 bbox, info, descent = self._get_layout(self._renderer)
957 x, y = self.get_unitless_position()
958 x, y = self.get_transform().transform((x, y))
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:373, in Text._get_layout(self, renderer)
370 ys = []
372 # Full vertical extent of font, including ascenders and descenders:
--> 373 _, lp_h, lp_d = _get_text_metrics_with_cache(
374 renderer, "lp", self._fontproperties,
375 ismath="TeX" if self.get_usetex() else False, dpi=self.figure.dpi)
376 min_dy = (lp_h - lp_d) * self._linespacing
378 for i, line in enumerate(lines):
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:69, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache(renderer, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
66 """Call ``renderer.get_text_width_height_descent``, caching the results."""
67 # Cached based on a copy of fontprop so that later in-place mutations of
68 # the passed-in argument do not mess up the cache.
---> 69 return _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
70 weakref.ref(renderer), text, fontprop.copy(), ismath, dpi)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/text.py:77, in _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi)
73 @functools.lru_cache(4096)
74 def _get_text_metrics_with_cache_impl(
75 renderer_ref, text, fontprop, ismath, dpi):
76 # dpi is unused, but participates in cache invalidation (via the renderer).
---> 77 return renderer_ref().get_text_width_height_descent(text, fontprop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_svg.py:1287, in RendererSVG.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
1285 def get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath):
1286 # docstring inherited
-> 1287 return self._text2path.get_text_width_height_descent(s, prop, ismath)
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/textpath.py:52, in TextToPath.get_text_width_height_descent(self, s, prop, ismath)
49 fontsize = prop.get_size_in_points()
51 if ismath == "TeX":
---> 52 return TexManager().get_text_width_height_descent(s, fontsize)
54 scale = fontsize / self.FONT_SCALE
56 if ismath:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:363, in TexManager.get_text_width_height_descent(cls, tex, fontsize, renderer)
361 if tex.strip() == '':
362 return 0, 0, 0
--> 363 dvifile = cls.make_dvi(tex, fontsize)
364 dpi_fraction = renderer.points_to_pixels(1.) if renderer else 1
365 with dviread.Dvi(dvifile, 72 * dpi_fraction) as dvi:
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:295, in TexManager.make_dvi(cls, tex, fontsize)
293 with TemporaryDirectory(dir=cwd) as tmpdir:
294 tmppath = Path(tmpdir)
--> 295 cls._run_checked_subprocess(
296 ["latex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "--halt-on-error",
297 f"--output-directory={tmppath.name}",
298 f"{texfile.name}"], tex, cwd=cwd)
299 (tmppath / Path(dvifile).name).replace(dvifile)
300 return dvifile
File ~/.local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/matplotlib/texmanager.py:254, in TexManager._run_checked_subprocess(cls, command, tex, cwd)
250 report = subprocess.check_output(
251 command, cwd=cwd if cwd is not None else cls._texcache,
252 stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
253 except FileNotFoundError as exc:
--> 254 raise RuntimeError(
255 f'Failed to process string with tex because {command[0]} '
256 'could not be found') from exc
257 except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
258 raise RuntimeError(
259 '{prog} was not able to process the following string:\n'
260 '{tex!r}\n\n'
(...)
267 exc=exc.output.decode('utf-8', 'backslashreplace'))
268 ) from None
RuntimeError: Failed to process string with tex because latex could not be found
<Figure size 1100x600 with 1 Axes>
The overfitting is a big problem in ML because an overfitted model makes poor predictions. The first signal of the overfitting: \(\mathcal L_{\mathrm{train}} \ll \mathcal L_{\mathrm{test}}\).
Cross validation#
TODO
Add some text and original pictures
Make Runge example interactive
Show underfitting and overfitting on some real datasets
Use comparison of k-NN and linear regression as it is done in the section 2.3 of [Hastie et al., 2009]